Verified run

gemini/gemini-3.1-pro-preview

gemini-3.1-pro-high-reasoning-p001-lexen-v1-20260614

Rank
10
Accuracy lexEN v1 · WordNet fine
94.92%
Correct
4614 / 4861
Actual run cost
$35.13
Cost / M items
$7,227

Accuracy across label schemes

The headline accuracy is lexEN v1 · WordNet fine-grained. Each cell re-scores this run's predictions against a different gold label set and sense granularity; coarse counts a prediction correct when its WordNet sense maps to the same Glite or CSI concept as a gold sense. About these label schemes → About coarsening →

Score against WordNet fine-grainedGlite coarse-grainedCSI coarse-grained (Lacerra 2020)
lexEN v1 94.92% 4614 / 4861 98.58% 4792 / 4861 96.96% 4713 / 4861
Maru 2022 (ALLamended) 92.08% 4476 / 4861 97.61% 4745 / 4861 95.19% 4627 / 4861
Raganato 2017 (original) 85.25% 4144 / 4861 94.75% 4606 / 4861 90.87% 4417 / 4861

Model

Display
gemini/gemini-3.1-pro-preview
Requested
gemini/gemini-3.1-pro-preview
Resolved
gemini-3.1-pro-preview
Vendor
Google
API provider
Google
Hosting
cloud_api
Source
proprietary
License
n/a
Reasoning
high
Model URL
n/a
Endpoint
n/a
Resolved counts
gemini-3.1-pro-preview: 4861

Reproducibility

Created
2026-06-14T13:03:44.802733+00:00
Run schema
sensebench-run-v2
Commit
3ba3f988ab8722b0e404954ef03e11f8831e2131
Dataset ID
lexen
Dataset version
lexen-v1
Dataset revision
n/a
Dataset items
4,861
Dataset hash
sha256:5fd4382b93f19087a1e31f6dd7d1db17c1eb17ff80fcbe1d3fdd55c0c3ecefe8
Prompt
p001
Prompt version
0.1.0
Repository files
Browse in GitHub

Runtime

Calls
4861
Total tokens
7,855,189
Tokens / item
1,616.0
Total cost
$35.13
Cost / M items
$7,227
Cost source
litellm_estimate
Elapsed
31.46m
Success items
4,861
Monosemous
0
No candidates
0
No valid vote
0
Invalid votes
0
Transport errors
0

Runner

GitHub
vassiliphilippov
Name
Vassili Philippov
Contact
n/a

Sampling

Temperature
n/a
Top P
n/a
Max tokens
12,288
Seed
n/a
Extra
n/a

Policy

Votes / item
1
Reasks / invalid vote
1
Tie break
earliest_vote
Monosemous
short_circuit

Cost And Token Breakdown

Actual recorded run cost: $35.13. Cost estimate source: litellm_estimate.

Token Type Tokens Cost Price / 1M tokens
Input uncached 3,090,680 $6.18 $2.00
Input cached n/a $0.00 $0.200
Output 2,412,421 $28.95 $12.00
Reasoning output 2,352,088 included in output cost n/a

Reasoning output tokens are shown separately when the provider reports them; recorded cost is stored in the output cost bucket.

Download Raw Run Files

Slice Breakdown

Group Bucket Accuracy Correct Items
Candidate Count 11+ 91.81% 729 794
Candidate Count 2 97.78% 836 855
Candidate Count 3-5 95.94% 1866 1945
Candidate Count 6-10 93.37% 1183 1267
POS ADJ 96.36% 635 659
POS ADV 91.28% 178 195
POS NOUN 95.48% 2766 2897
POS VERB 93.24% 1035 1110
Source Dataset semeval2013 96.23% 1097 1140
Source Dataset semeval2015 93.78% 693 739
Source Dataset senseval2 94.84% 1545 1629
Source Dataset senseval3 94.53% 1279 1353

Worst-Bucket Examples

only Adv

Instance: semeval2015.d000.s013.t000 Dataset: semeval2015 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Alimta is used to treat two types of cancer: pleural mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the lungs that is usually caused by exposure to asbestos).

Alimta is used together with cisplatin (another anticancer medicine) when the cancer is unresectable (cannot be removed by surgery alone) and malignant (has spread, or is likely to spread easily, to other parts of the body), in patients who have not received chemotherapy (medicines for cancer) before advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that is not affecting the squamous cells.

Alimta is used in combination with cisplatin in patients who have not been treated before, and on its own in patients who have received another type of chemotherapy in the past.

The medicine can only be obtained with a prescription.

How is Alimta used?

Alimta should only be given under the supervision of a doctor who is qualified in the use of anticancer chemotherapy.

The recommended dose of Alimta is 500 mg per square metre of body surface area (calculated using the patient s height and weight).

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Alimta is used to treat two types of cancer: pleural mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the lungs that is usually caused by exposure to asbestos). Alimta is used together with cisplatin (another anticancer medicine) when the cancer is unresectable (cannot be removed by surgery alone) and malignant (has spread, or is likely to spread easily, to other parts of the body), in patients who have not received chemotherapy (medicines for cancer) before advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that is not affecting the squamous cells. Alimta is used in combination with cisplatin in patients who have not been treated before, and on its own in patients who have received another type of chemotherapy in the past. The medicine can only be obtained with a prescription. How is Alimta used? Alimta should <t>only</t> be given under the supervision of a doctor who is qualified in the use of anticancer chemotherapy. The recommended dose of Alimta is 500 mg per square metre of body surface area (calculated using the patient s height and weight).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    and nothing more

    only%4:02:02:: · merely.r.01

    • I was merely asking
    • it is simply a matter of time

    Synonyms: merely, simply, just, but

  2. 2

    without any others being included or involved

    only%4:02:01:: · entirely.r.02

    • was entirely to blame
    • a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children

    Synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone

    Selected
  3. 3

    with nevertheless the final result

    only%4:02:00:: · only.r.03

    • He arrived only to find his wife dead
    • We won only to lose again in the next round
  4. 4

    in the final outcome

    only%4:02:04:: · only.r.04

    • These news will only make you more upset
  5. 5

    except that

    only%4:02:06:: · only.r.05

    • It was the same story; only this time she came out better
  6. 6

    never except when

    only%4:02:03:: · only.r.06

    • call me only if your cold gets worse

    Synonyms: only if, only when

    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022 Gold Raganato
  7. 7

    as recently as

    only%4:02:05:: · only.r.07

    • I spoke to him only an hour ago

however Adv

Instance: semeval2015.d000.s036.t000 Dataset: semeval2015 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone.

In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators.

In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel.

In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups.

However, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator.

In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: however
Target surface form: However
Context:
Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Patients receiving Alimta and cisplatin survived for an average of 12.1 months, compared with 9.3 months in those receiving cisplatin alone. In the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Alimta was as effective as the comparators. In patients who had received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 8.3 months with Alimta, compared with 7.9 months with docetaxel. In patients who had not received chemotherapy in the past, the average survival time was 10.3 months in both groups. <t>However</t>, in both studies, patients whose cancer was not affecting squamous cells had longer survival times if they received Alimta than if they received the comparator. In contrast, patients whose cancer was affecting squamous cells had shorter survival times if they received Alimta.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✓ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)

    however%4:02:00:: · however.r.01

    • although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it
    • while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

    Synonyms: nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so, nonetheless, notwithstanding

    Gold Maru 2022 Selected
  2. 2

    by contrast; on the other hand

    however%4:02:04:: · however.r.02

    • the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
    Gold lexEN Gold Raganato
  3. 3

    to whatever degree or extent

    however%4:02:02:: · however.r.03

    • The results, however general, are important
    • they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
  4. 4

    in whatever way or manner

    however%4:02:01:: · however.r.04

    • Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet
    • however he did it, it was very clever

now Adv

Instance: senseval2.d000.s008.t000 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong.

The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614.

But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening.

Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service.

Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond.

The others here today live elsewhere.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: now
Target surface form: Now
Context:
Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have. In the tower, five men and women pull rhythmically on ropes attached to the same five bells that first sounded here in 1614. But there is also a discordant, modern note in Aslacton, though it can not be heard by the church-goers enjoying the peal of bells this cool autumn evening. Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. <t>Now</t>, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✓

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

    now%4:02:05:: · now.r.01

    • President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard
    • Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
  2. 2

    in these times; - Nancy Mitford

    now%4:02:00:: · nowadays.r.01

    • it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished
    • we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets

    Synonyms: nowadays, today

    Gold Raganato Selected
  3. 3

    used to preface a command or reproof or request

    now%4:02:02:: · now.r.03

    • now hear this!
    • now pay attention
  4. 4

    at the present moment

    now%4:02:04:: · now.r.04

    • goods now on sale
    • the now-aging dictator

    Synonyms: at present

    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022
  5. 5

    without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

    now%4:02:01:: · immediately.r.01

    • he answered immediately
    • found an answer straightaway

    Synonyms: immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away, at once, forthwith, like a shot

  6. 6

    (prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity

    now%4:02:07:: · now.r.06

    • Now the next problem is...
  7. 7

    in the immediate past

    now%4:02:06:: · now.r.07

    • told me just now

just Adv

Instance: senseval2.d000.s012.t005 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service.

Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond.

The others here today live elsewhere.

They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia.

"To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "

We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "

Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they <t>just</t> drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    and nothing more

    just%4:02:00:: · merely.r.01

    • I was merely asking
    • it is simply a matter of time

    Synonyms: merely, simply, only, but

    Selected
  2. 2

    indicating exactness or preciseness

    just%4:02:05:: · precisely.r.01

    • he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do
    • it was just as he said--the jewel was gone

    Synonyms: precisely, exactly

  3. 3

    only a moment ago

    just%4:02:01:: · just.r.03

    • he has just arrived
    • the sun just now came out

    Synonyms: just now

  4. 4

    absolutely

    just%4:02:03:: · just.r.04

    • I just can't take it anymore
    • he was just grand as Romeo

    Synonyms: simply

    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022 Gold Raganato
  5. 5

    only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats

    just%4:02:04:: · barely.r.01

    • they could barely hear the speaker
    • we hardly knew them

    Synonyms: barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce

  6. 6

    exactly at this moment or the moment described

    just%4:02:06:: · just.r.06

    • we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

straight Adv

Instance: senseval2.d000.s027.t004 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: straight
Target surface form: straight
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare <t>straight</t> ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=straight%4:02:05:: | definition=without deviation | synonyms=directly, direct | examples=the path leads directly to the lake; went direct to the office
2. sense_key=straight%4:02:04:: | definition=in a forthright manner; candidly or frankly | synonyms=directly, flat | examples=he didn't answer directly; told me straight out
3. sense_key=straight%4:02:00:: | definition=in a straight line; in a direct course | examples=the road runs straight

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✓ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    without deviation

    straight%4:02:05:: · directly.r.01

    • the path leads directly to the lake
    • went direct to the office

    Synonyms: directly, direct

    Gold lexEN Gold Raganato
  2. 2

    in a forthright manner; candidly or frankly

    straight%4:02:04:: · directly.r.04

    • he didn't answer directly
    • told me straight out

    Synonyms: directly, flat

  3. 3

    in a straight line; in a direct course

    straight%4:02:00:: · straight.r.03

    • the road runs straight
    Gold Maru 2022 Selected

ahead Adv

Instance: senseval2.d000.s027.t005 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: ahead
Target surface form: ahead
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight <t>ahead</t>, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ahead%4:02:00:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=in front, before | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy
2. sense_key=ahead%4:02:06:: | definition=toward the future; forward in time | synonyms=forward | examples=I like to look ahead in imagination to what the future may bring; I look forward to seeing you
3. sense_key=ahead%4:02:02:: | definition=in a forward direction | synonyms=onward, onwards, forward, forwards, forrader | examples=go ahead; the train moved ahead slowly
4. sense_key=ahead%4:02:01:: | definition=ahead of time; in anticipation | synonyms=in advance, beforehand | examples=when you pay ahead (or in advance) you receive a discount; We like to plan ahead
5. sense_key=ahead%4:02:05:: | definition=to a more advanced or advantageous position | examples=a young man sure to get ahead; pushing talented students ahead
6. sense_key=ahead%4:02:04:: | definition=to a different or a more advanced time (meaning advanced either toward the present or toward the future) | examples=moved the appointment ahead from Tuesday to Monday; pushed the deadline ahead from Tuesday to Wednesday
7. sense_key=ahead%4:02:03:: | definition=leading or ahead in a competition | synonyms=out front, in the lead | examples=the horse was three lengths ahead going into the home stretch; ahead by two pawns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    at or in the front

    ahead%4:02:00:: · ahead.r.01

    • I see the lights of a town ahead
    • the road ahead is foggy

    Synonyms: in front, before

    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022 Gold Raganato
  2. 2

    toward the future; forward in time

    ahead%4:02:06:: · ahead.r.02

    • I like to look ahead in imagination to what the future may bring
    • I look forward to seeing you

    Synonyms: forward

  3. 3

    in a forward direction

    ahead%4:02:02:: · ahead.r.03

    • go ahead
    • the train moved ahead slowly

    Synonyms: onward, onwards, forward, forwards, forrader

    Selected
  4. 4

    ahead of time; in anticipation

    ahead%4:02:01:: · ahead.r.04

    • when you pay ahead (or in advance) you receive a discount
    • We like to plan ahead

    Synonyms: in advance, beforehand

  5. 5

    to a more advanced or advantageous position

    ahead%4:02:05:: · ahead.r.05

    • a young man sure to get ahead
    • pushing talented students ahead
  6. 6

    to a different or a more advanced time (meaning advanced either toward the present or toward the future)

    ahead%4:02:04:: · ahead.r.06

    • moved the appointment ahead from Tuesday to Monday
    • pushed the deadline ahead from Tuesday to Wednesday
  7. 7

    leading or ahead in a competition

    ahead%4:02:03:: · ahead.r.07

    • the horse was three lengths ahead going into the home stretch
    • ahead by two pawns

    Synonyms: out front, in the lead

thus Adv

Instance: senseval2.d000.s027.t012 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls.

Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: thus
Target surface form: thus
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and <t>thus</t> time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thus%4:02:00:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, so | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
2. sense_key=thus%4:02:01:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thusly, so | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

    thus%4:02:00:: · therefore.r.01

    • therefore X must be true
    • the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory

    Synonyms: therefore, hence, thence, so

    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022 Gold Raganato
  2. 2

    in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant)

    thus%4:02:01:: · thus.r.02

    • hold the brush so
    • set up the pieces thus

    Synonyms: thusly, so

    Selected

below Adv

Instance: senseval2.d000.s035.t011 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

This does not sit well with some clerics.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: below
Target surface form: below
Context:
In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others <t>below</t>. This does not sit well with some clerics.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=below%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to a place that is lower | synonyms=at a lower place, to a lower place, beneath
2. sense_key=below%4:02:00:: | definition=at a later place | examples=see below
3. sense_key=below%4:02:02:: | definition=(in writing) see below | synonyms=infra | examples=vide infra
4. sense_key=below%4:02:06:: | definition=on a floor below | synonyms=downstairs, down the stairs, on a lower floor | examples=the tenants live downstairs
5. sense_key=below%4:02:03:: | definition=further down | synonyms=under | examples=see under for further discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    in or to a place that is lower

    below%4:02:01:: · below.r.01

    Synonyms: at a lower place, to a lower place, beneath

    Selected
  2. 2

    at a later place

    below%4:02:00:: · below.r.02

    • see below
  3. 3

    (in writing) see below

    below%4:02:02:: · below.r.03

    • vide infra

    Synonyms: infra

  4. 4

    on a floor below

    below%4:02:06:: · downstairs.r.01

    • the tenants live downstairs

    Synonyms: downstairs, down the stairs, on a lower floor

    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022 Gold Raganato
  5. 5

    further down

    below%4:02:03:: · under.r.08

    • see under for further discussion

    Synonyms: under

well Adv

Instance: senseval2.d000.s036.t000 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

This does not sit well with some clerics.

With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: well
Target surface form: well
Context:
Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below. This does not sit <t>well</t> with some clerics. With membership of the Church of England steadily dwindling, strong-willed vicars are pressing equally strong-willed and often non-religious ringers to attend services.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=well%4:02:00:: | definition=(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well') | synonyms=good | examples=the children behaved well; a task well done
2. sense_key=well%4:02:05:: | definition=thoroughly or completely; fully; often used as a combining form; ; ; ; ; , | examples=The problem is well understood; she was well informed
3. sense_key=well%4:02:03:: | definition=indicating high probability; in all likelihood | synonyms=easily | examples=I might well do it; a mistake that could easily have ended in disaster
4. sense_key=well%4:02:15:: | definition=(used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully | examples=a book well worth reading; was well aware of the difficulties ahead
5. sense_key=well%4:02:08:: | definition=to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree | examples=the project was well underway; the fetus has well developed organs
6. sense_key=well%4:02:07:: | definition=favorably; with approval | examples=their neighbors spoke well of them; he thought well of the book
7. sense_key=well%4:02:11:: | definition=to a great extent or degree | synonyms=considerably, substantially | examples=I'm afraid the film was well over budget; painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger
8. sense_key=well%4:02:14:: | definition=with great or especially intimate knowledge | synonyms=intimately | examples=we knew them well
9. sense_key=well%4:02:13:: | definition=with prudence or propriety | examples=You would do well to say nothing more; could not well refuse
10. sense_key=well%4:02:12:: | definition=with skill or in a pleasing manner | examples=she dances well; he writes well
11. sense_key=well%4:02:10:: | definition=in a manner affording benefit or advantage | synonyms=advantageously | examples=she married well; The children were settled advantageously in Seattle
12. sense_key=well%4:02:09:: | definition=in financial comfort | synonyms=comfortably | examples=They live well; she has been able to live comfortably since her husband died
13. sense_key=well%4:02:01:: | definition=without unusual distress or resentment; with good humor | examples=took the joke well; took the tragic news well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    (often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (`good' is a nonstandard dialectal variant for `well')

    well%4:02:00:: · well.r.01

    • the children behaved well
    • a task well done

    Synonyms: good

    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022 Gold Raganato
  2. 2

    thoroughly or completely; fully; often used as a combining form; ; ; ; ; ,

    well%4:02:05:: · well.r.02

    • The problem is well understood
    • she was well informed
  3. 3

    indicating high probability; in all likelihood

    well%4:02:03:: · well.r.03

    • I might well do it
    • a mistake that could easily have ended in disaster

    Synonyms: easily

  4. 4

    (used for emphasis or as an intensifier) entirely or fully

    well%4:02:15:: · well.r.04

    • a book well worth reading
    • was well aware of the difficulties ahead
  5. 5

    to a suitable or appropriate extent or degree

    well%4:02:08:: · well.r.05

    • the project was well underway
    • the fetus has well developed organs
  6. 6

    favorably; with approval

    well%4:02:07:: · well.r.06

    • their neighbors spoke well of them
    • he thought well of the book
    Selected
  7. 7

    to a great extent or degree

    well%4:02:11:: · well.r.07

    • I'm afraid the film was well over budget
    • painting the room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger

    Synonyms: considerably, substantially

  8. 8

    with great or especially intimate knowledge

    well%4:02:14:: · well.r.08

    • we knew them well

    Synonyms: intimately

  9. 9

    with prudence or propriety

    well%4:02:13:: · well.r.09

    • You would do well to say nothing more
    • could not well refuse
  10. 10

    with skill or in a pleasing manner

    well%4:02:12:: · well.r.10

    • she dances well
    • he writes well
  11. 11

    in a manner affording benefit or advantage

    well%4:02:10:: · well.r.11

    • she married well
    • The children were settled advantageously in Seattle

    Synonyms: advantageously

  12. 12

    in financial comfort

    well%4:02:09:: · well.r.12

    • They live well
    • she has been able to live comfortably since her husband died

    Synonyms: comfortably

  13. 13

    without unusual distress or resentment; with good humor

    well%4:02:01:: · well.r.13

    • took the joke well
    • took the tragic news well

simply Adv

Instance: senseval2.d001.s008.t005 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

That is for the future.

Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer.

"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✓

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    and nothing more

    simply%4:02:00:: · merely.r.01

    • I was merely asking
    • it is simply a matter of time

    Synonyms: merely, just, only, but

    Gold Raganato Selected
  2. 2

    absolutely

    simply%4:02:03:: · just.r.04

    • I just can't take it anymore
    • he was just grand as Romeo

    Synonyms: just

  3. 3

    absolutely; altogether; really

    simply%4:02:02:: · simply.r.03

    • we are simply broke
  4. 4

    in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment

    simply%4:02:01:: · plainly.r.02

    • she was dressed plainly
    • they lived very simply

    Synonyms: plainly

    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022 Gold Raganato

finally Adv

Instance: senseval2.d001.s036.t010 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year.

Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

They have about seven candidates.

Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.

There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: finally
Target surface form: finally
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finally%4:02:02:: | definition=after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually
2. sense_key=finally%4:02:00:: | definition=as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over
3. sense_key=finally%4:02:03:: | definition=the item at the end | synonyms=last, lastly, in conclusion | examples=last, I'll discuss family values

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay

    finally%4:02:02:: · finally.r.01

    Synonyms: eventually

    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022 Gold Raganato
  2. 2

    as the end result of a succession or process

    finally%4:02:00:: · ultimately.r.01

    • ultimately he had to give in
    • at long last the winter was over

    Synonyms: ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last

    Selected
  3. 3

    the item at the end

    finally%4:02:03:: · last.r.02

    • last, I'll discuss family values

    Synonyms: last, lastly, in conclusion

yet Adv

Instance: senseval2.d001.s083.t003 Dataset: senseval2 Bucket: POS / ADV

Incorrect

Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene.

There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Show raw prompt

system

You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

user

Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as <t>yet</t> unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

Prediction matches gold: lexEN ✗ Maru 2022 ✗ Raganato ✗

WordNet 3.0 senses

  1. 1

    up to the present time

    yet%4:02:02:: · yet.r.01

    • I have yet to see the results
    • details are yet to be worked out
    Gold lexEN Gold Maru 2022 Gold Raganato
  2. 2

    used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time

    yet%4:02:04:: · so_far.r.01

    • So far he hasn't called
    • the sun isn't up yet

    Synonyms: so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet, til now, until now

    Selected
  3. 3

    to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons

    yet%4:02:03:: · even.r.03

    • looked sick and felt even worse
    • an even (or still) more interesting problem

    Synonyms: even, still

  4. 4

    within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time

    yet%4:02:00:: · yet.r.04

    • he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves
    • sooner or later you will have to face the facts

    Synonyms: in time

  5. 5

    used after a superlative

    yet%4:02:05:: · so_far.r.03

    • this is the best so far
    • the largest drug bust yet

    Synonyms: so far

  6. 6

    despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)

    yet%4:02:06:: · however.r.01

    • although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it
    • while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

    Synonyms: however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so, nonetheless, notwithstanding