[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: territory
Target surface form: territory
Context:
More recently, it is administrative harassment of foreign students, which is topical, with the minister of the interior ("Libération" on 23 May) declaring that France "does not need foreign talent, bricklayers and waiters." But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national <t>territory</t> by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=territory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region marked off for administrative or other purposes | synonyms=district, territorial dominion, dominion
2. sense_key=territory%1:09:00:: | definition=an area of knowledge or interest | examples=his questions covered a lot of territory
3. sense_key=territory%1:15:01:: | definition=the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state | synonyms=soil | examples=American troops were stationed on Japanese soil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Territory" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "territory," and the surface form is, well, "territory." The provided context is: "...the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right." Right away, it screams *geography* to me. "National territory" in this context is undoubtedly referencing the physical space controlled by a nation – France, in this case, specifically.

Let's quickly check the senses to confirm. I've got:

1.  A *region marked off for administrative or other purposes*... that's a *district* or *dominion.* Hmm, could be, but not likely here.
2.  An *area of knowledge or interest*... *his questions covered a lot of territory*. Nope. No. Not this time.
3.  *The geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state*... synonyms like *soil.* Bingo. That's the one. *American troops were stationed on Japanese soil.* This sense is a perfect fit. The "national territory" clearly corresponds to that definition.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: horde
Target surface form: hordes
Context:
More recently, it is administrative harassment of foreign students, which is topical, with the minister of the interior ("Libération" on 23 May) declaring that France "does not need foreign talent, bricklayers and waiters." But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by <t>hordes</t> of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=horde%1:14:00:: | definition=a vast multitude | synonyms=host, legion
2. sense_key=horde%1:14:02:: | definition=a nomadic community
3. sense_key=horde%1:14:01:: | definition=a moving crowd | synonyms=drove, swarm

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Hordes"**

Okay, so the task is to disambiguate "hordes" in the context of "hordes of Polish plumbers." The surface form is "hordes," and my starting point is to consider the available senses: "a vast multitude," "a nomadic community," and "a moving crowd." The context clearly points away from the nomadic community sense, so let's focus on the first and third options.

Initially, I leaned towards the "moving crowd" sense because "invasion" implies movement, much like a "swarm" or "drove." Thinking about the metaphorical usage of this phrase, it very often suggests a large, somewhat overwhelming *number* of something. I need to make a clear choice.

The synonyms provided in the senses are crucial. "Host" and "legion" for sense 1 really do point to the idea of a vast *multitude*. Meanwhile, sense 3 has "drove" and "swarm," and those clearly resonate with a *moving* entity. Looking at examples in WordNet is usually helpful. "Hordes of fans" or "hordes of tourists" I can imagine under either Sense 1 *or* Sense 3. It's a close call.

I remember examples like "a host of details" – that's definitely a "multitude" and would be Sense 1. But "a swarm of insects" and "a drove of tourists" are spot on for a *moving* horde.

Now, let's nail this down. The definition of horde%1:14:01 is "a moving crowd," and synonyms are "drove, swarm." Examples like "a drove of cattle" or "a swarm of insects" further solidify this choice. And, crucially, "a horde of tourists" is included there too! That really clinches it.

Yes, "hordes of Polish plumbers" strongly implies Sense 3. It's that image of an invading, moving crowd of plumbers. Sense 1, "a vast multitude," is more static. Therefore, I'm confident that Sense 3 is the correct interpretation.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: left
Target surface form: Left
Context:
More recently, it is administrative harassment of foreign students, which is topical, with the minister of the interior ("Libération" on 23 May) declaring that France "does not need foreign talent, bricklayers and waiters." But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the <t>Left</t> and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=left%1:15:00:: | definition=location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east | examples=she stood on the left
2. sense_key=left%1:14:00:: | definition=those who support varying degrees of social or political or economic change designed to promote the public welfare | synonyms=left wing
3. sense_key=left%1:08:00:: | definition=the hand that is on the left side of the body | synonyms=left hand | examples=jab with your left
4. sense_key=left%1:06:00:: | definition=the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher's left | synonyms=left field | examples=the batter flied out to left
5. sense_key=left%1:04:00:: | definition=a turn toward the side of the body that is on the north when the person is facing east | examples=take a left at the corner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Left" in French Political Discourse**

Okay, the target word is "Left." Interesting. The context immediately grounds this in French politics, specifically mentioning Chirac on the Right and Rocard on the Left. The sentence in question is a bit loaded, talking about fear of Polish plumbers across the political spectrum in 2005. That gives me a lot to work with.

My mind immediately starts to parse the possible senses of "left." I have to consider: physical location, political alignment (obviously important here), the anatomical left hand, the baseball field location, and the maneuver to the left. Given the political context of the sentence, "the Left" clearly references Sense 2: those who champion social, political, or economic change, the left-wing. This is the only sense that makes logical sense here, given the reference to the political spectrum and the specific figures mentioned. The other senses are irrelevant in this specific usage. It's a clear-cut case of lexical disambiguation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: Right
Context:
More recently, it is administrative harassment of foreign students, which is topical, with the minister of the interior ("Libération" on 23 May) declaring that France "does not need foreign talent, bricklayers and waiters." But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the <t>Right</t>. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%1:07:00:: | definition=an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature; ; - Eleanor Roosevelt | examples=they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights; Certain rights can never be granted to the government but must be kept in the hands of the people
2. sense_key=right%1:15:00:: | definition=location near or direction toward the right side; i.e. the side to the south when a person or object faces east | examples=he stood on the right
3. sense_key=right%1:06:00:: | definition=the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher's right | synonyms=right field
4. sense_key=right%1:14:00:: | definition=those who support political or social or economic conservatism; those who believe that things are better left unchanged | synonyms=right wing
5. sense_key=right%1:08:00:: | definition=the hand that is on the right side of the body | synonyms=right hand | examples=he writes with his right hand but pitches with his left; hit him with quick rights to the body
6. sense_key=right%1:04:00:: | definition=a turn toward the side of the body that is on the south when the person is facing east | examples=take a right at the corner
7. sense_key=right%1:07:01:: | definition=anything in accord with principles of justice | synonyms=rightfulness | examples=he feels he is in the right; the rightfulness of his claim
8. sense_key=right%1:21:00:: | definition=(frequently plural) the interest possessed by law or custom in some intangible thing | examples=mineral rights; film rights

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Right" in the French Political Landscape**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the meaning of "Right" in a discussion about French politics, specifically where the Left and Right are mentioned. The surface form is "Right," capitalized, and I need to consider all possible senses to find the best fit. I'm going through the candidate senses, thinking about which ones make sense in this context.

We've got the abstract "human rights" sense, a directional "right," even a baseball reference and some specialized senses like "mineral rights" – those are all obvious misfires here. Then, there's the “right hand” sense and turning "toward the right" – no, no. And of course there’s the sense of something being "just" or "in accord with principles of justice," which isn't the primary focus here either.

Then, bingo! Sense 4 jumps out: "those who support political or social or economic conservatism; those who believe that things are better left unchanged." That's the key. That’s the political "Right" that's being referenced here. The context – the discussion of consensus between the Left and the Right – absolutely demands the political interpretation, specifically the conservative political wing. So, "Right" translates to political conservatives, or the right wing, in this instance. Case closed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: side
Target surface form: sides
Context:
But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both <t>sides</t> see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=side%1:15:02:: | definition=a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location | examples=they always sat on the right side of the church; he never left my side
2. sense_key=side%1:14:00:: | definition=one of two or more contesting groups | examples=the Confederate side was prepared to attack
3. sense_key=side%1:08:00:: | definition=either the left or right half of a body | examples=he had a pain in his side
4. sense_key=side%1:15:00:: | definition=a surface forming part of the outside of an object | synonyms=face | examples=he examined all sides of the crystal; dew dripped from the face of the leaf
5. sense_key=side%1:06:00:: | definition=an extended outer surface of an object | examples=he turned the box over to examine the bottom side; they painted all four sides of the house
6. sense_key=side%1:09:00:: | definition=an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect) | examples=he was on the heavy side; he is on the purchasing side of the business
7. sense_key=side%1:15:01:: | definition=a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure | examples=the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side
8. sense_key=side%1:14:01:: | definition=a family line of descent | examples=he gets his brains from his father's side
9. sense_key=side%1:13:00:: | definition=a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food | synonyms=side of meat
10. sense_key=side%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=position | examples=there are two sides to every question
11. sense_key=side%1:17:01:: | definition=an elevated geological formation | synonyms=slope, incline | examples=he climbed the steep slope; the house was built on the side of a mountain
12. sense_key=side%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=English

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Sides" in Context**

Okay, so the lemma is "side," surface form "sides." The context is French politics, specifically "the Left and the Right." The sentence reads, "Both sides see immigrants as a burden..." My initial thought process involves quickly running through the candidate senses. Let's see... we've got spatial definitions (like "place within a region"), body halves, external surfaces, and then, ah, here we go: contesting groups and opposing opinions.

Now, let's zoom back into the sentence: "Both sides see immigrants..." Okay, so they *see* something. This quickly rules out spatial senses, external surfaces, and body-related definitions. They also can't be opinions *themselves* "seeing." That leaves us with the two options of contesting groups (sense 2), or opinions held in opposition to each other (sense 10).

"Both sides" here is clearly referring to the Left and the Right – political factions. This means that Sense 2, "one of two or more contesting groups," is the correct fit. It's a direct reference to those groups. The Left and the Right are two contesting political groups. Sense 10 is possible, but I think it misses the mark. It's about *opinions* in opposition. While their opinions are relevant, here "sides" refers to the groups *holding* the opinions, which are groups contesting each other in the political arena. The sentence isn't about the *opinions* seeing immigrants as a burden, it's the groups *holding* those opinions that are being described, meaning sense 2 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: burden
Target surface form: burden
Context:
But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a <t>burden</t> on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Burden" in Context**

Okay, the target word is "burden" and the surrounding text mentions that immigrants are seen as a "burden" on the French economy and society. My immediate thought is, let's nail down the precise meaning here. I need to select the right sense based on context.

The available senses are: an onerous concern, a physical weight, a central theme, and a central idea. Clearly, we're not talking about a thematic element or a literal weight. The phrase "burden on the French economy and on French society" suggests something difficult or problematic.

Therefore, the first sense – burden%1:09:01:: - "an onerous or difficult concern" – is the clear frontrunner. It aligns perfectly with the idea of something being a load, an encumbrance, or an onus. The provided definition and synonyms reinforce this; things like "the burden of responsibility" and phrases such as "that's a load off my mind".

Sense 2 is out because it references a physical weight, load, or loading. That doesn't fit the context at all. Sense 3 and Sense 4 are irrelevant as we aren't discussing the central meaning or theme of a literary work. So, sense 1 is the appropriate selection, and the analysis is sound.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: economy
Target surface form: economy
Context:
But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French <t>economy</t> and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=economy%1:14:00:: | definition=the system of production and distribution and consumption | synonyms=economic system
2. sense_key=economy%1:09:01:: | definition=the efficient use of resources | examples=economy of effort
3. sense_key=economy%1:07:00:: | definition=frugality in the expenditure of money or resources | synonyms=thriftiness | examples=the Scots are famous for their economy
4. sense_key=economy%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of economizing; reduction in cost | synonyms=saving | examples=it was a small economy to walk to work every day; there was a saving of 50 cents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Target Word "Economy"**

Okay, so the target is "economy." The context gives me a pretty clear starting point: it's about how both sides view immigrants and the *French economy*. Right, so it's not likely to be about, say, "economy of effort" or sheer thriftiness. I've got a few candidate senses to check against the context: the whole system, the efficient use of resources, frugality, or simply saving.

Given the phrase "French economy", I'm leaning heavily towards the first sense. Thinking about the broader implications, how immigrants might be a burden, it would pertain to the *economic system* of the country - production, distribution, consumption. That's the most relevant framing here, the best fit. I'm pretty confident that's the intended meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: society
Target surface form: society
Context:
But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French <t>society</t>. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: | definition=an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, guild, gild, lodge, order | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being with someone | synonyms=company, companionship, fellowship | examples=he missed their company; he enjoyed the society of his friends
4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: | definition=the fashionable elite | synonyms=high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Term "Society"**

Okay, so the text throws "society" at me, specifically in the context of "a burden on the French economy and on French society." My brain immediately goes to work – let's dissect this. My first instinct is to pin down the intended meaning of "society." I need to be precise here.

My expert analysis runs through the usual suspects: Is it talking about the broad cultural and economic structure of France? That feels right, that would be meaning number one. It's the most common application, so that is my gut feeling. But let's check my other candidates:

*   Could it refer to a formal association, like a club? Highly unlikely in this context.
*   Is it simply referring to being in company with someone? Not at all.
*   Could it be referencing the fashionable elite, 'high society'? No, that doesn't fit the phrase.

Ah, yes. Sense number one, the extended social group with its distinct cultural and economic organization, perfectly encapsulates "French society" in this phrase. It fits like a glove. The other options are simply nonsensical here. Therefore, I can confidently identify sense number one as the correct interpretation of "society" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only <t>difference</t> resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Difference"**

Okay, so the target word is "difference," and it's appearing as "difference" in the sentence: "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants." Let's break this down.

My initial sense is that we're talking about a distinction or contrast here. I've got a few candidate senses to choose from. Let's see...

*   **Sense 1: difference%1:07:00:: | the quality of being unlike or dissimilar.** This feels promising.
*   **Sense 2: difference%1:11:00:: | a variation that deviates from the standard or norm.** I'm not sure if this is the right definition.
*   **Sense 3: difference%1:10:00:: | a disagreement or argument about something important.** Doesn't seem to fit the context at all.
*   **Sense 4: difference%1:24:00:: | a significant change.** Nope, this seems irrelevant.
*   **Sense 5: difference%1:23:00:: | the number that remains after subtraction.** Not in this context.

Looking at the sentence again, the crucial phrase is "the degree of generosity." We're talking about how the Left and Right *differ* on immigration policy. So, the "difference" is the *quality of being unlike* in their approach. They essentially agree on immigration but *differ* on the scale of their generosity.

Therefore, **Sense 1** is the clear winner. The example sentence "there are many differences between jazz and rock" perfectly captures this meaning. I'm confident that "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" is the correct interpretation here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degree
Context:
There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the <t>degree</t> of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Degree" in the Context of Generosity**

Okay, so I'm looking at the word "degree" in the phrase "degree of generosity" within this text. My initial thought goes to the two candidate senses offered by WordNet:

*   **Candidate 1:** "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" – think "grade" or "level."
*   **Candidate 2:** "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" – think "level," "stage," or "point."

I immediately latch onto Candidate 2 because of the example "a remarkable degree of frankness," which just clicks for me. It's so similar to "degree of generosity," that it's worth a second look.

Let's break them down. Candidate 1 is about attributes – like a "moderate grade of intelligence." It's about quantifying something along a scale. Candidate 2, however, speaks to a *state* or identifiable position, a point in a process.

Now, let me double-check. I see that "degree of frankness" is specifically listed under Sense 2 in WordNet. That makes it easier! And the definition for Sense 2 reinforces this: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process." This seems like a specific stage or level (point in a continuum). "a remarkable degree of frankness" feels like a natural example for this, and therefore, "degree of generosity" should also be a candidate for this sense.

So I go back and compare. Does "degree of generosity" refer to an intensity or amount (sense 1), or a specific identifiable position (sense 2)? I think it's more like a level or amount, so this could mean that it could fit sense 1. But, because WordNet categorizes "degree of frankness" under sense 2, this is also a very good reason to choose sense 2, as well.

To be certain, let me pull up some examples from WordNet to double-check:
*   Sense 1, `degree, grade, level`: "a moderate grade of intelligence"; "a high level of care is required"; "it is all a matter of degree"
*   Sense 2, `degree, level, stage, point`: "a remarkable degree of frankness"; "at what stage are the social sciences?"
*   And finally, a third sense, related to academic degrees, which is irrelevant here.

Given those examples, and the phrase "a remarkable degree of frankness," the link is very clear. "Degree of generosity" is an example that fits the pattern of "degree of \[abstract noun]" found in sense 2.

In my expert opinion, based on this close examination and comparison, the most accurate sense of "degree" in this context is definitely Candidate 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generosity
Target surface form: generosity
Context:
There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of <t>generosity</t>, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generosity%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being willing to give your money or time | synonyms=generousness
2. sense_key=generosity%1:04:00:: | definition=acting generously | synonyms=unselfishness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Senses of "Generosity" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "generosity," and the context is about the "degree of generosity" granted to immigrants. My initial instinct is to pin down the correct sense of the word. I've got two candidates: one is about the *trait* of being generous (willing to give money, time, etc.), and the other is about *acting* generously. I immediately consider the phrase "degree of generosity" and it makes me lean toward the trait, the general quality.

The key phrase is "the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants." This is interesting. "Degree of generosity" suggests a measurable quality – like the level of kindness or willingness to help. But then the phrase "deigns to grant" throws a wrench in the works. Is one "granting" a trait? That seems a little off. One grants acts, resources, or something of the sort, *out of* generosity, perhaps.

Wait, let's back up. I'm focusing on the synonyms and the definitions in WordNet. The synonyms for sense 1:07:00, the trait, is "generousness." And the synonym for sense 1:04:00, the action is "unselfishness." The definitions are clear too - trait versus action. I need to be precise. "Granting generosity" implies giving a generous act, but "degree of generosity" suggests measuring a trait.

Hmm. The "degree of..." construct strongly suggests that we're dealing with an attribute – you measure the *amount* of something. But "deign to grant" seems to point to an *action* or dispensation. Now, let's consider the French original, "le degré de générosité." This is more indicative of the trait. However, "deign to grant" is a clear action.

Right. I need to resolve this. What do you *grant*? Do you grant the *trait* of generosity or something *out of* generosity? You grant an *act*, or an opportunity, *out of* generosity. "Degree of generosity" is about the quantity or level.

Ultimately, although the "grant" part of the sentence is tricky, the phrase "degree of generosity" leads me to select the first sense. The "degree" refers to the *amount* of the *trait* in question, the generousness. I will pick 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his <t>program</t>, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Program" in a Political Context**

Okay, the target word is "program." The surrounding text mentions François Hollande, so we're dealing with French politics, immigration, and elections. This means "program" *has* to refer to his political platform. Let's see...

Candidate 4: "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party." Synonyms are provided as "platform," and "political program" which are spot-on. Bingo! That's exactly what we're looking for here. It's a precise definition of a politician's program.

Now, let's just make sure.

Candidate 1 is a plan or programme, too broad.

Candidate 2 is a public program, not bad, but it can be a lot of things.

Candidate 4, "political program," is perfect. Candidate 4 has got the correct emphasis: it is specifically a *political* program. Yes, Candidate 4 is the winner here. That's the best fit for a political candidate's program, no question.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration <t>problem</t> to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Problem" in the Context of Immigration**

Okay, the target is "problem" within the phrase "immigration problem," and the associated sentence "saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."  I'm looking at how "problem" functions here, considering the related phrase "immigration being a burden and a problem."  The primary question is, which sense of "problem" from WordNet is most appropriate?

My initial instinct is to consider whether "immigration problem" is a *state of difficulty* that needs resolution or a *source of difficulty.* The context, particularly the phrasing "to be solved," leans toward the former.  We don't "solve" a *source* of difficulty directly; we address the difficulty it causes.  We "resolve" or "address" the source.

Let's break it down using the available candidates.  Candidate 1, "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved," seems promising. Candidate 2, "a question raised for consideration or solution," is also in the running, but that's more about problems with homework or mathematics. Candidate 3, "a source of difficulty," appears relevant in "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem." Here, immigration *is* the problem.

Now, consider the phrase "allow our immigration problem to be solved." The verb "to be solved" definitely suggests candidate 2. But I think Candidate 1 is more general and broader and it is exactly: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved." We need to resolve an "immigration problem."

Looking at WordNet, "problem" Sense 1 is "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved." This aligns well with the "to be solved" phrasing.  Sense 2 is "a question raised for consideration or solution," which also aligns with "solved" in a more general sense, although it seems less precise for a societal issue like immigration. Sense 3, "a source of difficulty," is also possible, but it is less clear because you would solve the source.

So, the phrase "our immigration problem" suggests a *state* related to immigration that creates difficulty and thus needs a solution.  I'm focusing on "to be solved" which aligns with "resolved". This suggests a state that requires resolution. If we say "immigration is a problem", then it's *a source of difficulty*. However, in the context "our immigration problem to be solved," we have to address the "state of difficulty." It's not a question per se.

I am concluding that "immigration problem" is a "state of difficulty that needs to be resolved." Therefore, I believe Sense 1 is the best fit.

The answer is: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This <t>notion</t> of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Notion" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "notion," and the surface form is, well, "notion." The context is "This notion of immigration being a burden..." Alright, I've got four candidate senses to consider. The first, notion%1:09:02, is a vague idea with some confidence – an impression, feeling, belief, or opinion. The second, notion%1:09:00, is a general, inclusive concept. The third, notion%1:09:01, is a whimsical or odd idea. And the fourth, notion%1:06:00, concerns small personal articles, which is obviously not relevant here.

The context immediately suggests either sense 1 or sense 2. Is this "notion" an actual belief, opinion, or impression, or is it more of a general concept? Reading the sentence again, "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem...". The text uses "a burden". It feels more like a specific viewpoint – an opinion or belief. Sense 1, with its synonyms of "belief, opinion, impression" etc., aligns with that much better.

Let's test this. "Both sides see immigrants as a burden... This notion of immigration being a burden...". It is a belief or opinion. It's a "vague idea in which some confidence is placed." Sense 2, as a "general inclusive concept," is like "the notion of a state" or "the notion of time" - a broad category. But "immigration being a burden" is a specific proposition, making it a belief rather than a abstract concept. This feels more like an "opinion" than a broad concept.

So, I'm comparing sense 1 to sense 2. Sense 1 seems more appropriate, it's more about the specific idea in the context. Sense 1's synonyms – impression, feeling, belief, opinion – really resonate, "notion" is being used to denote that viewpoint. Looking at the examples provided in the dictionary, such as "the notion of a state", that is really a broad concept. "This notion of immigration..." is that the authors have a belief or an opinion on the topic of immigration.

Double-checking again, let me review the sense definitions one more time. The idea of "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" with synonyms like "belief, opinion" fits very well. Using the "notion of [something being a certain way]" definitely leans towards a belief. It's not a generic abstract category, it's a specific proposition, so it's a belief or an opinion. "Immigration being a burden" is definitely a specific opinion about immigration. Therefore, I'm going with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: burden
Target surface form: burden
Context:
The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a <t>burden</t> and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantic Landscape of "Burden"**

Okay, so the text brings up "burden," specifically in the phrase "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem..." Right away, I'm thinking semantically. I need to pinpoint the intended sense of "burden" in this context. Let's see what we've got.

My initial scan of the possible senses brings up a few contenders. First, we've got the classic "onerous concern" sense – the 'load' or 'encumbrance' type of definition. That feels promising. Then there's the 'weight to be borne' sense, literally the *load*. We also have senses relating to the *theme* of a work. The fourth option is similar to this.

Considering the phrasing, the idea of immigration being a problem suggests a negative connotation and the sense of something difficult or troublesome. The economic example of a "burden on the French economy" really solidifies it for me. It's not about physical weight, nor the central idea of a discourse. It's definitely the 'onerous concern' sense – burden%1:09:01:: an onerous or difficult concern, essentially, that first candidate. That's the best fit here. It accurately captures the implied meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a <t>problem</t>, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Nuance of "Problem"**

Okay, so the target word is "problem," and the context is that immigration is being framed as a potential electoral asset *because* it's viewed as a "burden and a problem." My initial thought is to pin down the precise meaning here. Let's see... looking at the candidate senses, I've got:

1.  A "state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - like a job needing to be done.
2.  "A question raised for consideration or solution".
3.  "A source of difficulty," or "trouble."

Given the sentence structure, specifically the pairing of "burden and problem", it's pretty clear we're dealing with immigration itself *being* the difficulty, not just *having* a problem in need of resolution or being a question to be considered. The first sense doesn't quite fit the direct linkage with "burden".

Ah, here's where it clicks. The phrase "immigration being a burden and a problem" really solidifies this. A "burden" is inherently a source of trouble. Therefore, "problem" in this context is perfectly synonymous with "a source of difficulty." This is really just another way of saying that immigration is being *perceived* as a source of trouble.

So, I think sense 3 is the correct interpretation. This also helps to better understand the argument's intent. The speaker is suggesting that framing immigration as troublesome may win votes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: book
Target surface form: book
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent <t>book</t> summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=book%1:10:00:: | definition=a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together) | examples=I am reading a good book on economics
2. sense_key=book%1:06:00:: | definition=physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together | synonyms=volume | examples=he used a large book as a doorstop
3. sense_key=book%1:10:02:: | definition=a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone | synonyms=record, record book | examples=Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'; his name is in all the record books
4. sense_key=book%1:10:01:: | definition=a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance | synonyms=script, playscript
5. sense_key=book%1:21:00:: | definition=a record in which commercial accounts are recorded | synonyms=ledger, leger, account book, book of account | examples=they got a subpoena to examine our books
6. sense_key=book%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game
7. sense_key=book%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made | synonyms=rule book | examples=they run things by the book around here
8. sense_key=book%1:10:05:: | definition=the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | synonyms=Koran, Quran, al-Qur'an
9. sense_key=book%1:10:04:: | definition=the sacred writings of the Christian religions | synonyms=Bible, Christian Bible, Good Book, Holy Scripture, Holy Writ, Scripture | examples=he went to carry the Word to the heathen
10. sense_key=book%1:10:03:: | definition=a major division of a long written composition | examples=the book of Isaiah
11. sense_key=book%1:06:02:: | definition=a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge | examples=he bought a book of stamps

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context and "Book"**

Okay, the target word is "book". My task is to determine the correct sense within this specific context. The context mentions Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron's "recent **book**," specifically referencing its title, publisher (Princeton University Press), and page count. Clearly, this is a published scholarly work.

Now, let's consider the senses. Candidate 1 is "a written work or composition that has been published." Perfect. This immediately resonates with the description of a published text. Candidate 2, "physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together," is also correct, but the context points very strongly to the intellectual content and published nature of the item.

Given the explicit reference to the book's title, its function as a summary of knowledge, and the publisher, the first sense – the *written work* – is the clear and most appropriate choice. It's a textbook example of disambiguation, really.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of <t>immigration</t> (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Concept of "Immigration"**

Okay, so the core concept here is "immigration," and the text frames it within the context of economic discussion, specifically referencing a book that summarizes the most recent knowledge. My immediate focus is on disambiguating the sense of "immigration" being used. We have two candidate senses: the *act* of migrating into a place (sense 1) and the *group* of immigrants arriving during a period (sense 2).

The book's framing – equating "immigration" with "migration flows" – immediately steers me towards sense 1, the *process* of people moving into a place. The phrase "positive impact of migration flows" and the related economic concerns about "restraining immigration" clearly align with this interpretation, emphasizing the dynamism of movement and its economic consequences rather than just the number of people.

I need to confirm this. Let's make sure. Thinking through "knowledge of immigration" – that's knowledge about the phenomenon, the act itself, not just information on who is coming and when. Sense 2 feels right for something like "the immigration of the early 20th century," referring to a specific historical wave of people. We're not talking about that here. The text explicitly refers to "migration flows" – that’s the *process* in motion. It's about "restraining immigration," and the text discusses the burdens associated with immigration as well as the problems that might arise with its reduction. Yes, definitely sense 1 is correct. We're dealing with the *process* of immigration.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: People
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "People" in Context**

Okay, so the target lemma is "people", with the specific surface form "People" as it appears in the book title "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future." My immediate thought is, given my expertise, to dissect this usage thoroughly.

"Exceptional People," in this title, clearly references migrants or immigrants. This points directly to individuals, a collective group of human beings. I need to nail down the precise sense here. I'm going to quickly parse through the possible senses. We have:

1.  **(Plural) any group of human beings:** This seems the most likely fit. "Old people," "200 people" - it's a general, inclusive grouping.
2.  **The body of citizens:** Nope. Not the best fit for migrants, though possibly indirectly relevant to their eventual citizenry.
3.  **Members of a family line:** Definitely not.
4.  **The common people generally:** This has connotations of the masses, which, while not entirely wrong, doesn't quite capture the specific nuance of "migrants."

Therefore, based on the context of the book title, it's clear the author is using "people" to denote *individuals*. This means "People" in "Exceptional People" best aligns with Sense 1: a plural reference to any group of human beings. It's a fundamental understanding I need to be sure of given my work.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: Migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Migration"**

Okay, so the target is "Migration" – pretty straightforward, capital "M". The text is clearly focused on *human* migration, not some chemical or animal process. We're talking about "hordes of Polish plumbers," "immigrants," and the economic impact of "migration flows." There's even a book referenced, "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future." That title alone screams a broad, historical look at the *phenomenon* of migration.

Looking at the candidate senses, we have:

1.  migration%1:04:00:: the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2.  migration%1:14:00:: a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3.  migration%1:11:01:: (chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical...
4.  migration%1:11:00:: the periodic passage of groups of animals...

Sense 2 could be relevant, since the text does discuss immigrants, but it's not the primary focus. The context isn't centered on a specific cohort of people (like “the migration of Italians to America”) but migration more broadly, as a concept. Obviously, senses 3 and 4 are out, completely irrelevant to the discourse.

Therefore, given the context encompassing “impact of migration flows,” and referencing the book's broad historical scope, I'm going with sense 1: the general movement of people. That's the most accurate interpretation here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: Future
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Future" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "future," and it's capitalized as "Future" in the title "...How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future..." Right away, the context screams "time." Considering it's paired with "past" in the form of "shaped our world" it's pretty clear we're dealing with the temporal aspect of the word.

Let's quickly run through the likely senses. We've got:

1.  *future%1:28:00:: the time yet to come | hereafter, futurity, time to come* - Yep, sounds right. The whole "upcoming time" idea feels spot-on.
2.  *future%1:10:00:: a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future* - Nah, that's grammatical, and this is a title, it's about the thing itself, not the way we describe the thing in language.
3.  *future%1:06:00:: bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date* - Definitely not. This is about economics, not societal time.

So, sense 1 is the winner. This "future" refers to the time that's yet to arrive, the period that's coming up for humanity or the world. Simple enough.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: specialist
Target surface form: specialists
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: | definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Specialists"**

Okay, so the word I need to understand is "specialists," which appears in the plural as "specialists." The surrounding text is pretty clear: it's talking about a consensus among these individuals regarding the positive effects of migration on economic indicators like growth, wages, and employment in immigrant-receiving countries.

My immediate instinct is to look at the potential senses of the word. I see two options: one referencing an expert devoted to a specific area of study (a "specializer"), and another referring to a medical specialist.

Given the subject matter—economic growth, wages, and employment—the second sense clearly doesn't fit. We're not talking about doctors here. The research mentioned, the "consensus among specialists," is clearly about economists and scholars who research and understand migration's impact. That makes the first sense, the expert in a particular branch of learning, the obvious and correct one. It's that simple. We are talking about academic or research *specialists* in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Impact"**

Okay, so the lemma is "impact," and the context is about migration's effect on economic indicators. My initial thought is to zero in on the senses, and quickly scan the candidates.

I've got a few options: literal collision, a forceful consequence, influencing strongly, and violent interaction, which I discount immediately. The context is clearly discussing the outcome of migration, not a direct physical collision or violent event.

Sense 2, "a forceful consequence; a strong effect," and sense 3, "influencing strongly," are the prime contenders. The phrase "positive impact" strongly suggests a *result* or *effect* – something tangible. Thinking about the example, "had an important impact on my thinking" from sense 2 really resonates. It highlights the notion of a notable outcome. Sense 3, "influencing strongly," implies an action or process. While migration *does* influence, the phrasing here calls for describing an effect.

Thinking about phrasing the impact as a "positive effect," that helps cement the choice. The phrase "impact on economic growth" is more closely aligned with sense 2 as it denotes a consequence, and effect, not the act of influencing.

So, I'm confident in sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantic Landscape of "Migration"**

Okay, so I'm looking at "migration" in this context: "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth..." Right away, my brain starts sifting through the possible senses. There's the obvious one – the movement of people, which is sense 1. Then there's the group of migrants themselves, sense 2. Hold on, could this be chemistry or animal migration? Not in this context, unlikely senses 3 and 4!

"Migration flows," that's the key phrase. It's not about the individuals *per se*, but the process, the flux, of people moving, specifically in the context of economic impact. The sentence focuses on countries that "admit immigrants".

So, I'm pretty sure sense 1 is the money shot – "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another." That's the core meaning we need to understand the economic effects. Sense 2 (the group) could be a consequence, but it's the process of movement we're really talking about here. Sense 1 it is!


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Migration Flows"**

Okay, so the target word is "flows" in "migration flows." The context screams immigration, people moving, maybe even, hmm, "hordes of Polish plumbers" – that sort of thing. I need to nail down the most accurate sense of "flows" here. Let's see...

Candidate 5 is looking promising right away: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously." That has a *very* intuitive fit. Synonyms like "stream" are spot-on, and the examples, like "flow of visitors" or "stream of people," are immediately applicable to people migrating. It's that continuous movement aspect, that sense of a steady current of people.

But let me quickly double-check. Okay, Candidate 4, "any uninterrupted stream or discharge," and Candidate 3, "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression." And then Candidate 1, which talks about the motion characteristic of fluids.

Back to Candidate 5. Yeah, it's that human element that makes it the winner: "something that *resembles* a flowing stream" applies perfectly. "Migration flows" implies a stream of people, that uninterrupted motion, that continuous progression. It's the best fit by far. Therefore, sense 5 it is!