[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sample
Target surface form: sample
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a <t>sample</t> of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sample%1:09:00:: | definition=a small part of something intended as representative of the whole
2. sense_key=sample%1:09:01:: | definition=items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population | synonyms=sample distribution, sampling
3. sense_key=sample%1:17:00:: | definition=all or part of a natural object that is collected and preserved as an example of its class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Reasoning Process for Sense Disambiguation of "Sample"**

Okay, here's how I'm thinking through this. The target word is "sample" in "If I were to ask a sample of American parents..." I have two likely senses from WordNet: sense 1, "a small part of something intended as representative of the whole," and sense 2, "items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population." Sense 3, a physical sample, is clearly out.

Initially, I lean towards sense 2 because "American parents" implies a population, and the phrase feels like it *could* relate to a survey or research context. Sense 2's synonyms, "sample distribution, sampling," seem statistically relevant, and it's certainly tempting given the nature of my field. However, I need to be careful.

I check WordNet examples, and both senses *could* fit at first glance. I consider if "items" in Sense 2 means people in this usage. It could, but I'm hesitant to lock it in. The hypernyms provide a clue: Sense 1's hypernym is "part, portion," which feels less statistically loaded. Sense 2's is "statistic" and "collection," which sounds closer to sampling from a population.

I try to go through the lexicographer file numbers, and I remember 09 is noun.cognition. This seems correct for both senses. Now I am thinking about the subtle differences. Is "a small part of something" cognition? I can get there; a sample is an idea, a concept, etc. I go back to thinking about the context.

I then think about the exact sentence: "If I were to ask a sample of American parents..." Is it about testing hypotheses? Probably not. It's more of a thought experiment to gauge a general opinion. I consider if, based on general practice, such a phrase would fall under 1 or 2, and in the case of general usage, it feels like it could fit either.

I re-examine the definitions, I'm thinking if "population" in Sense 2 is the key. While the text mentions "American parents" (a population), it isn't a *formal* statistical study. It is informal, so even though I recognize that "a sample of a population" *usually* suggests Sense 2 in my field, I also think it could just be a "small part of something" for illustrative purposes, especially in a non-technical setting. I look at the synonyms and hypernyms, and the statistical connotations of "sample distribution, sampling," make me lean *away* from Sense 2.

Ultimately, given the non-technical context of the phrase, "If I were to ask a sample of American parents..." I judge that the simpler and more general meaning of Sense 1 ("a small part of something intended as representative of the whole") is the better choice. The "small part" is meant to be representative of American parents *as a whole*, but there's no requirement for the more formal, statistical aspect of sampling to test hypotheses. I am opting for the less technical sense.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of <t>American</t> parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Term "American"**

Okay, so the target lemma is "american" but the form we're seeing is "American". The context gives us: "If I were to ask a sample of American parents..." Right away, this screams the United States. We're talking about the educational system, media, politicians, and specifically, parents, within the societal landscape of the US.

Now, we have two candidates. Candidate 1 is "of or relating to the United States of America or its people..." (american%3:01:01::). Candidate 2 is "of or relating to the continents and islands of the Americas" (american%3:01:00::). Given the phrasing, "American parents," there's absolutely no ambiguity here. Candidate 2 is a broader geographic definition, and it's simply irrelevant in this specific discussion. Candidate 1 is the *only* sensible interpretation. It's a clear instance of the word referring to the people and entities of the United States. We can confidently select Candidate 1.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parents
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American <t>parents</t>, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Parents"**

Okay, so the target word is "parent," and the surface form is "parents" – plural. The surrounding text gives us a good clue: "If I were to ask a sample of American parents, 'Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?'" Right away, I'm thinking human parents, the ones with children, not some plant or animal breeding scenario.

Now, let's look at the candidate senses. We have:

1.  *parent%1:18:00::* | a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
2.  *parent%1:03:00::* | an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

Sense 1 is spot-on. It describes the very individuals being addressed in the prompt – mothers, fathers, guardians. They're the ones whose children are in elementary school. Sense 2, on the other hand, is completely irrelevant. This is all about biological origins. The context makes it clear, we're dealing with human parents and their wishes for their children's education. Therefore, the sense index is 1, and that is my chosen interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourage
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to <t>encourage</t> creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantics of "Encourage"**

Okay, so the prompt is asking about "encourage" in the context of schools fostering creativity in kids. Right, let's break this down. My initial instinct is to go straight to the potential senses, looking for the best match.

First up, sense 1: *encourage%2:41:00:: | contribute to the progress or growth of (promote, advance, boost, further)*. That's a strong contender. "Promoting" creativity, "furthering" it... yeah, that fits like a glove. The examples are helpful, and I immediately see the parallel between promoting computer use and promoting creativity. That's a very solid definition.

Sense 2: *encourage%2:37:00:: | inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to.* This one seems to apply more to people directly. While a teacher *could* inspire confidence in a child's creative abilities, this doesn't capture the primary meaning of the phrase as well. It's too specific.

Sense 3: *encourage%2:32:00:: | spur on.* Again, this is about directly motivating or driving someone to do something. While a teacher might *spur* creativity, it's more about setting the conditions for it to flourish. This feels less direct than the first.

Therefore, after reviewing the various senses, it is clear that sense 1, "contribute to the progress or growth of", is the correct interpretation in this context. It's the most semantically congruent match for "encourage creativity." The "promote" synonym is particularly spot-on.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your <t>children</t>? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantics of "Children"**

Okay, so the target word is "children" within the phrase "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?". My initial thought is to consider the possible senses: a young person, a human offspring, an immature person, or a member of a group. Since we're directly addressing "American parents," the possessive "your children" immediately signals an offspring relationship. The phrase "your children" spoken to "parents" clearly refers to their offspring, i.e., sons or daughters. That strongly suggests sense 2: "a human offspring of any age".

Now, the context includes "elementary schools," but the crucial relation here is "parents" to "your children." WordNet should help confirm. I'll quickly check the senses. It confirms my initial feeling that sense 2 is the better fit. The synonyms for sense 1 are "kid", "youngster", "minor", and for sense 2 the synonym is "kid".

Let's look at more examples. "She writes books for children" is clearly sense 1, and examples like "they had three children," or "send their kids to college" are examples of sense 2. The possessive "your children" really emphasizes that offspring relationship to the parents. That confirms it. Sense 2 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: answer
Target surface form: answer
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous <t>answer</t> would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of replying to a question
4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: | definition=the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims
5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: | definition=a nonverbal reaction | examples=his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Use of "Answer"**

Okay, so I'm presented with this hypothetical scenario – if I polled American parents about fostering creativity in elementary schools. The phrase I need to unpack here is "answer." Immediately, I'm thinking about the possible senses of that word. The text presents two candidates: a statement in reply to something and the act of replying.

Now, let's look at the example: "the near-unanimous answer would be, 'Yes, of course.'" The key here is that "Yes, of course" is *what* is said. It's the content, the articulation. I can picture it – the *statement*.

Therefore, the first sense – the statement itself, the *reply* – is the correct one. The phrasing "he wrote replies" in the definition of this sense cements it. It’s not just the action of answering; it's the actual *thing* said. Sense 3, the speech act itself, doesn't capture the essence of *what* is being presented in the example sentence. "The near-unanimous answer *would be* 'Yes...'" directly refers to the specific statement that would be the response.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mean
Target surface form: mean
Context:
It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we <t>mean</t>, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mean%2:32:01:: | definition=mean or intend to express or convey | synonyms=intend | examples=You never understand what I mean!; what do his words intend?
2. sense_key=mean%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a logical consequence | synonyms=entail, imply | examples=The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers
3. sense_key=mean%2:32:03:: | definition=denote or connote | synonyms=intend, signify, stand for | examples=`maison' means `house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means
4. sense_key=mean%2:31:00:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, think | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
5. sense_key=mean%2:42:03:: | definition=have a specified degree of importance | examples=My ex-husband means nothing to me; Happiness means everything
6. sense_key=mean%2:31:01:: | definition=intend to refer to | synonyms=think of, have in mind | examples=I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!
7. sense_key=mean%2:31:05:: | definition=destine or designate for a certain purpose | examples=These flowers were meant for you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantic Nuances of "Mean"**

Okay, so the target is "mean" in the phrase "...what do we mean, specifically, by 'creativity'?" My first instinct is to consider a few candidates. Candidate 1, "mean or intend to express or convey," seems promising, along with its synonyms. Candidate 3, "denote or connote," is also a possibility, along with Candidate 6, "intend to refer to." I need to be precise here.

The context is crucial: "what do we mean, specifically, by 'creativity'?" The phrase "mean by [word]" suggests we are trying to find what the speaker intends by using that word. Let's look closely at those candidates again. Let's really look at Sense 1: "You never understand what I mean!". Sense 3: "'maison' means 'house' in French..." and Sense 6 "intend to refer to."

The key is "what do we *mean* by". Is it like sense 1 or sense 3? "What do you mean by that?" often aligns with sense 1: to express or convey. But wait, in sense 1, the subject is the person ("we mean"). In sense 3, the subject is usually the word itself ("this word means"). However, "what do *we* mean by X" - here "we" is the subject.

Let's double-check the examples. Sense 1: "You never understand what I mean!" (person as subject). Sense 3: subject is a word or symbol ("maison", "this word"). Now I remember, the definition is "denote or connote." And Sense 6 has the example: "Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!"

Let's break down the phrase "mean by". If I say "what do we mean by 'creativity'?" it's akin to asking "what do we intend to express or convey when we say 'creativity'?" Let's check WordNet for some extra backup.

Okay, here it is: Sense 1: "mean or intend to express or convey"; "You never understand what I mean!" Sense 3: denote or connote; "`maison' means `house' in French"; "An example sentence would show what this word means". Alright, in "what do we mean by 'creativity'", the subject is "we", the object is "what", and "'creativity'" is a prepositional phrase. Sense 1 has the subject as a person (speaker/writer). This feels right.

Yep, sense 1 fits better because it is a person ("we") intending to express something by using a word. Let's re-examine that definition: "mean or intend to express or convey". "what do we mean ... by 'creativity'" -> what do we intend to express or convey by 'creativity'? Perfect!

Let's quickly rule out sense 4: "have in mind as a purpose" ("I mean no harm"). Not this time. Let's reinforce our choice: Sense 3's synonyms: intend, signify, stand for. Sense 1's synonyms: intend. "we mean" -> we intend to express. Got it: Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: one
Context:
And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No <t>one</t> can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "One" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "one," and the specific instance we're looking at is in the phrase "No one can say." I need to determine the correct sense of "one" in this context.

I'm presented with two potential senses, according to my system. The first is the numerical sense, "the smallest whole number." Clearly, that's not what we're after here. The second sense, however, is much more promising: "a single person or thing."

Given the context, "No one can say" clearly means "No person can say." Therefore, sense 2 appears to be the most appropriate. The definition "a single person or thing" aligns perfectly with the intended meaning. Examples such as "he is the best one" or "this is the one I ordered" confirm this usage of the word.

Wait a moment, I am just observing that "no one" is typically an indefinite pronoun but WordNet classifies the "one" here as a noun. Nevertheless, the best fit is still sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equate
Target surface form: equated
Context:
These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being <t>equated</t> with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equate%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=compare, liken | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
2. sense_key=equate%2:42:00:: | definition=be equivalent or parallel, in mathematics | synonyms=correspond
3. sense_key=equate%2:30:00:: | definition=make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching | synonyms=equal, match, equalize, equalise | examples=let's equalize the duties among all employees in this office; The company matched the discount policy of its competitors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Equated" in Context**

Okay, so the word I'm dealing with is "equated," and the sentence frames it within the concept of self-expression and self-esteem in young people. My immediate thought is to dissect the possible meanings this term could have in this specific context. Let's see... I've got three main senses to consider. The first, "consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous," seems promising – think "comparing the Han dynasty to the Romans," or my personal favourite, "you cannot equate success in financial matters with greed". That sounds about right, that we’re *describing* creativity as analogous to self-expression.

Then there's the mathematical or parallel meaning, and the sense of physically or abstractly making things equal, uniform or matching. I'm discarding sense two; it's a bit too specific for this sentence's broader scope. Now, the third sense: "make equal, uniform…" That suggests a deliberate action to *make* two things the same. Applying that to the sentence – does it suggest *making* creativity equal to self-expression? No, people are simply *thinking* of them as equivalent. I'm definitely going with sense one. The sentence implies people are *considering* or *describing* creativity as similar to self-expression – which aligns perfectly with how the example sentence “You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed” demonstrates the usage of the word. Therefore, that first definition is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourages
Context:
These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that <t>encourages</t> the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Encourages"**

Okay, so the task at hand is to pinpoint the most fitting sense of "encourage" in this sentence: "In practice, it ends up being equated with a 'self-expression' that encourages the youngsters' 'self-esteem.'" My target lemma is "encourage," and the surface form is "encourages."

I've got three candidate senses: "contribute to the progress or growth of," "inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to," and "spur on." The context is "self-expression" and its effect on "self-esteem."

Let's break this down. Does "self-expression" *inspire* self-esteem? Possibly, but the phrasing isn't quite right. Does "self-expression" *spur* self-esteem? That's also less likely, seems too active. So, does "self-expression" *contribute to the progress or growth* of self-esteem? That resonates more directly.

"Contribute to the progress or growth of" is really similar to "boost" or "promote" in this context. It seems like the best fit, because it makes a direct connection between self-expression and its effect on self-esteem. Sense 2, inspiring with confidence doesn't seem to fit the bill as the target is self esteem and not a person. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: result
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The <t>result</t> is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Use of "Result" in the Text**

Okay, so the text uses "result," and I need to pinpoint the precise meaning. It seems pretty straightforward on the surface, but let's be thorough. The context frames "result" as the consequence of equating creativity with self-expression and then self-esteem – it's leading to a specific outcome. The phrase "The result is a generation..." really drives that home.

I'm thinking synonyms – consequence, effect, outcome, upshot. Let's dig into the possible senses of "result" to be precise.

*   **Sense 1** looks promising: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon." This perfectly aligns with the causal relationship we're seeing: the educational practice *causes* the generation described. Consequence and effect are right there in the synonyms!
*   **Sense 2** is out; this isn't about solving a problem.
*   **Sense 3** offers "something that results" with examples like election results or sports results. But I think this feels different. The "result" in the text isn't a simple endpoint; it's the *consequence* or the *effect* of something else, and it is a phenomenon.
*   **Sense 4** isn't relevant here.

Now, let's distinguish between 1 and 3 carefully: Sense 1 is consequence, effect, etc., while Sense 3 is more like *the* result of an event (sports, elections). The example, "he listened for the results on the radio," is Sense 3. It's not about the outcome in the same sense as the *phenomenon* of the generation.

Yes, Sense 1 defines the causal relationship. "A phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" maps directly to the text's intended meaning. That generation is the *result* or the *effect* of the educational practice. It's the consequence. Sense 1 is the clear winner. This is absolutely right.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generation
Target surface form: generation
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a <t>generation</t> of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generation%1:14:01:: | definition=all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age | synonyms=coevals, contemporaries
2. sense_key=generation%1:14:00:: | definition=group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent
3. sense_key=generation%1:28:00:: | definition=the normal time between successive generations | examples=they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade
4. sense_key=generation%1:28:01:: | definition=a stage of technological development or innovation | examples=the third generation of computers
5. sense_key=generation%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=genesis
6. sense_key=generation%1:04:01:: | definition=the production of heat or electricity | examples=dams were built for the generation of electricity
7. sense_key=generation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production | synonyms=multiplication, propagation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Generation"**

Okay, so the lemma is "generation," and the context is, "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves." Right away, I start sifting through the potential senses. Let's see... we've got the usual suspects: a group of coevals, a line of descent, a period of time, technological advancement, a coming into being, and the production of heat/electricity/offspring.

In this instance, it's clear we're dealing with "a generation of young people," so I'm immediately drawn to the concept of a *cohort* or *contemporaries*. This leans strongly towards sense 1, which defines "generation" as "all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age." I have to differentiate between sense 1 and sense 2, which involves "genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent." Wait, is this a biological context or a sociological one? The use of the word *of* is crucial. In this case, 'a generation of young people' really refers to a *demographic cohort*. The *of* indicates that the generation is *of* the young people.

Sense 2 feels less appropriate here; it's about genetics, lineage... not really what the sentence is trying to convey. It's not a family. I then have to re-read the definitions more carefully. Sense 1 is "all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age." That clicks. That is the perfect fit. Therefore, sense index 1 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of <t>young</t> people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Word "Young" in Context**

Okay, so the lemma is "young," and the surface form is, well, "young." No surprises there. The context is this rather harsh sentence: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

Let's break down the potential senses. I've got a few candidates:

1.  **"young%3:00:00::"**: This is the prime candidate. The definition is spot on: "(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth." The synonyms ("immature") fit the implied sentiment of the sentence, and critically, there's the example "young people" – a perfect match!

2.  **"young%5:00:00:early:02"**: This sense, describing crops harvested early ("new potatoes; young corn"), is obviously irrelevant. We're dealing with people, not produce.

3.  **"young%5:00:01:young:00"**: This suggests vigor and freshness ("youthful, vernal"), but the context leans more towards a developmental stage rather than a vigorous or fresh quality, so I will rule it out.

4.  **"young%5:00:00:new:00"**: This refers to things "being in its early stage" like an "young industry" or the "day is still young." While I can see a parallel, this doesn't fit the phrase "young people" as well as the first option.

5.  **"young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00"**: This sense, "not tried or tested by experience" ("unseasoned, untested, untried"), is also not ideal here. While *implying* inexperience can be a part of the meaning, the primary focus is on early development rather than lack of experience.

Therefore, given the definition, the example "young people," and the overall sentiment of the sentence, sense 1 ("young%3:00:00::") is the clear winner. It's the most appropriate fit for the meaning of "young" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young <t>people</t> whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "People" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target is the word "people" within the phrase "a generation of young people." The sentence is quite loaded, but my focus is on that specific word.

The context provides several potential definitions: a general group, citizens of a state, family members, or the common populace. Now, given the phrase "a generation of young people," I can quickly eliminate "the body of citizens of a state or country," "members of a family line," and "the common people generally." Those are less likely given the modifier "young."

The first definition, "any group of human beings collectively," seems like the immediate best fit. The example provided, "old people," is grammatically and semantically parallel to "young people," which solidifies this as the most logical interpretation. Thus, option 1, "any group of human beings collectively," is the correct definition here. We have a match!


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: incompetence
Target surface form: incompetence
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual <t>incompetence</t> is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=incompetence%1:07:00:: | definition=lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications | synonyms=incompetency
2. sense_key=incompetence%1:26:00:: | definition=inability of a part or organ to function properly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Incompetence" in Context**

Okay, so I'm looking at "incompetence" within this sentence: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves." I need to determine the correct sense for the word. Let's see... the candidate senses are: one, related to a general lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications, and the other, referring to a part or organ's inability to function properly. Clearly, "intellectual incompetence" here is about a *lack* of intellectual ability. It's not about a malfunction, but a deficiency. Therefore, sense one, the lack of ability or qualifications, is absolutely the correct one. Simple enough.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: match
Target surface form: matched
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is <t>matched</t> only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=match%2:42:00:: | definition=be compatible, similar or consistent; coincide in their characteristics | synonyms=fit, correspond, check, jibe, gibe, tally | examples=The two stories don't agree in many details; The handwriting checks with the signature on the check
2. sense_key=match%2:40:00:: | definition=provide funds complementary to | examples=The company matched the employees' contributions
3. sense_key=match%2:35:08:: | definition=bring two objects, ideas, or people together | synonyms=mate, couple, pair, twin | examples=This fact is coupled to the other one; Matchmaker, can you match my daughter with a nice young man?
4. sense_key=match%2:42:01:: | definition=be equal to in quality or ability | synonyms=equal, touch, rival | examples=Nothing can rival cotton for durability; Your performance doesn't even touch that of your colleagues
5. sense_key=match%2:30:01:: | definition=make correspond or harmonize | synonyms=fit | examples=Match my sweater
6. sense_key=match%2:41:00:: | definition=satisfy or fulfill | synonyms=meet, cope with | examples=meet a need; this job doesn't match my dreams
7. sense_key=match%2:35:10:: | definition=give or join in marriage
8. sense_key=match%2:33:00:: | definition=set into opposition or rivalry | synonyms=pit, oppose, play off | examples=let them match their best athletes against ours; pit a chess player against the Russian champion
9. sense_key=match%2:30:00:: | definition=be equal or harmonize | examples=The two pieces match
10. sense_key=match%2:30:07:: | definition=make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching | synonyms=equal, equalize, equalise, equate | examples=let's equalize the duties among all employees in this office; The company matched the discount policy of its competitors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Matched"**

Okay, the target word is "matched," and the context is quite interesting: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves." Right away, I see this requires a bit more than a surface-level understanding.

My initial thought is that "matched only by" suggests an equivalence, a rivaling quality, or a balancing act. It implies that the good opinion *equals* the ignorance and incompetence, perhaps even *surpasses* it. So, I need to find the definition that best reflects this sense of equivalence, as a baseline, and then consider any more subtle options.

Looking at the candidates, candidate 4 immediately catches my eye: "be equal to in quality or ability." The synonyms, especially "equal" and "rival," are dead ringers. "is matched only by" directly translates, in my mind, to "is equaled only by." It's a perfect fit grammatically and semantically. I'll flag that one as a strong contender.

Let me quickly scan the others to be thorough. Candidate 1, "be compatible, similar or consistent," doesn't quite work. Candidate 9, "be equal or harmonize," while it includes "equal," is a bit too general, and "harmonize" feels out of place. Candidate 10, "make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching," is an *active* sense, making something equal, whereas the original text gives the "is matched" as a *passive* statement, meaning that "matched" describes the state in which the things are equal.

So the verb in the original text is passive, "is matched," which is the state being described.

Going back to candidate 4: "be equal to in quality or ability" | equal, touch, rival. *This* hits the nail on the head. The structure of the sentence is "A is matched by B" (where B is the only thing that matches). It means B is equal to A.
"whose ignorance ... is matched only by their good opinion..." means their good opinion of themselves *equals* their ignorance, which is a perfect interpretation of the passage, and fits my intuition from the start.

Candidate 4, is the most precise. Done.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched <t>only</t> by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Senses of "Only"**

Okay, so the task at hand is to determine the correct sense of "only" in the context: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched <t>only</t> by their good opinion of themselves." The surface form is, of course, "only."

Let's quickly review the candidate senses provided. The definitions are:
1.  "and nothing more" (synonyms: merely, simply, just, but)
2.  "without any others being included or involved" (synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone)
3.  "with nevertheless the final result"
4.  "in the final outcome"
5.  "except that"
6.  "never except when"
7.  "as recently as"

My initial instinct is leaning toward sense 2. "Is matched *only* by their good opinion" feels like it's saying it's *exclusively* matched by their good opinion, that nothing else matches it. Let's explore that further.

The phrase "is matched only by their good opinion" implies that their good opinion is the *sole* factor that matches the other characteristics. I could substitute "solely" or "exclusively." Thinking through this: would "matched just by..." or "matched merely by..." work? Probably not, although they are similar. "Matched exclusively by" clicks, indicating nothing else matches it. Let's see...

Let's apply Sense 2 again: "without any others being included or involved". Yes, that really does seem to fit.

Just to be thorough, let's verify. Checking the common usage of "matched solely by" feels right. Sense 2 aligns with synonyms like "solely" and "exclusively," which really drive this home. "I was merely asking" and "simply a matter of time" are examples that apply for sense 1, but those usages don't fit here. Therefore, sense 2 is the most appropriate. The interpretation of "matched only by their good opinion" is that it's matched *exclusively* by that, and nothing else.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: good
Target surface form: good
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their <t>good</t> opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
2. sense_key=good%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
3. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable
4. sense_key=good%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
5. sense_key=good%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
6. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
7. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, practiced, proficient, skillful, skilful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
11. sense_key=good%5:00:01:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
12. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | examples=good looks
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=serious | examples=good music; a serious book
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=honest | examples=a good dollar bill
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Good" in Context**

Okay, so the lemma is "good", and the surface form is, well, "good". The context is "...matched only by their good opinion of themselves." My task is to determine the correct sense of "good" in the phrase "good opinion". Essentially, I need to figure out what kind of "good" describes an opinion.

Let's check the senses. I'm presented with a list. Sense 1 immediately grabs my attention: "having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified." This seems promising, given that a "good opinion" likely implies a positive or favorable assessment. It just *feels* right.

However, let's not jump to conclusions. I'll review the other senses to be thorough. We have: ample, morally admirable, reputable, advantageous, nice, righteous, skilled, complete, close, sound, opportune, fortunate, operative, pleasing, intellectual, healthy, healthful, genuine, fresh, and discriminating. Some of these are clearly irrelevant here. I have to think, could a "good opinion" be "ample"? No. "Morally admirable"? Unlikely. "Sound"? Nope. I'm focusing on whether the 'good' is "positive" or "favorable" in the context of "opinion".

So, I return to sense 1 and review it. Definition 1 states: "having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified." This directly maps onto the idea of a "good opinion" being a favorable one. It feels like the right fit. This sense includes examples like "good news," "good report card," things that are positive or desirable. The sense definition fits my goal of finding the "positive" sense.

I consider the examples in sense 1 more closely, and it makes sense. It means the opinion is *good* as in it is favorable and positive.

I pause and check WordNet just to be sure. Does it have something specific? WordNet confirms it. "Good" describes the opinion as being favorable. "Favorable" translates into "positive."

I consider alternative adjectives: "high opinion" versus "good opinion." Both suggest a positive assessment.

I go back over the senses. Sense 1 is the broadest, and the best fit. I've considered that the "good" is best interpreted as the general "positive" sense, and not any specific sense. Sense 1 clearly encapsulates the idea of a favorable or positive opinion, which is what the context requires.

I'm confident in selecting sense 1: "having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified." This is the best fit for "good opinion" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: opinion
Target surface form: opinion
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good <t>opinion</t> of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=opinion%1:09:00:: | definition=a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty | synonyms=sentiment, persuasion, view, thought | examples=my opinion differs from yours; I am not of your persuasion
2. sense_key=opinion%1:10:01:: | definition=a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof | synonyms=view | examples=his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page
3. sense_key=opinion%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people | synonyms=public opinion, popular opinion, vox populi | examples=he asked for a poll of public opinion
4. sense_key=opinion%1:10:00:: | definition=the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision | synonyms=legal opinion, judgment, judgement | examples=opinions are usually written by a single judge
5. sense_key=opinion%1:04:01:: | definition=the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself) | synonyms=ruling
6. sense_key=opinion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, notion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing "Good Opinion of Themselves"**

Okay, so the target is "opinion" in the phrase "good opinion of themselves." I need to determine the correct sense of "opinion" in this context. Let's run through the senses: is it a *personal belief* (Sense 1), an *expression of belief* (Sense 2), a *shared belief* (Sense 3), a *legal document* (Sense 4), the *reason for a judgment* (Sense 5), or a *vague idea* (Sense 6)?

"Good opinion of themselves" - it's an evaluation of self, a judgment.  Sense 1, "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty," seems promising, but I need to be sure. It could be either sense 1 or sense 6.

Let's unpack: "good opinion" implies a *favorable judgment* or estimation. Sense 1 aligns with this - it's a personal judgment. But, let's explore sense 6 just to be thorough, a *vague idea*. Using the example from the definitions, "his impression of her was favorable" is similar, but can "opinion" in "opinion of themselves" fit in a broader definition than "impression"? Is it a vague idea? "Opinion" here doesn't really seem like a vague idea, but a judgment.

Let's dive back into sense 1: "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty." "Have a good opinion of oneself" directly implies a good self-judgment.

Sense 6 is about a vague idea with some confidence, it has synonyms like impression, feeling, belief, notion, but this feels off. This feels more like an assessment of self-worth.

Checking the examples: Sense 1 has "my opinion differs from yours." And, Sense 6 has "his impression of her was favorable." The latter example *could* fit, but doesn't quite capture the evaluative nuance. It makes more sense to understand "opinion" in the passage as "good opinion of themselves" meaning "a personal belief or judgment" of their self-worth.

Let's scrutinize: "opinion" as estimation? "Good judgment of themselves" fits well, yes. How about "good belief of themselves"? No, doesn't quite capture it. Sense 1's definition (personal belief or judgment) seems to nail it.

Double-checking: Sense 6 involves a vague idea, and the text is not about an impression or vague idea. It is more about a judgment of their own worth.

Hence, I'm confident Sense 1 is correct. It's a personal judgment or belief about oneself, specifically a favorable one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: whole
Target surface form: whole
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The <t>whole</t> notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=whole%3:00:00:: | definition=including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete | examples=gave his whole attention; a whole wardrobe for the tropics
2. sense_key=whole%3:00:02:: | definition=(of siblings) having the same parents | examples=whole brothers and sisters
3. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:uninjured:00 | definition=not injured | synonyms=unharmed, unhurt, unscathed
4. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health | synonyms=hale | examples=hale and hearty; whole in mind and body
5. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:undiversified:00 | definition=acting together as a single undiversified whole | synonyms=solid, unanimous | examples=a solid voting bloc

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Whole" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "whole," and the surface form is, well, "whole." Straightforward enough. Now, let's see... the context is "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education..." Right, so it's not a physical whole, not about health or siblings or lack of diversification. My immediate hunch is that it's about the completeness of the *idea*.

Let's look at the options. Sense 1, "including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete," that feels promising. Then there's the sibling one, which is clearly off-base. The injury and health senses are irrelevant in this educational context, and "undiversified" doesn't quite fit either.

Let me double-check Sense 1: "including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete." Examples: "gave his whole attention," "a whole wardrobe." Yep, that's spot on. The context is "the entire *notion* of creativity." It seems to perfectly align with the intended meaning. "The *whole* notion" implies the *entire* concept, encompassing all its aspects.

So, I'm confident that Sense 1 is the correct one. The sense key is `whole%3:00:00::`, and the index is 1. That's my definitive answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole <t>notion</t> of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Notion" in Context**

Okay, the target is "notion." The context is about "creativity" in education, specifically, "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education..." My immediate thought is to consider the common senses. Let's see... I've got a few candidates. First, a vague idea, a feeling, belief... Second, a general, inclusive concept. Third, a whimsical idea. And lastly, small personal articles, which is definitely a no-go here.

Right away, sense 2 jumps out. "A general inclusive concept" seems to nail it. The text seems to be referring to the *concept* of creativity in education. But, let me be thorough. Does sense 1, "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed," fit at all? The passage later questions what "creativity" specifically means, which lends itself to it being a more undefined idea. However, it later specifies that no one can say precisely; that it is often equated to 'self-expression'. It sounds much more like a *concept* than a vague belief. The phrase "the whole notion of" tends to be referring to a general concept, almost synonymous with "the idea of X".

Let me do a quick sanity check against WordNet. I know it's not foolproof, but it's a good starting point. Aha, looking at notion%1:09:00::, the definition confirms my suspicion: "a general inclusive concept." Its synonyms are concept? Wait, "concept" is the hypernym or synonym? Let me check. Yep, it is. The synset for notion%1:09:00:: and concept%1:09:00:: have some overlap. In this context, the two are used interchangeably.

Back to the context, "The whole notion of 'creativity'..." clearly refers to the overall concept, not a whimsical whim or a collection of sewing supplies. The "notion" here isn't a feeling or belief. The text is specifically talking about an abstract, theoretical concept. The best fit is definitely sense 2: a general, inclusive concept. I'm satisfied. Sense 2 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in <t>education</t> was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Education" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "education," and the surface form is just "education" – straightforward enough. The context is this whole notion of "creativity" within "education" being tied to a rebellion against "disciplined instruction." Hmm, let's look at the candidate senses. We have: the activities of educating or instructing, knowledge acquired through learning, the process of acquiring knowledge, the profession of teaching, the result of good upbringing, and the US federal department.

Given the phrase "creativity in education," the key is that it's linked to "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction." That tells me "education" is referring to the *field* or *activities* of educating or teaching. It's not about the knowledge itself or the department.

My immediate thought is Sense 1, which lists the activities of educating or instructing and has synonyms like "instruction, teaching, pedagogy." Now, could it be the *profession* (Sense 4)? No, the focus is on the *activities* themselves. The mention of "instruction" right after "education" is the key. "Creativity in education" = "creativity in pedagogy/teaching/educational activities."

So I think Sense 1 is the strongest fit. The definition is "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" and it provides the synonyms, and it fits best with the sentence. And the reference to "instruction", "schools", and "disciplined instruction", really nails down the fact that this education is clearly about pedagogy and teaching activities. The meaning, in this context, is clear: "creativity in teaching"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: romantic
Target surface form: romantic
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a <t>romantic</t> rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=romantic%3:01:00:: | definition=belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts | synonyms=romanticist, romanticistic | examples=romantic poetry
2. sense_key=romantic%5:00:01:loving:00 | definition=expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance | synonyms=amatory, amorous | examples=her amatory affairs; amorous glances
3. sense_key=romantic%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic | synonyms=quixotic, wild-eyed | examples=as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood; a romantic disregard for money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Romantic"**

Okay, so I'm looking at this text and the word "romantic" in the phrase "a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction." My first thought is, is this referencing Romanticism (the artistic movement), or is it talking about something idealistic and impractical? The phrase itself, "romantic rebellion," *feels* very Romanticist. It brings to mind the rebellion against classicism, the emphasis on individual expression, the focus on emotion over reason, and the belief in the innate goodness of children – very Rousseau. However, the WordNet definition of sense 1 is narrowly focused on the arts, and that’s making me pause because we're talking about *education*.

Then I see "romantic extravagance" and start to consider synonyms for sense 3: "impractical and unrealistic." That leans towards “quixotic” or “wild-eyed," and the author is clearly critical here. Is this rebellion quixotic? Does the text suggest ignorance and incompetence resulting from the rebellion? Yes, the author explicitly calls it "idealistic and unrealistic".

So, I’m digging deeper. "Romantic rebellion" – the Romantic movement *was* a rebellion against authoritarianism and the text calls disciplined instruction “authoritarian” too. It all *fits* a Romanticist interpretation of education, especially with the mention of "latent talents and the wonderful…potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children," which directly reflects Romantic views of childhood. This aligns with Romantic era ideology applied to education.

But wait, WordNet's sense 1 seems too specific to the arts. Is the author saying the rebellion is just... unrealistic? It is an idealistic rebellion based on the idealistic notion of creativity. The author seems to think it's not sensible. Looking again at the examples for sense 3, "a romantic disregard for money" – here, a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction."

I'm checking my mental database for "romantic rebellion" – it's a common phrase, and my knowledge indicates it often refers to that historical and artistic movement. However, it's *lowercase* here: "a romantic rebellion," "this romantic extravagance." That’s a subtle but important clue. Capitalized usually refers to the movement itself, lowercase generally means impractical or related to love.

So, am I leaning towards "idealistic and unrealistic," or "characteristic of Romanticism"? Considering that this "rebellion" resulted in "ignorance and intellectual incompetence" from an author's point of view, and considering “romantic extravagance”, I think I have to go with sense 3, "idealistic and unrealistic." The author is critiquing the romanticizing of childhood.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rebellion
Target surface form: rebellion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic <t>rebellion</t> against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01:: | definition=refusal to accept some authority or code or convention | examples=each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue
2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00:: | definition=organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another | synonyms=insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Rebellion" in Context**

Alright, let's break this down. The target word is "rebellion," and the surrounding text points toward a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction." Immediately, I'm thinking about the two primary senses. Sense 1, the refusal to accept authority or convention, versus Sense 2, organized opposition aiming to seize control. Given the "romantic" descriptor and the focus on "disciplined instruction," it's clear the writer isn't talking about a coup or armed conflict.

The context screams **Sense 1**. The phrase implies a rejection of established norms in education, a philosophical stance rather than a violent one. Sense 2 feels totally off-base here. It's that simple. "Each generation must have its own rebellion" is the perfect example to crystallize the figurative nature of the concept within the initial text. It's the rejection of tradition, the push against the status quo in the realm of ideas and personal philosophy. We've got our match.