[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: injection
Target surface form: injection
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as <t>injection</t> or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Target Word "Injection" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "injection," and I need to determine the correct sense within this veterinary context. The phrase "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets" is the key. The possible senses are the forceful insertion of a substance, a solution that's injected, or the act of putting a liquid into the body.

Initially, I leaned towards the formulation or the act of administration, but the phrase "as injection followed by tablets" made me pause. Does "injection" refer to the injectant or the act of giving it? Thinking about it, "as [an] injection" or "as [an] injection followed by tablets" seems to indicate it's given *in the form* of an injection. I'm comparing this to "in the form of an injection."

I'm starting to consider "injection" as a dosage form. Could it be sense 2, the injectant, the *solution* itself? If it's "either as [an] injection or as [an] injection followed by tablets," it contrasts with "tablets," another dosage form. So, "injection" most likely refers to the solution.

But then, sense 3, the act, also comes to mind. If I take a medicine "as an injection," is it really the solution or the shot? "Cerenia can be used ... (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)." If it contrasts with "tablets," then it's likely sense 2 (injectant) or sense 3 (act). Is "injection" a formulation? In pharmacology, "injection" is the sterile solution. "Cerenia Injection," "Cerenia Tablets." "Tablets" is a noun. "Injection" is used similarly.

So I go back to sense 2: "any solution that is injected (as into the skin)." Synonym: injectant. Or maybe it's the act, "given as an injection." Wait, it's "as injection" *without* the article. "Either as injection or as injection followed by tablets." This is like "by injection."

Now, let's compare sense 2 versus sense 3. "treatment ... (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)." In pharmacology, "injection" is the dosage form, the liquid. So "any solution that is injected." But, in WordNet, sense 3 is "the act of putting a liquid into the body". If I say "I took it as a tablet," the "tablet" is the pill. "I took it as an injection" - the "injection" is the shot.

But the phrase is "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets." Since "tablets" is a noun referring to the dosage form, "injection" must *also* refer to the dosage form. The dosage form here is "a solution that is injected," sense 2.

Wait! I need to double-check if "as injection" or "as an injection" means the act. "Either as injection" (no article) means "in the form of injection," like "by injection." But it just says "as injection." In medical texts, formulations are named "X Tablets," "X Injection." So "injection" here is the noun adjunct or mass noun for the formulation. "Cerenia is available as injection and tablets." This *clearly* means the solution.

Therefore, sense 2 is the most appropriate. "any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant" – let's try replacing "injectant": "either as injectant or as injectant followed by tablets." This fits the formulation/dosage form contrast. Using "shot" (act): "either as shot or as shot followed by tablets" - this doesn't fit grammatically, without the article "a." Sense 2 it is. Wait, "an injection" is also countable in sense 3. "The nurse gave him a flu shot." "as injection" is mass noun. "Tablets" is plural.

In EMA documents, it's often "solution for injection." Let me choose sense 2!
Wait... Could it be 3? "either as [an] injection or as [an] injection followed by tablets" -- it might be missing the article due to translation style, but it means "an injection" (a shot). Actually, "injection" in "as injection" refers to the preparation: the solution.

Let's think, if "as injection" means "by injection": "either as injection" -> "either as an injection". "Tablets" is the drug form. "Injection" is the drug form. It has to be sense 2! Yes, sense 2: "substance/drug form". Sense 2 it is!


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: injection
Target surface form: injection
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as <t>injection</t> followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=injection%1:04:00:: | definition=the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
2. sense_key=injection%1:27:00:: | definition=any solution that is injected (as into the skin) | synonyms=injectant
3. sense_key=injection%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting a liquid into the body by means of a syringe | synonyms=shot | examples=the nurse gave him a flu shot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Injection" in a Veterinary Context**

Okay, so I'm looking at "Cerenia can be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)." My initial thought is to figure out the right sense for "injection." The options are: the forceful insertion, any solution that is injected, or the act of injecting.

The structure "either as injection or as injection followed by tablets" is key. "Tablets" refers to the physical drug form, which makes me lean toward "injection" also being the drug form or formulation, not the act itself. This parallel between "injection" and "tablets" is a strong clue.

The phrase "as injection followed by tablets" makes this even clearer. It's essentially saying "Cerenia can be given in either injection form or in tablet form followed by other tablets". The focus seems to be on how the drug is administered, so the first and second use of injection parallel, therefore they are the same meaning.

I need to consider the nuances. In medicine, "an injection" *can* refer to the act, like "given as an injection," but "as injection" (without an article) is more often the substance, the formulation. This context hints that it's the formulation.

Let's look at sense 2: "any solution that is injected (as into the skin)." This feels right, given the context. Sense 3, the act, is a possibility, but let's go with the current leading.

I am weighing the formulation against the act. If it were the act, it would *usually* be "an injection" or "by injection," not "as injection."

"In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)." Again, "tablets" is a form, therefore "injection" refers to the form - injectant or the solution.

I am re-evaluating, the phrase "treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets)" is really the deciding factor. It's about dosage forms: injection, tablets. To be really sure, I am confirming Cerenia is available as a solution and tablets.

Thus, "as injection" clearly refers to the "solution that is injected," therefore sense 2 is the correct sense.
The parallelism with "tablets" makes it apparent: "as tablets" and "as injection" match perfectly.

type: thinking

service_tier: default

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tablet
Target surface form: tablets
Context:
The tablets are pale-orange and have a score line on both sides so that they can be halved. Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by <t>tablets</t>). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tablet%1:06:02:: | definition=a slab of stone or wood suitable for bearing an inscription
2. sense_key=tablet%1:27:00:: | definition=a number of sheets of paper fastened together along one edge | synonyms=pad, pad of paper
3. sense_key=tablet%1:06:01:: | definition=a small flat compressed cake of some substance | examples=a tablet of soap
4. sense_key=tablet%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet | synonyms=pill, lozenge, tab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Word "Tablets" in Context**

Okay, so the target word is "tablet," and it's appearing as "tablets" in this text. The surrounding information is about Cerenia, which I know is an anti-emetic medication for dogs – important detail. The specific phrase is "injection followed by tablets." Hmm, let's consider the possible senses of "tablet" here. I'm seeing:

1.  A slab... unlikely, obviously.
2.  Bound sheets of paper... no way, doesn't fit the context.
3.  A compressed cake... could be, but not quite right given "medicine" association.
4.  Ah, here we go: "a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet," specifically with synonyms like "pill," "lozenge," and "tab". That feels right, given the medicinal context.

Given that it’s medication, and considering the phrase "injection *followed by* tablets", sense #4 is the only plausible interpretation. That's a textbook disambiguation exercise!


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purposes
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these <t>purposes</t>, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Meaning of "Purposes" in a Medical Context**

Okay, so the target here is the word "purposes" in the phrase "For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days." I need to nail down exactly what that refers to, especially given the medical context. My initial thought is to consider the two main senses of "purpose": Sense 1, which is about *intent* or *anticipated outcome* like an aim or design, and Sense 2, which is about *function* or *use* – what something is *for*.

The text says Cerenia is "used in dogs to prevent vomiting...and the treatment of vomiting". So, "these purposes" *must* refer back to these uses of the drug. I'm immediately drawn to the idea that it's Sense 2, "what something is used for." This feels right in the context of medical indications. It's like asking, "What is Cerenia *for*?" and the answer is preventing and treating vomiting.

Let's break this down further. "For these purposes" is essentially a stand-in for "For these uses" or "For these functions." Thinking about synonyms for Sense 2 is helping here: "function," "role," "use." If I substitute, does it make sense? "For these uses, Cerenia can be given..." Yes, that *absolutely* fits. If I try the synonyms for Sense 1 (intent, aim, design), it falls apart: "For these intentions..." doesn't fit the context at all.

However, I need to be sure. I'm considering "anticipated outcomes." But "what Cerenia is used for?" is exactly what "for these purposes" is addressing. A quick check of WordNet confirms that Sense 2, "what something is used for," is defined as `function%1:07:00::, purpose%1:07:00::, role%1:07:00::, use%1:07:00::`. Bingo. This *is* the answer to the question, "What is Cerenia used for?" So, Sense 2 is the correct one. In this instance, "purposes" clearly refers to the specific medical indications and functions of the drug.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: give
Target surface form: given
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be <t>given</t> for up to five days How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=give%2:40:03:: | definition=cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense | examples=She gave him a black eye; The draft gave me a cold
2. sense_key=give%2:40:05:: | definition=be the cause or source of | synonyms=yield, afford | examples=He gave me a lot of trouble; Our meeting afforded much interesting information
3. sense_key=give%2:40:00:: | definition=transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody | examples=I gave her my money; can you give me lessons?
4. sense_key=give%2:40:07:: | definition=convey or reveal information | examples=Give one's name
5. sense_key=give%2:32:01:: | definition=convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.; bestow | synonyms=pay | examples=Don't pay him any mind; give the orders
6. sense_key=give%2:36:02:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, make | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
7. sense_key=give%2:32:00:: | definition=convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture | synonyms=throw | examples=Throw a glance; She gave me a dirty look
8. sense_key=give%2:40:01:: | definition=give as a present; make a gift of | synonyms=gift, present | examples=What will you give her for her birthday?
9. sense_key=give%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen or be responsible for | synonyms=yield | examples=His two singles gave the team the victory
10. sense_key=give%2:31:02:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=pay, devote | examples=give thought to; give priority to
11. sense_key=give%2:36:00:: | definition=give or supply | synonyms=render, yield, return, generate | examples=The cow brings in 5 liters of milk; This year's crop yielded 1,000 bushels of corn
12. sense_key=give%2:40:09:: | definition=transmit (knowledge or skills) | synonyms=impart, leave, pass on | examples=give a secret to the Russians; leave your name and address here
13. sense_key=give%2:36:01:: | definition=bring about | synonyms=establish | examples=The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth
14. sense_key=give%2:40:02:: | definition=leave with; give temporarily | examples=Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?; Can I give you the children for the weekend?
15. sense_key=give%2:41:00:: | definition=emit or utter | examples=Give a gulp; give a yelp
16. sense_key=give%2:40:10:: | definition=endure the loss of | synonyms=sacrifice | examples=He gave his life for his children; I gave two sons to the war
17. sense_key=give%2:40:06:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=pass, hand, reach, pass on, turn over | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
18. sense_key=give%2:32:03:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
19. sense_key=give%2:40:13:: | definition=give (as medicine) | examples=I gave him the drug
20. sense_key=give%2:40:14:: | definition=give or convey physically | synonyms=apply | examples=She gave him First Aid; I gave him a punch in the nose
21. sense_key=give%2:32:02:: | definition=bestow | synonyms=render | examples=give homage; render thanks
22. sense_key=give%2:40:11:: | definition=bestow, especially officially | synonyms=grant | examples=grant a degree; give a divorce
23. sense_key=give%2:38:00:: | definition=move in order to make room for someone for something | synonyms=move over, give way, ease up, yield | examples=The park gave way to a supermarket; `Move over,' he told the crowd
24. sense_key=give%2:34:00:: | definition=give food to | synonyms=feed | examples=Feed the starving children in India; don't give the child this tough meat
25. sense_key=give%2:40:08:: | definition=contribute to some cause | synonyms=contribute, chip in, kick in | examples=I gave at the office
26. sense_key=give%2:38:13:: | definition=break down, literally or metaphorically | synonyms=collapse, fall in, cave in, give way, break, founder | examples=The wall collapsed; The business collapsed
27. sense_key=give%2:31:00:: | definition=estimate the duration or outcome of something | examples=He gave the patient three months to live; I gave him a very good chance at success
28. sense_key=give%2:41:10:: | definition=execute and deliver | examples=Give bond
29. sense_key=give%2:40:12:: | definition=deliver in exchange or recompense | examples=I'll give you three books for four CDs
30. sense_key=give%2:40:15:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, open | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
31. sense_key=give%2:36:13:: | definition=present to view | examples=He gave the sign to start
32. sense_key=give%2:36:12:: | definition=perform for an audience | examples=Pollini is giving another concert in New York
33. sense_key=give%2:35:00:: | definition=be flexible under stress of physical force | synonyms=yield | examples=This material doesn't give
34. sense_key=give%2:34:10:: | definition=propose | examples=He gave the first of many toasts at the birthday party
35. sense_key=give%2:32:11:: | definition=accord by verdict | examples=give a decision for the plaintiff
36. sense_key=give%2:32:08:: | definition=manifest or show | examples=This student gives promise of real creativity; The office gave evidence of tampering
37. sense_key=give%2:32:15:: | definition=offer in good faith | examples=He gave her his word
38. sense_key=give%2:32:14:: | definition=submit for consideration, judgment, or use | examples=give one's opinion; give an excuse
39. sense_key=give%2:32:09:: | definition=guide or direct, as by behavior of persuasion | examples=You gave me to think that you agreed with me
40. sense_key=give%2:32:07:: | definition=allow to have or take | examples=I give you two minutes to respond
41. sense_key=give%2:32:10:: | definition=inflict as a punishment | examples=She gave the boy a good spanking; The judge gave me 10 years
42. sense_key=give%2:30:13:: | definition=occur | examples=what gives?
43. sense_key=give%2:29:11:: | definition=consent to engage in sexual intercourse with a man | examples=She gave herself to many men
44. sense_key=give%2:29:10:: | definition=proffer (a body part) | examples=She gave her hand to her little sister

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 19}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 19}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Semantic Nuances of "Give" in a Veterinary Context**

Okay, so we're looking at "give" in the context of Cerenia, an anti-emetic for dogs. The text states, "Cerenia can be given for up to five days." My initial instinct is that "give" here isn't about *transferring* possession or *causing* someone to have something, but about the *administration* of medication. Let's confirm this.

We've got a list of possible senses for "give." Candidate 1: "cause to have." Not it. Candidate 3: "transfer possession." Nope, not appropriate for this context. Ah, here we are, Candidate 19: "give (as medicine)". Bingo! The example confirms it: "I gave him the drug." This aligns perfectly with Cerenia, a medication, being *administered* to an animal.

Just to be certain, I'll double-check that sense's definition again. Yes, "give (as medicine)" is a direct match for the phrasing "Cerenia can be given." And confirming the index, sense 19 is indeed the correct entry. Perfect.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: day
Target surface form: days
Context:
Each tablet is marked with the Pfizer logo on one side and with the letters MPT and the quantity of maropitant on the other side. What is Cerenia used for? Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five <t>days</t> How does Cerenia work?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=day%1:28:00:: | definition=time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis | synonyms=twenty-four hours, twenty-four hour period, 24-hour interval, solar day, mean solar day | examples=two days later they left; they put on two performances every day
2. sense_key=day%1:28:03:: | definition=some point or period in time | examples=it should arrive any day now; after that day she never trusted him again
3. sense_key=day%1:28:01:: | definition=a day assigned to a particular purpose or observance | examples=Mother's Day
4. sense_key=day%1:28:02:: | definition=the time after sunrise and before sunset while it is light outside | synonyms=daytime, daylight | examples=the dawn turned night into day; it is easier to make the repairs in the daytime
5. sense_key=day%1:28:04:: | definition=the recurring hours when you are not sleeping (especially those when you are working) | examples=my day began early this morning; it was a busy day on the stock exchange
6. sense_key=day%1:28:05:: | definition=an era of existence or influence | examples=in the day of the dinosaurs; in the days of the Roman Empire
7. sense_key=day%1:28:07:: | definition=the period of time taken by a particular planet (e.g. Mars) to make a complete rotation on its axis | examples=how long is a day on Jupiter?
8. sense_key=day%1:28:06:: | definition=the time for one complete rotation of the earth relative to a particular star, about 4 minutes shorter than a mean solar day | synonyms=sidereal day
9. sense_key=day%1:26:00:: | definition=a period of opportunity | examples=he deserves his day in court; every dog has his day
10. sense_key=day%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer best known for his autobiographical works (1874-1935) | synonyms=Clarence Day, Clarence Shepard Day Jr.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Nuances of "Days" in Dosage Instructions**

Okay, so the target is the word "days" within the context of a medication's administration period: "Cerenia can be given for up to five days". My immediate thought is to zero in on the specific meaning being conveyed. We're talking about a period, an interval of time, specifically related to dosage. Therefore, the applicable sense of "day" is clearly not a general concept.

My mental model immediately jumps to the definition of a mean solar day, that standard 24-hour interval – sense key: *day%1:28:00::*, and sense index *1*. I can picture it: "two days later they left". The use of "days" to specify a set number of 24-hour periods, just as in the sentence: "they put on two performances every day". That feels right, that *is* the correct meaning here for dosage instructions. The "up to five days" clause can only really mean five full 24-hour periods.

So, after considering the various senses of "day", I'm confident that sense index *1* is the appropriate one for this context. I will return: *{"sense_index": 1}*.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: receptor
Target surface form: receptor
Context:
Cerenia is an anti-emetic, this means that it stops vomiting. It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) <t>receptor</t>, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=receptor%1:08:01:: | definition=a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
2. sense_key=receptor%1:08:00:: | definition=an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation | synonyms=sense organ, sensory receptor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**My Analysis of "Receptor" in Context**

Okay, so the lemma I'm working with is "receptor." The context is "Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system." My goal is to determine the correct sense of "receptor" here.

I have two candidate senses to consider:

1.  A cellular structure postulated to mediate between a chemical agent and a physiological response. This sounds like the kind of thing you'd find in biochemistry or pharmacology.
2.  An organ with nerve endings that respond to stimulation, like a sense organ in the skin, eye, or ear. This is more of a physiological definition.

Looking at the phrase "neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor," and the fact that it's in the central nervous system, I immediately lean towards sense 1. The NK1 receptor is known to be a specific molecular structure, a G protein-coupled receptor in fact, that binds to substance P and other tachykinins. It's *precisely* the kind of molecular entity that fits sense 1 – mediating the interaction between a chemical (neurokinin) and a physiological process in the nervous system.

Sense 2, on the other hand, is a macroscopic sense organ. It wouldn't make sense to refer to an "eye receptor" in this context. Therefore, my conclusion is that sense 1 is the correct one here. I can confidently say that "receptor" in this instance refers to a cellular structure, a neuroreceptor, that binds to a neurotransmitter.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studied
Context:
It is used in dogs to prevent vomiting such as vomiting caused by chemotherapy (medicines used for the treatment of cancer, some of which are known to cause vomiting). In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been <t>studied</t>? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=study%2:31:03:: | definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. sense_key=study%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=study%2:31:00:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=study%2:31:01:: | definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. sense_key=study%2:31:04:: | definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Sense of "Studied"**

Okay, the target word is "studied," and I need to figure out the right sense based on the context: "How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..." Hmm, first glance, it's pretty clear this is about medical research. My initial thought is sense 1, something along the lines of detailed analysis or examination. The definition "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" seems like a good fit, especially with synonyms like "analyze" and "examine."

Let's quickly rule out the others. Sense 2, being a student, and Sense 4, being a student of a subject, are definitely not relevant here. Sense 3, "give careful consideration to," is broader but could *potentially* fit, but it's less precise. Sense 5, learning by reading, and sense 6, meditating, are completely off-base.

Okay, let's go back and compare:
1.  analyze, examine (e.g., analyze the evidence)
2.  be a student
3.  consider (the possibility)
4.  be a student of a subject
5.  learn by reading books
6.  meditate

Looking at the context, this *has* to be about examining or analyzing the drug. Therefore, sense 1 is the clear winner; a medical drug is being tested or examined. Case closed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Studies" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "study," surface form "studies," and the context is about Cerenia research. My task is to determine the correct sense of "studies" here. I've got three candidates: a critical inspection, mental application, and a written document.

In this scientific context, "studies were carried out" immediately screams "clinical trials" or "investigations." So, let's look closely. I initially thought it might be candidate 1, a critical inspection or survey, but let me check that again. Could this be a type of scientific research? I'll check WordNet for synonyms related to scientific research.

Hold on, I see that Sense 1 ("a detailed critical inspection") does actually apply to scientific investigations and that the synonyms include "survey" and now I'm thinking of a "work study". I think that is it... Let me list them:

1.  survey
2.  work
3.  report
4.  state of deep mental absorption
5.  room
6.  discipline
7.  sketch
8.  cogitation
9.  quick study
10. musical composition

It is clear that "a large number of studies... were carried out" refers to conducting an investigation, not merely creating a document. We "carry out" an investigation, not a written report. Candidate 1 is looking good, but let me look at Sense 3 again for that "written document" option. Can you "carry out" a document? Nope. You write a document, you carry out an investigation!

Therefore, "studies" refers to an "investigation," which aligns with my understanding of scientific practice. So, the correct sense is definitely candidate 1: a detailed critical inspection or survey, which includes the hyponyms "assay," "case study," "survey," "work study". Excellent.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carry_out
Target surface form: carried out
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were <t>carried out</t> either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry_out%2:36:00:: | definition=put in effect | synonyms=carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples=carry out a task; execute the decision of the people
2. sense_key=carry_out%2:30:00:: | definition=pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue | synonyms=follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples=Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Carried Out" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "carry_out," specifically the form "carried out." The surrounding text is "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients..." My immediate task is to determine the correct sense of "carried out" within this sentence.

I've got two candidates from the dictionary. The first, sense_key=carry_out%2:36:00::, is "put in effect" with synonyms like "accomplish" and "execute." The second, sense_key=carry_out%2:30:00::, is "pursue to a conclusion" or "bring to a successful issue," with synonyms like "implement."

The phrase in question is "studies were carried out," which points me towards sense 1. Think about it: we're talking about *performing* studies, not necessarily bringing them to a conclusion in the phrasing itself.

I'll check WordNet's structure for support. Sense 1 is grouped with "perform," "execute," and "do," which makes perfect sense for studies. Sense 2 is under "complete," "finish," which doesn't seem to be quite the right fit for the surface form, even though a study *is* finished at the end.

Thinking this through, "carried out" in this context is best interpreted as "executed" or "performed." Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit, as "execute" is a suitable synonym here, whereas "implement" doesn't quite apply to the action of conducting a study. So, Sense 1 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratory
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in <t>laboratory</t> dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Laboratory"**

Okay, so the target word is "laboratory," and the specific form we're looking at is "laboratory" as it appears in the text. The context is "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..." Alright, let's break this down.

My initial thought is to check the senses. I see we have two: Sense 1 is the straightforward "workplace for scientific research" – a lab, a research facility, the usual. Sense 2 is a more figurative meaning, a region or situation that serves as an environment for observation, practice, and experimentation. Think of the classic analogy of Pakistan being a "laboratory" for certain political ideologies or technologies.

Now, looking at "laboratory dogs," it's clear we're dealing with the literal sense, Sense 1. These are dogs *in* a laboratory, specifically, dogs housed and used in a research setting. The phrase is an attributive use, where "laboratory" modifies "dogs" to indicate their location and purpose.

Given the context of scientific studies and animal patients, the metaphorical sense of "laboratory" (Sense 2) just doesn't fit. So, the correct interpretation has to be Sense 1, the physical space for scientific investigation. It's a clear-cut case.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Dogs"**

Okay, so the target word is "dog," but it's appearing as "dogs" in this text. That's immediately something to note, given my expertise. The context is veterinary medication, specifically "Cerenia," which deals with vomiting. The surrounding phrases mention "laboratory dogs" and "animal patients" in veterinary practices. Given this specialized setting, it's pretty clear we're dealing with the literal animal. There's no possible way we're dealing with anything other than the domestic dog, *Canis familiaris*. So, Sense 1 it is. That's a straightforward resolution.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Usage of "Several"**

Okay, the target lemma is "several" within the phrase "in several European countries." I need to determine the intended sense. Three possibilities come to mind immediately: the general quantifier sense (more than a few, but not a huge quantity), a sense of "respective" or "various," and a sense of "different" or "distinct."

Given the context, "A large number of studies...in several European countries and in the USA," the phrase implies a list of European countries.

"Several European countries" likely means "more than 2 or 3, but not an exceedingly large number". I lean towards the quantifier meaning. Now, comparing with examples of the three senses: Sense 1 aligns. "Several letters came in the mail; several people were injured." This sounds exactly right. "Several European countries" functions as a quantifier, much like in those examples.

Now, checking the other senses: "respective" or "various" ("the respective club members; specialists in their several fields") doesn't quite fit. And "different" or "distinct" ("three several times") is definitely not what's intended here.

The term must be a quantifier indicating a number of countries. Therefore, sense 1, "of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many," is the most accurate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What <t>benefit</t> has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Benefit" in the Context of Cerenia's Efficacy**

Alright, let's break this down. The text is asking about the "benefit" Cerenia has shown in studies, and my expertise immediately tells me we're dealing with veterinary medicine, specifically its effects. The goal is to pinpoint the most appropriate sense of "benefit" here.

We've got a few candidates to consider, and the first – "financial assistance in time of need" – is immediately out of place. We're not discussing unemployment or subsidies. Forget that one.

Then there's the third option: "a performance to raise money for a charitable cause". While important in its own right, this has nothing to do with this topic, so it's irrelevant.

That leaves us with the clearly correct choice: "something that aids or promotes well-being / welfare." This is the only sense that makes practical sense. The text focuses on the efficacy of Cerenia and its positive outcomes – specifically, the reduction of vomiting. That is a direct positive impact on an animal's well-being and welfare. Therefore, "benefit" here directly references those positive effects. Sense 2 is the most logically and technically sound interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Show" in a Medical Context**

Okay, so the task is to pinpoint the exact sense of "show" in "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" My initial thought is that it means Cerenia *demonstrated* or *proved* a benefit. This feels right because we're talking about a drug and studies, so it’s likely about scientific evidence.

Let's break down the candidate senses: Sense 1 is about exhibiting to an audience, not relevant here. Sense 2, "establish the validity of something," seems promising. This aligns with a drug study establishing that a drug is effective. Sense 3, "provide evidence for," could also fit, since a study provides evidence of a drug's efficacy. Sense 4, "make visible or noticeable," seems less likely, though a drug could make its effects noticeable.

Thinking about the sentence structure, the subject is the drug, Cerenia. A drug *shows* or *demonstrates* something. It's like, "The experiment demonstrated the instability," in that the subject is the mechanism that generates data, not the underlying result.

My first impression is that Sense 2, "establish the validity of," is the best fit. I can replace it with "demonstrate," a synonym of "show," which fits the medical context. "Cerenia has shown a benefit" becomes "Cerenia has *demonstrated* a benefit." We often say a drug *demonstrated* efficacy. In this context, the studies *establish the validity* of that efficacy, so that's a key sign it is Sense 2.

Sense 4, "make visible or noticeable," could be used, but it's not as strong because a drug doesn't *make a benefit visible*; the studies do. However, I can't completely disregard it. It’s important to think about the difference between the drug and the studies.

I must check the synonyms: Prove, demonstrate, establish, shew. It’s like, what benefit did the drug *prove* or *establish*?

Another thought: a blood test *showed* something, which maps it with Sense 3, "provide evidence for." Is it different from Sense 2? A study provides evidence by conducting a test (as in Sense 3), and proving its results (as in Sense 2). I must keep the nuance.

If a drug "shows" an effect, it could be Sense 4, which is "make visible or noticeable."
"What benefit has Cerenia shown?" sounds like "What benefit did Cerenia exhibit/display?"

To be certain, let's look at the other sentence, "The results of the studies *showed* that Cerenia was more effective..." This feels like Sense 3, "provide evidence for." It establishes the evidence.

Yet, considering the target word is "shown" in the *first* sentence, "What benefit has Cerenia shown *during the studies*?" The benefit must have been shown *during* the studies.

Also, it may be Sense 4: I often say "the drug shows signs of..."

The question is, does the drug "provide evidence" of a benefit *by itself*, or does it demonstrate something. Is the subject the drug or the study? I lean towards Sense 2 or 4.

Comparing Sense 2 to Sense 4: Sense 2, "establish the validity," means to use an experiment or something else to make it valid. Sense 4 means to make something visible.

Ultimately, "Cerenia has shown a benefit" means the drug has proven its value. That sounds like establishing the validity of a benefit. The drug demonstrates its benefit.

Based on this analysis, I will go with **Sense 2**, "establish the validity of something." While Sense 4 could apply in some contexts, Sense 2 is the most precise and formal in the context of scientific studies and medical efficacy.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Studies"**

Okay, so the target word is "studies," and I need to figure out the right sense in this specific context: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..." Right, and we're talking about scientific investigations, trials, like "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs...".

My first thought is, this is definitely about scientific inquiry, so I need to hone in on senses that relate to that. Let me look at the candidate senses. Well, sense 1, study%1:04:00:: "a detailed critical inspection," immediately jumps out. That feels right, like a survey or investigation. Sense 3, "a written document describing the findings," could be relevant, but let's see.

I need to confirm that this is not about a *report* of the investigation, but the *investigation itself*. The phrase "carried out in laboratory dogs" is key here. That emphasizes the *process* of experimentation. The phrase "during the studies" also points towards a period of investigation.

Now, checking WordNet for the word "study" again. Aha! *Study%1:04:00::* is defined as a "a detailed critical inspection; 'the study of earthquakes'; 'a clinical study.'" Excellent. And yes, in the WordNet example, "a clinical study" is presented as a type of *study%1:04:00::*! This reinforces my selection of that sense.

Sense 3, "a written document," isn't quite right. The context focuses on the activity. The phrase "carried out in laboratory dogs" and the benefits shown "during the studies" really solidify this.

So, it's definitely *study%1:04:00::* . The synonym "survey" is a good fit. I'm confident. This is the activity and process of investigation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Results" in a Scientific Context**

Okay, so the target word is "results" in this sentence about a study comparing Cerenia and a placebo. My initial thought is that "results" refers to the *outcome* or *findings* of the studies. Let's dig deeper. I'm considering three main senses of "results":

*   **Sense 1:** Is it about the *consequences* or *effects* that *follow* from the study? No, that doesn't quite fit. Would we say "the consequences of the studies"? Not in this context.
*   **Sense 2:** Could it mean a *solution* or *answer*? Again, not a good fit here.
*   **Sense 3:** This one seems promising: "something that results." This aligns perfectly with what comes out of a scientific investigation – the data, the findings, the conclusions. It's like the example given: "he listened for the results on the radio." Those are outcomes, scores, and findings.

I looked at WordNet and checked the definitions again. It confirms what I suspect:

*   "result%1:11:00::" – this covers the case. "something that results." This is exactly what a study produces.

So, when we say "the results of the studies," we're talking about the data/findings. This is a clear case of Sense 3. I'm confident that it is the best match. The studies yielded the results.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Deconstructing the Meaning of "Studies" in the Context of Cerenia's Efficacy**

Okay, so I'm presented with the word "studies" in relation to Cerenia's efficacy in dogs. My first thought is: What kind of "studies" are we talking about here? Clinical trials? Research investigations? It's important to be precise. The sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..." So, the word "studies" refers to trials that produced results, and a conclusion.

Let's break down the word "study." My initial instinct is to go through the candidate senses: *study%1:04:00::*, *study%1:09:03::*, *study%1:10:00::*, and so on.

Okay, let's consider the possible meanings: A *detailed critical inspection* (study%1:04:00::), or a *written document describing findings* (study%1:10:00::). Since we're dealing with "clinical studies" of Cerenia, the text suggests that these are not mere classroom endeavors but are actual *inspections* of results. Synonyms for the first sense include "survey".

I'm thinking about phrases like "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out..." which strongly implies active *research*, which is the actual conducting of experiments. So is it *study%1:04:00::* or *study%1:10:00::*?

I’m leaning towards *study%1:04:00::* ("a detailed critical inspection"). This is where my knowledge of the field takes over. Since we're talking about clinical trials or research, "a detailed critical inspection" seems more accurate than simply a "written document." "Carrying out a study" sounds more like an *inspection* or *survey* being conducted. But a "report" makes the next part of the sentence fit just as well: "the results are presented".

I'm thinking, "Wait! What about 'experimental study'? Is that under the definition of study? Let's check WordNet. " In general, "study" in the context of clinical or scientific studies usually aligns with sense 1 *study%1:04:00::* or sense 3 *study%1:10:00::*. "The results of the studies showed..." - this typically refers to research investigations.

Ah, so sense 1, "survey, study," feels right. I'm recalling the synonyms again - "survey". "A detailed critical inspection" and a *survey* make a lot of sense for clinical trials.

Now, let's see how WordNet 3.0 defines it.

1.  *study%1:04:00::* (survey, study (a detailed critical inspection))

2.  *study%1:09:03::* (applying the mind to learning...)

3.  *study%1:10:00::* (a written document describing the findings...)

4.  *study%1:09:04::* (a state of deep mental absorption)

The text is, "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed..." Since we are *carrying out* studies, an *inspection* makes sense here.

Clinical trials are experimental studies. Does WordNet show us *clinical trial* or something like it? Let's check "assay". An "assay" is a *quantitative or qualitative test*. Wait, clinical study, I think. Experimental, investigation.

I'm trying to decide between the report aspect or the inspection aspect.

If one *carries out* studies, is it an inspection or a written document?

Again, I think the *detailed critical inspection* is best. And, "the results of the studies showed..." - it's the *actual tests*. So, tests are *inspections*.

Does WordNet define "research"? I can see "research" used as a noun, but does the word study encompass this?

So, back to: *"a detailed critical inspection"* -> survey, study. Let me see the hyponyms (specific examples) of this sense. Bingo! "double-blind study" is a hyponym of *study%1:04:00::*. Thus, a clinical study is also a type of *detailed inspection*.

Therefore, my final conclusion: sense 1, *study%1:04:00::*, is the correct meaning of "studies." This refers to the clinical trials that assess Cerenia's effectiveness, *a detailed critical inspection*.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Showed"**

Okay, so the target word is "showed," and the context is "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective..." Right off the bat, I'm thinking about two candidate senses: establishing validity (like a mathematical proof) and providing evidence. Let's dig in.

The examples are key. Sense 2 (establish validity) has "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound." Sense 3 (provide evidence) has "The blood test showed that he was the father." The subject is critical. "The results of the studies..." is that of the blood test, not of the experiment itself. But wait... Aren't studies *like* experiments? "Results of the studies" -- does that make them like evidence? Let's check WordNet.

Here it is: "show%2:31:00:: prove, demonstrate, establish..." (establish validity) and "show%2:32:00:: testify, bear witness, prove..." (provide evidence). In this sentence, the subject is "results." Okay. "The blood test *showed* that he was the father" is nearly the same structure. The inanimate "results" are providing evidence.

I'm oscillating. Is the "results of the studies" closer to "the experiment demonstrated" or "the blood test showed"? Let's look at it more closely. "The results of the studies *showed*..." is more like "The blood test *showed*...". The "results" are like the evidence itself. It's a that-clause structure: "The results showed *that* Cerenia was more effective." In Sense 2, it's more like "The experiment demonstrated *the* instability..."

I'm leaning toward Sense 3 ("provide evidence for"). When the subject is "results," the word is synonymous with the word "evidence." The "results" *provide* evidence for the conclusion. Also, "showed that..." fits perfectly with the that-clause example in Sense 3 ("The blood test showed that he was the father").

Just to be absolutely sure, I'm going to carefully consider again. Sense 2 is about "establish[ing] the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment". Sense 3 is about "provid[ing] evidence for". When the subject is "results," it's clearly synonymous with "evidence." "Results" provide evidence for the conclusion. The structure also fits "showed *that*...".

It's got to be Sense 3. It's a perfect fit. The "results of the studies" are *evidence* and they are providing evidence for. The that-clause structure in Sense 3. The results are like the blood test. They provide evidence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Lemma "More" in Context**

Okay, so the lemma I'm working with is "more," and the surface form is, unsurprisingly, also "more." The sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo..." Straightforward enough. Now, let's look at the candidate senses.

Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs," basically meaning "to a greater extent." Examples include "more interesting" and "more beautiful." This certainly fits the bill.

Sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent," but specifically related to quantities or verbs. Examples given are "he works more now" and "they eat more than they should." This seems less relevant.

In this context, "more" is modifying the adjective "effective," creating the comparative form "more effective." This *clearly* aligns with Sense 1, the one defining it as the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs, which indicates degree and comparison. Sense 2 is clearly about quantities and verb modification. Therefore, the choice is obvious, and I'll confidently select Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing "Effective" in a Clinical Context**

Okay, so the word I need to nail down is "effective" – and it's in relation to Cerenia, a medication, in a study that showed it reduced vomiting in dogs. My initial thought is that the general definition of "producing an intended result" applies, but I need something more precise. Candidate 3, **sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00**, really grabs my attention. Its definition, "works well as a means or remedy," is spot on. It perfectly encapsulates a drug working to prevent vomiting.

Initially, I almost stumbled. I saw that "efficacious" was the head word and almost discounted it but then I looked more closely. The example of "a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" directly relates to a medical treatment. This is exactly what I need. Cerenia was *more effective* than the placebo, and Candidate 3 clearly aligns with that clinical application. Yup, Candidate 3 is the winner.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Context of "Placebo"**

Okay, the target word is "placebo." The context points to a study comparing Cerenia to something. Immediately, my expertise kicks in, and I know we're talking about a medicinal setting. The sentence mentions "less vomiting," which screams veterinary medicine, specifically anti-emetics. Therefore, sense 1 is the correct one. It's not a vespers service, as that would be entirely out of context. We're dealing with an inert substance, given as a control in a drug efficacy trial. So, the study compared the new drug to a "dummy" drug or control. That the dogs in the Cerenia group vomited less than the dogs in the placebo group implies the new drug is effective. Simple as that.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
**Analyzing the Meaning of "Less" in Context**

Okay, so the target is "less," and the surface form is, unsurprisingly, also "less." The sentence provided is "...less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine..." Immediately, my mind zeroes in on "vomiting." It's used as a mass noun here – we're talking about a quantity or degree of vomiting, not individual instances. This is crucial.

Now, let's consider the candidate senses. We have:

1.  *(Comparative of 'little,' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree*
2.  *Lower in quality*
3.  *(Nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer*

Sense 3 is out immediately. We're dealing with a mass noun, not something that can be counted individually. Sense 2 is also clearly incorrect. We aren't talking about the *quality* of the vomiting, but the *amount*.

That leaves us with sense 1. It's the perfect fit. "Less" here clearly quantifies the amount of "vomiting," indicating a decrease in its amount or degree. The context is textbook for this sense. Therefore, the sense index is 1, corresponding to sense 1 from the list. The semantic representation is: less%3:00:00::. Return {"sense_index": 1}.