[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "damaged" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses genetic damage and its relation to cancer development. It mentions that more than one gene had to be "damaged" for colon cancer to develop. The context implies an action or process causing harm or alteration to genes.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: "inflict damage upon" with examples like "The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree." This sense implies causing damage to something.
   - **Sense 2**: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" with examples like "These fine china cups damage easily." This sense implies the potential or tendency to be damaged.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The sentence "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." suggests that the genes are being affected or altered in some way, implying an action of causing damage.
   - The first sense ("inflict damage upon") fits this context as it implies that some action or process is causing damage to the genes.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the examples, the action of causing damage to genes aligns with the first sense ("inflict damage upon").
   - Therefore, the best indexed sense for "damaged" in the context is **1**.

5. **Response Formatting**:
   - The required response format is {"sense_index": x}, where x is the chosen sense index.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 1}


status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "damaged" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses genetic damage and its relation to cancer development. It mentions that more than one gene had to be "damaged" for colon cancer to develop. The context implies an action or process causing harm or alteration to genes.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: "inflict damage upon" with examples like "The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree." This sense implies causing damage to something.
   - **Sense 2**: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" with examples like "These fine china cups damage easily." This sense implies the potential or tendency to be damaged.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The sentence "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." suggests that the genes are being affected or altered in some way, implying an action of causing damage.
   - The first sense ("inflict damage upon") fits this context as it implies that some action or process is causing damage to the genes.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the examples, the action of causing damage to genes aligns with the first sense ("inflict damage upon").
   - Therefore, the best indexed sense for "damaged" in the context is **1**.

5. **Response Formatting**:
   - The required response format is {"sense_index": x}, where x is the chosen sense index.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


attempt_kind: initial

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "develop" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing the process of colon cancer formation, specifically how it progresses from benign polyps to malignancy due to genetic damage. The sentence in question is: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."

First, we need to understand the meaning of "develop" in this context. The word is used to describe the process of colon cancer coming into existence or progressing due to certain genetic conditions.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation" - This doesn't directly apply to the context of cancer formation.
2. "work out" - This is too vague and doesn't directly relate to the context.
3. "gain through experience" - Not relevant to the context of cancer development.
4. "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - This could potentially apply, as it involves a change, but let's continue to explore other options.
5. "come into existence; take on form or shape" - This sense is very relevant because it describes the process of something (in this case, colon cancer) coming into existence or progressing.
6. Other senses relate to developing resources, theories, or skills, which are not directly relevant to the context.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is related to the progression or coming into existence of colon cancer, which aligns with sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" or sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment." Both of these senses could potentially fit, but sense 10 is more directly related to the idea of progression or growth through a process, which is what is described in the context.

The indexed sense for "come into existence; take on form or shape" is 6, and for "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" is 10.

Upon closer inspection, "colon cancer to develop" fits well with the idea of something growing or progressing, which is closely related to sense 10.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "develop" in the given context is 10.

{"sense_index": 10}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: galvanize
Target surface form: galvanized
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report <t>galvanized</t> other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: | definition=to stimulate to action | synonyms=startle, galvanise | examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: | definition=cover with zinc | synonyms=galvanise | examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: | definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock | synonyms=galvanise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "galvanized" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "galvanized" is used is: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists." The context is about a scientific report having an effect on other molecular biologists. The subject matter is related to cancer research and genetics.

2. **Understanding the Word "Galvanized"**: The word "galvanized" can have different meanings based on its context. The provided candidate senses give us three possible interpretations:
   - Sense 1: To stimulate to action.
   - Sense 2: To cover with zinc.
   - Sense 3: To stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock.

3. **Analyzing Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1 (to stimulate to action)**: The example given is "galvanized into action," and a synonym is "startle." In the context provided, "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists" implies that the report stimulated or prompted other molecular biologists into action or further investigation. The quote from Ray White supports this interpretation, indicating that the report provided confirming evidence needed by the scientific community.
   - **Sense 2 (cover with zinc)**: This sense is related to a metallurgical process. It doesn't fit the context of the sentence, as a report cannot be related to covering something with zinc.
   - **Sense 3 (stimulate muscles by administering a shock)**: This is a more literal or physiological interpretation of "galvanize," related to the administration of an electric shock to muscles. It doesn't fit the context of the sentence, as a report cannot administer a shock to molecular biologists in this literal sense.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**: Based on the context and the analysis of the candidate senses, the most appropriate interpretation of "galvanized" is **Sense 1: to stimulate to action**. The report stimulated other molecular biologists into further action or investigation, as supported by Ray White's statement.

5. **Returning the Answer in the Required Format**: The sense index corresponding to "to stimulate to action" is 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confirming
Target surface form: confirming
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "confirming" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses research on cancer development, specifically focusing on the role of gene damage in colon cancer. It mentions a report that provided crucial evidence supporting the idea that gene losses are critical to the development of a common tumor.

2. **Target Word Context**: The sentence where "confirming" appears is: "'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City." Here, "confirming" is used to describe the nature of the evidence.

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: This sense is related to indicating the existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen, with "positive" as a synonym, and an example of "a positive pregnancy test." The context does not directly relate to diagnosing a condition through a test.
   - **Sense 2**: This sense refers to serving to support or corroborate, with synonyms like "collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating." The example given is "collateral evidence." The use of "confirming evidence" in the passage aligns with this definition, as it refers to evidence that supports or corroborates a hypothesis or theory.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context clearly indicates that "confirming" is used to describe evidence that supports a theory or hypothesis about the role of gene losses in tumor development.
   - The synonyms and examples provided for Sense 2 directly relate to the usage in the passage, as "confirming evidence" is synonymous with "corroborative evidence" or "supporting evidence."

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the analysis, the best indexed sense for "confirming" is Sense 2, as it accurately describes the role of the evidence mentioned in the passage.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "evidence" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the development of cancer, specifically colon cancer, and the role of genes in this process. It mentions the work of molecular biologists and the significance of their findings regarding gene losses and cancer development. The sentence containing the target word "evidence" is: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "evidence" is used in the context of scientific research and findings. The researchers are discussing the necessity of gene losses for tumor development, indicating that "evidence" refers to the information or data that supports a particular conclusion.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" with the example "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling." This sense aligns with the context of scientific research and the use of data to support a conclusion.
   - **Sense 2**: "an indication that makes something evident" with the example "his trembling was evidence of his fear." While this could potentially fit a broad interpretation of "evidence," it leans more towards observable signs or symptoms rather than data or research findings.
   - **Sense 3**: "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved." This sense is specific to legal contexts, which doesn't directly align with the scientific research context provided.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is scientific research and the discussion of findings that support a particular theory or conclusion about cancer development.
   - Sense 1 directly relates to the concept of having a basis for belief or disbelief based on knowledge or data, which fits the context of scientific evidence supporting a hypothesis.
   - The example given for Sense 1 ("the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling") is analogous to the use of "evidence" in the passage, as both relate to scientific or factual evidence supporting a conclusion.

Given the above analysis, the most appropriate sense for "evidence" in the context is Sense 1, as it directly pertains to the basis for belief or disbelief in a scientific context.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "needed" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor."

1. The first sense (sense_key=need%2:42:00::) is defined as "require as useful, just, or proper." The synonyms include necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, and involve. An example given is "success usually requires hard work." This sense implies a necessity or a requirement for something to happen or be the case. The context suggests that the confirming evidence was necessary or required for the molecular biologists to be convinced that gene losses were critical.

2. The second sense (sense_key=need%2:34:00::) is defined as "have need of." The synonyms are want and require. The example is "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner." This sense indicates a lack or a requirement for something.

3. The third sense (sense_key=need%2:34:01::) is defined as "have or feel a need for." An example is "always needing friends and money." This implies a more emotional or personal need.

In the given context, "needed" refers to the necessity or requirement of confirming evidence for the molecular biologists to be convinced of the critical role of gene losses in tumor development. The sentence implies that the evidence was required or necessary, aligning with the first sense's definition of requiring something as useful, just, or proper.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the one that matches this interpretation.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "losses" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing the development of colon cancer and the role of gene damage in this process. The specific sentence with the target word is: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor."

1. The first sense refers to "something that is lost." The example given is "the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt." This sense could potentially fit because it talks about something being lost, which could apply to genes being lost or damaged.

2. The second sense is about "gradual decline in amount or activity." While this could relate to the context of cancer development, the specific term "gene losses" more directly implies the loss of genes rather than a decline in their activity or amount over time, although it could be interpreted this way.

3. The third sense is "the act of losing someone or something." This is a broad definition that could encompass the loss of genes.

4. The fourth sense refers to "the disadvantage that results from losing something," with synonyms including "deprivation." This sense implies a consequence of loss, which is relevant because the loss of genes is critical to the development of a tumor.

5. The remaining senses (5 through 8) are less relevant as they pertain to the loss of a loved one, financial loss, military personnel loss, and euphemistic expressions for death, respectively.

Given the context, "gene losses" refers to the loss or damage of genes, which is critical for the development of a tumor. The most relevant sense here is related to the concept of losing something (in this case, genes), which aligns with the first sense: "something that is lost." The context directly refers to genes being lost or damaged, making this the most appropriate choice.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "losses" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "critical" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor."

Here, "critical" is used to describe the importance or necessity of "gene losses" in the development of a common tumor. The context suggests that gene losses are essential or crucial for the development of the tumor.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws - This doesn't fit the context as "critical" here doesn't describe an attitude towards errors.
2. At or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change - This sense is more related to physics or a specific point of change, not directly relevant to the necessity or importance in biological development.
3. Characterized by careful evaluation and judgment - While "critical" can mean this, the context doesn't suggest that gene losses are being evaluated or judged; rather, their importance is being highlighted.
4. Urgently needed; absolutely necessary - The synonym given is "vital," and an example is "a critical element of the plan." This sense fits well because it implies that gene losses are necessary for tumor development.
5. Forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis - The synonym is "decisive," and it refers to a crucial point. This could potentially fit, as it suggests that gene losses are crucial for the development.
6. Being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency - This implies a state of urgency or danger, which isn't directly the focus in describing gene losses as "critical" to tumor development.
7. Of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism - This sense is related to the act of criticizing or the field of criticism, not relevant to the context.

Given the context and the examples, "critical" is used to signify that gene losses are indispensable or crucial for the development of a common tumor. Both senses 4 and 5 convey a sense of importance or crucialness. However, sense 4 ("urgently needed; absolutely necessary") with the synonym "vital" and sense 5 ("forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis") with the synonym "decisive" are close in meaning. The context suggests that gene losses are not just crucial at a particular point (turning point) but are fundamentally necessary for the development.

Therefore, the best fit is sense 4, as it directly conveys that gene losses are necessary or vital for tumor development.

{"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "development" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the process of cancer development, specifically focusing on the genetic factors involved in the progression from benign polyps to malignancy in colon cancer. It mentions the role of certain genes being knocked out or deleted, leading to the development of cancer.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "development" is used in the context of cancer progression. The sentence where it appears is: "...critical to the development of a common tumor..."

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining**: This doesn't directly relate to the biological process described.
   - **2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage**: This is a plausible definition as it talks about a gradual process, which aligns with the concept of cancer development.
   - **3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically**: This definition directly relates to biological processes and could encompass the development of cancer at a cellular level.
   - **4. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation**: This doesn't fit the context as "development" here refers to a process rather than an event.
   - **5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful**: This is unrelated to the biological context.
   - **6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose**: This refers to a geographical or spatial development, not relevant here.
   - **7. a state in which things are improving; the result of developing**: While this mentions "developing," it doesn't directly relate to the biological or pathological process described.
   - **8. processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible**: This is related to photography and not relevant to the context.
   - **9. (music) the section of a composition or movement where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated**: This is specific to music and not relevant.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is about the biological process of cancer development.
   - Sense **3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically** directly relates to the biological unfolding of events, which can include the pathological development of cancer.
   - Sense **2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage** also seems relevant as it describes a gradual process, which is applicable to cancer development.

Given the context and focusing on the biological aspect, **Sense 3** is the most appropriate as it directly pertains to the biological process of growth or development, which can be interpreted to include pathological conditions like cancer.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "development" in the given context is **3**.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "common" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Here, "common" is used to describe "tumor." The context is about cancer development, specifically colon cancer, and the discussion is around the genetic factors that contribute to its development.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public. (e.g., "for the common good")
2. Having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual. (e.g., "the common man")
3. Common to or shared by two or more parties. (e.g., "a common friend")
4. Commonly encountered. (e.g., "a common complaint")
5. Being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language. (e.g., "common parlance")
6. Of or associated with the great masses of people. (e.g., "the common people")
7. Of low or inferior quality or value. (e.g., "of what coarse metal ye are molded")
8. Lacking refinement or cultivation or taste. (e.g., "he had coarse manners")
9. To be expected; standard. (e.g., "common decency")

In the given context, "common tumor" is likely referring to a tumor that is frequently encountered or typical, rather than something that is shared or public. The discussion is about the genetic development of a typical or ordinary colon cancer tumor.

Senses like "common to or shared by two or more parties" (3) or "belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public" (1) don't directly fit the context of describing a type of tumor. The context suggests that "common" is used to mean a tumor that is typical or frequently occurring.

The closest fit is sense 2: "Having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual." This is because "common tumor" here likely means a tumor that is typical or ordinary in the context of colon cancer, aligning with the idea of being "commonly encountered" or "usual."

Thus, the best indexed sense for "common" in this context is 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "yet" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

1. The first sense suggests "up to the present time" with examples like "I have yet to see the results." This fits the context as Dr. Vogelstein had not nailed the identity of the gene up to the point of the narrative.
2. The second sense is about a situation existing up to this point or the present, often used in negative statements. While it relates to time, the sentence is not negative in the same way the examples are.
3. The third sense involves comparisons ("to a greater degree or extent"), which doesn't fit the given context.
4. The fourth sense refers to an indefinite or unspecified future time. The phrase "had yet to" indicates something that has not happened up to a certain point but might in the future, aligning with this sense.
5. The fifth sense is used after a superlative, which is not the case here.
6. The sixth sense indicates a contrast, which is not the primary function of "yet" in the given sentence.

The phrase "had yet to" is an idiomatic expression meaning "had not yet" or "still had to." It indicates that up to a certain point in the past, something had not been done. This aligns with the first sense: "up to the present time" or more accurately in this context, up to a specific point in the past.

Given the context and the examples, the best fit is the first sense, which corresponds to sense_index = 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nail
Target surface form: nail
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "nail" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

Here, "nail" is used in the context of identifying or determining something (the identity of a gene) precisely.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Attach something somewhere by means of nails - This doesn't fit the context as it relates to physical attachment using nails.
2. Take into custody - This is related to law enforcement and doesn't fit the scientific context provided.
3. Hit hard - This is a violent or forceful action and doesn't match the context of scientific research.
4. Succeed in obtaining a position - While this involves achieving something, it's more about securing a place or role, not directly related to identifying something.
5. Succeed at easily - This implies accomplishing a task with ease, which doesn't directly relate to the challenge of identifying a gene.
6. Locate exactly - This involves pinpointing or identifying something precisely, which aligns with the context of trying to identify a specific gene.
7. Complete a pass - This is related to sports, particularly American football, and doesn't fit the context.

The sentence "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome" from the examples provided for sense 6 ("locate exactly") is particularly relevant. It directly parallels the context given, where "nail" is used to mean identifying or determining the identity of a gene.

Therefore, the best sense for "nail" in the given context is "locate exactly," which corresponds to sense index 6.

{"sense_index": 6}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identity
Target surface form: identity
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "damaged" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Understanding the Context**: The passage discusses the development of colon cancer in relation to genetic damage. Specifically, it mentions that more than one gene must be damaged for colon cancer to develop and focuses on identifying the gene that, when damaged, leads to malignancy.

2. **Analyzing the Target Word**: The target word is "damaged." The context implies an action or state resulting from an external influence (in this case, genetic alteration or deletion) that affects the function or integrity of genes.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "inflict damage upon" with examples like "The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree." This sense implies an external agent causing damage to something.
   - **Sense 2**: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" with examples like "These fine china cups damage easily." This sense suggests a propensity or susceptibility to being damaged.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context implies that genes are being affected (damaged) by some external or internal process (e.g., deletion or alteration), which aligns with the idea of inflicting damage upon something (the genes).
   - The first sense ("inflict damage upon") fits the context because it implies an action (deletion or alteration of genes) that results in damage (to the genes), leading to cancer development.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the analysis, **Sense 1** ("inflict damage upon") is the most appropriate because it correctly conveys the idea that an external action (or actions, such as genetic deletions or alterations) is causing damage to the genes.

6. **Returning the Answer in the Required Format**:
   - The sense keys provided are associated with specific WordNet senses. Sense 1 corresponds to "damage%2:30:00::" and is indexed as 1.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "damaged" in the given context is Sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "flipped" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

The context is about molecular biology and the development of colon cancer. The word "flipped" is used metaphorically to describe the process of a colon cell becoming fully malignant due to genetic damage.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to lightly throwing to see which side comes up, which doesn't fit the context.
2. The second sense involves causing something to go on or be engaged, which could metaphorically fit if we consider "flipped" as triggering a change.
3. The third sense is about looking through a book, which is unrelated to the context.
4. The fourth and fifth senses involve tossing or moving with a sharp or light motion, which could be considered but doesn't directly fit the metaphorical use here.
5. The sixth sense is about throwing or tossing with a light motion, similar to the fourth and fifth.
6. The seventh sense involves moving with a flick or light motion, which is somewhat related but not directly applicable.
7. The eighth sense is about turning something upside down or reversing it, which could be a possible interpretation in a metaphorical sense.
8. The ninth and tenth senses involve reacting in an excited or surprised way or going mad/crazy, which doesn't directly apply to the context of a cell becoming malignant.
9. The eleventh sense is about reversing a direction, attitude, or course of action, which could be considered in a broad metaphorical sense.

Given the context, "flipped" is used to describe a significant change or transformation (a colon cell becoming fully malignant). The closest sense that captures this idea of causing a significant change or triggering a process is the second sense: "cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation." This sense aligns with the idea of a gene's damage triggering or causing a cell to become malignant.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "flipped" in this context is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "full-blown" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information.

The context discusses the development of colon cancer and the role of gene damage in this process. The term "full-blown" is used to describe malignancy.

The two candidate senses are:
1. fully ripe; at the height of bloom
2. having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness

The first sense is related to something being mature or at its peak, often used in the context of flowers or fruits (e.g., "a full-blown rose"). The second sense refers to something having all the characteristics necessary to be considered complete or fully developed (e.g., "a full-blown financial crisis").

In the given context, "full-blown malignancy" refers to a fully developed or complete state of malignancy, not just the initial stages or a benign condition. This usage aligns with the idea of something having all the characteristics necessary for completeness.

Therefore, the best sense for "full-blown" in this context is the one that denotes completeness or full development, which is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "malignancy" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context is discussing the development of colon cancer through the progression of benign polyps to a more severe state due to genetic damage. The text mentions the progression to "malignancy" in a medical context, relating it to the development of cancer.

The two candidate senses provided are:
1. A medical condition characterized by being malignant, progressive, resistant to treatment, and tending to cause death.
2. A quality of being disposed to evil or intense ill will.

Given the context, the discussion is centered around the medical condition of cancer and its progression. The term "malignancy" is used in relation to the development of cancer from benign polyps, indicating a change towards a more harmful or cancerous state.

The first sense directly relates to a medical condition ("a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death"), which aligns with the context of cancer development and progression.

The second sense refers to a disposition towards evil or ill will, which does not fit the medical context provided.

Therefore, the most appropriate sense for "malignancy" in this context is the first one, which corresponds to the definition related to a malignant medical state.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "months" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information.

The context is discussing molecular biologists and researchers working on identifying a gene related to colon cancer. They are described as "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" over a period referred to as "months".

The two candidate senses for "month" are:
1. One of the twelve divisions of the calendar year.
2. A time unit of approximately 30 days.

The sentence uses "months" to indicate a duration or period of time during which the researchers were engaged in their experimental work. While both senses relate to a period of time, the first sense specifically refers to a calendar division, and the second is more about a general period or duration.

The context implies that the researchers spent a considerable amount of time on their research, but it doesn't necessarily tie this duration to specific calendar months. The focus is on the duration of their effort rather than the calendar time.

Given the context and examples, "a time unit of approximately 30 days" (sense 2) is more suitable because it refers to a duration or period, which fits the narrative of the researchers spending a certain amount of time on their work.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "months" in this context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "down" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Here, "crawled down" is used metaphorically to describe moving along the length of chromosome 17. The action involves progressing from one end towards the other, which can be considered as moving from a higher to a lower level or position in a figurative sense.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position." The synonyms are "downwards, downward, downwardly," and an example is "don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down." This sense fits the context because "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" metaphorically describes moving along the chromosome, which can be seen as moving from a higher to a lower position.

2. The second sense refers to moving away from a more central or northerly place, which doesn't directly apply to the context of moving along a chromosome.

3. The third sense is about paying in cash at the time of purchase, which is unrelated to the context.

4. The fourth sense is about something being passed from an earlier time, which doesn't fit the context.

5. The fifth sense refers to reducing to a lower intensity, which is not relevant here.

6. The sixth sense is about being in an inactive or inoperative state, which doesn't apply to the context.

Given the context and the examples, the most suitable sense is the first one, as it involves a metaphorical movement from a higher to a lower level or position.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "down" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}