[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purpose
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The <t>purpose</t> of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "purpose" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the purpose of "tracking" in education and the overall purpose of education. The first occurrence of "purpose" is in the phrase "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish... than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding." Here, "purpose" refers to the intended outcome or goal of "tracking." The second occurrence is in the sentence "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential," where it again refers to the intended outcome or goal, this time of education.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "purpose" as "an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions." The synonyms include "intent, intention, aim, design," and an example is given as "his intent was to provide a new translation." This sense aligns with the context provided, as both instances of "purpose" refer to the intended outcome or goal.

2. The second sense defines "purpose" as "what something is used for," with synonyms "function, role, use." An example given is "the function of an auger is to bore holes." While this sense could potentially fit in some contexts related to the function or role of something, it doesn't directly align with the discussion of intended outcomes or goals in the provided text.

3. The third sense refers to "the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose," with a synonym "determination." An example is "he is a man of purpose." This sense does not directly relate to the context, as the text is discussing the goals or intended outcomes of educational practices rather than the determination or firmness of individuals.

Given the context and the definitions provided, the first sense ("an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions") is the most appropriate for both occurrences of "purpose." It correctly captures the idea of the intended goals of "tracking" and "education."

Therefore, the best indexed sense for the target word "purpose" is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of <t>education</t> is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "education" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the purpose and structure of the educational system, emphasizing the importance of tracking students based on their academic potential and ensuring that all students achieve a certain level of proficiency before progressing.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "education" is used in the sentence, "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential." Here, "education" refers to the overall process or system aimed at developing the academic capabilities of individuals.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. education%1:04:00::**: Refers to the activities of educating or instructing. While related, the context emphasizes the purpose rather than the activities themselves.
   - **2. education%1:09:00::**: Refers to knowledge acquired by learning and instruction. The passage doesn't directly discuss the knowledge acquired but rather the system's purpose.
   - **3. education%1:09:01::**: Describes the gradual process of acquiring knowledge. This aligns with the context, as "education" is discussed as a process aimed at realizing academic potential.
   - **4. education%1:04:01::**: Pertains to the profession of teaching. The passage doesn't focus on the profession but on the system's purpose.
   - **5. education%1:07:01::**: Relates to the result of good upbringing. While relevant to broader interpretations of "education," the passage focuses on academic potential.
   - **6. education%1:14:00::**: Refers to the U.S. Department of Education, which is not relevant to the context.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context suggests that "education" is being discussed as a process or system with a specific purpose, rather than the activities involved, the knowledge gained, the profession, or a government department.
   - Sense **3. education%1:09:01::** ("the gradual process of acquiring knowledge") is the most fitting because it aligns with the notion of "education" as a process that has a purpose, in this case, realizing full academic potential.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "education" in the given context is **3**.

{"sense_index": 3}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourage
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to <t>encourage</t> young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "encourage" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

1. The first sense is defined as "contribute to the progress or growth of" with synonyms like "promote, advance, boost, further." The example given is "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom." This sense implies supporting or fostering the development of something. In the context, "encourage" is used to mean helping young men and women to achieve their full academic potential, which aligns with contributing to their progress or growth.

2. The second sense is "inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to." This involves instilling someone with the confidence or courage to do something. While this could be related to the context, it's more about giving confidence or courage rather than directly contributing to academic progress.

3. The third sense is "spur on," with an example "His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife." This implies motivating or stimulating someone to take a particular action.

Given the context, the word "encourage" is used to mean helping or supporting young men and women to achieve their full academic potential. The most relevant definition is the first one: "contribute to the progress or growth of." The synonyms provided (promote, advance, boost, further) and the example ("I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom") suggest that this sense is about fostering development or progress, which fits the context of education aiming to help students realize their full potential.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "encourage" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage <t>young</t> men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young <t>men</t> and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and <t>women</t> to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: realize
Target surface form: realize
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to <t>realize</t> their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=realize%2:31:01:: | definition=be fully aware or cognizant of | synonyms=recognize, recognise, realise, agnize, agnise
2. sense_key=realize%2:31:00:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realise, see | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=realize%2:36:00:: | definition=make real or concrete; give reality or substance to | synonyms=realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate | examples=our ideas must be substantiated into actions
4. sense_key=realize%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, make, earn, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
5. sense_key=realize%2:40:00:: | definition=convert into cash; of goods and property | synonyms=realise
6. sense_key=realize%2:36:07:: | definition=expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) by supplying the harmonies indicated in the figured bass | synonyms=realise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their <t>full</t> academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full <t>academic</t> potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "academic" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context revolves around the educational system, discussing how students should progress based on their abilities, the importance of mastering certain skills, and the concept of "tracking" students according to their potential. The word "academic" is used in the phrases "academic potential" twice, indicating a discussion about the students' capability or aptitude for academic work.

1. The first candidate sense defines "academic" as associated with academia or an academy. The examples given are "the academic curriculum" and "academic gowns." This sense aligns well with the context, as "academic potential" refers to a student's potential in an academic setting or regarding academic achievements.

2. The second sense describes "academic" as hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result. The examples provided are "an academic discussion" and "an academic question." This sense doesn't fit as well because the context discusses actual educational progression and potential, not abstract or impractical discussions.

3. The third sense characterizes "academic" as marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning, especially its trivial aspects. The synonyms given are "donnish" and "pedantic." This sense doesn't align with the context, as the discussion is about educational potential and progression rather than the display of learning or being pedantic.

Given the context and the examples provided for each sense, the first sense ("associated with academia or an academy") is the most appropriate. It directly relates to the discussion about students' potential in an educational or academic context.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "academic" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "potential" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The context revolves around education, academic capabilities, and the concept of students progressing through the educational system based on their abilities. The term "potential" is used in relation to "academic potential," indicating the inherent capacity or ability of students to achieve academically.

2. **Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00::** | definition="the inherent capacity for coming into being" | synonyms="potentiality, potency"
   - **2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00::** | definition="the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts" | synonyms="electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage"

3. **Analysis of Candidate Senses**:
   - The first sense refers to an inherent capacity or ability that may or may not be realized. This aligns with the context of academic potential, where it discusses the capacity of students to achieve academically.
   - The second sense is related to electrical charge and voltage, which is unrelated to the context of education and academic achievement.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context is about education and the development of students' academic abilities, the most relevant sense of "potential" is the one related to inherent capacity or ability.
   - The first candidate sense matches this interpretation, as it defines "potential" as "the inherent capacity for coming into being," which can be related to the academic potential of students.

5. **Indexed Sense Selection**:
   - The first sense is indexed as "1," which corresponds to the definition and context provided.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "potential" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "actually" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

1. The first sense defines "actually" as "in actual fact" with synonyms like "really." The examples given are "to be nominally but not actually independent" and "no one actually saw the shark." This sense fits well because "actually" is used here to indicate a fact or reality, emphasizing that it's not just a nominal or pretended belief but a genuine one.

2. The second sense implies that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of what is stated; it suggests surprise. The examples are "you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out" and "she actually spoke Latin." While "actually" can sometimes indicate a contrast to expectations, the context here doesn't strongly suggest that the speaker is expressing surprise at people not believing in equal academic potential.

3. The third sense refers to "at the present moment," as in "the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air." This doesn't fit the context because the discussion is about a general belief, not something specifically happening at the present moment.

4. The fourth sense is about using "actually" as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis, as seen in "actually, we all help clear up after a meal" and "actually, I haven't seen the film." While "actually" can be used for emphasis, in the given sentence, it's not used as a sentence modifier but is integrated into the sentence.

Given the context and the examples, the use of "actually" in the sentence aligns most closely with the first sense, which is about something being true "in actual fact." The sentence is emphasizing the reality or truth of the statement that not everyone has an equal academic potential.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "actually" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually <t>believes</t> that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "believes" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is an argument in favor of tracking students based on their academic potential, emphasizing that it's absurd to think everyone has an equal academic potential. The sentence with the target word is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is about accepting something as true. The example given is "I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War." This sense aligns with the context because the sentence is discussing the absurdity of believing in equal academic potential among all students.

2. The second sense involves judging or regarding something in a certain way, with synonyms like "think," "consider," and "conceive." The examples provided are "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart." While this sense could fit grammatically, the context suggests a stronger assertion about the truth of a statement rather than an opinion or judgment about someone's potential.

3. The third sense is about being confident about something, with "trust" as a synonym. The example is "I believe that he will come back from the war." This sense implies a level of faith or confidence in an outcome or situation.

4. The fourth sense relates to following a credo or having faith, with the example "When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too." This sense is more about religious belief.

5. The fifth sense is about crediting someone with veracity, as seen in "You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?" This involves trusting the truthfulness of a person or source.

Given the context, the sentence is discussing the idea that it's unreasonable to think everyone has the same academic potential. The word "believes" here is used to express the idea of accepting or considering something to be true. The closest match among the provided senses is the first one, which involves accepting something as true.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "believes" in this context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "equal" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the idea that students have different academic potentials and that the purpose of education is to help them realize their full potential. It argues against the notion that all students have the same academic potential, stating "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

The two candidate senses are:
1. Having the same quantity, value, or measure as another.
2. Having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task.

The sentence implies that the discussion is about whether all individuals have the same level of academic potential. The word "equal" here is used to convey the idea of sameness or identicalness in academic potential among all individuals.

The first sense, "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another," aligns with this interpretation because it talks about having the same quantity or measure, which in this context refers to academic potential.

The second sense, "having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task," is more about being capable or adequate for a task, which doesn't directly fit the context of comparing or stating the sameness of academic potential among individuals.

Given the context and the examples provided for the first sense ("on equal terms; all men are equal before the law"), it's clear that "equal" is used to denote sameness or equivalence.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "equal" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "academic" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context revolves around education, discussing how students should progress based on their academic potential, the importance of mastering certain skills, and the concept of "tracking" in education. The term "academic potential" is used to refer to a student's capability or aptitude for academic work.

1. The first sense is related to being "associated with academia or an academy." The context is about education and students' potential in an academic setting, which aligns with this sense. The term "academic potential" directly relates to a student's capability in an academic context.

2. The second sense refers to something being "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result." While the discussion involves theoretical aspects of education (like the value of tracking), the term "academic potential" doesn't directly imply something hypothetical or lacking immediate practical result.

3. The third sense is about being "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects." The context doesn't specifically focus on the trivial aspects of learning or a narrow focus; it's more about the general capability of students in an academic setting.

Given the context, the term "academic" is used to describe "potential" in relation to students' abilities in an educational or scholarly environment. The first sense directly relates to this usage, as it associates with academia or an academic context.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "academic" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "potential" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses educational policies, emphasizing the importance of allowing students to progress based on their academic abilities. It mentions "academic potential" and the concept of "tracking" students to ensure that each student achieves their full potential.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "potential" is used in the context of students' academic capabilities and their ability to realize their full academic potential.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "the inherent capacity for coming into being" with synonyms like "potentiality, potency." This sense relates to an inherent ability or capacity that may or may not be realized.
   - **Sense 2**: "the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts" with synonyms like "electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage." This sense is related to physics and electrical engineering.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is about education and students' abilities, not about electrical charges or physics. Therefore, the discussion around "academic potential" aligns with the concept of inherent capacity or ability.
   - The first sense ("potential%1:26:00::") matches this context as it refers to an inherent capacity for development or achievement, which is directly related to the idea of "academic potential."

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given that the context is about education and personal development rather than physics or electrical engineering, **Sense 1** is the most appropriate.
   - The sense index provided for Sense 1 is "1".

6. **Formatting the Response**:
   - The task requires the response to be in a specific JSON format: {"sense_index": x}, where x is the chosen sense index.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "potential" in the given context is Sense 1, which corresponds to the first sense listed.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "potential" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses educational policies, emphasizing the importance of allowing students to progress based on their academic abilities. It mentions "academic potential" and the concept of "tracking" students to ensure that each student achieves their full potential.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "potential" is used in the context of students' academic capabilities and their ability to realize their full academic potential.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "the inherent capacity for coming into being" with synonyms like "potentiality, potency." This sense relates to an inherent ability or capacity that may or may not be realized.
   - **Sense 2**: "the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts" with synonyms like "electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage." This sense is related to physics and electrical engineering.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is about education and students' abilities, not about electrical charges or physics. Therefore, the discussion around "academic potential" aligns with the concept of inherent capacity or ability.
   - The first sense ("potential%1:26:00::") matches this context as it refers to an inherent capacity for development or achievement, which is directly related to the idea of "academic potential."

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given that the context is about education and personal development rather than physics or electrical engineering, **Sense 1** is the most appropriate.
   - The sense index provided for Sense 1 is "1".

6. **Formatting the Response**:
   - The task requires the response to be in a specific JSON format: {"sense_index": x}, where x is the chosen sense index.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "potential" in the given context is Sense 1, which corresponds to the first sense listed.

{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "generally" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

Here, "generally" is used to convey that using older textbooks is desirable as a rule or usually.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "usually; as a rule" with synonyms "by and large, more often than not, mostly." The example given is "by and large it doesn't rain much here." This sense fits the context because "generally desirable" implies that it is usually or as a rule desirable to use older textbooks.

2. The second sense is defined as "without distinction of one from others" with synonyms "in general, in the main." The example is "he is interested in snakes in general." While this sense could potentially fit in some contexts where "generally" is used, it doesn't perfectly match the nuance of the given sentence, which is more about a usual preference rather than a lack of distinction.

3. The third sense is defined as "without regard to specific details or exceptions" with synonyms "broadly, loosely, broadly speaking." The example given is "he interprets the law broadly." This sense implies a broader or more general interpretation, which isn't the primary nuance in the given sentence.

Given the context and the definitions, the use of "generally" in the sentence best aligns with the first sense, as it indicates that using older textbooks is usually or as a rule desirable.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "generally" is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "desirable" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The text discusses educational practices, specifically the concept of "tracking" students based on their academic abilities and the use of older versus newer textbooks. It mentions that it is "clearly desirable" to allow gifted youngsters to flourish through tracking and that using older textbooks is "generally desirable."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "desirable" is used twice in the passage. The first instance relates to allowing gifted students to flourish, and the second pertains to the preference for using older textbooks over newer ones.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "worth having or seeking or achieving" with examples like "a desirable job" or "computer with many desirable features." This sense aligns with the general positive connotation of something being beneficial or advantageous.
   - **Sense 2**: "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse" with synonyms like "suitable" and "worthy," and an example related to finding a suitable partner for marriage.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - In the given context, "desirable" is used to describe two different situations: the flourishing of gifted youngsters and the use of older textbooks. In both cases, "desirable" indicates something that is considered worth having or achieving because it is beneficial or advantageous.
   - The context does not relate to choosing a spouse or partner, so **Sense 2** is not applicable.
   - Both instances of "desirable" in the passage fit the definition provided in **Sense 1**, as they describe conditions or outcomes that are considered worth achieving or having.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the context and the definitions provided, the best indexed sense for "desirable" is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "use" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

Here, "use" is employed in the context of utilizing or employing something (older textbooks) for a particular purpose (education).

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose." The synonyms are "utilize, utilise, apply, employ," and an example is "use your head!"; "we only use Spanish at home." This sense fits the context as it involves employing older textbooks for educational purposes.

2. The second sense involves "take or consume (regularly or habitually)" with the synonym "habituate" and an example "She uses drugs rarely." This doesn't fit the context as "use" here doesn't imply consumption or habitual taking.

3. The third sense is "use up, consume fully" with the synonym "expend" and an example "The legislature expended its time on school questions." While related to "use," it implies a more complete consumption or expenditure, which isn't the primary implication here.

4. The fourth sense is "seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage" with examples "She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections." This involves exploiting something for an advantage, not directly relevant to the context.

5. The fifth sense is "avail oneself to" with synonyms "practice, apply" and examples "apply a principle; practice a religion." This involves making use of something in a more abstract or principled manner.

6. The sixth sense is "habitually do something (use only in the past tense)" with examples "She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall." This is about past habitual actions, not relevant to the given context.

The context suggests employing or utilizing older textbooks for educational purposes, which aligns most closely with the first sense: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose."

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "use" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "newer" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

The word "newer" is used here to compare "older textbooks" with more recent textbooks, implying a preference for the older ones due to the perceived shortcomings of the newer ones, such as being "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Let's consider the candidate senses:

1. Not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. This sense is relevant as "newer" textbooks are those that have been published more recently.

2. Original and of a kind not seen before. The context doesn't directly imply that the newer textbooks are novel or original in a positive sense; instead, it criticizes them.

3. Lacking training or experience. This doesn't apply to textbooks.

4. Having no previous example or precedent or parallel. The context doesn't suggest that the newer textbooks are unprecedented.

5. Other than the former one(s); different. While "newer" implies difference in time, this sense is more about being different rather than specifically newer.

6. Unaffected by use or exposure. This doesn't apply to the context of comparing older and newer textbooks.

7. (Of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new. The description of newer textbooks as "modish, trendy" aligns with this sense, suggesting they are new in a potentially unwarranted or excessive manner.

8, 9, 10. These senses relate to specific contexts (linguistic stages, historical periods, or crops) that don't apply here.

11. Unfamiliar. While "newer" textbooks might be unfamiliar, this isn't the primary critique.

The context suggests that "newer" is being used to criticize the recent textbooks for being "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial." The closest sense that captures the nuance of being undesirably or excessively new is sense 7, which is described as "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new" and is associated with the synonym "newfangled," implying something is new but not necessarily in a good way.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "newer" in this context is 7.

{"sense_index": 7}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "ones" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses educational practices, emphasizing the importance of mastering basic skills and the value of "tracking" students according to their academic potential. It also touches upon the preference for using older textbooks over newer ones.

2. **Target Word Analysis**: The target word is "ones," which appears in the sentence: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones." Here, "ones" is used to refer to "textbooks," indicating a preference for older textbooks over newer ones.

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: Refers to the numeral "one" representing the smallest whole number. The examples and synonyms suggest a focus on the numerical value or a specific instance ("he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it"). This sense doesn't directly apply to the context of referring to textbooks.
   - **Sense 2**: Defines "one" as a single person or thing. The example "this is the one I ordered" illustrates its use in referring to a specific item or instance. The use of "ones" in the passage to refer to "textbooks" aligns with this sense, as it refers to a category of things (textbooks) in a general sense.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The word "ones" is used to refer to "textbooks," indicating a category of items. This aligns with **Sense 2**, which involves referring to a single person or thing or, by extension, a category of things when used in a plural form like "ones."
   - The context supports this interpretation because "ones" is used to distinguish between older and newer textbooks, treating "ones" as a pronoun standing in for "textbooks."

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "ones" in the given context is **2**.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "dubious" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the shortcomings of newer textbooks in education, criticizing them for being based on "dubious psychological and sociological theories" rather than educational experience. The use of "dubious" here implies that these theories are questionable or not reliable.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "dubious" as "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" with synonyms like "doubtful" and examples such as "they were doubtful that the cord would hold." While this sense conveys a sense of uncertainty, it doesn't perfectly capture the nuance of criticizing the foundation or validity of the theories.

2. The second sense defines "dubious" as "open to doubt or suspicion" with synonyms including "doubtful, dubitable, in question" and examples like "the candidate's doubtful past." This sense fits well because it implies that the psychological and sociological theories are questionable or suspect, aligning with the criticism that they are not grounded in educational experience.

3. The third sense defines "dubious" as "not convinced" with examples such as "they remained dubious." This sense doesn't fit as well because it describes a state of being unconvinced rather than describing the theories themselves as being of questionable validity.

Given the context and the definitions, the second sense ("open to doubt or suspicion") is the most appropriate because it accurately describes the theories as being questionable or suspect, which aligns with the criticism presented.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "dubious" in this context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: psychological
Target surface form: psychological
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "psychological" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the purpose of education, the use of textbooks, and the influence of certain educational theories and methods on student performance. The sentence containing the target word states that newer textbooks are "based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

The two candidate senses are:
1. Relating to being mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature.
2. Of or relating to or determined by psychology.

The context here is discussing "theories" that newer textbooks are based on. The word "psychological" is used alongside "sociological theories," indicating that it refers to theories related to the field of psychology.

The first sense refers to something being "mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature," which could apply to the context of "psychological support" or "psychological warfare." However, in the given sentence, "psychological" is used to describe "theories," which aligns more with the field of study or discipline of psychology rather than directly describing something as mental or emotional.

The second sense directly relates to the field of psychology, as it defines "psychological" as "of or relating to or determined by psychology." The use of "psychological theories" in the context fits this definition, as it refers to theories derived from or related to the study of psychology.

Given the context and the definitions, the best fit for "psychological" is the second sense, which corresponds to being related to the field of psychology.

The sense index for this sense is 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "educational" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the purpose of education, the use of textbooks, and the influence of certain educational methods and theories on student performance. The sentence containing the target word is: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "educational" is used to describe "experience." The context implies that "educational experience" refers to knowledge or insights gained from the process of education, rather than the act of educating or providing knowledge directly.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "relating to the process of education" with an example of "educational psychology." This sense aligns with the context as "educational experience" can be understood as experience related to the process of education.
   - **Sense 2**: "providing knowledge" with an example of "an educational film." While this sense is about providing knowledge, the context of "educational experience" doesn't directly imply providing knowledge but rather relates to the experience gained through or related to education.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context suggests that "educational experience" refers to experience that is related to or derived from the process of education. Thus, the first sense ("relating to the process of education") is more appropriate as it directly relates to the context of discussing the basis of educational practices or materials (in this case, textbooks).
   - The use of "experience" alongside "educational" indicates a reference to the practical knowledge or insight gained from being involved in education, which aligns with the first sense.

5. **Conclusion**: The most suitable sense for "educational" in the given context is the first one, which corresponds to the definition "relating to the process of education."

Given the instructions and the analysis above, the response should be formatted as a JSON object indicating the chosen sense index.

{"sense_index": 1}