[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: office
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into <t>office</t> in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "office" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses a political theory explaining the behavior of voters and legislators, particularly focusing on the security of legislators in their positions and the factors influencing their re-election. The sentence with the target word "office" is: "Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed** - This sense doesn't fit the context as it refers to a physical location or a place of work, not relevant to the discussion about legislators' security.

2. **an administrative unit of government** - While related to government, this sense doesn't directly apply to the context of being "in office" as it refers to a specific unit or department.

3. **the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group** - This is a broad definition that could relate to roles or functions but doesn't directly fit the idiom "in office."

4. **(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power** - This sense directly relates to the context. Being "in office" refers to holding a position of power or authority, which aligns with the discussion about legislators' security in their positions.

5. **professional or clerical workers in an office** - This refers to the people working in an office, not relevant to the context.

6. **a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities** - This is unrelated to the political context.

7. **a job in an organization** - While this could be considered relevant because it refers to a position or role, the specific idiom "in office" is more closely related to sense 4, as it specifically refers to holding a governmental or official position.

Given the context and the analysis, the best fit for "office" as used in "lower security in office" is related to holding a position of power or authority, which is sense 4: **(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power**.

Therefore, the response should be: {"sense_index": 4}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: revolution
Target surface form: revolution
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan <t>revolution</t> and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=revolution%1:11:01:: | definition=a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving | examples=the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution
2. sense_key=revolution%1:04:00:: | definition=the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
3. sense_key=revolution%1:11:00:: | definition=a single complete turn (axial or orbital) | synonyms=rotation, gyration | examples=the plane made three rotations before it crashed; the revolution of the earth about the sun takes one year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "revolution" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses political changes and the impact of the "Reagan revolution" on the electoral outcomes of certain congressional representatives. The term "Reagan revolution" refers to the significant political shift or change associated with Ronald Reagan's presidency.

1. The first candidate sense defines "revolution" as "a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving." This sense is illustrated by the example of "the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution." The context implies that the "Reagan revolution" brought about significant political changes, which aligns with this definition.

2. The second candidate sense defines "revolution" as "the overthrow of a government by those who are governed." While this could potentially apply to a political context, the text does not directly imply that the "Reagan revolution" involved the overthrow of a government. Instead, it suggests a change in political landscape or ideology.

3. The third candidate sense defines "revolution" as "a single complete turn (axial or orbital)" and is related to physical rotation or orbit, which is not relevant to the political context provided.

Given the context, the "Reagan revolution" refers to a significant political or ideological shift rather than a literal overthrow of government or a physical rotation. Thus, the most appropriate definition is the first one, which describes a drastic and far-reaching change.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "revolution" in this context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: run
Target surface form: running
Context:
While this theory is exceedingly simple, it appears to explain several things. First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and <t>running</t> for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=run%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time | examples=Don't run--you'll be out of breath; The children ran to the store
2. sense_key=run%2:38:04:: | definition=flee; take to one's heels; cut and run | synonyms=scat, scarper, turn tail, lam, run away, hightail it | examples=If you see this man, run!; The burglars escaped before the police showed up
3. sense_key=run%2:42:00:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=go, pass, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
4. sense_key=run%2:41:02:: | definition=direct or control; projects, businesses, etc. | synonyms=operate | examples=She is running a relief operation in the Sudan
5. sense_key=run%2:42:04:: | definition=have a particular form | synonyms=go | examples=the story or argument runs as follows; as the saying goes...
6. sense_key=run%2:38:01:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=flow, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
7. sense_key=run%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, work, operate, go | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
8. sense_key=run%2:42:07:: | definition=change or be different within limits | synonyms=range | examples=Estimates for the losses in the earthquake range as high as $2 billion; Interest rates run from 5 to 10 percent
9. sense_key=run%2:33:06:: | definition=run, stand, or compete for an office or a position | synonyms=campaign | examples=Who's running for treasurer this year?
10. sense_key=run%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to emit recorded audio or video | synonyms=play | examples=They ran the tapes over and over again; I'll play you my favorite record
11. sense_key=run%2:38:11:: | definition=move about freely and without restraint, or act as if running around in an uncontrolled way | examples=who are these people running around in the building?; She runs around telling everyone of her troubles
12. sense_key=run%2:42:01:: | definition=have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined | synonyms=tend, be given, lean, incline | examples=She tends to be nervous before her lectures; These dresses run small
13. sense_key=run%2:35:04:: | definition=be operating, running or functioning | examples=The car is still running--turn it off!
14. sense_key=run%2:30:03:: | definition=change from one state to another | examples=run amok; run rogue
15. sense_key=run%2:30:07:: | definition=cause to perform | examples=run a subject; run a process
16. sense_key=run%2:42:02:: | definition=be affected by; be subjected to | examples=run a temperature; run a risk
17. sense_key=run%2:42:03:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=prevail, persist, die hard, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
18. sense_key=run%2:42:06:: | definition=occur persistently | examples=Musical talent runs in the family
19. sense_key=run%2:41:00:: | definition=carry out a process or program, as on a computer or a machine | synonyms=execute | examples=Run the dishwasher; run a new program on the Mac
20. sense_key=run%2:36:02:: | definition=include as the content; broadcast or publicize | synonyms=carry | examples=We ran the ad three times; This paper carries a restaurant review
21. sense_key=run%2:36:00:: | definition=carry out | examples=run an errand
22. sense_key=run%2:35:01:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, draw, pass | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
23. sense_key=run%2:42:08:: | definition=cause something to pass or lead somewhere | synonyms=lead | examples=Run the wire behind the cabinet
24. sense_key=run%2:41:01:: | definition=make without a miss
25. sense_key=run%2:40:06:: | definition=deal in illegally, such as arms or liquor | synonyms=black market
26. sense_key=run%2:38:10:: | definition=cause an animal to move fast | examples=run the dogs
27. sense_key=run%2:38:08:: | definition=be diffused | synonyms=bleed | examples=These dyes and colors are guaranteed not to run
28. sense_key=run%2:38:03:: | definition=sail before the wind
29. sense_key=run%2:38:05:: | definition=cover by running; run a certain distance | examples=She ran 10 miles that day
30. sense_key=run%2:42:05:: | definition=extend or continue for a certain period of time | synonyms=run for | examples=The film runs 5 hours
31. sense_key=run%2:41:04:: | definition=set animals loose to graze
32. sense_key=run%2:38:02:: | definition=keep company | synonyms=consort | examples=the heifers run with the bulls to produce offspring
33. sense_key=run%2:38:06:: | definition=run with the ball; in such sports as football
34. sense_key=run%2:38:13:: | definition=travel rapidly, by any (unspecified) means | examples=Run to the store!; She always runs to Italy, because she has a lover there
35. sense_key=run%2:38:09:: | definition=travel a route regularly | synonyms=ply | examples=Ships ply the waters near the coast
36. sense_key=run%2:33:02:: | definition=pursue for food or sport (as of wild animals) | synonyms=hunt, hunt down, track down | examples=Goering often hunted wild boars in Poland; The dogs are running deer
37. sense_key=run%2:33:01:: | definition=compete in a race | synonyms=race | examples=he is running the Marathon this year; let's race and see who gets there first
38. sense_key=run%2:30:02:: | definition=progress by being changed | synonyms=move, go | examples=The speech has to go through several more drafts; run through your presentation before the meeting
39. sense_key=run%2:30:00:: | definition=reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heating | synonyms=melt, melt down | examples=melt butter; melt down gold
40. sense_key=run%2:30:01:: | definition=come unraveled or undone as if by snagging | synonyms=ladder | examples=Her nylons were running
41. sense_key=run%2:30:04:: | definition=become undone | synonyms=unravel | examples=the sweater unraveled

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: freshman
Target surface form: freshmen
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these <t>freshmen</t> placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=freshman%1:18:00:: | definition=a first-year undergraduate | synonyms=fresher
2. sense_key=freshman%1:18:01:: | definition=any new participant in some activity | synonyms=newcomer, fledgling, fledgeling, starter, neophyte, newbie

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "freshmen" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses political science, specifically the election and re-election of congressional representatives, and mentions "freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution." The term "freshmen" here refers to newly elected members of Congress, not students.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "freshman" as "a first-year undergraduate" with the synonym "fresher." This definition is related to education, specifically to students in their first year of college or university.

2. The second sense defines "freshman" as "any new participant in some activity" with synonyms like "newcomer, fledgling, fledgeling, starter, neophyte, newbie." This definition is broader and can apply to various contexts where someone is new to a particular role or activity.

Given the context, "freshmen" refers to newly elected congressional representatives. This usage aligns with the second sense, as it describes individuals new to a particular role or activity—in this case, being a member of Congress.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "freshmen" in the provided context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: place
Target surface form: placed
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen <t>placed</t> far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=place%2:35:00:: | definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | synonyms=put, set, pose, position, lay | examples=Put your things here; Set the tray down
2. sense_key=place%2:41:01:: | definition=place somebody in a particular situation or location | examples=he was placed on probation
3. sense_key=place%2:31:01:: | definition=assign a rank or rating to | synonyms=rate, rank, range, order, grade | examples=how would you rank these students?; The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide
4. sense_key=place%2:40:00:: | definition=assign a location to | synonyms=locate, site | examples=The company located some of their agents in Los Angeles
5. sense_key=place%2:32:01:: | definition=to arrange for | examples=place a phone call; place a bet
6. sense_key=place%2:31:03:: | definition=take a place in a competition; often followed by an ordinal | synonyms=come in, come out | examples=Jerry came in third in the Marathon
7. sense_key=place%2:33:03:: | definition=intend (something) to move towards a certain goal | synonyms=target, aim, direct, point | examples=He aimed his fists towards his opponent's face; criticism directed at her superior
8. sense_key=place%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=identify | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
9. sense_key=place%2:41:00:: | definition=assign to (a job or a home)
10. sense_key=place%2:36:00:: | definition=locate | synonyms=set, localize, localise | examples=The film is set in Africa
11. sense_key=place%2:31:13:: | definition=estimate | synonyms=put, set | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
12. sense_key=place%2:42:00:: | definition=identify the location or place of | synonyms=localize, localise | examples=We localized the source of the infection
13. sense_key=place%2:40:03:: | definition=make an investment | synonyms=invest, put, commit | examples=Put money into bonds
14. sense_key=place%2:33:00:: | definition=assign to a station | synonyms=station, post, send
15. sense_key=place%2:33:02:: | definition=finish second or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to place
16. sense_key=place%2:32:00:: | definition=sing a note with the correct pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "placed" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

Here, "placed" is used in the context of giving or putting emphasis on something, which in this case is "their partisan role" in "national policy making."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **put into a certain place or abstract location** - This sense fits because "placed emphasis" is an idiomatic expression meaning to give importance or weight to something. It is related to putting something in a certain abstract location, like a level of importance.

2. Other senses like **assign a rank or rating to**, **place somebody in a particular situation or location**, **assign a location to**, **to arrange for**, etc., do not directly fit the context of "placing emphasis."

The expression "placed emphasis" is most closely related to the first sense: **put into a certain place or abstract location**, as it involves putting or giving emphasis (importance) to something.

Therefore, the best sense for "placed" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emphasis
Target surface form: emphasis
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more <t>emphasis</t> on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emphasis%1:26:00:: | definition=special importance or significance | synonyms=accent | examples=the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis; the room was decorated in shades of grey with distinctive red accents
2. sense_key=emphasis%1:07:00:: | definition=intensity or forcefulness of expression | synonyms=vehemence | examples=the vehemence of his denial; his emphasis on civil rights
3. sense_key=emphasis%1:10:01:: | definition=special and significant stress by means of position or repetition e.g.
4. sense_key=emphasis%1:10:00:: | definition=the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch) | synonyms=stress, accent | examples=he put the stress on the wrong syllable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "emphasis" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses political science theories related to voter behavior, congressional representatives, and the factors influencing their electoral success or failure. The sentence containing "emphasis" talks about freshman Republicans in 1982 who were more vulnerable to defeat because they placed more emphasis on their partisan role in national policy making.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "emphasis" here refers to the importance or significance given to something, in this case, their partisan role in national policy making.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. special importance or significance**: This sense aligns with giving particular importance to something. The example mentions "the red light gave the central figure increased emphasis," indicating highlighting or giving significance to something.
   - **2. intensity or forcefulness of expression**: This involves the strength or fervor with which something is expressed, as seen in "his emphasis on civil rights."
   - **3. special and significant stress by means of position or repetition**: This definition is more about the method of emphasizing, such as through positioning or repeating.
   - **4. the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note**: This is related to linguistics or music, concerning stress or pitch.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context is about political science and the behavior of politicians.
   - The sentence implies that the freshmen Republicans gave more importance to their role in national policy making.
   - Sense 1 ("special importance or significance") fits well as it relates to giving importance to something, which aligns with the context of politicians focusing on certain aspects of their role.
   - Sense 2 ("intensity or forcefulness of expression") could also seem relevant but is more about the manner of expression rather than the act of giving importance.
   - Sense 3 is somewhat relevant but is more specific to the method (position or repetition) rather than the general act of emphasizing.

Given the context and the definitions, the most suitable sense is **1. special importance or significance** because it directly relates to giving importance to a particular aspect (their partisan role in national policy making). This corresponds to the first candidate sense.

Thus, the best indexed sense for "emphasis" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: role
Target surface form: role
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan <t>role</t> -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=role%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, part | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
2. sense_key=role%1:09:00:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, theatrical role, part, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
3. sense_key=role%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, purpose, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
4. sense_key=role%1:04:01:: | definition=normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting | examples=what is your role on the team?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "role" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the behavior and responsibilities of legislators, specifically how their focus on national policy making versus local benefit-seeking can affect their security in office. The sentence containing the target word is: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

1. The first sense defines "role" as "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group." The synonyms provided are "function, office, part." This sense seems plausible because it relates to the responsibilities or expected activities of a person or group, which fits the context of discussing legislators' actions and their impact.

2. The second sense refers to "an actor's portrayal of someone in a play," with synonyms like "character, theatrical role, part, persona." This sense is less likely because the context is about political roles and not about acting or theatrical performances.

3. The third sense is defined as "what something is used for," with synonyms "function, purpose, use." While this could potentially relate to the role of something or someone in a broad sense, it's more about the purpose or utility of an object or concept, which doesn't directly fit the context of discussing the actions or responsibilities of legislators.

4. The fourth sense refers to "normal or customary activity of a person in a particular social setting." This sense is somewhat relevant as it discusses the activity or role of a person within a specific context, but it's more about the usual or expected behavior in a social setting.

Given the context, the most relevant definition is the first one: "the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group." The discussion is about the actions and emphasis of legislators (freshmen Republicans) on their partisan role in national policy making, which aligns with the idea of the actions and activities expected of them. The synonym "function" is particularly relevant here, as it relates to the duties or responsibilities of the legislators.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "role" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spread
Target surface form: spreading
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- <t>spreading</t> the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spread%2:35:00:: | definition=distribute or disperse widely | synonyms=distribute | examples=The invaders spread their language all over the country
2. sense_key=spread%2:35:07:: | definition=become distributed or widespread | synonyms=propagate | examples=the infection spread; Optimism spread among the population
3. sense_key=spread%2:42:00:: | definition=spread across or over | synonyms=overspread | examples=A big oil spot spread across the water
4. sense_key=spread%2:35:03:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread out, open | examples=open the map; spread your arms
5. sense_key=spread%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to become widely known | synonyms=circulate, circularize, circularise, distribute, disseminate, propagate | examples=spread information; circulate a rumor
6. sense_key=spread%2:32:02:: | definition=become widely known and passed on | synonyms=go around, circulate | examples=the rumor spread; the story went around in the office
7. sense_key=spread%2:38:00:: | definition=strew or distribute over an area | synonyms=scatter, spread out | examples=He spread fertilizer over the lawn; scatter cards across the table
8. sense_key=spread%2:38:02:: | definition=move outward | synonyms=diffuse, spread out, fan out | examples=The soldiers fanned out
9. sense_key=spread%2:35:12:: | definition=cover by spreading something over | examples=spread the bread with cheese
10. sense_key=spread%2:35:13:: | definition=distribute over a surface in a layer | examples=spread cheese on a piece of bread

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "spreading" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

Here, "spreading the Reagan revolution" is used metaphorically to mean promoting or disseminating the ideas or policies associated with the Reagan revolution.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Distribute or disperse widely - This could fit as it involves spreading something (in this case, ideas or influence) widely.
2. Become distributed or widespread - This implies a more passive process and doesn't directly fit the active role of "spreading" the Reagan revolution.
3. Spread across or over - This is more literal and doesn't fit the metaphorical use in the sentence.
4. Spread out or open from a closed or folded state - This doesn't fit the context.
5. Cause to become widely known - This is a plausible sense as it involves making something (ideas, information) widely known.
6. Become widely known and passed on - Similar to sense 5, but this is more about the information spreading on its own rather than being actively spread.
7. Strew or distribute over an area - This is more literal and doesn't fit the context.
8. Move outward - This doesn't directly relate to the metaphorical spreading of ideas.
9. & 10. These involve physical actions of spreading something over a surface, which doesn't fit the context.

Given the context, "spreading the Reagan revolution" is about promoting or disseminating its ideas or influence. The closest fit is sense 5, "cause to become widely known," as it involves actively making the Reagan revolution's ideas or influence widely known through national policy making.

Thus, the best sense for "spreading" in this context is related to disseminating or promoting an idea or influence.

{"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: revolution
Target surface form: revolution
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan <t>revolution</t> -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=revolution%1:11:01:: | definition=a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving | examples=the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution
2. sense_key=revolution%1:04:00:: | definition=the overthrow of a government by those who are governed
3. sense_key=revolution%1:11:00:: | definition=a single complete turn (axial or orbital) | synonyms=rotation, gyration | examples=the plane made three rotations before it crashed; the revolution of the earth about the sun takes one year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "revolution" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses political changes, voting patterns, and the impact of legislators' focus on national policy making versus local benefit-seeking. It specifically mentions the "Reagan revolution" and the emphasis on spreading this "revolution" in national policy making.

1. The first candidate sense defines "revolution" as "a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving." The example given is "the industrial revolution was also a cultural revolution." This sense aligns with the context of significant political change or shift, such as that associated with the Reagan administration.

2. The second candidate sense refers to "the overthrow of a government by those who are governed." While this is a common understanding of "revolution," the context does not directly imply the overthrow of a government by those governed; instead, it refers to a change associated with the Reagan administration coming into power.

3. The third candidate sense is related to a physical or astronomical rotation, which is not relevant to the context provided.

Given the context, the term "reagan revolution" is used to describe a significant political shift or change associated with the policies and ideology of the Reagan administration. This usage aligns most closely with the first candidate sense, which describes a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "revolution" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in <t>national</t> policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "national" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

Here, "national policy making" refers to the process of creating policies that affect the entire nation or country.

Let's examine the candidate senses:
1. of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country - This is a broad definition that could apply, but let's see if there's a more specific sense.
2. limited to or in the interests of a particular nation - This sense implies a focus on the interests of a nation, possibly to the exclusion of others, which isn't the primary focus in the given context.
3. concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country - This sense directly relates to the context of "national policy making," as it involves policies that are applicable to or affect the entire nation.
4. owned or maintained for the public by the national government - This sense is more about the ownership or maintenance by the national government, which doesn't directly apply to "policy making."
5. inside the country - This sense is about something being within the geographical or political boundaries of a country, which isn't the focus here.
6. characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation - This sense is about a trait or characteristic specific to a nation's people, not directly related to policy making.
7. of or relating to nationality - This is about the aspect of being related to a person's nationality, which is not the context here.

Given the context, "national policy making" is most closely related to sense 3: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country." The phrase "national policy making" refers to the process of making policies that are applicable to or affect the entire nation, which aligns with this definition.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "national" in the given context is 3.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national <t>policy</t> making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "policy" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses political science and the behavior of legislators and voters, focusing on aspects like ticket splitting, the role of government, and the impact of legislators' actions on their re-election prospects. The specific sentence containing the target word is: "Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national <t>policy</t> making, they were more vulnerable to defeat."

1. The first sense defines "policy" as "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group." The context talks about "national policy making," which aligns with this definition as it refers to the process of creating plans or actions at a national level.

2. The second sense refers to "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government." While related to government actions, this sense leans more towards the justification or rationale behind government actions rather than the actions or plans themselves.

3. The third sense is related to an "insurance policy," which is unrelated to the context provided.

Given the context, "national policy making" is most closely related to the first sense, as it involves the creation or adoption of plans or actions at a national level. The term "policy making" directly corresponds to the process of adopting or creating plans of action, which fits the definition of the first sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "policy" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
First, why ticket splitting has increased and taken the peculiar pattern that it has over the past half century: Prior to the election of Franklin Roosevelt as president and the advent of the New Deal, government occupied a much smaller role in society and the prisoner's dilemma problem confronting voters in races for Congress was considerably less severe. Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy <t>making</t>, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "making" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses political science, focusing on aspects like ticket splitting, voter behavior, and the role of legislators. The term "making" is used in the context of "national policy making," indicating the process of creating or formulating policies.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: Refers to "the act that results in something coming to be" with synonyms like "devising" and "fashioning." Examples include "the devising of plans" and "the fashioning of pots and pans." This sense is related to the act of creating or bringing something into existence.
   - **Sense 2**: Relates to "an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something," synonymous with "qualification." Examples given are about meeting certain criteria for a job or admission.
   - **Sense 3**: Pertains to "(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something." An example is "the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake," indicating the ingredients or elements required.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The term "national policy making" in the passage is about the process or act of creating or formulating national policies. This aligns closely with the first sense, which involves the act of devising or creating something (in this case, policies).
   - The second sense, related to "qualification," does not fit the context of "national policy making."
   - The third sense, concerning the components or ingredients needed for something, also doesn't fit the context.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Based on the analysis, the term "making" in "national policy making" best corresponds to the first sense, as it refers to the act of devising or creating policies.

5. **Returning the Answer**:
   - The first sense is indexed as "1". Thus, the best indexed sense for "making" in the given context is "1".

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: indicate
Target surface form: indicates
Context:
Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory <t>indicates</t> why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis
2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work
5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "indicates" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "indicates" is used is: "Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office." Here, "indicates" is used to convey that the theory provides evidence or suggests a reason for a particular outcome or situation.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "be a signal for or a symptom of" with synonyms like "bespeak, betoken, point, signal". This implies that something is an indicator or sign of something else, often used in the context of symptoms or signals.
   - **Sense 2**: "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively" with synonyms like "point, designate, show". This involves pointing out or showing something, either physically or metaphorically.
   - **Sense 3**: "to state or express briefly" with an example indicating a wish in a letter. This involves conveying information or an opinion succinctly.
   - **Sense 4**: "give evidence of" with a synonym "argue". This implies providing evidence or reasoning that supports a claim or conclusion.
   - **Sense 5**: "suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine" with a synonym "suggest". This is used in medical contexts to indicate the need for a particular treatment.

3. **Applying the Context to the Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is about a theory explaining certain political phenomena. The word "indicates" is used to show that the theory provides a reason or evidence for why something is happening (the Republican Party having a hard time attracting candidates).
   - **Sense 1** could potentially fit as it involves being a signal or symptom, but it's more commonly associated with symptoms or direct signals rather than theoretical explanations.
   - **Sense 2** is less likely as it involves pointing out or showing something, which doesn't directly fit the context of a theory explaining a phenomenon.
   - **Sense 3** involves stating or expressing briefly, which is plausible but not the best fit because "indicates" here is not just about stating something briefly but about providing an explanation or evidence.
   - **Sense 4** ("give evidence of") is very relevant because the theory is providing evidence or a rationale for a particular situation or outcome. The synonym "argue" and the example "The results indicate the need for more work" support this interpretation.
   - **Sense 5** is specific to medical contexts and is not relevant here.

4. **Conclusion**: The best fit for "indicates" in the given context is **Sense 4** because it involves giving evidence of or supporting a conclusion with evidence or reasoning, which aligns with how the theory is used in the sentence.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "indicates" is: {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attract
Target surface form: attracting
Context:
Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time <t>attracting</t> viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attract%2:35:00:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=pull, pull in, draw, draw in | examples=Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers
2. sense_key=attract%2:37:00:: | definition=be attractive to | synonyms=appeal | examples=The idea of a vacation appeals to me; The beautiful garden attracted many people
3. sense_key=attract%2:35:01:: | definition=exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away | examples=the gravitational pull of a planet attracts other bodies

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "attracting" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office."

Here, "attracting" is used in the context of the Republican Party having difficulty drawing or recruiting viable candidates for congressional office. The context suggests that the party is having trouble appealing to or pulling in suitable individuals to run for office.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes." The synonyms provided are "pull, pull in, draw, draw in," and an example is "Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers." This sense implies an action of drawing something or someone towards oneself, often due to some attractive quality.

2. The second sense is "be attractive to" with the synonym "appeal." An example given is "The idea of a vacation appeals to me; The beautiful garden attracted many people." This sense focuses on being appealing or pleasing to someone or something.

3. The third sense is related to physics, defined as "exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away." This is clearly not relevant to the context of political parties and candidates.

Given the context, the word "attracting" is used to mean drawing or pulling in viable candidates. The closest match is the first sense, as it involves directing something (in this case, viable candidates) toward the Republican Party by means of some attractive quality or attribute (though the specific attribute is not mentioned, it is implied that the difficulty lies in the party's ability to attract).

The second sense, "be attractive to," also seems plausible because it involves being appealing. However, the first sense is more active and directly related to the action of attracting or pulling in, which fits well with the context of a political party actively trying to recruit candidates.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "attracting" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: candidate
Target surface form: candidates
Context:
Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable <t>candidates</t> for congressional office. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "candidates" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses aspects of congressional representatives, their roles, and factors influencing their election or re-election. It specifically mentions the difficulty the Republican Party faces in attracting viable candidates for congressional office.

2. **Target Word**: The target word is "candidates," and it appears in the context of "attracting viable candidates for congressional office." This indicates that "candidates" refers to individuals who are being considered or are running for congressional office.

3. **Provided Senses**:
   - Sense 1: A politician who is running for public office. Synonyms include "campaigner" and "nominee."
   - Sense 2: Someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor, etc.). Synonym is "prospect."

4. **Analysis**:
   - The context clearly indicates that "candidates" refers to individuals who are being considered or are running for congressional office. Both provided senses could potentially fit this context, as they both relate to individuals being considered for an office.
   - Sense 1 specifically mentions a politician running for public office, which aligns closely with the context of congressional elections and the process of attracting individuals to run for such offices.
   - Sense 2 is broader and refers to anyone considered for something, including an office. While it could apply, it's less specific to the context of actively running for office compared to Sense 1.

5. **Decision**:
   - Given the context is about individuals running for congressional office and the Republican Party's difficulty in attracting them, Sense 1 ("a politician who is running for public office") is the most appropriate. It directly relates to the act of running for office and the political context provided.

6. **Indexed Sense Choice**:
   - The first sense provided corresponds to the first indexed sense (1).

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "candidates" in the given context is Sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: office
Target surface form: office
Context:
Second, it explains why voters hold Congress in disdain but generally love their own congressional representatives: Any individual legislator's constituents appreciate the specific benefits that the legislator wins for them but not the overall cost associated with every other legislator doing likewise for his own constituency. Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional <t>office</t>. Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=office%1:06:00:: | definition=place of business where professional or clerical duties are performed | synonyms=business office | examples=he rented an office in the new building
2. sense_key=office%1:14:01:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, authority | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
3. sense_key=office%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=office%1:26:00:: | definition=(of a government or government official) holding an office means being in power | synonyms=power | examples=being in office already gives a candidate a great advantage; during his first year in office
5. sense_key=office%1:14:00:: | definition=professional or clerical workers in an office | synonyms=office staff | examples=the whole office was late the morning of the blizzard
6. sense_key=office%1:04:00:: | definition=a religious rite or service prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities | examples=the offices of the mass
7. sense_key=office%1:04:02:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: Potential
Context:
Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. <t>Potential</t> candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%3:00:00:: | definition=existing in possibility | synonyms=possible | examples=a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power
2. sense_key=potential%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=likely | examples=potential clients

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the word "potential" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the challenges faced by the Republican Party in attracting viable candidates for congressional office, mentioning that "potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent." Here, "potential candidates" refers to individuals who are likely to run or are considered as possible candidates in the future.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "potential" as "existing in possibility" with synonyms like "possible" and provides examples such as "a potential problem" or "possible uses of nuclear power." This sense emphasizes the possibility or capability of something happening or being the case.

2. The second sense defines "potential" as "expected to become or be; in prospect" with the synonym "likely" and an example of "potential clients." This sense leans towards the likelihood or expectation of something happening or someone becoming something.

In the given context, "potential candidates" are those who are likely or expected to run for office, not just those who are possible or could potentially run. The context implies a consideration of individuals who are prospective or likely candidates.

Therefore, the best sense for "potential" in this context aligns with the second definition, which is about being prospective or likely.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: candidate
Target surface form: candidates
Context:
Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential <t>candidates</t> may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "candidates" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the challenges faced by the Republican Party in attracting viable candidates for congressional office. It mentions that potential candidates may be discouraged from running due to the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "candidates," and we need to disambiguate its sense in the given context.

3. **Examining the Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: A politician who is running for public office. Synonyms include "campaigner" and "nominee."
   - **Sense 2**: Someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.). Synonym is "prospect."

4. **Disambiguation**:
   - The context clearly refers to individuals who are considering running for congressional office. The passage discusses the challenges faced by the Republican Party in attracting these individuals.
   - Both senses could potentially fit, but the context provides clues. The text talks about "potential candidates" being discouraged from running, which implies that these are individuals who are being considered or are considering themselves for the office but have not necessarily started campaigning.
   - Sense 2 is broader and encompasses anyone considered for something, including an office. It is more about being considered or having the potential for something.
   - The use of "potential candidates" suggests that Sense 2 is more appropriate because it includes individuals who are considered or are considering themselves for office, not necessarily those already running.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the definitions, Sense 2 ("someone who is considered for something") is the most appropriate. It aligns with the discussion of "potential candidates" who may be discouraged from running.

6. **Indexed Sense**: The senses are indexed starting from 1. Sense 2 is the second sense listed.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "candidates" in the given context is Sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discourage
Target surface form: discouraged
Context:
Third, the theory suggests why legislators who pay too much attention to national policy making relative to local benefit-seeking have lower security in office. For example, first-term - term members of the House, once the most vulnerable of incumbents, have become virtually immune to defeat. The one exception to this recent trend was the defeat of 13 of the 52 freshman Republicans brought into office in 1980 by the Reagan revolution and running for re-election in 1982. Because these freshmen placed far more emphasis on their partisan role -- spreading the Reagan revolution -- in national policy making, they were more vulnerable to defeat. Fourth, the theory indicates why the Republican Party may have a difficult time attracting viable candidates for congressional office. Potential candidates may be <t>discouraged</t> from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discourage%2:32:01:: | definition=try to prevent; show opposition to | synonyms=deter | examples=We should discourage this practice among our youth
2. sense_key=discourage%2:37:00:: | definition=deprive of courage or hope; take away hope from; cause to feel discouraged
3. sense_key=discourage%2:32:02:: | definition=admonish or counsel in terms of someone's behavior | synonyms=warn, admonish, monish | examples=I warned him not to go too far; I warn you against false assumptions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "discouraged" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent."

1. The first sense is defined as "try to prevent; show opposition to" with the synonym "deter". The example given is "We should discourage this practice among our youth". In the context provided, "discouraged" is used in the sense that potential candidates are being deterred or prevented from running due to certain reasons. This aligns with the first sense.

2. The second sense is "deprive of courage or hope; take away hope from; cause to feel discouraged". While this sense is related to the feeling of being discouraged, the context here is more about being prevented or deterred from taking an action (running for office) rather than just feeling hopeless or lacking courage.

3. The third sense involves "admonish or counsel in terms of someone's behavior" with synonyms like "warn, admonish, monish". The example is "I warned him not to go too far". This sense doesn't directly fit the context of being prevented from running for office due to certain factors.

Given the context, the use of "discouraged" is closest to being deterred or prevented from taking an action. Thus, the first sense ("try to prevent; show opposition to") is the most appropriate as it aligns with the idea of potential candidates being deterred from running.

{"sense_index": 1}