[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "looking for" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context is about researchers trying to identify a specific gene associated with colon cancer. They are using gene probes to examine chromosome 17 and are attempting to find the smallest common piece of genetic material lost in all tumor cells.

The two candidate senses for "look_for" are:
1. Trying to locate or discover something, or trying to establish its existence.
2. Being excited or anxious about something.

The sentence in question is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Here, the researchers are engaged in an active search to identify a specific piece of genetic material. The context involves a systematic and experimental approach to locating something (a gene) that is believed to be associated with a particular condition (colon cancer).

The first sense, "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of," matches this context. The synonyms provided for this sense are "search" and "seek," and an example is "The police are searching for clues." This aligns with the researchers' actions in the given context, as they are searching for a specific gene.

The second sense, "be excited or anxious about," does not fit the context. The researchers are not described as being excited or anxious; they are described as actively searching for something.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "looking for" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "common" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about molecular biologists researching the genetic basis of colon cancer. They are looking for the smallest "common" bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells, which suggests they are searching for a piece of DNA that is shared or common among all the tumor cells they are studying.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public. This doesn't directly relate to the context of shared genetic material among tumor cells.
2. Having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual. This sense doesn't fit the context of genetic material.
3. Common to or shared by two or more parties. The synonym given is "mutual," which fits the context as the researchers are looking for genetic material that is shared among all tumor cells.
4. Commonly encountered. While this could potentially fit in a broad sense, it's not as directly relevant as the sense of being shared.
5. Being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language. This is unrelated to the context.
6. Of or associated with the great masses of people. This doesn't apply to the genetic context.
7. Of low or inferior quality or value. This is not relevant to the context of the research.
8. Lacking refinement or cultivation or taste. This is also not relevant.
9. To be expected; standard. While "common" can sometimes mean this, it doesn't directly apply to the idea of shared genetic material.

The context specifically mentions looking for the "smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells," indicating that the researchers are seeking a piece of DNA that is shared or common to all the tumor cells they are analyzing. Thus, the most appropriate sense is "common to or shared by two or more parties," which is indexed as sense 3.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "genetic" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses molecular biologists researching the genetic basis of colon cancer. It mentions genes, chromosomes, and DNA, indicating a focus on the biological and genetic aspects of cancer development.

2. **Target Word Context**: The target word "genetic" is used in the phrase "genetic material lost in all tumor cells." This context is clearly related to genes and DNA.

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: Relates to heredity and familial traits. While the passage is about genetics, the specific use of "genetic material" doesn't directly relate to heredity in the sense of familial traits being passed down.
   - **Sense 2**: Pertains to genes. The passage is heavily focused on genes, chromosomes, and DNA, making this sense highly relevant.
   - **Sense 3**: Refers to origin. The passage doesn't discuss the origin of literary works or similar concepts; it's focused on the biological.
   - **Sense 4**: Relates to the science of genetics. While the passage is about genetic research, the term "genetic material" is more directly related to genes than to the science itself.

4. **Decision**:
   - The term "genetic material" is directly related to genes and DNA, which aligns with **Sense 2** ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"). The context is about identifying a specific gene related to colon cancer by examining the genetic material (DNA) on chromosome 17.
   - The synonyms provided for Sense 2, such as "genic" and "genetical," and the example "genetic code," further support this choice.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "genetic" in the given context is **2**.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "lost" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

The word "lost" here refers to genetic material that is no longer present or has been deleted in tumor cells. The context is about molecular biology and the process of identifying genes that are critical for the development of colon cancer.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense. (e.g., "She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat")
2. Fail to win. (e.g., "We lost the battle but we won the war")
3. Suffer the loss of a person through death or removal. (e.g., "She lost her husband in the war")
4. Place (something) where one cannot find it again. (e.g., "I misplaced my eyeglasses")
5. Miss from one's possessions; lose sight of. (e.g., "I've lost my glasses again!")
6. Allow to go out of sight. (e.g., "The detective lost the man he was shadowing")
7. Fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit. (e.g., "I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!")
8. Fail to get or obtain. (e.g., "I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad")
9. Retreat. (e.g., "fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede")
10. Fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind. (e.g., "I missed that remark; She missed his point")
11. Be set at a disadvantage. (e.g., "This author really suffers in translation")

The context suggests that "lost" refers to genetic material that is missing or has been deleted in tumor cells. The closest sense is "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense," as it implies the absence or loss of something (in this case, genetic material).

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "lost" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "probably" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "probably" is used is: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." Here, "probably" indicates a degree of certainty or likelihood regarding the statement that follows.

2. **Understanding the Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: Defined as "with considerable certainty; without much doubt." The synonyms provided are "likely," "in all likelihood," "in all probability," and "belike." An example given is "He is probably out of the country."
   - **Sense 2**: Defined as "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence." The synonyms are "credibly," "believably," and "plausibly." An example is "he talked plausibly before the committee."

3. **Applying the Context to the Senses**:
   - In the given sentence, "probably" is used to express that, based on the available evidence or the situation described, it is likely that "such a piece of DNA would constitute a gene." The usage here aligns with indicating a likelihood or probability based on the context or available evidence.
   - The first sense emphasizes the degree of certainty or likelihood ("with considerable certainty; without much doubt"), which fits the usage in the sentence. The researchers are making an educated guess based on their findings.
   - The second sense focuses on the believability or plausibility of a statement based on available evidence. While related, the primary connotation is slightly different, leaning more towards the credibility of a statement rather than the likelihood of an event.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The usage of "probably" in the context suggests a likelihood or probability. The sentence implies that based on their research and findings, it is likely that the piece of DNA in question constitutes a gene. This aligns well with the first sense, which is about likelihood or probability ("with considerable certainty; without much doubt").
   - The synonyms and examples provided for the first sense ("likely," "in all likelihood," "in all probability") also support this interpretation, as they all relate to the likelihood or probability of something happening or being the case.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "probably" in the given context is the first sense.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constitute
Target surface form: constitute
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably <t>constitute</t> a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the word "constitute" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Here, "constitute" is used to mean that a particular piece of DNA would likely be or represent a gene. The context is about identifying a specific gene associated with a condition.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "form or compose" with synonyms like "represent, make up, comprise, be." The example given is "This money is my only income," which illustrates that something can be considered as being made up of or represented by something else. This sense fits the context because the sentence implies that the piece of DNA would likely represent or be considered as a gene.

2. The second sense involves "create and charge with a task or function" and is related to appointing or nominating someone or something. This doesn't fit the context because the sentence is discussing the identity of a piece of DNA in relation to being a gene, not assigning a task or function to it.

3. The third sense is about "to compose or represent" something. While similar to the first sense, the examples given ("This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof") suggest a more active role in forming something. However, the core meaning of representing or being something aligns with the context.

4. The fourth sense is about "set up or lay the groundwork for" something, which involves establishing or founding. This doesn't directly apply to the context because the sentence is not about establishing a gene but rather identifying or considering a piece of DNA as a gene.

Given the context and the definitions, the first sense ("form or compose") is the most appropriate because it aligns with the idea that a piece of DNA "would probably constitute a gene," meaning it would likely be or represent a gene.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "constitute" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "found" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

Here, "found" is used in the context of researchers searching for a specific gene related to colon cancer. They were using gene probes to identify the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells on chromosome 17.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. **come upon, as if by accident; meet with** - This doesn't perfectly fit because the context implies a directed search rather than an accidental discovery.
2. **discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of** - This is a plausible sense as it involves discovering something through investigation.
3. **come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost** - This sense fits well because the researchers were actively searching for a specific gene.
4. **establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study** - While this involves investigation, it's more about determining or calculating something specific rather than finding something.
5. **make a discovery, make a new finding** - This is also plausible as the context involves discovering a gene.

Given the context that the researchers were "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells," the action of "found" is closely related to coming upon something after a search.

Senses like **3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost** and **8. make a discovery, make a new finding** are the most relevant. However, sense **3** is more specific to the action described in the context, as it emphasizes the outcome of a search.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "found" in this context is **3**.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "dubious" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

Here, Dr. Vogelstein is described as being "dubious" upon finding a piece of DNA that could constitute a gene. The context indicates that his dubiousness stems from previous research (by Arnold Levine) that suggested a different gene (p53) could be responsible for transforming normal cells into cancerous ones. Thus, Dr. Vogelstein is uncertain or not convinced that the gene they found is the one they were looking for, given the prior evidence related to another gene.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "dubious" as "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" with synonyms like "doubtful" and examples such as "they were doubtful that the cord would hold." This sense aligns with being uncertain about an outcome or situation.

2. The second sense relates to being "open to doubt or suspicion" with examples like "the candidate's doubtful past." This implies a sense of questionable character or integrity.

3. The third sense defines "dubious" as "not convinced" with the example "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious." This directly relates to not being persuaded or convinced by an argument or evidence.

Given the context, Dr. Vogelstein's state of being "dubious" is best described as not being convinced that the search was over, indicating he had doubts based on prior research. This aligns closely with the third sense, "not convinced," as it directly pertains to Dr. Vogelstein's state of mind regarding the conclusion of their search.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "dubious" in this context is the third sense.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "search" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about researchers at Johns Hopkins, led by Dr. Vogelstein, using gene probes to identify a specific gene on chromosome 17 that, when damaged, could lead to colon cancer. They were experimentally "crawling down the length of chromosome 17" to find the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. The sentence in question is: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

1. The first sense is defined as "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone." The context involves researchers looking for a specific gene, which aligns with this definition. The synonyms provided are "hunt" and "hunting," which also fit the context of searching for a gene.

2. The second sense refers to "an investigation seeking answers." While this could broadly encompass the researchers' activities, the specific focus on finding a particular gene through a thorough examination of chromosome 17 makes it slightly more specific than a general investigation.

3. The third sense is related to "an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property," with a synonym "lookup." This is more related to computational operations, which could be argued to be relevant given the use of gene probes. However, the context emphasizes the research process rather than a specific computational lookup.

4. The fourth sense involves "the examination of alternative hypotheses." The context does involve evaluating the identity of a gene and its implications, but the phrase "the search was over" suggests a more direct activity of finding something rather than evaluating hypotheses.

5. The fifth sense is about "boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas," which is unrelated to the context.

Given the context, the researchers are engaged in a thorough activity to find a specific gene. The phrase "the search was over" implies that they were looking for something (in this case, the gene) and the activity of looking (or searching) has concluded. The most relevant definition is the first one: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone." This matches the activity described in the context.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "doubts" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research on identifying a gene that, when damaged, leads to colon cells becoming malignant. After identifying a piece of DNA on chromosome 17 that was lost in all tumor cells, Dr. Vogelstein had doubts. These doubts were based on previous research by Arnold Levine on a gene called p53, which could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "doubts," which is a noun form of "doubt." The context indicates that Dr. Vogelstein was uncertain or not entirely convinced about something related to his findings.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "the state of being unsure of something" with synonyms like uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness. This sense is quite general and relates to a state of mind where a person is not sure about something.
   - **Sense 2**: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" with synonyms like dubiousness, doubtfulness, question. The examples given include "the dubiousness of his claim" and "there is no question about the validity of the enterprise," indicating a more specific kind of uncertainty related to the truth or factuality of something.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - Dr. Vogelstein's "doubts" stemmed from the fact that another researcher had previously found a gene (p53) that could cause normal cells to become cancerous, and the deletion he found was in the same spot as p53. This indicates his uncertainty was about the truth or implications of his findings in relation to existing knowledge.
   - Both senses relate to being unsure, but Sense 2 is more specific to uncertainty about the truth or factuality of something, which aligns with Dr. Vogelstein's situation. He was uncertain about whether his identification of the gene was conclusive given the prior research on p53.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context, Dr. Vogelstein's doubts were specifically about the truth or factuality of his findings being conclusive or new, given the prior research. Thus, his doubts were more about the implications and truth of his discovery in light of existing research.

6. **Conclusion**: The best fit for "doubts" in this context is Sense 2, as it directly relates to uncertainty about the truth or factuality of Dr. Vogelstein's findings.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "stemmed" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about Dr. Vogelstein and his research on identifying a gene related to colon cancer. It mentions that his doubts "stemmed from the fact" that a previous researcher had found a gene called p53 that could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "grow out of, have roots in, originate in." The example given is "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war." This sense fits the context because Dr. Vogelstein's doubts originated or had their roots in the fact that another researcher had previously identified a gene (p53) that could cause normal cells to become cancerous.

2. The second sense is "cause to point inward" with an example of "stem your skis." This doesn't fit the context as there's no mention or implication of causing something to point inward.

3. The third sense is "stop the flow of a liquid" with synonyms like "stanch, staunch, halt" and an example "staunch the blood flow; stem the tide." While this is a valid use of "stem," it doesn't fit the context because there's no mention of stopping a liquid's flow.

4. The fourth sense is "remove the stem from" with an example related to natural language processing where words must be "stemmed." This doesn't fit the context as the discussion is about genetic research, not text processing.

Given the context and the definitions, the usage of "stemmed" in the sentence aligns with the first sense: "grow out of, have roots in, originate in." Dr. Vogelstein's doubts originated from a previous finding.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "fact" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about Dr. Vogelstein's research on identifying a gene that, when damaged, leads to colon cells becoming malignant. The sentence containing the target word is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The word "fact" here refers to a piece of information that is known to be true or has been verified. Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. A piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
2. A statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
3. An event known to have happened or something known to have existed.
4. A concept whose truth can be proved.

The sentence implies that Dr. Vogelstein's doubts were based on a previously known or verified piece of information - that Arnold Levine had found a gene (p53) that could transform normal cells into cancerous ones in experiments with mice. This information is not about an event happening or something existing in the real world directly but is more about a verified statement or assertion regarding the capability of the gene p53.

Sense 1 refers to a piece of information about existing circumstances or past events, which is somewhat relevant but not as directly related to verified information as another sense is.

Sense 2, "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened," fits well because the "fact" in question is about the verified finding by Arnold Levine regarding the gene p53's capability.

Sense 3 is about an event or something known to have existed, which doesn't directly apply to the context of a research finding being a piece of verified information.

Sense 4 refers to a concept whose truth can be proved, which is more related to scientific hypotheses or theories that have been proven, not directly applicable to the context of a specific research finding being a fact.

Given the context and the examples, the best fit for the target word "fact" is Sense 1, as it refers to "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred," and the information about Arnold Levine's finding is a piece of information about a past event (his research and its outcome).

Therefore, the best indexed sense is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "several" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "several" is used is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." Here, "several" is used to describe the noun "years," indicating a period of time that is more than 2 or 3 but not many.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: This sense is defined as "(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many." The examples given are "several letters came in the mail" and "several people were injured in the accident." This definition matches the usage in the given context, where "several years" implies a number of years that is more than 2 or 3 but not a large number.
   - **Sense 2**: Defined as "considered individually," with synonyms "respective" and "various." The example given is "specialists in their several fields." This sense implies a distinction or individual consideration among the items being referred to.
   - **Sense 3**: This sense is defined as "distinct and individual," with an example "three several times." It suggests separate or distinct instances.

3. **Applying the Context to the Candidate Senses**:
   - In the given context, "several" is used with the count noun "years" to indicate an indefinite number that is more than a few but not a large number. This matches **Sense 1**.
   - **Sense 2** and **Sense 3** do not fit as well because "several years earlier" is not emphasizing the individuality or distinctness of the years but rather indicating a quantity of time.

4. **Conclusion**: The usage of "several" in the context provided aligns with the definition and examples given for **Sense 1**. Therefore, the best indexed sense for "several" in this context is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "earlier" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Here, "earlier" is used to indicate that something happened before a specific point in time, which is the time when Dr. Vogelstein found a deletion. The context implies a comparison between two points in time: when Dr. Vogelstein's research took place and when Arnold Levine's research happened.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. "earlier in time; previously" - This sense fits the context because "earlier" is used to indicate that Arnold Levine's discovery happened before Dr. Vogelstein's findings. The synonym "before" and the example "I had known her before" support this interpretation, as it indicates something happening prior to another event.

2. "comparatives of `soon' or `early'" - This sense doesn't fit as well because "earlier" here isn't directly comparing the timing of events in terms of "soon" or "early" in a relative sense but rather indicating a past time relative to another past time.

3. "before now" - This sense is not the best fit because "earlier" is used here in relation to a past event (Dr. Vogelstein's findings), not directly in relation to the present ("now").

Given the context and the analysis, the best sense for "earlier" is the first one, as it correctly captures the meaning of something happening before another event in the past.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "found" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

The target sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Here, "found" is used in the context of scientific research and experimentation. Arnold Levine conducted experiments with mice and discovered that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:
- Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with synonyms "detect, observe, discover, notice" and examples like "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint." This sense fits the context of scientific discovery through experimentation.
- Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" with synonym "discover" and examples like "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This sense also seems relevant as it involves making a new discovery.

Given the context, both Sense 2 and Sense 8 seem plausible because they both relate to the idea of discovering something through investigation or experimentation. However, Sense 2 is more specific to discovering or determining the existence of something, which aligns well with the context of Arnold Levine's experiments and findings regarding the gene p53.

Upon closer inspection, the use of "found" in the context implies that Arnold Levine conducted experiments and through these experiments, he discovered or determined that the gene p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. This aligns with Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of," as it involves determining the effect or presence of a specific gene through experimentation.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "found" in the given context is Sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "experiments" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses researchers at Johns Hopkins and a Princeton University researcher conducting research related to genetics and cancer. Specifically, it mentions "experiments with mice" by Arnold Levine, indicating a scientific investigation.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "experiments" is used in the context of scientific research involving mice to study the effect of a gene called p53 on transforming normal cells into cancerous ones.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" with synonyms "experimentation". This definition aligns closely with scientific research.
   - **Sense 2**: "the testing of an idea" with synonyms "experimentation" and examples like "it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories". This sense is broad and encompasses various forms of testing ideas, not limited to scientific experiments.
   - **Sense 3**: "a venture at something new or different" with an example "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard". This implies trying something novel or unconventional, not necessarily in a scientific context.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context clearly indicates a scientific investigation involving mice to understand the role of a specific gene in cancer. This involves controlled testing or investigation, which is a hallmark of scientific research.
   - Both Sense 1 and Sense 2 relate to the concept of experimentation. However, Sense 1 is more specific to "conducting a controlled test or investigation," which fits well with the context of using gene probes and experimenting with mice in a laboratory setting.
   - Sense 3 does not fit as well because the context is not about trying something new or different in a non-scientific or casual sense but is focused on scientific research.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the definitions, **Sense 1** ("the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation") is the most appropriate. It directly relates to the scientific experiments described in the passage.

6. **Returning the Answer in the Required Format**:
   - The best indexed sense for "experiments" in the given context is Sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.