[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "become" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..."

1. The first sense suggests that "become" means to enter or assume a certain state or condition, with synonyms like "go" and "get". The example given is "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news." This sense fits well with the context because "become increasingly malignant" implies entering a state of increasing malignancy.

2. The second sense implies undergoing a change or development, with "turn" as a synonym. The example is "The water turned into ice." While this could potentially fit, the context doesn't explicitly imply a transformation into something entirely different (like water into ice), but rather a progression or change in state.

3. The third sense is about coming into existence, which doesn't directly apply to the context of polyps becoming malignant, as it implies the polyps are already in existence.

4. The fourth sense is about enhancing the appearance of something, with "suit" as a synonym. This doesn't fit the context at all, as "become" is not used to describe enhancing an appearance.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is the first one, as it directly relates to entering or assuming a certain state or condition ("increasingly malignant"). This matches the usage in the sentence where polyps "become increasingly malignant," indicating they are entering a state of increasing malignancy.

{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progress
Target surface form: progressing
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "progressing" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer, specifically how it develops in stages, often preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel. These polyps can become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages, "progressing from less severe to deadly."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "progressing" here describes the process of polyps becoming more malignant over time.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "develop in a positive way" with synonyms like "come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up." The example given is "He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along." The context here implies improvement or development, but it is generally used in a positive light, which doesn't perfectly fit the context of becoming "increasingly malignant."
   - **Sense 2**: "move forward, also in the metaphorical sense" with synonyms like "advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on." The example is "Time marches on." This sense implies movement or progression, often used metaphorically, and can be neutral or positive.
   - **Sense 3**: "form or accumulate steadily" with synonyms like "build up, work up, build." The examples given are "Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border." This implies a gradual formation or increase.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context describes polyps becoming "increasingly malignant" in stages, which implies a development or progression, not necessarily positive.
   - **Sense 1** is plausible because it involves development, but the development here is towards malignancy, not necessarily a "positive way."
   - **Sense 2** fits well because "progressing" is used metaphorically to describe the stages of cancer development, moving from less severe to deadly. It implies a forward movement or progression in the disease's severity.
   - **Sense 3** could be considered because it implies a gradual accumulation or formation, but it doesn't directly convey the idea of moving through stages towards a more severe condition as directly as Sense 2 does.

Given the context and the examples, **Sense 2** is the most appropriate. The word "progressing" is used to describe the movement or progression from one stage to another (from less severe to deadly), which aligns with the metaphorical use of "move forward" as in "Time marches on."

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "progressing" is Sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "less" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "less" appears is: "...progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." Here, "less" is used to describe the severity of the polyps' malignancy, indicating a progression from a lower level of severity to a higher level (deadly).

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: `less%4:02:00::` is defined as "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs." The synonyms provided are "to a lesser extent," and examples include "less interesting; less expensive." This sense is about comparing two things using "less" to indicate a lower degree of a particular quality.
   - **Sense 2**: `less%4:02:01::` is defined as "comparative of little." Examples given are "she walks less than she should; he works less these days." This sense is more about quantity, comparing the amount or degree of something.

3. **Applying the Context to the Candidate Senses**:
   - In the given sentence, "less severe" is used to describe the initial stage of the polyps becoming malignant. Here, "less" is used to form a comparative expression indicating a lower degree of severity.
   - The usage fits the first sense because "less" is used to modify the adjective "severe," indicating a comparative form ("less severe" vs. "more severe" or "deadly").

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The use of "less" in "less severe" aligns with the definition and examples provided for the first sense (`less%4:02:00::`), as it forms a comparative expression indicating a lower degree of severity.

5. **Returning the Answer**:
   - The first sense is indexed as "1". Therefore, the JSON object representing the best indexed sense for "less" in the given context is {"sense_index": 1}.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "less" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "less" appears is: "...progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring." Here, "less" is used to describe the severity of the polyps' malignancy, indicating a progression from a lower level of severity to a higher level (deadly).

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: `less%4:02:00::` is defined as "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs." The synonyms provided are "to a lesser extent," and examples include "less interesting; less expensive." This sense is about comparing two things using "less" to indicate a lower degree of a particular quality.
   - **Sense 2**: `less%4:02:01::` is defined as "comparative of little." Examples given are "she walks less than she should; he works less these days." This sense is more about quantity, comparing the amount or degree of something.

3. **Applying the Context to the Candidate Senses**:
   - In the given sentence, "less severe" is used to describe the initial stage of the polyps becoming malignant. Here, "less" is used to form a comparative expression indicating a lower degree of severity.
   - The usage fits the first sense because "less" is used to modify the adjective "severe," indicating a comparative form ("less severe" vs. "more severe" or "deadly").

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The use of "less" in "less severe" aligns with the definition and examples provided for the first sense (`less%4:02:00::`), as it forms a comparative expression indicating a lower degree of severity.

5. **Returning the Answer**:
   - The first sense is indexed as "1". Therefore, the JSON object representing the best indexed sense for "less" in the given context is {"sense_index": 1}.

{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "severe" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Here, "severe" is used to describe the progression of polyps in the bowel becoming more malignant. The context suggests a progression from less harmful or less serious to more harmful or deadly.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **severe%5:00:00:intense:00** - intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality. Synonyms: terrible, wicked. Examples: severe pain; a severe case of flu. This sense could apply as it describes something being very bad, but let's continue evaluating other options.

2. **severe%5:00:00:strong:00** - very strong or vigorous. Synonyms: hard, knockout. Examples: strong winds; a hard left to the chin. This doesn't directly relate to the context of disease progression or malignancy.

3. **severe%5:00:00:plain:01** - severely simple. Synonyms: austere, stark, stern. Examples: a stark interior. This sense doesn't fit the context as it relates to simplicity or plainness, not the severity of a condition.

4. **severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00** - unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment. Synonyms: spartan. Examples: a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien. This sense is more about discipline or demeanor, not directly relevant to the context.

5. **severe%5:00:00:critical:03** - causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm. Synonyms: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening. Examples: a dangerous operation; a grave situation. This sense is relevant as it describes a condition that is serious or dangerous.

6. **severe%5:00:01:bad:00** - very bad in degree or extent. Examples: a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage. This sense is also relevant as it describes something being very bad.

Given the context, "severe" is used to describe the progression of malignancy in polyps. The most relevant senses are those that describe something as being very bad or serious. Both senses 1 and 6 directly relate to the degree or extent of something being bad, and sense 5 relates to the seriousness or danger of a condition.

Between these, **sense_index: 1** (severe%5:00:00:intense:00) is a strong candidate because it describes the intensity or extremity of a bad condition, which fits the context of describing the progression of malignancy. However, the distinction between these senses can be subtle, and the context suggests a focus on the degree or extent of malignancy.

Upon closer inspection, the best fit is **{"sense_index": 1}** because it directly addresses the intensity or extremity of the condition (malignancy) being described, aligning with the use of "severe" to indicate a progression towards more malignant (and thus more intensely or extremely bad) stages.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "severe" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Here, "severe" is used to describe the progression of polyps in the bowel becoming more malignant. The context suggests a progression from less harmful or less serious to more harmful or deadly.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **severe%5:00:00:intense:00** - intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality. Synonyms: terrible, wicked. Examples: severe pain; a severe case of flu. This sense could apply as it describes something being very bad, but let's continue evaluating other options.

2. **severe%5:00:00:strong:00** - very strong or vigorous. Synonyms: hard, knockout. Examples: strong winds; a hard left to the chin. This doesn't directly relate to the context of disease progression or malignancy.

3. **severe%5:00:00:plain:01** - severely simple. Synonyms: austere, stark, stern. Examples: a stark interior. This sense doesn't fit the context as it relates to simplicity or plainness, not the severity of a condition.

4. **severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00** - unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment. Synonyms: spartan. Examples: a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien. This sense is more about discipline or demeanor, not directly relevant to the context.

5. **severe%5:00:00:critical:03** - causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm. Synonyms: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening. Examples: a dangerous operation; a grave situation. This sense is relevant as it describes a condition that is serious or dangerous.

6. **severe%5:00:01:bad:00** - very bad in degree or extent. Examples: a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage. This sense is also relevant as it describes something being very bad.

Given the context, "severe" is used to describe the progression of malignancy in polyps. The most relevant senses are those that describe something as being very bad or serious. Both senses 1 and 6 directly relate to the degree or extent of something being bad, and sense 5 relates to the seriousness or danger of a condition.

Between these, **sense_index: 1** (severe%5:00:00:intense:00) is a strong candidate because it describes the intensity or extremity of a bad condition, which fits the context of describing the progression of malignancy. However, the distinction between these senses can be subtle, and the context suggests a focus on the degree or extent of malignancy.

Upon closer inspection, the best fit is **{"sense_index": 1}** because it directly addresses the intensity or extremity of the condition (malignancy) being described, aligning with the use of "severe" to indicate a progression towards more malignant (and thus more intensely or extremely bad) stages.

{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "deadly" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the progression of colon cancer, mentioning that it often develops in stages, starting from less severe to "deadly" forms, as though a cascade of genetic damage is occurring. The term "deadly" here is used to describe the increasingly malignant stages of cancer.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Causing or capable of causing death - This sense fits the context as it describes the potential of the cancer to cause death.
2. Of an instrument of certain death - This sense implies a more direct and immediate cause of death, typically associated with weapons or poisons.
3. Extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom - While cancer can be harmful, the term "deadly" is not used here to directly imply venom or extreme poisonousness in the biological sense.
4. Involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death - This sense is unrelated to the physical or medical context provided.
5. Exceedingly harmful - This is a broader sense that could apply, as cancer is harmful, but it's less specific to causing death than sense 1.
6. (Of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect - While this sense could apply to cancer, it specifically mentions a "rapid course and violent effect," which isn't directly implied by the context.

The context implies that "deadly" is used to describe the potential of the cancer to cause death as it progresses. Sense 1 ("causing or capable of causing death") directly aligns with this interpretation. The synonyms provided for this sense, such as "deathly" and "mortal," and the example "a deadly enemy," support this understanding, though the example isn't directly analogous, the definition fits.

Therefore, the best sense for "deadly" in this context is the one that describes something as capable of causing death.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "genetic" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research on cancer, specifically focusing on the progression of colon cancer and the hypothesis that it arises from multiple "hits" on cancer suppressor genes. The term "genetic damage" is used in the context of a cascade of damage occurring in identifiable stages as cancer progresses from less severe to deadly.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to traits or diseases that are "inheritable" and "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity." While cancer can have a hereditary component, the context here focuses on the genetic damage occurring within the cells of an individual, not necessarily on familial or inherited traits.

2. The second sense is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene." The term "genetic code" is given as an example, and "genic combinations" is provided as a synonym. The context mentions "genetic damage," which aligns with the idea of damage related to genes.

3. The third sense pertains to "origin," with an example of reconstructing the origins of a literary work. While this sense is related to the concept of genesis or origin, it doesn't directly relate to the biological or scientific context provided.

4. The fourth sense is "of or relating to the science of genetics." The example given is "genetic research." While the context does involve research related to genetics, the term "genetic" is used to describe "damage," which is more directly related to the genes themselves rather than the science studying them.

Given the context, the term "genetic damage" is most directly related to damage caused to or by genes. Thus, the most appropriate sense is the one that relates to genes.

The best sense for "genetic" in this context is related to genes, which corresponds to sense index 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "damage" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses genetic changes and their relation to cancer development, specifically focusing on Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer and the concept of genetic "damage" or alterations that might lead to cancer. The term "damage" is used in the context of genetic changes occurring in stages, potentially leading to malignancy.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00::**: Refers to "the occurrence of a change for the worse" with synonyms "harm, impairment". This sense is related to a negative change or deterioration.
   - **2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01::**: Pertains to "loss of military equipment" with the synonym "equipment casualty". This is specific to a military context.
   - **3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00::**: Defines "the act of damaging something or someone" with synonyms "harm, hurt, scathe". This sense involves causing harm or injury.
   - **4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00::**: Relates to "the amount of money needed to purchase something" with synonyms "price, terms". This is about financial cost or price.
   - **5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01::**: Concerns "any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right" with synonyms "wrong, legal injury". This is a legal context.

3. **Relating Candidate Senses to the Context**: The context is about genetic alterations and their potential to cause cancer. The term "damage" is used to describe these genetic changes. The most relevant sense should relate to the concept of harm or negative change at a genetic level.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is scientific and biological, focusing on genetic changes.
   - Senses 2, 4, and 5 are less relevant as they pertain to military equipment loss, financial cost, and legal injury, respectively.
   - Between senses 1 and 3, both of which relate to harm or negative change, **sense 1 ("the occurrence of a change for the worse")** is more appropriate because it directly refers to the result or state of being damaged (in this case, genetic material), which fits the context of genetic alterations leading to cancer.

5. **Indexed Sense Selection**: The first sense ("damage%1:11:00::") corresponds to the definition that best matches the context provided.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "damage" in the given context is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurring
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "occurring" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer and his hypothesis that it might arise from multiple genetic "hits" on cancer suppressor genes. It mentions that colon cancer often develops in stages, preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which can become increasingly malignant. The sentence with the target word "occurring" suggests that a cascade of genetic damage might be happening as the disease progresses.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "occurring" is a present participle form of the verb "occur," indicating an action that is happening or taking place.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "come to pass" with synonyms like "happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out." The examples given include "What is happening?" and "The meeting took place off without an incidence." This sense implies an event or a series of events taking place.
   - **Sense 2**: "come to one's mind; suggest itself" with the synonym "come." Examples include "It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary" and "A great idea then came to her." This sense is related to having an idea or thought.
   - **Sense 3**: "to be found to exist." An example given is "sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil." This sense indicates the existence or presence of something in a particular place or context.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is discussing a "cascade of genetic damage" in relation to the progression of colon cancer. This implies a process or series of events happening or taking place.
   - **Sense 1** ("come to pass") fits well because it implies events (in this case, genetic damage) happening or taking place. The context suggests that as colon cancer progresses, a series of genetic damages is occurring.
   - **Sense 2** is not relevant as the passage is not discussing ideas coming to mind.
   - **Sense 3** could be considered because it talks about something existing or being found. However, the focus here is on a process ("a cascade of genetic damage") rather than the static existence of something.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the meaning of "occurring" as it relates to a process or series of events (genetic damage) happening, **Sense 1** is the most appropriate. It correctly captures the idea of events (genetic damage) happening or taking place as part of the disease's progression.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "occurring" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "student" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context describes Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral "student", Eric Fearon, working together on a research project involving the probing of chromosomes for signs of genetic damage. The term "doctoral student" is a common academic term referring to an individual pursuing a doctoral degree.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines a "student" as "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution." The synonyms provided are "pupil" and "educatee." The context mentions a "doctoral student," which aligns with this definition, as a doctoral student is indeed enrolled in an educational institution and is learning.

2. The second sense defines a "student" as "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines." The synonyms given are "scholar," "scholarly person," and "bookman." While a doctoral student might be considered a scholar or scholarly person due to their advanced studies, the term "student" itself in the context provided emphasizes their role as a learner rather than solely as a learned person.

Given the context that Eric Fearon is described as a "doctoral student" working under Dr. Vogelstein, it is clear that he is in the process of learning and pursuing his doctoral degree. This aligns more closely with the first sense, which defines a student as a learner enrolled in an educational institution.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "student" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "began" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

Here, "began" is used to indicate the initiation of an action, specifically "months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes." This action is something that Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon started doing.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=begin%2:30:00::** - definition: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action.
   - synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out.
   - examples: "We began working at dawn; Who will start?"
   - This sense fits the context as it involves taking the first step in carrying out an action ("probing of the chromosomes").

2. Other senses either don't fit as well or are less relevant to the context. For example, sense 3 involves causing something to start, which is not exactly the case here since "began" is used intransitively in the context of starting an action, not causing an event to start.

Given the context and the examples, the most suitable definition is the one that involves taking the first step or steps in carrying out an action.

The best sense for "began" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tedious
Target surface form: tedious
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the word "tedious" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context describes Dr. Vogelstein and his doctoral student, Eric Fearon, engaging in months of "tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage." The activity is described as part of a research process that involves searching for genetic deletions in chromosomes, which is a detailed and potentially time-consuming task.

The two candidate senses for "tedious" are:
1. So lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness, with synonyms like boring, dull, and irksome.
2. Using or containing too many words, with synonyms like long-winded, verbose, and wordy.

The context suggests that the research work being done by Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon is detailed and potentially monotonous, involving a lot of probing and searching through chromosomes for genetic damage. This task is described as "tedious and often frustrating," indicating that the tediousness comes from the nature of the work being dull or uninteresting rather than it being overly verbose.

The examples given for the first sense, such as "a boring evening with uninteresting people" and "the deadening effect of some routine tasks," align well with the context of doing months of detailed and potentially monotonous research work. The synonyms provided for the first sense, like "boring," "dull," and "irksome," also fit the description of the research task as being tedious.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "tedious" in this context is the first one, which corresponds to sense_index = 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "often" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer, focusing on its development stages and genetic damage. The word "often" is used in three instances within this context:
   - "...it often seems to develop in stages."
   - "...It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
   - "...months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes..."

2. **Understanding the Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "many times at short intervals" with synonyms like "frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes" and an example "we often met over a cup of coffee." This implies a repetition or frequency over time.
   - **Sense 2**: "frequently or in great quantities" with synonyms "much, a great deal" and examples like "I don't drink much; I don't travel much." This sense is more about the quantity or degree rather than frequency over time.
   - **Sense 3**: "in many cases or instances." This sense is about the prevalence or commonality across different cases or situations.

3. **Applying the Context to the Senses**:
   - For "...it often seems to develop in stages," Sense 1 ("many times at short intervals") could fit if we consider "it" refers to colon cancer cases happening frequently over time. However, Sense 3 ("in many cases or instances") also fits well as it indicates that in many instances, colon cancer develops in stages.
   - For "...It often is preceded by the development of polyps...," again both Sense 1 and Sense 3 could apply, but Sense 3 is more appropriate as it signifies that in many cases, the development of polyps precedes colon cancer.
   - For "...tedious and often frustrating probing...," "often" modifies "frustrating," indicating that the probing was frequently frustrating, aligning with Sense 1.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - Upon closer inspection, the first two instances of "often" are better described by Sense 3, as they refer to the commonality or prevalence of certain characteristics or events across different instances or cases of colon cancer.
   - The third instance aligns more with Sense 1, as it describes the frequency of the experience of frustration during the probing.

However, given the task is to choose a single best indexed sense for "often" as it appears in the context, and noting that "often" is used in slightly different ways across the three instances, we need to consider which sense is most representative or applicable.

Given the context and the examples, **Sense 1** ("many times at short intervals") is a strong candidate because it fits the third instance directly and can be related to the first two instances in terms of indicating frequency. However, the first two instances lean more towards indicating a general prevalence across cases (Sense 3).

Upon careful consideration, the most encompassing choice that fits the usage of "often" in indicating frequency or prevalence across the different contexts provided is **Sense 3**, as it broadly captures the idea of something being true or happening "in many cases or instances," which is applicable to the discussion of general trends or common patterns in the development of colon cancer.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: searching
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
3. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "searching" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, probing chromosomes for signs of genetic damage in the context of colon cancer research. The sentence specifically mentions "months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

1. The first sense is defined as "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" with synonyms "seek, look for." The example given is about the police searching for clues or a missing man. While this sense could fit the context of searching for signs of genetic damage, it's more about physical or direct searching.

2. The second sense is "search or seek" with the synonym "look." The examples provided are about looking for a child in a forest or a perfect gift. This sense is somewhat generic and doesn't directly relate to the context of scientific research or investigation into chromosomes.

3. The third sense is "inquire into" with synonyms "research, explore." The examples are about researching the history of the Second World War or searching for information on relatives on the web. This sense aligns closely with the context of Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon's work, as they are essentially researching or exploring chromosomes for genetic damage.

4. The fourth sense involves "subject to a search," with examples of the police searching a suspect or searching a house for missing keys. This sense implies a more direct action on a specific subject or object rather than an investigative or research-oriented process.

Given the context, Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon are engaged in a detailed investigation or research into chromosomes to find signs of genetic damage. This activity is more aligned with inquiring into or researching something, which matches the third sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "searching" in this context is the third sense.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signs
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "genetic" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context revolves around Dr. Vogelstein and his research on colon cancer, focusing on the concept of "genetic damage" and the probing of chromosomes for signs of such damage. The discussion is centered around the genetic aspects of cancer development, specifically the idea that colon cancer might arise from multiple "hits" on cancer suppressor genes and the observation of a "cascade of genetic damage."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to traits or conditions occurring among family members usually by heredity. While heredity is relevant to the broader topic of genetics and cancer, the specific context here is about the genetic damage at a cellular level rather than familial or inherited traits.

2. The second sense is related to genes, specifically being or relating to or produced by a gene. The context mentions "genetic damage," "cancer suppressor genes," and the probing of chromosomes, which directly relates to the concept of genes and genetic material.

3. The third sense pertains to the origin of something. While the origin of cancer or genetic damage could be considered, the context is more focused on the genetic mechanisms and damage rather than tracing back the origin of a condition or a literary work.

4. The fourth sense is about the science of genetics. The context is indeed related to genetic research, as it involves studying genetic damage and the role of genes in cancer.

Given the context, the term "genetic" is used to describe "damage" at the level of genes or chromosomes. The most relevant sense here is the one that directly relates to genes or the concept of being produced by or related to genes.

The best match for the context provided is the second sense, which is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene." This is because the discussion is centered around genetic damage and the role of genes in the development of cancer.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "genetic" in this context is sense_index 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "began" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."

The first occurrence of "began" is in the sentence "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage." Here, "began" indicates the initiation of an action (probing of the chromosomes), which aligns with the definition of taking the first step or steps in carrying out an action.

The second occurrence is in "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions," where again, "began" signifies the start of an action (uncovering genetic deletions).

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **take the first step or steps in carrying out an action** - This definition fits both occurrences of "began" as it indicates the initiation of actions (probing and uncovering).
2. **have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense** - This doesn't directly apply to the actions described.
3. **set in motion, cause to start** - While related, this sense implies a causative aspect that isn't directly relevant here.
4. **begin to speak or say** - Not applicable as "began" is not related to speaking.
5. **be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series** - Not relevant to the context.
6. **have a beginning, of a temporal event** - This could apply but is more general and doesn't directly relate to the action initiation.
7. **have a beginning characterized in some specified way** - Similar to 6, it's not directly relevant.
8. **begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object** - This is somewhat relevant but is more specific to certain direct objects (like "begin a cigar").
9. **achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative** - Not applicable as it's used in a negative context and doesn't fit the usage here.
10. **begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language** - Not relevant.

Both instances of "began" in the context are best described by sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action." The synonyms provided for this sense, such as "get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out," and the examples ("We began working at dawn; Who will start?"), support this interpretation.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "began" is 1.

{"sense_index": 1}