[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propose
Target surface form: proposed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. <t>proposed</t> that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propose%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=suggest, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=propose%2:31:00:: | definition=present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. | synonyms=project | examples=He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity
3. sense_key=propose%2:31:01:: | definition=propose or intend | synonyms=aim, purpose, purport | examples=I aim to arrive at noon
4. sense_key=propose%2:41:00:: | definition=put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position | synonyms=nominate | examples=The President nominated her as head of the Civil Rights Commission
5. sense_key=propose%2:32:01:: | definition=ask (someone) to marry you | synonyms=declare oneself, offer, pop the question | examples=he popped the question on Sunday night; she proposed marriage to the man she had known for only two months

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "proposed" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about a pediatrician, Alfred G. Knudson Jr., who put forward a theory regarding the origin of retinoblastoma, suggesting it stemmed from two separate genetic defects. The sentence structure and the surrounding text indicate that Knudson is presenting a hypothesis or theory for consideration.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense involves making a proposal or declaring a plan for something, often with the intention of implementing it. While Knudson is presenting an idea, the context doesn't strongly suggest a plan or proposal in the sense of a concrete action to be taken.

2. The second sense is about presenting something for consideration, examination, or criticism. Knudson's action of suggesting that retinoblastoma stems from two genetic defects fits this description well, as he is presenting a theory for consideration and examination by the scientific community.

3. The third sense involves proposing or intending to do something. The context doesn't directly indicate that Knudson is expressing an intention or aim to achieve something directly through his proposal.

4. The fourth sense is related to nominating someone for a position or honor. The context doesn't support this interpretation, as Knudson is not nominating a person.

5. The fifth sense is about proposing marriage, which is clearly not relevant to the context.

Given the context and the definitions, the most appropriate sense is the second one, as Knudson is presenting a new theory or hypothesis (that retinoblastoma stems from two separate genetic defects) for consideration and examination.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "proposed" in the given context is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "stemmed" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

Here, "stemmed" is used to indicate the origin or cause of retinoblastoma. The context suggests that retinoblastoma is a result of or originates from two separate genetic defects.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "grow out of, have roots in, originate in" with an example: "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war." This sense fits the context as it implies that retinoblastoma originates from or has its roots in two separate genetic defects.

2. The second sense is "cause to point inward" with an example related to skiing ("stem your skis"). This doesn't fit the context of the sentence.

3. The third sense is "stop the flow of a liquid" with synonyms like "stanch, staunch, halt" and examples like "staunch the blood flow; stem the tide." This doesn't match the context either.

4. The fourth sense is "remove the stem from" with an example related to natural language processing ("for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed"). This is also unrelated to the context.

Given the context and the definitions, the first sense ("grow out of, have roots in, originate in") is the most appropriate as it correctly conveys the idea that retinoblastoma originates from two separate genetic defects.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "stemmed" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: separate
Target surface form: separate
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=separate%3:00:00:: | definition=independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways
2. sense_key=separate%5:00:00:detached:00 | definition=standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | synonyms=freestanding | examples=a freestanding bell tower; a house with a separate garage
3. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:segregated:00 | definition=separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | examples=separate but equal; girls and boys in separate classes
4. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:unconnected:00 | definition=have the connection undone; having become separate | synonyms=disjoined

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "separate" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

Here, "separate" is used to describe "genetic defects," indicating that there are two distinct or independent genetic defects.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "independent; not united or joint" with examples like "a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways." This sense aligns with the context, as it implies two distinct genetic defects.

2. The second sense refers to something "standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything," which doesn't directly relate to the context of genetic defects.

3. The third sense is about being "separated according to race, sex, class, or religion," which is not relevant to the context.

4. The fourth sense implies having a connection undone or having become separate, which could potentially fit but is more about the process of becoming separate rather than being distinct or independent from the start.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is the first one, as it correctly conveys the idea of two distinct or independent genetic defects.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "separate" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "genetic" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the role of tumor-suppressing genes in cancer, specifically how the inactivation of these genes can lead to various forms of cancer. It mentions that inheriting defective versions of these genes can make people more prone to cancer and references the work of Alfred G. Knudson Jr. on retinoblastoma stemming from two separate genetic defects.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to something being "inheritable" and "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity." The context does discuss the inheritance of defective genes and the familial occurrence of certain cancers, which aligns with this sense. However, the term "genetic" here is used to describe "defects," which is more directly related to genes themselves rather than the broader concept of heredity or familial traits.

2. The second sense is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene." The context is heavily focused on genes (tumor-suppressing genes, genes related to cancer, etc.), and the term "genetic defects" directly relates to the genes themselves.

3. The third sense pertains to "origin," as in reconstructing the origins of a literary work. While the context does touch upon the origin of certain cancers (in terms of genetic defects), this sense seems less directly related to the use of "genetic" in the context.

4. The fourth sense is "of or relating to the science of genetics." While the discussion is certainly within the realm of genetics, the term "genetic" is used to describe "defects," which is more specific than referring to the science as a whole.

Given the context, "genetic defects" most directly relates to genes and their role in cancer. Thus, the most appropriate sense is the one that directly relates to genes.

The best sense for "genetic" in this context is related to genes, making sense_index 2 the most appropriate choice.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defect
Target surface form: defects
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information
3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer
4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "defects" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses genetic factors related to cancer, specifically focusing on tumor-suppressing genes and their role in various cancers. It mentions that researchers are investigating genes that, when defective, may lead to cancer. The term "defects" is used in the context of genetic mutations or alterations that can lead to cancer.

2. **Understanding the Term "Defects"**: In this context, "defects" refers to genetic mutations or alterations. The passage talks about "two separate genetic defects" leading to retinoblastoma, a type of eye cancer.

3. **Examining the Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01::**: "an imperfection in a bodily system". The examples given include "visual defects" and "defects in the lungs", which relate to bodily systems or organs.
   - **2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01::**: "a failing or deficiency". This is more abstract and relates to a lack or shortcoming, not necessarily physical.
   - **3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00::**: "an imperfection in an object or machine". This sense is more about tangible objects or machines having flaws.
   - **4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00::**: "a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something". This is more related to aesthetic flaws, especially on a person's body.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is about genetic mutations leading to cancer. The term "defects" here refers to genetic imperfections or mutations.
   - Sense 1 ("an imperfection in a bodily system") is the closest because it relates to "bodily systems" and includes examples like "defects in the lungs", which can be interpreted to include genetic defects in the context of bodily functions or systems.
   - While Sense 3 ("an imperfection in an object or machine") could metaphorically apply if we consider genes as objects, it's less directly related to the context of bodily or genetic systems than Sense 1.

5. **Conclusion**: The most appropriate sense for "defects" in the given context is related to genetic or bodily system imperfections, which aligns with Sense 1.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "defects" is: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theorize
Target surface form: theorized
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theorize%2:31:00:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=speculate, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=theorize%2:31:02:: | definition=construct a theory about | examples=Galileo theorized the motion of the stars
3. sense_key=theorize%2:31:01:: | definition=form or construct theories | examples=he thinks and theorizes all day

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "theorized" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses researchers investigating tumor-suppressing genes and their relation to various cancers. It mentions Alfred G. Knudson Jr.'s proposal regarding the genetic basis of retinoblastoma, suggesting that the disease results from two separate genetic defects.

2. **Target Word Analysis**: The word "theorized" is used in the context of Knudson's work, indicating that he proposed or hypothesized a theory about the genetic mechanism behind retinoblastoma.

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds." The synonyms include speculate, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, etc. The example given is "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps." This sense involves forming a belief or hypothesis, often without firm evidence.
   - **Sense 2**: "construct a theory about." The example is "Galileo theorized the motion of the stars." This implies developing a theoretical framework or explanation for a particular phenomenon.
   - **Sense 3**: "form or construct theories." The example is "he thinks and theorizes all day." This sense is more general, indicating the act of creating or developing theories, possibly without a specific focus.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Knudson's action described in the passage involves proposing a specific hypothesis about the genetic defects leading to retinoblastoma. This is not just a general belief or speculation but involves constructing a theory about a specific phenomenon (the genetic basis of retinoblastoma).
   - **Sense 1** is plausible because Knudson's theory was based on his understanding and hypothesis at the time, which could be considered as speculating or hypothesizing. However, it slightly leans towards general speculation rather than theory construction.
   - **Sense 2** directly relates to constructing a theory about a specific phenomenon (retinoblastoma and its genetic defects), which aligns with Knudson's actions described in the passage.
   - **Sense 3** is more about the general activity of theorizing, which doesn't directly focus on the specific action of Knudson theorizing about retinoblastoma.

Given the context and the specific action described (Knudson proposing a theory about the genetic defects in retinoblastoma), **Sense 2** ("construct a theory about") is the most appropriate. It directly corresponds to the action of theorizing about a specific phenomenon, which is what Knudson did regarding retinoblastoma.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "theorized" in the given context is **2**.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the word "copy" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses genetics and the concept of tumor-suppressor genes, specifically how an infant might inherit a damaged copy of a gene from one parent. The relevant sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. A reproduction of a written record (e.g., of a legal or school record) - This doesn't fit the context because the discussion is about genes, not written records.
2. A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - This sense is plausible because, in genetics, a copy of a gene refers to one of the instances of the gene, which is similar or identical to another instance (its homologue or the other allele).
3. Matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials - This doesn't fit the context as the discussion is about genetics, not printed matter.
4. Material suitable for a journalistic account - This also doesn't fit because the context is scientific/genetic, not journalistic.

Given the context, the word "copy" refers to an instance or version of a gene. The most relevant definition is "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," as it aligns with the genetic concept of having multiple instances (copies) of a gene.

The best indexed sense for "copy" in this context is therefore sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "parent" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses genetic inheritance and the passing down of genes from parents to offspring, specifically in relation to the risk of developing certain cancers. The sentence containing the target word "parent" mentions that "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

The two candidate senses provided are:
1. A father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
2. An organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

The context clearly refers to the biological transmission of genes from a parent to their child. While both senses could potentially fit in a broad interpretation, the specific discussion about genetic inheritance aligns closely with the first sense, which involves the biological relationship between a parent and child.

The second sense, referring to an organism from which younger ones are obtained, is more general and could apply to various contexts, including plants and animals. However, the specific context here is about human genetics and the inheritance of genes from parents.

Given the context and focusing on the specific discussion about human genetics and the inheritance of a gene from a parent, the most appropriate sense is the first one, which directly relates to a human parent.

Thus, the best indexed sense for "parent" in this context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "normal" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the genetic aspects of cancer, specifically tumor-suppressor genes and their role in the development of certain cancers. It mentions that an infant inherits a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a "normal" copy from the other, and the tumor develops when the second, "normal" copy is also damaged.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to something conforming to a standard or norm. The example given is "serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations." This sense is about being typical or standard in a broad sense.

2. The second sense is about being in accordance with scientific laws. There's no direct example provided, but it implies a sense of being consistent with established principles or rules in science.

3. The third sense is about being approximately average or within certain limits, particularly in aspects like intelligence and development. An example is given as "a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence." This sense focuses on the average or expected condition.

4. The fourth sense is about forming a right angle, which is a geometric or spatial relationship.

Given the context, the word "normal" is used to describe a gene copy that is not damaged or defective, implying it is typical or as expected in a healthy individual. The discussion is about genetics and the expected state of a gene.

The use of "normal" here contrasts with "damaged" or "defective," suggesting a comparison to a standard or typical condition. While the first sense (conforming with or constituting a norm or standard) seems relevant because it discusses being typical or standard, the context is more specifically about the genetic condition being average or expected (not damaged).

The third sense ("being approximately average or within certain limits") fits well because it implies that a "normal" gene copy is one that is not defective or damaged, aligning with the idea of being within the expected or average condition.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "normal" in this context is the third sense.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "copy" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses genetic research, specifically focusing on tumor-suppressing genes and the genetic basis of certain cancers. It mentions that an infant might inherit a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "copy," and it appears in the context of genetics, referring to a version or replica of a gene.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00::**: Refers to a reproduction of a written record. While this involves the concept of replication, it's more related to documents or records rather than genetic material.
   - **2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00::**: Defines a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. The example given is "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor." This sense can be related to the genetic context, as it involves making something identical to another, which can be applied to the replication or presence of genes.
   - **3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01::**: Pertains to matter to be printed, exclusive of graphical materials. This is more related to written or printed content and doesn't directly relate to genetic material.
   - **4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02::**: Refers to material suitable for a journalistic account. This is not relevant to the genetic context.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is about genetics and genes, not about written records, printed matter, or journalistic content.
   - The term "copy" is used to refer to a version of a gene, implying something that is similar or identical to another (in this case, a gene inherited from a parent).
   - Sense 2 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing") is the most relevant because it encompasses the idea of having a replica or version of something (a gene), which aligns with the genetic context provided.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "copy" in the given context is **2**.

Therefore, the response in the required JSON format is: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "developed" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

Here, "developed" refers to the process of a tumor coming into existence or growing due to a specific genetic condition.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation" - This doesn't directly relate to the context of a tumor growing.
2. "work out" or "evolve, germinate" - While "evolve" is a synonym, the context is more about the occurrence of a tumor rather than a theory or concept evolving.
3. "gain through experience" - This doesn't fit the context as the tumor's development isn't described as being gained through experience.
4. "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - This sense is relevant as it involves a change in physical attributes, such as a tumor developing.
5. "come into existence; take on form or shape" - This is a plausible sense as it involves something (a tumor) coming into existence or taking form.
6. Other senses relate to developing resources, theories, skills, or technologies, which aren't directly relevant to the context.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is related to the tumor coming into existence or growing. Sense 5 ("come into existence; take on form or shape") and sense 4 ("come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)") are the closest. However, "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" more directly relates to the development or growth of a tumor as it implies a change in physical attributes.

The best match is sense 5, as it directly implies the tumor coming into existence.

{"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "normal" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the genetic aspects of cancer, specifically the role of tumor-suppressor genes and the theory proposed by Dr. Knudson regarding the development of retinoblastoma. The sentence where "normal" appears is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Here, "normal" is used to describe a copy of a gene that is not damaged or defective, implying it is functioning as it should according to its typical or expected state.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "normal" as conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal. This sense aligns with the context because the "normal copy" of the gene refers to one that is not defective, thus conforming to the standard or expected state of the gene.

2. The second sense refers to being in accordance with scientific laws, which doesn't directly apply to the context of describing a gene copy as normal or not.

3. The third sense talks about being approximately average or within certain limits, which could apply in a broad sense but is less directly related to the specific context of a gene being normal or defective.

4. The fourth sense is related to geometry, describing something as forming a right angle, which is not relevant to the context.

Given the context and the definitions, the first sense ("conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal") is the most appropriate because it directly relates to the idea of a gene being in its typical or expected state, i.e., not damaged.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "normal" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "copy" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the story of tumor-suppressor genes and a theory proposed by Dr. Knudson regarding retinoblastoma, an eye cancer. It mentions that an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other, and the tumor developed when the second, normal copy was also damaged.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. A reproduction of a written record (e.g., of a legal or school record) - This sense doesn't fit the context as it refers to a written record, not a genetic context.
2. A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - This sense is relevant because it talks about something being made similar or identical to another. In genetics, a copy of a gene refers to an instance or a version of the gene, which can be similar (normal copy) or different (damaged copy) from another instance.
3. Matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials - This sense is not relevant to the context as it refers to written or printed material, not genetic information.
4. Material suitable for a journalistic account - This sense is also not relevant as it pertains to news or journalistic content, not genetics.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is the one that refers to something being made similar or identical to another thing, which aligns with the concept of having multiple instances (copies) of a gene.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "copy" in this context is sense_index 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "damaged" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the concept of tumor-suppressor genes and their relation to cancer. It mentions that an infant might inherit a "damaged copy of a gene" from a parent and that a tumor develops when the second, normal copy of the gene is also "damaged". The context is scientific and biological, focusing on genetic defects and their implications for health.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "damaged" is used to describe the state of a gene copy. In this context, "damaged" refers to a gene that has been harmed or altered in such a way that it no longer functions correctly.

3. **Examining the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: This sense is defined as "harmed or injured or spoiled". The examples given include "I won't buy damaged goods" and "the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings". This sense aligns with the general understanding of something being physically or functionally harmed.
   - **Sense 2**: This sense is described as "being unjustly brought into disrepute" with the synonym "discredited". An example given is "a discredited politician; her damaged reputation". This sense pertains to the deterioration of someone's or something's reputation.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is about genetic defects and their role in cancer development. The term "damaged" is used to describe a gene that is not functioning properly due to defects or alterations.
   - The first sense ("harmed or injured or spoiled") can be applied to the context of genes being defective or not functioning correctly. It aligns with the idea of a gene being altered or "damaged" in a way that contributes to disease.
   - The second sense ("being unjustly brought into disrepute") does not fit the context as it relates to reputation rather than physical or functional damage.

5. **Conclusion**: Given the context and the definitions of the candidate senses, the most appropriate sense for "damaged" is the first one, as it correctly describes the state of being harmed or injured, which in this case applies to genes.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "damaged" is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prove
Target surface form: prove
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prove%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=turn out, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=prove%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=demonstrate, establish, show, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=prove%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, evidence, show | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=prove%2:31:02:: | definition=prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof
5. sense_key=prove%2:41:03:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
6. sense_key=prove%2:38:01:: | definition=increase in volume | synonyms=rise | examples=the dough rose slowly in the warm room
7. sense_key=prove%2:38:00:: | definition=cause to puff up with a leaven | synonyms=raise, leaven | examples=unleavened bread
8. sense_key=prove%2:36:00:: | definition=take a trial impression of
9. sense_key=prove%2:31:01:: | definition=obtain probate of | examples=prove a will

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "prove" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about researchers discussing the role of tumor-suppressor genes in the development of certain cancers and referencing a theory by Dr. Alfred G. Knudson Jr. regarding retinoblastoma. The sentence specifically mentions that "there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory" at the time it was proposed.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is about being shown or found to be something, which doesn't directly fit the context of actively proving a theory.
2. The second sense involves establishing the validity of something through an example, explanation, or experiment. This is a strong candidate because proving a scientific theory typically involves demonstrating its validity through evidence or experimentation.
3. The third sense is about providing evidence for something. While related, it's somewhat broader than the act of proving a specific theory.
4. The fourth sense is specific to formal or mathematical proof, which could be relevant but may be too narrow depending on the context of "proving" a theory in genetics.
5. The fifth sense involves testing or trying something out, which is not exactly the same as proving a theory.
6. The remaining senses (6 through 9) are less relevant as they pertain to different contexts such as cooking, printing, or legal matters.

Given the context, the act of "proving Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory" is most closely related to establishing the validity of a scientific theory. While the theory is not necessarily mathematical, the closest sense that captures the essence of demonstrating or establishing the validity of something (in this case, a scientific theory) is the second sense: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment."

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "prove" in this context is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theory
Target surface form: theory
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "<t>theory</t>. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theory%1:09:00:: | definition=a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena | examples=theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses; true in fact and theory
2. sense_key=theory%1:09:01:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, possibility | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
3. sense_key=theory%1:09:02:: | definition=a belief that can guide behavior | examples=the architect has a theory that more is less; they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "theory" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses a scientific concept related to the development of cancer, specifically referencing Dr. Knudson's "two-hit theory." The passage explains how this theory was proposed to explain the occurrence of retinoblastoma, a type of eye cancer, suggesting that it results from two separate genetic defects. The text also mentions that at the time of its proposal, there was no way to prove this theory due to the limitations in identifying specific genes.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "theory" as "a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena." The examples given include that "theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses." The context suggests that Dr. Knudson's theory, while insightful, was not yet proven or widely accepted at the time, which might not fully align with this definition of being "well-substantiated."

2. The second sense defines "theory" as "a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena." It is synonymous with "hypothesis" or "possibility." The examples indicate that a scientific hypothesis that survives testing becomes a scientific theory. Dr. Knudson's "two-hit theory" is described in the context as something proposed to explain certain facts (the occurrence of retinoblastoma) and was not yet proven, fitting the description of a "tentative insight" that requires verification.

3. The third sense defines "theory" as "a belief that can guide behavior." The examples provided suggest a more abstract or general belief rather than a scientific explanation. The context, however, is clearly discussing a scientific concept rather than a guiding belief for behavior.

Given the context, Dr. Knudson's "two-hit theory" is best described as a tentative insight or hypothesis aimed at explaining a specific phenomenon (the development of retinoblastoma) that was proposed before it could be verified or widely accepted. This aligns with the second sense, which describes a concept that is not yet verified but is intended to explain certain facts or phenomena.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "theory" in this context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: back
Target surface form: Back
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. <t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back <t>then</t>, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "then" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

1. The first sense is defined as "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" with examples like "then he left; go left first, then right." This sense doesn't fit the context because "then" here is not used to indicate a subsequent action or a sequence of actions.

2. The second sense is defined as "in that case or as a consequence" with examples like "if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to." This sense also doesn't fit because "then" is not used here to indicate a consequence or a conditional outcome.

3. The third sense is defined as "at that time" with examples like "I was young then; prices were lower back then." The use of "then" in the given context matches this definition. The phrase "Back then" is an idiomatic expression meaning "at that time in the past," referring to the period being discussed, in this case, the 1970s.

Given the context and the examples provided, the best fit for "then" in the sentence is the third sense, which corresponds to "at that time."

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no <t>way</t> of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.