[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational <t>experience</t>. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "experience" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the purpose of education and the preference for older textbooks over newer ones because the latter are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. The sentence implies that "educational experience" refers to knowledge or skill gained from direct participation in educational activities or events.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "experience" as "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities." The example given is "a man of experience; experience is the best teacher." This sense aligns with the context, as "educational experience" would refer to the knowledge or skill accumulated through direct participation in educational events or activities.

2. The second sense defines "experience" as "the content of direct observation or participation in an event." The examples provided are "he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly." This sense seems to refer to a specific event or occurrence that is directly observed or participated in, which doesn't perfectly fit the context of "educational experience" as it is used.

3. The third sense defines "experience" as "an event as apprehended." The examples are "a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention." This sense also refers to a specific event, similar to the second sense, and doesn't directly relate to the accumulation of knowledge or skill over time in the context of education.

Given the context, the use of "educational experience" suggests a reference to the accumulated knowledge or skill resulting from participation in educational activities. This aligns most closely with the first sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "experience" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "reasons" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the purpose of education, the preference for older textbooks over newer ones due to their quality and basis on educational experience rather than dubious theories, and specifically mentions one of the reasons American students perform poorly in math tests compared to their international counterparts.

2. **Target Word Analysis**: The target word is "reasons." In the sentence, it is used as "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests..."

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **1. a rational motive for a belief or action**: This sense refers to a reason that drives a belief or action. While related, the context here is more about explaining a phenomenon (poor performance in math tests) rather than directly motivating a belief or action.
   - **2. an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon**: The passage uses "reasons" to explain why American students do poorly in math, fitting this definition as it provides a cause (influence of "New Math") for a phenomenon (poor performance).
   - **3. the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination**: This sense is about the ability to think rationally, not directly related to the usage of "reasons" in the passage.
   - **4. the state of having good sense and sound judgment**: This refers to rationality or reasonableness, not directly related to the context of "reasons" here.
   - **5. a justification for something existing or happening**: This sense is relevant as "reasons" is used to justify or explain why something is happening (poor performance in math).
   - **6. a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion**: While this is somewhat relevant, the context is more about explaining a situation rather than justifying a premise or conclusion logically.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Both senses 2 and 5 seem relevant because they relate to explaining or justifying a phenomenon or situation.
   - Sense 2 ("an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon") directly relates to explaining why American students perform poorly, making it a strong candidate.
   - Sense 5 ("a justification for something existing or happening") is also relevant as it provides a reason (justification) for the poor performance.

Given the context and the examples, **sense 5** is the most appropriate because "reasons" is used to provide a justification or cause for the observed phenomenon (poor performance in math tests), and "cause" and "grounds" are listed as synonyms, aligning with the usage in the passage.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "reasons" is **5**.

{"sense_index": 5}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons <t>American</t> students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "American" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses the educational system, comparing the performance of students from different countries, including the United States, in math tests. It specifically mentions "American students" and "American textbooks and teaching methods," referencing the influence of the "New Math" on these aspects.

The two candidate senses provided are:
1. Relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture.
2. Relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas.

The context clearly refers to students and educational materials from the United States. The comparison is made between students from the U.S. ("American students") and those from other countries like Britain, France, Germany, and Japan. The term "American" here is used to denote the nationality or the educational system of the United States.

The first sense directly corresponds to this usage, as it defines "American" in relation to the United States. The examples given, such as "American citizens" and "American English," further support this interpretation.

The second sense is broader, encompassing the Americas, which is not the intended meaning in this context. The discussion is focused on the U.S. educational system and its comparison with other countries, not on aspects related to the Americas as a whole.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "American" in the given context is the first one, which corresponds to sense_index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American <t>students</t> do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "students" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses the purpose of education, the comparison of American students' performance in math with that of students from other countries, and criticizes the influence of "New Math" on American textbooks and teaching methods. The text implies that the students being referred to are those enrolled in an educational institution, specifically highlighting their performance in math tests.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines a student as "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution." The synonyms provided are "pupil" and "educatee." This definition aligns with the context, as the discussion revolves around students' performance in math tests and their educational experience.

2. The second sense defines a student as "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines." The synonyms given are "scholar," "scholarly person," and "bookman." While this definition could potentially apply to some students, the context does not specifically focus on students who have gained mastery in a discipline through long study. Instead, it highlights their lack of basic math skills.

Given the context and the definitions provided, the most appropriate sense for "students" is the first one, as it directly relates to learners enrolled in an educational institution.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "students" is: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do <t>so</t> poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as <t>compared</t> with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese <t>students</t>, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "students" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses the purpose of education, the comparison of American students with their counterparts in other countries in terms of math performance, and the influence of "New Math" on American textbooks and teaching methods. The text specifically mentions that American students perform poorly in math tests compared to British, French, German, or Japanese students.

The two candidate senses for "student" are:
1. A learner who is enrolled in an educational institution.
2. A learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines.

The context clearly refers to individuals who are enrolled in educational institutions and are being compared based on their performance in math tests. The text also mentions a recent math major at Harvard, Caleb Nelson, but the primary reference is to those currently learning.

The term "students" is used in a context that involves their performance in math, indicating they are learners. The synonyms provided for the first sense, such as "pupil" and "educatee," align with this interpretation. The second sense refers to a "learned person" or "scholar," which doesn't directly fit the context of comparing math performance among students across different countries.

Therefore, the most appropriate sense for "students" in this context is the first one, which refers to learners enrolled in an educational institution.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the <t>influence</t> of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "influence" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the impact of the "New Math" on American textbooks and teaching methods, suggesting that it has had a negative effect on students' performance in math tests compared to their international counterparts. The sentence specifically mentions "the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **"a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc"** - This sense implies an ability to affect things based on prestige or some form of authority. While "New Math" has had an effect, the context doesn't directly imply it was due to prestige.

2. **"causing something without any direct or apparent effort"** - This definition could fit as "New Math" has caused a change (poor performance in math) without directly being the apparent cause (it's more about the method and content it introduced).

3. **"a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do"** - This sense refers to an influence on thought or behavior. The "New Math" has influenced teaching methods and textbook content, which can be seen as affecting what educators do.

4. **"the effect of one thing (or person) on another"** - This is a broad definition that could apply since "New Math" has had an effect on American textbooks and teaching.

5. **"one having power to influence another"** - This sense refers to an entity (person or thing) that has the power to influence. "New Math" is not a person but a concept or method, so it doesn't fit this sense as neatly as it might fit others.

Given the context, the "influence" refers to the effect or impact that "New Math" has had on textbooks and teaching methods. The closest sense that captures this meaning is **"causing something without any direct or apparent effort"** (sense_index = 2), as it implies that "New Math" has led to certain outcomes (poor math performance) through its incorporation into textbooks and teaching methods.

However, directly matching the given options and following the instruction to return a JSON object with the sense index:

The best match based on the context and the definitions is sense_index = 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on <t>American</t> textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "American" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses educational practices, comparing the performance of students from different countries, including the United States, in math tests. It specifically mentions "American students" and "American textbooks and teaching methods," referencing the influence of the "New Math" on these aspects.

The two candidate senses provided are:
1. Relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture.
2. Relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas.

The context clearly refers to the United States. The comparison is made between "American students" and students from Britain, France, Germany, or Japan, indicating that "American" here refers to the United States. Furthermore, the mention of the "American Spectator," a known publication associated with the United States, supports this interpretation.

The usage of "American" in the context aligns with the first sense, as it pertains to the United States ("American students," "American textbooks and teaching methods," and "American Spectator").

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "American" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: want
Target surface form: wants
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who <t>wants</t> to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=want%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or have a desire for; want strongly | synonyms=desire | examples=I want to go home now; I want my own room
2. sense_key=want%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=need, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=want%2:35:00:: | definition=hunt or look for; want for a particular reason | examples=Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI; Uncle Sam wants you
4. sense_key=want%2:31:01:: | definition=wish or demand the presence of | examples=I want you here at noon!
5. sense_key=want%2:42:01:: | definition=be without, lack; be deficient in | examples=want courtesy; want the strength to go on living

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "wants" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson..."

Here, "wants to appreciate" is used in the context of desiring or wishing to understand or recognize the bizarreness of a particular educational situation.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "feel or have a desire for; want strongly" with synonyms like "desire" and examples such as "I want to go home now." The phrase "wants to appreciate" fits this definition as it involves having a desire to understand or appreciate something.

2. The second sense is "have need of" with synonyms "need, require" and an example "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner." While this could potentially fit in some contexts, "wants to appreciate" doesn't directly imply a need but rather a desire.

3. The third sense involves "hunt or look for; want for a particular reason" with examples like "Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI." This doesn't fit the context as "wants to appreciate" doesn't imply being sought after by an authority.

4. The fourth sense is "wish or demand the presence of" as in "I want you here at noon!" This doesn't fit because "wants to appreciate" doesn't demand someone's presence.

5. The fifth sense is "be without, lack; be deficient in" with examples like "want courtesy." This doesn't fit as "wants to appreciate" indicates a desire rather than a lack.

Given the context and the analysis, "wants to appreciate" best aligns with the first sense: feeling or having a desire for something, in this case, to appreciate the bizarreness of a situation.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "wants" is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appreciate
Target surface form: appreciate
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to <t>appreciate</t> just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appreciate%2:37:00:: | definition=recognize with gratitude; be grateful for
2. sense_key=appreciate%2:31:00:: | definition=be fully aware of; realize fully | synonyms=take account | examples=Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?
3. sense_key=appreciate%2:40:00:: | definition=hold dear | synonyms=prize, value, treasure | examples=I prize these old photographs
4. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:00:: | definition=gain in value | synonyms=apprize, apprise, revalue | examples=The yen appreciated again!
5. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:01:: | definition=increase the value of | synonyms=apprize, apprise | examples=The Germans want to appreciate the Deutsche Mark

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate <t>just</t> how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "just" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson..."

Here, "just" is used to emphasize the degree of "bizarre." It indicates that the situation is more than a little bizarre; it is very bizarre. The word "just" in this context is used to intensify the adjective "bizarre."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. "and nothing more" - This doesn't fit because "just" here is not indicating that something is merely or only something.
2. "indicating exactness or preciseness" - While "just" can indicate exactness, in this context, it's used more to intensify or emphasize the extent of "bizarre" rather than to indicate precision.
3. "only a moment ago" - This doesn't fit because "just" is not referring to time here.
4. "absolutely" - This is a good fit because "just" is used here to intensify "how bizarre," similar to how "absolutely" or "simply" could be used in certain contexts to emphasize a degree or extent.
5. "only a very short time before" - This doesn't fit because "just" is not used to indicate a time frame.
6. "exactly at this moment or the moment described" - This doesn't fit the usage in the sentence.

Given the context and the examples provided for the candidate senses, the best fit for "just" in the sentence is sense 4, "absolutely," as it is used to intensify the degree of "bizarre."

{"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: situation
Target surface form: situation
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this <t>situation</t> is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=situation%1:26:00:: | definition=the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time; ; ; - Franklin D.Roosevelt | synonyms=state of affairs | examples=the present international situation is dangerous; wondered how such a state of affairs had come about
2. sense_key=situation%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=position | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
3. sense_key=situation%1:26:02:: | definition=a complex or critical or unusual difficulty | examples=the dangerous situation developed suddenly; that's quite a situation
4. sense_key=situation%1:15:00:: | definition=physical position in relation to the surroundings | synonyms=site | examples=the sites are determined by highly specific sequences of nucleotides
5. sense_key=situation%1:04:00:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, spot, billet | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "situation" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the state of American math education, criticizing the influence of the "New Math" on textbooks and teaching methods, and highlighting the poor performance of American students compared to their international counterparts. The sentence with the target word is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson..."

1. The first sense refers to "the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time." The context describes a specific issue within the education system, which aligns with this sense as it discusses the overall state of math education.

2. The second sense is about "a condition or position in which you find yourself." While this could broadly apply, it's more about an individual's circumstance rather than a general state of affairs.

3. The third sense defines "a complex or critical or unusual difficulty." The context highlights the poor state of math education as a significant problem, which fits this description.

4. The fourth sense relates to "physical position in relation to the surroundings," which doesn't fit the context as the discussion is not about a physical location.

5. The fifth sense is about "a job in an organization," which is not relevant to the context.

Given the context, the word "situation" refers to the state of math education in America, which is described as bizarre due to the inability of students to perform basic arithmetic while being taught abstract mathematical concepts. This aligns closely with the first and third senses. However, the context emphasizes the problematic nature of the current state of affairs, making it more about a complex or critical difficulty.

The examples provided for the third sense ("the dangerous situation developed suddenly; that's quite a situation") illustrate its application to describing a problematic or challenging circumstance, which matches the context's tone and content.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "situation" in this context is the third sense.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with <t>students</t> who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "students" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses the performance of American students in math tests compared to their counterparts in other countries, the influence of "New Math" on American textbooks and teaching methods, and the situation where students cannot perform basic arithmetic operations but are learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory.

1. The first sense provided is defined as "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution." The synonyms given are "pupil" and "educatee." This sense aligns well with the context, as it refers to individuals learning in an educational setting, which is the case when discussing students performing in math tests and being taught using certain methods.

2. The second sense is defined as "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines." The synonyms here include "scholar," "scholarly person," and "bookman." While this sense could potentially apply to students in a broad interpretation, it leans more towards individuals who have achieved a high level of expertise through extensive study, typically beyond the basic or elementary level of education.

Given the context, the discussion revolves around students who are struggling with basic math operations, indicating they are likely at an earlier stage of their education rather than being advanced scholars. Therefore, the most appropriate sense is the one that refers to learners enrolled in an educational institution.

The first sense (sense_key=student%1:18:00::) matches this interpretation, and since it's the first option, the index is 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: add
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not <t>add</t> or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: subtract
Target surface form: subtract
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or <t>subtract</t> "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=subtract%2:31:00:: | definition=make a subtraction | synonyms=deduct, take off | examples=subtract this amount from my paycheck
2. sense_key=subtract%2:30:00:: | definition=take off or away | examples=this prefix was subtracted when the word was borrowed from French

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "subtract" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "subtract" appears is: "with students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory". The context is about students' inability to perform basic mathematical operations.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "subtract" is used alongside "add", indicating a discussion about basic arithmetic operations.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "make a subtraction" with synonyms "deduct, take off" and an example "subtract this amount from my paycheck". This sense aligns with performing arithmetic subtraction.
   - **Sense 2**: "take off or away" with an example related to the modification of a word upon borrowing from another language. This sense is more about removal or alteration in a non-arithmetic context.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context is about students not being able to perform basic arithmetic ("add or subtract"), the most relevant sense is related to arithmetic operations.
   - **Sense 1** directly relates to making a subtraction, which fits the context of discussing students' arithmetic abilities.

5. **Indexed Sense Selection**: The candidate senses are indexed starting from 1. Since **Sense 1** is the appropriate choice based on the context, the correct index is 1.

Therefore, the JSON response with the chosen sense index is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: learn
Target surface form: learning
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "<t>learning</t> "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=learn%2:31:00:: | definition=gain knowledge or skills | synonyms=larn, acquire | examples=She learned dancing from her sister; I learned Sanskrit
2. sense_key=learn%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out, get a line | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=learn%2:31:03:: | definition=commit to memory; learn by heart | synonyms=memorize, memorise, con | examples=Have you memorized your lines for the play yet?
4. sense_key=learn%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=study, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=learn%2:32:00:: | definition=impart skills or knowledge to | synonyms=teach, instruct | examples=I taught them French; He instructed me in building a boat
6. sense_key=learn%2:32:02:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, see, ascertain, watch | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "learning" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...with students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory...". Here, "learning" is used in the context of acquiring or understanding the conceptual basis of mathematical theory.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **gain knowledge or skills** - This sense fits the context as it involves acquiring knowledge or understanding of mathematical theory.
2. **get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally** - The context doesn't suggest that the students are becoming aware of something accidentally; it's about acquiring a specific type of knowledge.
3. **commit to memory; learn by heart** - While memorizing is a part of learning, the context suggests a deeper understanding or acquisition of the conceptual basis, not just memorization.
4. **be a student of a certain subject** - The context is about the students' ability to understand or apply mathematical concepts, not just being students of math.
5. **impart skills or knowledge to** - This sense is about teaching, which is the opposite of what "learning" implies in the given context.
6. **find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort** - The context is not about determining something with certainty through inquiry.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is related to gaining knowledge or understanding. The sentence implies that students are being taught or are supposed to understand the conceptual basis of mathematical theory, but they lack basic arithmetic skills. The closest sense is **gain knowledge or skills**, which corresponds to sense_index = 1.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "learning" in the given context is: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basis
Target surface form: basis
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual <t>basis</t> of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basis%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation that provides the foundation for something | synonyms=footing, ground | examples=they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis
2. sense_key=basis%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
3. sense_key=basis%1:24:01:: | definition=the most important or necessary part of something | synonyms=base | examples=the basis of this drink is orange juice

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "basis" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the importance of educational experience over trendy, theoretically-based teaching methods, particularly in mathematics. It criticizes the "New Math" approach for focusing on the conceptual basis of mathematical theory rather than practical skills like addition and subtraction. The sentence containing "basis" is: "...students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory..."

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense (basis%1:24:00::) refers to a relation that provides the foundation for something, with synonyms like "footing" and "ground." The example given is about being "on a friendly footing" or working "on an interim basis." This sense doesn't directly relate to the fundamental assumptions or principles of something.

2. The second sense (basis%1:09:00::) is about the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained. The synonyms include "base," "foundation," "fundament," "groundwork," and "cornerstone." An example is given where "the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture." This sense aligns with the idea of foundational or underlying principles or assumptions.

3. The third sense (basis%1:24:01::) refers to the most important or necessary part of something, with "base" as a synonym. The example is "the basis of this drink is orange juice." This implies a primary component.

Given the context, the word "basis" is used in the phrase "conceptual basis of mathematical theory." This implies the fundamental assumptions or principles from which mathematical theory is developed or understood. Thus, the most appropriate sense is the one that relates to fundamental assumptions or principles.

The second sense (basis%1:09:00::) fits this interpretation as it deals with the fundamental assumptions from which something is developed or explained, aligning with the concept of a "conceptual basis" in mathematical theory.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "basis" in the given context is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mathematical
Target surface form: mathematical
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of <t>mathematical</t> theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "mathematical" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the importance of educational experience over trendy, new methods in teaching mathematics, criticizing the "New Math" influence on American textbooks and teaching methods. It specifically mentions students who cannot perform basic arithmetic operations but are learning the conceptual basis of mathematical theory.

1. The first sense defines "mathematical" as of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics, with examples like "a mathematical textbook" and "mathematical instruments." This sense is directly related to mathematics.

2. The second sense relates to having the ability to think in or work with numbers, with synonyms like "numerical" and examples such as "numerical aptitude." While related to math, it focuses more on the ability to work with numbers.

3. The third sense means beyond question, as in "a mathematical certainty." This is more about the degree of certainty rather than a direct relation to mathematics.

4. The fourth sense is statistically possible though highly improbable, as in "have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs." This sense is about probability.

5. The fifth sense is characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics, as in "mathematical precision." This is about the quality of being precise like mathematics.

Given the context, "mathematical theory" is directly related to the field of mathematics. The discussion is about the conceptual basis of a mathematical subject, indicating that the term "mathematical" is used to describe something related to or characteristic of mathematics.

Therefore, the most appropriate sense is the first one, which directly pertains to the nature of mathematics.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: read
Target surface form: read
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should <t>read</t> the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=read%2:31:00:: | definition=interpret something that is written or printed | examples=read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?
2. sense_key=read%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=say | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
3. sense_key=read%2:31:01:: | definition=look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed | examples=The King will read the proclamation at noon
4. sense_key=read%2:31:06:: | definition=obtain data from magnetic tapes | synonyms=scan | examples=This dictionary can be read by the computer
5. sense_key=read%2:31:02:: | definition=interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior | examples=She read the sky and predicted rain; I can't read his strange behavior
6. sense_key=read%2:31:09:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=take | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=read%2:31:05:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
8. sense_key=read%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=register, show, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
9. sense_key=read%2:36:05:: | definition=audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role | examples=He is auditioning for `Julius Caesar' at Stratford this year
10. sense_key=read%2:31:08:: | definition=to hear and understand | examples=I read you loud and clear!
11. sense_key=read%2:31:04:: | definition=make sense of a language | synonyms=understand, interpret, translate | examples=She understands French; Can you read Greek?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: article
Target surface form: article
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the <t>article</t> by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=article%1:10:00:: | definition=nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
2. sense_key=article%1:03:00:: | definition=one of a class of artifacts | examples=an article of clothing
3. sense_key=article%1:10:02:: | definition=a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) | synonyms=clause
4. sense_key=article%1:10:01:: | definition=(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "article" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing educational issues, criticizing newer textbooks and teaching methods, and referencing an "article by Caleb Nelson" in the November American Spectator. The key sentence is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is... should read the article by Caleb Nelson... in the November American Spectator."

1. The first candidate sense defines "article" as "nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication." This aligns well with the context, as an article in a magazine or journal is a common way to refer to a written piece on a particular topic. The reference to "the November American Spectator" supports this interpretation, as it is a publication.

2. The second sense refers to "one of a class of artifacts," such as "an article of clothing." This does not fit the context, as there's no discussion of physical objects or clothing.

3. The third sense is "a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will)," synonymous with "clause." The context does not involve legal documents, so this sense is not applicable.

4. The fourth sense relates to "(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase." While "article" is a term used in grammar, the context is not discussing grammatical concepts but rather referring to a written piece.

Given the context and the information provided, the most appropriate sense of "article" is the first one: "nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication." This corresponds to sense_index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a <t>recent</t> math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "recent" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information.

The context is discussing the influence of "New Math" on American textbooks and teaching methods and how it affects students' performance in math tests. It mentions Caleb Nelson, a "recent" math major at Harvard, who wrote an article in the November American Spectator.

The two candidate senses for "recent" are:
1. new
2. of the immediate past or just previous to the present time (synonyms: late)

Let's examine the sentence: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is... should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."

Here, "recent" is used to describe Caleb Nelson's status as a math major at Harvard. The context implies that Caleb Nelson was a math major at Harvard not long before the time of writing the article. The use of "recent" indicates that the event (being a math major) happened in the immediate past relative to the time of writing.

The first sense, "new," doesn't quite fit because it doesn't directly relate to the timing of Caleb Nelson being a math major. The second sense, "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time," fits well because it indicates that Caleb Nelson was a math major at Harvard in the period just before the article was written.

Therefore, the best sense for "recent" in this context is the second one, which corresponds to sense_index 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math <t>major</t> at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%1:18:00:: | definition=a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines; below lieutenant colonel and above captain
2. sense_key=major%1:18:02:: | definition=British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943) | synonyms=John Major, John R. Major, John Roy Major
3. sense_key=major%1:18:01:: | definition=a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject | examples=she is a linguistics major
4. sense_key=major%1:09:00:: | definition=the principal field of study of a student at a university | examples=her major is linguistics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: Most
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- <t>Most</t> important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most <t>important</t> of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "important" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing the desirable characteristics of schools and educational methods. The sentence containing the target word is: "-- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." Here, "important" is used to emphasize the significance of having principals with substantial authority.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "of great significance or value." The synonyms include "of import," and examples are "important people; the important questions of the day." This sense seems plausible because having principals with authority is considered significant.

2. The second sense is "important in effect or meaning," with "significant" as a synonym. Examples given are "a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution." While this sense also seems relevant, it is more about the effect or meaning of something rather than its general significance.

3. The third sense is defined as "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis," with "crucial" as a synonym. Examples include "a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election." The use of "most important of all" in the context suggests a superlative degree of importance, potentially aligning with this sense.

4. The fourth sense relates to "having authority or ascendancy or influence," with "authoritative" as a synonym. Examples are "an important official; the captain's authoritative manner." While this sense is related to authority, it describes the characteristic of being influential or having authority, rather than the significance of something.

5. The fifth sense is about "having or suggesting a consciousness of high position," with examples like "recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office." This sense is more about the demeanor or attitude suggesting importance rather than actual significance.

Given the context, the phrase "most important of all" is used to highlight a crucial or vital aspect of how schools should be managed. The emphasis is on the extreme importance of having principals with significant authority. This aligns well with the third sense, which is about being "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis," and is synonymous with "crucial." The context implies that having such principals is crucial for the effective management and success of schools.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "important" in this context is the third sense.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, <t>schools</t> should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.