[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spread
Target surface form: spreading
Context:
If he were brilliant, he probably would not be a family doctor in the first place. If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind <t>spreading</t>, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spread%2:35:00:: | definition=distribute or disperse widely | synonyms=distribute | examples=The invaders spread their language all over the country
2. sense_key=spread%2:35:07:: | definition=become distributed or widespread | synonyms=propagate | examples=the infection spread; Optimism spread among the population
3. sense_key=spread%2:42:00:: | definition=spread across or over | synonyms=overspread | examples=A big oil spot spread across the water
4. sense_key=spread%2:35:03:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread out, open | examples=open the map; spread your arms
5. sense_key=spread%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to become widely known | synonyms=circulate, circularize, circularise, distribute, disseminate, propagate | examples=spread information; circulate a rumor
6. sense_key=spread%2:32:02:: | definition=become widely known and passed on | synonyms=go around, circulate | examples=the rumor spread; the story went around in the office
7. sense_key=spread%2:38:00:: | definition=strew or distribute over an area | synonyms=scatter, spread out | examples=He spread fertilizer over the lawn; scatter cards across the table
8. sense_key=spread%2:38:02:: | definition=move outward | synonyms=diffuse, spread out, fan out | examples=The soldiers fanned out
9. sense_key=spread%2:35:12:: | definition=cover by spreading something over | examples=spread the bread with cheese
10. sense_key=spread%2:35:13:: | definition=distribute over a surface in a layer | examples=spread cheese on a piece of bread

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "spreading" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes."

Here, "spreading" refers to the act of disseminating or propagating false or misleading information (libel) for a specific purpose.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Distribute or disperse widely - This sense involves spreading something out, which could apply to information.
2. Become distributed or widespread - This implies a change in state without an agent, which doesn't perfectly fit as "teachers' unions" are the ones doing the action.
3. Spread across or over - This typically involves a physical spreading or covering, not directly related to information dissemination.
4. Spread out or open from a closed or folded state - This involves a physical action or change, not relevant to the context.
5. Cause to become widely known - This involves an agent causing information to be disseminated, fitting the context of spreading libel.
6. Become widely known and passed on - Similar to sense 2, this implies a change in state without directly emphasizing the agent's action.
7. Strew or distribute over an area - This involves a physical distribution, not directly applicable to abstract concepts like libel.
8. Move outward - This is more about physical movement or expansion.
9. & 10. Involve covering or distributing something over a surface, not directly relevant to the context of spreading information.

The context indicates that "spreading" refers to the dissemination of information (libel), and it is done by an agent (teachers' unions). Senses 1 and 5 directly relate to the dissemination of information. Sense 5 ("cause to become widely known") is particularly relevant as it involves an agent (the teachers' unions) causing information (libel) to be widely known.

Given the context and the definitions, the best fit is sense 5, which corresponds to "cause to become widely known."

{"sense_index": 5}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: narrow
Target surface form: narrow
Context:
If he were brilliant, he probably would not be a family doctor in the first place. If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own <t>narrow</t> purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=narrow%3:00:00:: | definition=not wide | examples=a narrow bridge; a narrow line across the page
2. sense_key=narrow%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | examples=the narrow sense of a word
3. sense_key=narrow%3:00:06:: | definition=lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view | synonyms=narrow-minded | examples=a brilliant but narrow-minded judge; narrow opinions
4. sense_key=narrow%3:00:02:: | definition=very limited in degree | examples=won by a narrow margin; a narrow escape
5. sense_key=narrow%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=characterized by painstaking care and detailed examination | synonyms=minute | examples=a minute inspection of the grounds; a narrow scrutiny

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purposes
Context:
If he were brilliant, he probably would not be a family doctor in the first place. If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow <t>purposes</t>. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "purposes" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes."

Here, "purposes" refers to the intentions or goals that the teachers' unions have in mind when spreading libel. The context suggests that these intentions are self-serving or narrowly focused on benefiting the teachers' unions.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions" with synonyms like "intent, intention, aim, design." The example given is "his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough." This sense aligns well with the context, as "purposes" here refers to the intentions or goals of the teachers' unions.

2. The second sense is "what something is used for" with synonyms like "function, role, use." The examples provided are "the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?" This sense doesn't fit as well because "purposes" in the context is not discussing the function or use of something but rather the intentions behind an action.

3. The third sense refers to "the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose" with a synonym like "determination." The example is "his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose." While this sense relates to determination and firmness of intent, it doesn't directly fit the plural form "purposes" as used in the context, which is more about specific intentions or goals rather than a general quality of being determined.

Given the context and the definitions, the first sense ("an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions") is the most appropriate. It directly relates to the idea of "narrow purposes" as the intentions or goals that guide the actions of the teachers' unions.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "purposes" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: politician
Target surface form: politicians
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel <t>politicians</t> find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=politician%1:18:01:: | definition=a leader engaged in civil administration
2. sense_key=politician%1:18:00:: | definition=a person active in party politics | synonyms=politico, pol, political leader
3. sense_key=politician%1:18:02:: | definition=a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "politicians" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the role of various entities in the educational crisis, mentioning teachers and their unions, and how politicians interact with these groups. The sentence specifically containing "politicians" states that they find it useful to spread a certain kind of libel because it helps them appear friendly to an important constituency (likely the teachers' unions).

1. The first candidate sense defines a politician as "a leader engaged in civil administration." While this definition could technically apply to some politicians, the context doesn't specifically focus on their administrative roles.

2. The second candidate sense defines a politician as "a person active in party politics." The synonyms provided are "politico," "pol," and "political leader." This sense aligns well with the context, as the politicians are described as taking actions (spreading libel) to maintain a favorable posture towards a constituency, which is a common activity associated with party politics.

3. The third candidate sense defines a politician as "a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways." While this definition could potentially fit the behavior described (spreading libel for their own purposes), the context doesn't directly imply that the politicians are scheming within an organization they are part of. Instead, it suggests they are interacting with an external constituency.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is the second one, as it directly relates to the actions described (interacting with a constituency, maintaining a friendly posture) and is consistent with the general understanding of politicians as being active in party politics.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: find
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians <t>find</t> useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "find" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

Here, "find" is used in the context of perceiving or considering something to be useful or beneficial. The phrase "find useful" is an idiomatic expression that means to perceive or consider something as useful.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. come upon, as if by accident; meet with - This doesn't fit the context as "find useful" is not about meeting something by accident.
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - This is not the best fit because "find useful" is not about discovering a fact.
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost - This doesn't apply as there's no indication of searching or locating something lost.
4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study - This is not relevant as "find useful" doesn't imply a process of investigation or calculation.
5. come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds - This sense is plausible because "find" can be used to express a subjective judgment or feeling about something.
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with - This is a possible interpretation as it involves perceiving something, and "find useful" can be seen as perceiving something as useful.
7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose - This doesn't fit as "find useful" is not about obtaining something for a purpose.
8. make a discovery, make a new finding - This is not relevant as "find useful" is not about making a new discovery.
9. make a discovery - Similar to sense 8, this doesn't fit the context.
10. obtain through effort or management - This is not the best fit as "find useful" doesn't necessarily imply effort or management to obtain something.
11. decide on and make a declaration about - This doesn't apply as "find useful" is not about making a declaration.
12. receive a specified treatment (abstract) - This is not relevant to the context.
13. perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place - While this involves perception, it's more about self-perception, which isn't the case here.
14. get or find back; recover the use of - This doesn't fit the context of "find useful."
15. succeed in reaching; arrive at - This is not relevant as "find useful" is not about reaching or arriving at something.
16. accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation - This is not directly related to the phrase "find useful."

Upon closer inspection, sense 5 ("come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds") seems to be the most appropriate. The phrase "find useful" implies a subjective judgment or perception that something is useful, which aligns with coming to believe or perceive something based on certain grounds, not necessarily factual or objective.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "find" in the given context is sense 5.

{"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: help
Target surface form: helps
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it <t>helps</t> them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=help%2:41:00:: | definition=give help or assistance; be of service | synonyms=assist, aid | examples=Everyone helped out during the earthquake; Can you help me carry this table?
2. sense_key=help%2:29:00:: | definition=improve the condition of | synonyms=aid | examples=These pills will help the patient
3. sense_key=help%2:42:00:: | definition=be of use | synonyms=facilitate | examples=This will help to prevent accidents
4. sense_key=help%2:42:08:: | definition=abstain from doing; always used with a negative | synonyms=help oneself | examples=I can't help myself--I have to smoke; She could not help watching the sad spectacle
5. sense_key=help%2:34:00:: | definition=help to some food; help with food or drink | synonyms=serve | examples=I served him three times, and after that he helped himself
6. sense_key=help%2:41:12:: | definition=contribute to the furtherance of | examples=This money will help the development of literacy in developing countries
7. sense_key=help%2:34:04:: | definition=take or use | synonyms=avail | examples=She helped herself to some of the office supplies
8. sense_key=help%2:30:13:: | definition=improve; change for the better | examples=New slipcovers will help the old living room furniture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strike
Target surface form: strike
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them <t>strike</t> a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strike%2:35:00:: | definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
2. sense_key=strike%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
3. sense_key=strike%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
4. sense_key=strike%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
5. sense_key=strike%2:32:00:: | definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
6. sense_key=strike%2:35:02:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
7. sense_key=strike%2:41:00:: | definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
8. sense_key=strike%2:42:00:: | definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
9. sense_key=strike%2:41:02:: | definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
10. sense_key=strike%2:35:03:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
11. sense_key=strike%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
12. sense_key=strike%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
13. sense_key=strike%2:36:00:: | definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
14. sense_key=strike%2:35:08:: | definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
15. sense_key=strike%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
16. sense_key=strike%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
17. sense_key=strike%2:38:08:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
18. sense_key=strike%2:36:02:: | definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
19. sense_key=strike%2:35:10:: | definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
20. sense_key=strike%2:35:09:: | definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
21. sense_key=strike%2:31:00:: | definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "strike" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

Here, "strike" is used in the context of adopting or presenting a certain attitude or posture. The phrase "strike a friendly posture" suggests assuming or taking on a particular demeanor or stance.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Deliver a sharp blow - Not relevant to the context.
2. Have an emotional or cognitive impact - While related to affecting someone, it doesn't directly fit "strike a posture."
3. Hit against; come into sudden contact with - Not directly relevant.
4. Make a strategic, offensive, assault - Not relevant to the context.
5. Indicate a certain time by striking - Not relevant.
6. Affect or afflict suddenly - Not directly relevant.
7. Stop work to press demands - Not relevant.
8. Touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly - Not directly relevant.
9. Attain - "Strike a pace" is an example, but it doesn't fit the context of "strike a posture."
10. Produce by manipulating keys or strings - Not relevant.
11. Cause to form an electric arc - Not relevant.
12. Find unexpectedly - Not relevant.
13. Produce by ignition or a blow - Not relevant.
14. Remove by erasing or crossing out - Not relevant.
15. Cause to experience suddenly - "Panic struck me" is an example, but it doesn't fit "strike a posture."
16. Drive something violently into a location - Not relevant.
17. Occupy or take on - "Assume" or "take" is a synonym, which fits the context of "strike a posture."
18. Form by stamping, punching, or printing - Not directly relevant.
19. Smooth with a strickle - Not relevant.
20. Pierce with force - Not relevant.
21. Arrive at after reckoning - "Strike a balance" or "strike a bargain" are examples, and this sense involves achieving or adopting a certain state or agreement.

The phrase "strike a friendly posture" is most closely related to adopting or taking on a certain attitude or stance. The closest sense is "occupy or take on" (sense_index = 17), as it involves assuming a particular posture or position, similar to how one might "assume" or "take" a role or stance.

{"sense_index": 17}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: friendly
Target surface form: friendly
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a <t>friendly</t> posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=friendly%3:00:01:: | definition=characteristic of or befitting a friend | examples=friendly advice; a friendly neighborhood
2. sense_key=friendly%5:00:00:amicable:00 | definition=inclined to help or support; not antagonistic or hostile | synonyms=favorable, well-disposed | examples=a government friendly to our interests; an amicable agreement
3. sense_key=friendly%3:00:03:: | definition=easy to understand or use | examples=user-friendly computers; a consumer-friendly policy
4. sense_key=friendly%3:00:02:: | definition=of or belonging to your own country's forces or those of an ally | examples=in friendly territory; he was accidentally killed by friendly fire

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: posture
Target surface form: posture
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly <t>posture</t> on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=posture%1:07:00:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=position, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
2. sense_key=posture%1:07:01:: | definition=characteristic way of bearing one's body | synonyms=carriage, bearing | examples=stood with good posture
3. sense_key=posture%1:09:00:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=position, stance
4. sense_key=posture%1:07:02:: | definition=capability in terms of personnel and materiel that affect the capacity to fight a war | synonyms=military capability, military strength, strength, military posture | examples=we faced an army of great strength; politicians have neglected our military posture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: behalf
Target surface form: behalf
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on <t>behalf</t> of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=behalf%1:04:00:: | definition=as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as  rather than ) | examples=on behalf of; in behalf of
2. sense_key=behalf%1:07:00:: | definition=for someone's benefit (usually expressed as `in behalf' rather than `on behalf' and usually with a possessive) | examples=in your behalf; campaigning in his own behalf

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "behalf" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

The target word "behalf" is used in the phrase "on behalf of," which indicates acting as a representative or agent for someone or something else. In this context, "on behalf of" means acting in the interest or for the benefit of "an important constituency."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "behalf" as "as the agent of or on someone's part" and is usually expressed as "on behalf of." The example given is "on behalf of; in behalf of." This sense aligns with the usage in the given sentence, where politicians are acting in a friendly manner as representatives or agents of an important constituency.

2. The second sense defines "behalf" as "for someone's benefit" and is usually expressed as "in behalf of" with a possessive. The examples provided are "in your behalf; campaigning in his own behalf." While this sense is related to acting for someone's benefit, the usage in the sentence ("on behalf of") and the context (representing a constituency) more closely aligns with the first sense.

Given the context and the examples, the usage of "on behalf of" in the sentence matches the first sense, which involves acting as an agent or representative of someone or something.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "behalf" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an <t>important</t> constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shred
Target surface form: shred
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one <t>shred</t> of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shred%1:23:00:: | definition=a tiny or scarcely detectable amount | synonyms=scintilla, whit, iota, tittle, smidgen, smidgeon
2. sense_key=shred%1:06:00:: | definition=a small piece of cloth or paper | synonyms=rag, tag, tag end, tatter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "shred" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the role of teachers' salaries in educational outcomes, arguing that there's no evidence to suggest that higher salaries would lead to better educational results. The sentence containing "shred" states, "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "shred" is used in the phrase "not one shred of evidence." This phrase is commonly used to indicate a complete lack of evidence.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "a tiny or scarcely detectable amount" with synonyms like "scintilla, whit, iota, tittle, smidgen, smidgeon." This sense fits well with the phrase "not one shred of evidence," as it implies a complete absence of evidence, aligning with the usage of "shred" to denote a very small amount.
   - **Sense 2**: "a small piece of cloth or paper" with synonyms like "rag, tag, tag end, tatter." While this is a literal meaning of "shred," it doesn't fit as naturally with the phrase "not one shred of evidence" in the context of discussing the absence of evidence regarding the impact of salary differentials on educational outcomes.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**: Given the context and the common usage of "not one shred of evidence" to mean a complete lack of evidence, **Sense 1** ("a tiny or scarcely detectable amount") is the most appropriate. It aligns with the idiomatic expression used in the passage.

5. **Returning the Answer**: The first sense listed is "1. sense_key=shred%1:23:00::," which corresponds to the definition of "a tiny or scarcely detectable amount." Therefore, the best indexed sense for "shred" in the given context is **1**.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of <t>evidence</t> that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "evidence" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the relationship between teachers' salaries and the quality of education, arguing that there is no evidence to support the claim that higher salaries lead to better educational outcomes. The sentence containing the target word is: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" with synonyms like "grounds" and an example related to the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer. This sense aligns with the context, as it refers to the lack of knowledge or basis to believe that salary differentials affect educational outcomes.

2. The second sense is "an indication that makes something evident" with an example of someone's trembling being evidence of their fear. While this sense could potentially fit in some contexts related to indicating something, it doesn't directly relate to the idea of having or lacking a basis for belief about the effect of salary on education.

3. The third sense is specific to law, referring to "all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved." The context provided does not relate to a judicial trial or legal proceedings.

Given the context, the first sense ("your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief") is the most appropriate. The discussion revolves around the absence of a basis to believe that salary differentials impact educational outcomes, fitting the definition and example provided for this sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "evidence" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, <t>other</t> things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other <t>things</t> being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being <t>equal</t>, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "equal" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

Here, "other things being equal" is an idiomatic expression meaning "all else being the same" or "under the same conditions." This phrase is used to indicate that the comparison or situation being discussed is not influenced by other variables.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another." The example given is "on equal terms; all men are equal before the law." The phrase "other things being equal" fits this definition because it implies that other factors or conditions are the same or have the same value or measure.

2. The second sense is defined as "having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task," with "adequate" given as a synonym. The examples provided are "she had adequate training; her training was adequate." This sense does not fit the context of "other things being equal" because it refers to the capability or sufficiency of something or someone to accomplish a task, rather than comparing or equating different things.

Given the context and the definitions, the phrase "other things being equal" aligns with the first sense, which is about having the same quantity, value, or measure as another. This is the appropriate interpretation because it discusses the condition of other factors being the same.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "equal" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differential
Target surface form: differentials
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary <t>differentials</t> result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differential%1:09:00:: | definition=the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx | synonyms=derived function, derivative, differential coefficient, first derivative
2. sense_key=differential%1:07:00:: | definition=a quality that differentiates between similar things
3. sense_key=differential%1:06:00:: | definition=a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves | synonyms=differential gear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "differentials" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the relationship between teachers' salaries and educational outcomes, arguing that there's no evidence to suggest that salary differences (differentials) lead to differences in educational outcomes (educational differentials). The discussion revolves around the impact of financial incentives on educational performance.

1. The first candidate sense refers to a mathematical concept, specifically the result of mathematical differentiation. This sense is not relevant to the context, which does not involve mathematical or scientific discussions about rates of change or derivatives.

2. The second candidate sense defines "differential" as a quality that differentiates between similar things. This sense aligns with the context, where "salary differentials" and "educational differentials" refer to differences or distinctions in salary and educational outcomes, respectively. The discussion is about whether differences in salary result in differences in educational outcomes.

3. The third candidate sense is related to a mechanical component (a bevel gear) used in automobiles. This sense is not relevant to the context, as there is no discussion about mechanical or automotive topics.

Given the context and the definitions of the candidate senses, the most appropriate sense for "differentials" is the second one, as it pertains to differences or distinctions between similar things (salaries and educational outcomes).

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: result
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials <t>result</t> in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%2:42:00:: | definition=issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end | synonyms=ensue | examples=result in tragedy
2. sense_key=result%2:42:02:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, lead | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=result%2:30:00:: | definition=come about or follow as a consequence | examples=nothing will result from this meeting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "result" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "result" is used is: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials." Here, "result" is used to indicate a consequence or outcome of a particular condition (salary differentials).

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end" with synonyms like "ensue" and an example "result in tragedy". This implies a consequence or an outcome.
   - **Sense 2**: "have as a result or residue" with synonyms like "leave, lead" and examples indicating something being left behind or causing something else.
   - **Sense 3**: "come about or follow as a consequence" with examples like "nothing will result from this meeting", indicating an outcome or consequence of an action or situation.

3. **Relating Candidate Senses to the Context**:
   - The sentence implies that salary differentials lead to or cause educational differentials. The word "result" here is used to indicate a consequence.
   - **Sense 1** ("result in tragedy") fits well because it indicates a consequence or outcome, similar to how "result" is used in the given sentence to indicate that salary differentials lead to educational differentials.
   - **Sense 2** seems less likely because it implies having something as a result or residue, which doesn't directly fit the context of causing or leading to educational differentials.
   - **Sense 3** is about something coming about or following as a consequence, which is somewhat relevant but is more about the general outcome of a situation or action, like a meeting.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The use of "result" in the context is closest to indicating a direct consequence or outcome, which aligns with **Sense 1**. The phrase "result in" is directly used, matching the example "result in tragedy".

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "result" in the given context is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in <t>educational</t> differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "educational" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the role of teachers' salaries in the educational crisis, arguing that the issue of whether teachers are underpaid is a problem of equity rather than an educational problem. It further debates the impact of salary differentials on educational outcomes.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "educational" is used in the context of "educational crisis" and "educational differentials." The discussion revolves around the quality or outcome of education.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "relating to the process of education" with an example of "educational psychology." This sense is broad and encompasses aspects related to the process of education.
   - **Sense 2**: "providing knowledge" with an example of "an educational film." This sense focuses on the provision of knowledge or instruction.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is discussing the "educational crisis" and "educational differentials," which relates to the outcomes or aspects of the education process rather than just the provision of knowledge.
   - The term "educational" here is used to describe a crisis and differentials, suggesting it is related to the broader process or system of education.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context, **Sense 1** ("relating to the process of education") is more appropriate because it directly relates to the discussion about the educational system, crisis, and outcomes. The term "educational differentials" implies differences in the quality or outcome of education, which aligns with the notion of relating to the process of education.
   - The discussion is not just about the provision of knowledge (Sense 2) but about the broader educational process and its outcomes.

6. **Conclusion**: The most suitable sense for "educational" in the given context is Sense 1, as it relates to the process of education, which is indexed as **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differential
Target surface form: differentials
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational <t>differentials</t>. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differential%1:09:00:: | definition=the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx | synonyms=derived function, derivative, differential coefficient, first derivative
2. sense_key=differential%1:07:00:: | definition=a quality that differentiates between similar things
3. sense_key=differential%1:06:00:: | definition=a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves | synonyms=differential gear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "differentials" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the relationship between teachers' salaries and educational outcomes, suggesting that there is no evidence that salary differences (differentials) lead to differences in educational outcomes (educational differentials). The key here is understanding how "differentials" is used in relation to both salary and educational outcomes.

1. The first candidate sense refers to a mathematical concept, specifically the result of mathematical differentiation. The context does not involve mathematical or technical discussions about rates of change or derivatives, so this sense seems out of place.

2. The second candidate sense defines "differential" as a quality that differentiates between similar things. The context implies that "differentials" refers to differences or distinctions, in this case, between salaries and between educational outcomes. This aligns with the idea of something (salary or educational outcome) that differentiates or distinguishes between similar entities (teachers or educational results).

3. The third candidate sense is related to a mechanical component (a bevel gear) used in automobiles. This sense is highly specific and unrelated to the discussion about salaries, educational outcomes, or any abstract differences.

Given the context, the use of "differentials" to refer to differences in salary and educational outcomes aligns best with the second candidate sense. It discusses differences or distinctions between similar things (salaries and educational outcomes), which fits the definition of "a quality that differentiates between similar things."

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "differentials" in this context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such <t>evidence</t>, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sure
Target surface form: sure
Context:
Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be <t>sure</t> you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sure%3:00:00:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=certain | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
2. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=certain | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors
3. sense_key=sure%3:00:04:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=certain | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
4. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:secure:02 | definition=physically secure or dependable | examples=a sure footing; was on sure ground
5. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=certain | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
6. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=(of persons) worthy of trust or confidence | synonyms=trusted | examples=a sure (or trusted) friend
7. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=infallible or unfailing | examples=a sure (or true) sign of one's commitment
8. sense_key=sure%5:00:00:steady:00 | definition=certain not to fail | examples=a sure hand on the throttle
9. sense_key=sure%5:00:02:certain:01 | definition=impossible to doubt or dispute | synonyms=indisputable | examples=indisputable (or sure) proof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "sure" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it."

Here, "sure" is used in the phrase "you can be sure," which is an idiomatic expression indicating certainty or confidence about something happening or being the case.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured. (e.g., "felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it")
2. Exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance. (e.g., "be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors")
3. Certain to occur; destined or inevitable. (e.g., "he was certain to fail; his fate is certain")
4. Physically secure or dependable. (e.g., "a sure footing; was on sure ground")
5. Reliable in operation or effect. (e.g., "a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two")
6. (Of persons) worthy of trust or confidence. (e.g., "a sure (or trusted) friend")
7. Infallible or unfailing. (e.g., "a sure (or true) sign of one's commitment")
8. Certain not to fail. (e.g., "a sure hand on the throttle")
9. Impossible to doubt or dispute. (e.g., "indisputable (or sure) proof")

The phrase "you can be sure" in the given context implies that if there were evidence, it would be known or heard of, indicating a sense of certainty or confidence about the outcome or the state of being informed.

The best match for this usage is sense 1: having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured. The phrase "you can be sure" aligns with being confident or certain about something, which is directly related to having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "sure" in the given context is 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wish
Target surface form: wish
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we <t>wish</t> to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wish%2:37:00:: | definition=hope for; have a wish | examples=I wish I could go home now
2. sense_key=wish%2:37:02:: | definition=prefer or wish to do something | synonyms=care, like | examples=Do you care to try this dish?; Would you like to come along to the movies?
3. sense_key=wish%2:32:02:: | definition=make or express a wish | examples=I wish that Christmas were over
4. sense_key=wish%2:37:01:: | definition=feel or express a desire or hope concerning the future or fortune of | synonyms=wish well
5. sense_key=wish%2:32:01:: | definition=order politely; express a wish for
6. sense_key=wish%2:32:00:: | definition=invoke upon | synonyms=bid | examples=wish you a nice evening; bid farewell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: serious
Target surface form: serious
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be <t>serious</t> about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=serious%3:00:00:: | definition=concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities | examples=a serious student of history; a serious attempt to learn to ski
2. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of great consequence | examples=marriage is a serious matter
3. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, severe, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
4. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good | examples=good music; a serious book
5. sense_key=serious%3:00:02:: | definition=completely lacking in playfulness | synonyms=unplayful, sober
6. sense_key=serious%5:00:00:difficult:00 | definition=requiring effort or concentration; complex and not easy to answer or solve | examples=raised serious objections to the proposal; the plan has a serious flaw

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "serious" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."

Here, "serious" is used in the context of being genuinely concerned or committed to improving American education. It implies a sense of importance and a lack of triviality or playfulness in the approach towards education.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities. This sense fits as it implies a focus on significant issues, like improving education.
2. Of great consequence. While this could apply, it's more about the nature of the matter itself rather than the attitude or approach towards it.
3. Causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm. This doesn't directly fit the context as the sentence doesn't imply that being serious about education is causing fear or anxiety.
4. Appealing to the mind. This is more about the quality of something (like a book or music) rather than the attitude towards a subject.
5. Completely lacking in playfulness. This could be a possible interpretation as being serious about something often means being solemn or unfrivolous about it.
6. Requiring effort or concentration; complex and not easy to answer or solve. This sense is more about the nature of a problem or task rather than the attitude towards it.

Given the context, the best fit is sense 1: "concerned with work or important matters rather than play or trivialities." The sentence implies that to be "serious" about American education means to be genuinely committed to it and to approach it with a focus on what is important, rather than trivially or superficially.

Thus, the best indexed sense for "serious" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about <t>American</t> education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American <t>education</t>, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we <t>know</t> exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do. There are many successful schools scattered throughout this nation, some of them in the poorest of ghettos, and they are all sending us the same message.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "know" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do."

The context is discussing the improvement of American education, and the author is asserting that if the intention is to be serious about it, the course of action is clear.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about
2. know how to do or perform something
3. be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt
4. be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object
5. have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations
6. accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority
7. have fixed in the mind
8. have sexual intercourse with
9. know the nature or character of
10. be able to distinguish, recognize as being different
11. perceive as familiar

The sentence implies that the author is certain about the actions required (and not required) to improve American education if there's a genuine intent to do so. The usage here aligns with being aware of or having knowledge about what actions to take or avoid.

Sense 1 ("be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about") fits well because it involves having knowledge or information about something, in this case, what to do or not do regarding American education.

Therefore, the best sense for "know" in this context is related to having knowledge or being aware of specific information or actions.

{"sense_index": 1}