[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "transform" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about genetic research, specifically focusing on the gene p53 and its potential to cause normal cells to become cancerous when altered. The sentence in question is: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **subject to a mathematical transformation** - This doesn't fit the context as the discussion is about genetic and cellular changes, not mathematical operations.
2. **change or alter in form, appearance, or nature** - This sense is plausible because it involves a change in the nature of cells (from normal to cancerous), which aligns with the context. The synonyms "transmute" and "transubstantiate" suggest a significant change, which is consistent with the transformation of normal cells into cancerous ones.
3. **change in outward structure or looks** - While this involves change, it's more about physical or outward appearance. The context is more about the inherent nature of the cells (being cancerous or not) rather than just their appearance.
4. **change from one form or medium into another** - This is somewhat relevant but is more about changing the form or medium of something, like translating from one language to another or changing the material representation. The example given is about changing collage into oil, which is not directly related to the cellular transformation described.
5. **convert (one form of energy) to another** - This is not relevant to the context as it deals with energy conversion, not cellular or genetic changes.
6. **change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species** - This is a very specific definition related to bacterial transformation, which is not the context here as the discussion is about human cells and cancer.
7. **increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)** - This is related to electrical engineering and is not relevant to the context.

Given the context and the definitions, the most appropriate sense is **2. change or alter in form, appearance, or nature** because it accurately describes the process of normal cells becoming cancerous, which is a change in their nature. The synonyms "transmute" and "transubstantiate" also support this choice as they imply a fundamental change.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "transform" in the given context is 2.

{"sense_index": 2}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "normal" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about a scientific study focusing on the genetic aspects of cancer, specifically the transformation of normal cells into cancerous ones. The term "normal cells" here refers to cells that are not cancerous or malignant.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to something conforming to a standard or norm. While this could apply to "normal cells" in a broad sense, it's somewhat generic.
2. The second sense is about being in accordance with scientific laws, which doesn't directly apply to the description of cells as "normal" in this context.
3. The third sense talks about being approximately average or within certain limits, particularly in aspects like intelligence and development. This sense can be related to the context of cells being "normal" in the sense that they are not abnormal or cancerous, implying they are within the expected biological norms.
4. The fourth sense is related to geometry, specifically forming a right angle, which is not relevant to the context.

Given the context, "normal cells" are being contrasted with "cancerous ones." The term is used to describe cells that have not undergone the transformation into malignancy. The most relevant sense here is the one that describes something as being within certain biological norms or not abnormal.

The first and third senses both could potentially fit, but the first sense is more directly related to the concept of something being as it typically is or should be, without implying a specific average or range. "Normal cells" are those that are not cancerous, conforming to the typical cellular behavior and structure.

Therefore, the best sense for "normal" in this context is the first one, as it directly relates to the concept of cells being in their typical, non-cancerous state.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the word "cancerous" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses a scientific study focusing on genetics and the process of cells becoming malignant. The specific sentence where "cancerous" appears is: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones." Here, "cancerous" is used to describe cells that have become malignant due to genetic alteration.

The two candidate senses provided are:
1. Relating to or affected with cancer (example: "a cancerous growth").
2. Like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads (examples: "remorse was cancerous within him," "pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children").

The context is clearly discussing a biological or medical condition related to cancer. The transformation of "normal cells into cancerous ones" refers to cells becoming malignant or cancerous in a literal, medical sense. This usage aligns with the first sense, which is about being related to or affected with cancer.

The second sense, while related to the concept of something undesirable spreading, is more metaphorical and not directly related to the medical condition of cancer.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "cancerous" in this context is the first one, as it directly relates to the medical condition being discussed.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "ones" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses genetic research, specifically focusing on identifying a gene related to colon cell malignancy. It mentions experiments involving gene probes and a gene called p53 that can transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

2. **Target Surface Form**: The target word is "ones," which is a form of the lemma "one."

3. **Candidate Senses**:
   - Sense 1 refers to "one" as the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number.
   - Sense 2 refers to "one" as a single person or thing.

4. **Analysis**:
   - The context involves discussing cells, specifically transforming "normal cells into cancerous ones." Here, "ones" is used to refer to cells, indicating a substitution for a previously mentioned noun (cells).
   - The use of "ones" in this context aligns with referring to "a single person or thing" or more broadly, entities (in this case, cells). This is similar to the second sense, where "one" is used to denote a single entity or a specific example of a category (e.g., "this is the one I ordered").

5. **Decision**:
   - The first sense is more related to the numerical value or a specific quantity, which doesn't directly apply to the context of referring to cells.
   - The second sense is more appropriate because "ones" is used here to refer to cells, indicating a category or type of entity (cancerous cells as opposed to normal cells).

6. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "ones" in the given context is the second sense.

The response should be in the format: {"sense_index": 2}.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "ones" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses genetic research, specifically focusing on identifying a gene related to colon cell malignancy. It mentions experiments involving gene probes and a gene called p53 that can transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

2. **Target Surface Form**: The target word is "ones," which is a form of the lemma "one."

3. **Candidate Senses**:
   - Sense 1 refers to "one" as the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number.
   - Sense 2 refers to "one" as a single person or thing.

4. **Analysis**:
   - The context involves discussing cells, specifically transforming "normal cells into cancerous ones." Here, "ones" is used to refer to cells, indicating a substitution for a previously mentioned noun (cells).
   - The use of "ones" in this context aligns with referring to "a single person or thing" or more broadly, entities (in this case, cells). This is similar to the second sense, where "one" is used to denote a single entity or a specific example of a category (e.g., "this is the one I ordered").

5. **Decision**:
   - The first sense is more related to the numerical value or a specific quantity, which doesn't directly apply to the context of referring to cells.
   - The second sense is more appropriate because "ones" is used here to refer to cells, indicating a category or type of entity (cancerous cells as opposed to normal cells).

6. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "ones" in the given context is the second sense.

The response should be in the format: {"sense_index": 2}.

{"sense_index": 2}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "found" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

Here, "found" is used in the context of scientific research where Dr. Vogelstein and his team were searching for a specific gene or deletion on chromosome 17. They were using gene probes to identify the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. **come upon, as if by accident; meet with** - This doesn't perfectly fit because the context implies a directed search rather than an accidental discovery.
2. **discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of** - This is a plausible sense as it involves detecting something through investigation.
3. **come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost** - This sense fits well because Dr. Vogelstein's team was searching for a specific deletion.
4. **establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study** - While this involves investigation, it's more about determining or calculating something, which isn't the exact fit here.
5. **make a discovery, make a new finding** - This is also plausible as it involves discovering something new.

Given the context, the most relevant senses are 2, 3, and 8. However, sense 3 ("come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost") is the most appropriate because it directly relates to the act of searching for and identifying a specific genetic deletion.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "found" in this context is **3**.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in <t>exactly</t> the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "exactly" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

Here, "exactly" is used to indicate that the location of the deletion Dr. Vogelstein found and the location of p53 are precisely the same, emphasizing the exactness or preciseness of their coincidence.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "indicating exactness or preciseness" with synonyms "precisely, just" and examples like "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do." This sense aligns well with the usage in the given sentence, where "exactly" indicates that the deletion and p53 are in the same spot with no deviation.

2. The second sense is "just as it should be" with synonyms like "on the nose, on the dot, on the button." While this sense also conveys a sense of precision, it typically implies a judgment about something being as it should be, which isn't the primary implication here.

3. The third sense is defined as "in a precise manner" with the synonym "incisively." This sense is more about the manner in which something is done, which doesn't directly apply to the context of "exactly the same spot."

Given the context and the definitions, the usage of "exactly" in the sentence best fits the first sense, as it indicates exactness or preciseness regarding the location of the deletion and p53.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "exactly" is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "same" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

Here, "same" is used to indicate that the location of the deletion found by Dr. Vogelstein and the location of p53 are identical.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. "same in identity" - This sense implies that the two things being compared are not just similar but are actually the same thing or identical in some aspect. The example given is "the same man I saw yesterday," indicating the man is one and the same.

2. "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree" - This sense suggests a likeness or comparability between two things but does not necessarily imply they are identical. An example is "curtains the same color as the walls," indicating similarity in color.

3. "equal in amount or value" - This sense is about equivalence in quantity or value, with "like" or "equivalent" being synonyms. An example is "like amounts," showing equality in quantity.

4. "unchanged in character or nature" - This sense implies that something remains the same over time or under different conditions. An example is "the village stayed the same," indicating no change.

Given the context, "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53," the word "same" is used to indicate that the spot where the deletion was found and the spot where p53 is located are identical. This usage aligns with the first sense: "same in identity." The use of "exactly" further emphasizes the identity or exactness of the location.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "same" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: said
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had <t>said</t> the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "said" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

Here, "said" is used to report or convey what Mr. Levine had stated or claimed about the p53 gene. The context involves a scientific discussion and the reporting of someone's findings or beliefs.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **express in words** - This is a general definition that could apply, but it's too broad.
2. **report or maintain** - This sense fits well because it involves reporting or stating something as a fact or claim, which aligns with the context of Mr. Levine stating his findings.
3. **express a supposition** - This involves supposing or hypothesizing, which is not the primary action described in the sentence.
4. **have or contain a certain wording or form** - This is more about the wording or form of a text, not directly relevant here.
5. **give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority** - This doesn't fit because Mr. Levine is not giving instructions.
6. **speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way** - This is more about the manner of speaking, not the content or claim being made.
7. **communicate or express nonverbally** - The context involves verbal communication, not nonverbal.
8. **utter aloud** - While this could technically apply, it's not the most specific or relevant sense in this context.
9. **state as one's opinion or judgement; declare** - This is a plausible sense because it involves stating an opinion or judgment, which could apply to Mr. Levine's statement about the p53 gene.
10. **recite or repeat a fixed text** - This doesn't fit because Mr. Levine is not reciting a fixed text.
11. **indicate** - This is more about showing or indicating something nonverbally, not directly relevant.

Between the plausible senses, **2. report or maintain** and **9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare** are the closest. However, "report or maintain" (sense 2) is a better fit because it directly relates to the act of stating or claiming something as a fact or result of research, which is what Mr. Levine did regarding the p53 gene.

The best indexed sense for "said" in this context is **2**.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: caused
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "caused" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Understanding the Context**: The passage discusses research related to genetics and cancer, specifically focusing on the p53 gene and its role in cancer. It mentions that a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found that the p53 gene could transform normal cells into cancerous ones, implying it caused cancer.

2. **Analyzing the Target Sentence**: The sentence where "caused" appears is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..." Here, "caused" is used to indicate that the p53 gene gave rise to or resulted in cancer.

3. **Examining the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" with synonyms "do, make" and examples like "cause a commotion; make a stir". This sense implies that the subject (p53 gene) results in the occurrence of something else (cancer).
   - **Sense 2**: "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner" with synonyms "induce, stimulate, have, get, make" and examples like "The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer". This sense suggests that the subject influences the action or behavior of another entity.

4. **Applying the Context to the Candidate Senses**:
   - In the given context, "caused" is related to the p53 gene resulting in cancer. The phrase "caused cancer by promoting growth" indicates that the p53 gene's action led to the occurrence or development of cancer. This aligns with the first sense, as it involves the gene giving rise to or resulting in cancer, not directly causing an entity to act in a certain manner.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The usage of "caused" in the context best fits **Sense 1**, as it involves the gene giving rise to cancer, which is an event or a condition.

6. **Returning the Answer in the Required Format**:
   - Since the task is to identify the single best indexed sense and the provided candidate senses are indexed starting from 1, the best sense (Sense 1) corresponds to the index **1**.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: promote
Target surface form: promoting
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by <t>promoting</t> growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=promote%2:41:01:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=advance, boost, further, encourage | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=promote%2:41:00:: | definition=give a promotion to or assign to a higher position | synonyms=upgrade, advance, kick upstairs, raise, elevate | examples=John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired; Women tend not to advance in the major law firms
3. sense_key=promote%2:32:00:: | definition=make publicity for; try to sell (a product) | synonyms=advertise, advertize, push | examples=The salesman is aggressively pushing the new computer model; The company is heavily advertizing their new laptops
4. sense_key=promote%2:33:01:: | definition=be changed for a superior chess or checker piece
5. sense_key=promote%2:33:00:: | definition=change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "growth" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses research related to cancer cells, genes, and the process of cells becoming cancerous. Specifically, it mentions that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones by promoting "growth," and contrasts this with the researchers' expectation of finding a gene that suppresses growth.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to the biological process of an organism growing, which is not directly related to the context of cancerous cell transformation.
2. The second sense talks about a progression from simpler to more complex forms, which is somewhat relevant but not directly related to the specific context of cell growth or tumor growth.
3. The third sense refers to a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important, which aligns with the context of cells growing or proliferating.
4. The fourth sense is about vegetation that has grown, which is not relevant to the context.
5. The fifth sense discusses the gradual beginning or coming forth, which is not directly related to the context.
6. The sixth sense refers to an abnormal proliferation of tissue, as in a tumor, which is highly relevant to the context of cancer research.
7. The seventh sense is about something grown or growing, which is somewhat relevant but not as specific to the context as the sixth sense.

Given the context, both the third sense (a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important) and the sixth sense (an abnormal proliferation of tissue, as in a tumor) seem relevant. However, the sixth sense directly relates to "pathology" and "tumor," making it very specific to the context of cancer research.

The sentence context indicates that "growth" is being discussed in relation to cancerous cells and tumor formation. The phrase "promoting growth" is contrasted with "suppressing growth," indicating that "growth" here refers to the proliferation of cancer cells or tumor growth, which is directly related to the sixth sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "growth" in this context is the sixth sense.

{"sense_index": 6}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were <t>looking for</t> a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "looking for" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information.

The context is about researchers at Johns Hopkins using gene probes to identify a specific gene on chromosome 17 that is associated with tumor cells. They are "looking for" the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells, which they believe would probably constitute a gene.

The two candidate senses provided are:
1. The first sense is defined as "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of." The synonyms given are "search" and "seek," with examples like "The police are searching for clues" and "They are searching for the missing man in the entire county." This sense aligns with the action of trying to find something specific.
2. The second sense is defined as "be excited or anxious about," with synonyms "anticipate" and "look to." This sense implies a state of expectation or concern about something.

Given the context, the researchers are actively trying to identify or locate a specific gene. The action described fits the definition of trying to locate or discover something. The synonyms "search" and "seek" are appropriate for this context, as the researchers are engaged in a systematic effort to find a particular piece of genetic material.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "looking for" in this context is the first one, as it accurately describes the action of trying to locate or discover something.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suppress
Target surface form: suppressed
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that <t>suppressed</t> growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suppress%2:30:00:: | definition=to put down by force or authority | synonyms=stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb | examples=suppress a nascent uprising; stamp down on littering
2. sense_key=suppress%2:41:01:: | definition=come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority | synonyms=oppress, crush | examples=The government oppresses political activists
3. sense_key=suppress%2:41:00:: | definition=control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior | synonyms=inhibit, bottle up
4. sense_key=suppress%2:31:00:: | definition=put out of one's consciousness | synonyms=repress
5. sense_key=suppress%2:30:12:: | definition=reduce the incidence or severity of or stop | examples=suppress a yawn; this drug can suppress the hemorrhage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "suppressed" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses a gene (p53) that is associated with cancer. The Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that "suppressed growth," implying they were searching for a gene that controls or restrains cell growth, potentially a tumor suppressor gene.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense involves putting down by force or authority. While this could metaphorically apply to a gene controlling growth, the context doesn't directly imply force or authority in the traditional sense.

2. The second sense involves coming down on or keeping down by unjust use of one's authority. This doesn't directly relate to the biological context of gene function and cell growth.

3. The third sense is about controlling and refraining from showing emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior. While this involves control, it's more related to psychological or behavioral aspects rather than biological processes like gene expression.

4. The fourth sense involves putting something out of one's consciousness, which is not relevant to the biological context.

5. The fifth sense is about reducing the incidence or severity of or stopping something. The example given includes "suppress a yawn" and "this drug can suppress the hemorrhage," indicating a reduction or control of a process or condition.

Given the context, the gene in question is described as being involved in suppressing growth, which aligns with the concept of reducing or controlling a biological process. The closest match among the provided senses is the fifth sense, which involves reducing the incidence or severity of or stopping something. This is consistent with the role of a tumor suppressor gene, which is to control or suppress tumor or cancerous cell growth.

The best indexed sense for "suppressed" in this context is therefore related to controlling or reducing a biological process.

{"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed <t>growth</t>. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "growth" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses genetic research related to cancer, specifically focusing on the role of a gene called p53 in promoting or suppressing cancerous cell growth. The context revolves around the biological process of cell growth and its relation to cancer.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "growth" is used in the context of cancer cells and normal cells, indicating a process related to the development or increase in number of cells.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. growth%1:22:00::**: Refers to the biological process of an organism growing. While related, the context specifically talks about cell growth in relation to cancer, not the overall growth of an organism.
   - **2. growth%1:22:01::**: Involves a progression from simpler to more complex forms, which is somewhat relevant but not directly related to the cell growth or tumor context.
   - **3. growth%1:22:02::**: Describes a process of becoming larger or more numerous, which aligns with the context of cell growth and proliferation.
   - **4. growth%1:14:00::**: Refers to vegetation that has grown, which is not relevant to the context of cell or tumor growth.
   - **5. growth%1:11:01::**: Involves the gradual beginning or coming forth, not directly related to the context.
   - **6. growth%1:26:00::**: Refers to an abnormal proliferation of tissue, as in a tumor, which is highly relevant to the context of cancer and cell growth.
   - **7. growth%1:17:00::**: Describes something grown or growing, which is too broad and not as directly related to the specific context of cell or tumor growth as some other options.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is about the genetic aspect of cancer and how certain genes can either promote or suppress the growth of cancer cells.
   - Both senses **3. growth%1:22:02::** and **6. growth%1:26:00::** seem relevant because they relate to the concept of growth or increase. However, sense **3** is more general and applies to the process of cells becoming more numerous or larger, which is relevant to both cancerous and normal cell growth.
   - Sense **6** is very specific to the context of tumors or abnormal cell growth, which is directly related to the discussion about cancer.

Given the context that discusses the role of a gene in promoting or suppressing cancerous cell growth, and comparing the gene's function to its damaged form that leads to cancer, the most relevant sense is related to the process of cells becoming more numerous or larger, which is directly tied to the biological and pathological context.

The best answer is {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists <t>compared</t> the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "found" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "When the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical;"

The word "found" is used in the context of scientific research, specifically in comparing a gene discovered in human cancer cells with another known gene.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. come upon, as if by accident; meet with (sense_key=find%2:40:02::)
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (sense_key=find%2:39:02::)
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (sense_key=find%2:40:00::)
4. make a discovery, make a new finding (sense_key=find%2:36:00::)

The context implies that the gene was being searched for, and upon comparison, it was identified as being identical to another known gene. This involves both the act of discovering or identifying something after a search and the context of scientific investigation.

Sense 3 (come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost) fits well because it involves the idea of searching for something (in this case, a specific gene) and then identifying it.

Sense 2 (discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of) is also relevant as it involves discovering or determining the existence of something, which aligns with the scientific context of identifying a gene.

However, the sentence specifically mentions that the Johns Hopkins scientists "compared the gene they had found," indicating that the gene was already identified and then compared. This suggests that the act of finding is more about identifying or discovering the gene's presence or characteristics rather than just coming upon it by accident.

Given the context and the provided examples, the most suitable sense is "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" (sense_index=3), as it closely aligns with the idea of identifying a gene after a search or investigation.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: human
Target surface form: human
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "human" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing a scientific discovery related to cancer cells and genes, specifically comparing genes found in human cancer cells with a gene (p53) previously identified in research involving mice.

1. The first candidate sense is defined as "characteristic of humanity" with an example "human nature." This sense doesn't directly relate to the context of comparing human cancer cells with a gene found in mice studies, as it refers more to the qualities or characteristics of being human rather than distinguishing human subjects or cells from non-human ones.

2. The second candidate sense is "relating to a person" with an example "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects." This sense directly pertains to distinguishing between human and non-human (in this case, animal) subjects or participants in experiments. The context involves comparing human cancer cells with a gene (p53) studied in mice, making this sense highly relevant.

3. The third candidate sense is "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings" with an example "human beings; the human body." While this sense does distinguish humans from animals or divine beings, it is broader and more focused on the general attributes or form of humans.

Given the context, the most relevant distinction is between human cancer cells and the gene studied in mice. The sentence directly compares "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" with "Mr. Levine's p53 gene," indicating a need to distinguish between human and non-human (animal, in this case) subjects of study.

The second sense ("relating to a person") is the most appropriate because it directly relates to the distinction being made between human subjects (or cells, in this case) and those of other species (mice). The use of "human subjects" in the example provided for this sense mirrors the comparison being made in the context between human cancer cells and a gene studied in mice.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "human" in the given context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}