[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degree
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the <t>degree</t> to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allow
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- <t>allow</t> this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "allow" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Here, "allow" is used in the context of enabling or making it possible for "common sense to prevail." The phrase "allow something to happen" or "allow something to prevail" suggests giving permission or making it possible for something to occur.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen** - This definition fits the context as it involves making it possible for "common sense to prevail."
   - Synonyms: let, permit
   - Examples: "This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement"

2. **consent to, give permission** - While this involves giving permission, it slightly differs from making something possible through action or inaction.
   - Synonyms: permit, let, countenance
   - Examples: "She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement"

3. **let have** - This involves granting something.
   - Synonyms: grant
   - Examples: "grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison"

4. & others are less directly related to the context.

The usage of "allow" in the given sentence is closest to making it possible for something (common sense) to prevail, which aligns with the first definition: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen." The synonyms (let, permit) and the examples provided for this sense also support this interpretation.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "allow" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevail
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to <t>prevail</t> over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "prevail" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Here, "prevail" is used in the context of "common sense" overcoming or being more influential than "illusions." The phrase "prevail over" suggests a sense of one thing being more successful or influential than another.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance" with synonyms like "predominate, dominate, rule, reign." The example given is "Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood." This sense fits the context because "prevail over" can imply being more influential or having more power, which aligns with the idea of "common sense" being more influential than "illusions."

2. The second sense is "be valid, applicable, or true" with synonyms "hold, obtain." An example is "This theory still holds." This doesn't directly fit the context of prevailing over something else.

3. The third sense is "continue to exist" with synonyms "persist, die hard, run, endure." The example is "These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures." While this involves a sense of continuation, it doesn't directly imply overcoming or being more influential than something else.

4. The fourth sense is "prove superior" with the synonym "triumph." The example given is "The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight." This sense aligns closely with the context because "prevailing over" something implies proving superior to it.

5. The fifth sense is "use persuasion successfully" with the example "He prevailed upon her to visit his parents." This involves persuading someone, which is different from the context provided.

Given the context and the examples, both the first and fourth senses seem plausible because they both involve the idea of one thing being more influential or superior to another. However, the phrase "prevail over" is more directly associated with the idea of proving superior or overcoming something, which is closely related to the fourth sense ("prove superior").

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "prevail" in this context is the fourth sense.

{"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: illusion
Target surface form: illusions
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the <t>illusions</t> that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=illusion%1:09:01:: | definition=an erroneous mental representation | synonyms=semblance
2. sense_key=illusion%1:09:00:: | definition=something many people believe that is false | synonyms=fantasy, phantasy, fancy | examples=they have the illusion that I am very wealthy
3. sense_key=illusion%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas | synonyms=delusion, head game
4. sense_key=illusion%1:04:02:: | definition=an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers | synonyms=magic trick, conjuring trick, trick, magic, legerdemain, conjuration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "illusions" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the notion of "creativity" in education and how it is part of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction. It criticizes this approach and suggests that parents' commitment to "creativity" is not aligned with their desire for their children to receive a decent, traditional education. The sentence containing "illusions" states that the future of American education will be determined by the degree to which common sense prevails over the "illusions" that people share.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to "an erroneous mental representation." While this could fit in a broad sense, the context suggests that "illusions" refers to beliefs or ideas rather than a specific mental representation.

2. The second sense is defined as "something many people believe that is false," with synonyms like "fantasy, phantasy, fancy." The example given is "they have the illusion that I am very wealthy." This sense fits the context well because "illusions" here likely refers to widely held false beliefs about the value of "creativity" in education over traditional methods.

3. The third sense, "the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas," implies an active process of deceiving. While this could be related, the context doesn't directly suggest that someone is actively deluding others, but rather that there are shared false beliefs.

4. The fourth sense refers to "an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers," which is not relevant to the context of educational beliefs and practices.

Given the context and the definitions, the second sense ("something many people believe that is false") is the most appropriate. It aligns with the idea that there are shared false beliefs or misconceptions about the importance of "creativity" in education.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "illusions" in the given context is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: share
Target surface form: share
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also <t>share</t>. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=share%2:42:00:: | definition=have in common | examples=Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border
2. sense_key=share%2:40:02:: | definition=use jointly or in common
3. sense_key=share%2:40:01:: | definition=have, give, or receive a share of | synonyms=partake, partake in | examples=We shared the cake
4. sense_key=share%2:40:00:: | definition=give out as one's portion or share | synonyms=divvy up, portion out, apportion, deal
5. sense_key=share%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate | examples=I'd like to share this idea with you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "share" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Here, "share" is used in the context of having or holding something (in this case, "illusions") in common with others.

1. The first sense suggests "have in common," which aligns with the context of sharing illusions.
2. The second sense implies using something jointly or in common, which doesn't directly fit the context of sharing abstract concepts like illusions.
3. The third sense involves having, giving, or receiving a share of something, often tangible or quantifiable, like sharing a cake.
4. The fourth sense is about distributing or giving out something as one's portion, which doesn't fit the context.
5. The fifth sense involves communicating an idea, which, while related, doesn't perfectly capture the notion of having something in common.

The context implies that "we" have certain "illusions" in common. The most suitable definition is "have in common," which corresponds to the first candidate sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "share" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The <t>education</t> establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education <t>establishment</t> will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fight
Target surface form: fight
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fight%2:33:00:: | definition=be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight | synonyms=contend, struggle | examples=the tribesmen fought each other; Siblings are always fighting
2. sense_key=fight%2:33:01:: | definition=fight against or resist strongly | synonyms=oppose, fight back, fight down, defend | examples=The senator said he would oppose the bill; Don't fight it!
3. sense_key=fight%2:41:00:: | definition=make a strenuous or labored effort | synonyms=struggle | examples=She struggled for years to survive without welfare; He fought for breath
4. sense_key=fight%2:41:10:: | definition=exert oneself continuously, vigorously, or obtrusively to gain an end or engage in a crusade for a certain cause or person; be an advocate for | synonyms=crusade, press, campaign, push, agitate | examples=The liberal party pushed for reforms; She is crusading for women's rights

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "reasons" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the attractiveness of "romantic extravagance" in education to parents, their desire for their children to have a decent education, and the conflict between this desire and the "education establishment's" adherence to "progressive education." It mentions that the "reasons" for the establishment's stance are complex.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "reasons." We need to understand how it is used in the context. The sentence "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" indicates that "reasons" refers to explanations or justifications for the education establishment's actions or beliefs.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. a rational motive for a belief or action**: This sense refers to a justification or rationale behind a belief or action. The example given is "the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration." This aligns with the context where "reasons" are given for the education establishment's behavior.
   - **2. an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon**: This involves explaining why something happens or exists. The example is "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly." While this could fit, it's more about explaining a phenomenon rather than justifying an action or belief.
   - **3. the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination**: This refers to the ability to think rationally. The examples given relate to understanding and intellect. The context doesn't directly relate to this sense as it discusses specific reasons rather than the capacity for rational thought.
   - **4. the state of having good sense and sound judgment**: This is about being rational or reasonable. The context doesn't directly address the state of being reasonable but rather discusses reasons behind actions.
   - **5. a justification for something existing or happening**: This is about having a valid reason for something. The examples include "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice." This sense is close to the first one and fits the context as it discusses reasons (justifications) for the education establishment's stance.
   - **6. a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion**: This involves a fact that supports a conclusion. The example is "there is reason to believe he is lying." This is somewhat relevant but is more about logical justification in a more abstract or argumentative sense.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context requires a sense that fits the idea of justifications or explanations for the education establishment's actions or beliefs.
   - Senses 1 and 5 both seem plausible as they relate to justifications or rational motives for beliefs or actions.
   - Upon closer inspection, **Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action"** is the most appropriate. It directly relates to the idea of having a reason (or reasons) for doing something or believing in something, which fits the context of explaining why the education establishment behaves in a certain way.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "reasons" in the given context is Sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one <t>simple</t> reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "simple" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

Here, "simple" is used to describe a reason. The context suggests that among complex reasons, there is one reason that is not complex or complicated.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved. This sense fits the context as it describes a reason that is not complex.
2. Easy and not involved or complicated. While this could potentially fit, the context is more about the nature of the reason rather than its difficulty or ease.
3. Apart from anything else; without additions or modifications. This sense could imply a reason that stands alone or is considered by itself.
4. Exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity. This doesn't fit the context as the discussion is about the complexity of reasons, not about being naive or credulous.
5. Lacking mental capacity and subtlety. This sense is not relevant to the context as it refers to a person's mental capacity, not the complexity of a reason.
6. (Botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions. This is irrelevant to the context.
7. Unornamented. While this could imply simplicity in design or presentation, it doesn't directly relate to the complexity of a reason.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is the first one: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved." This is because it directly addresses the complexity of the reason being discussed.

The first sense corresponds to the definition and is indexed as 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple <t>reason</t> ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "reason" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the attractiveness of "romantic extravagance" in education to parents, their desire for their children to have a decent education, and the conflict between this desire and the "illusions" or "creativity" that might not align with traditional educational values. It highlights the education establishment's resistance to "common sense" in education and attributes this resistance to complex reasons, focusing on one simple reason related to the preference of teachers for "progressive education" over disciplined instruction.

2. **Target Sentence Analysis**: The sentence containing the target word is, "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." Here, "reason" refers to a justification or explanation for why the education establishment resists common sense.

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **1. a rational motive for a belief or action**: This sense refers to a reason that drives a belief or action. While it could fit, it's more about the motivation behind an action or belief.
   - **2. an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon**: This involves explaining why something happens or exists. The passage discusses reasons for the education establishment's behavior, which could be seen as explaining a phenomenon.
   - **3. the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination**: This refers to the ability to think rationally, which is not directly related to the context of the target sentence.
   - **4. the state of having good sense and sound judgment**: This is about being rational or reasonable, not directly related to the target sentence's context.
   - **5. a justification for something existing or happening**: This involves providing a reason or cause for something. The target sentence discusses a reason for the education establishment's actions, fitting this description.
   - **6. a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion**: This is about a fact supporting a conclusion or premise, somewhat related but more specific to logical justification.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The target word "reason" is used in the context of explaining why the education establishment behaves in a certain way.
   - Senses 1 and 5 both seem plausible as they relate to justifying or explaining actions or beliefs.
   - Sense 2 is also relevant as it talks about explaining the cause of a phenomenon, which could apply here.
   - Upon closer inspection, the sentence is discussing a justification or explanation for the establishment's resistance to common sense, making **Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action"** and **Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"** both potentially correct. However, Sense 5 is more directly related to the context as it specifically mentions "a justification for something existing or happening," which aligns with providing a reason for the observed resistance.

5. **Decision**: The best fit is **Sense 5**, as it directly relates to providing a justification or reason for the education establishment's actions or state.

Therefore, the JSON response is: {"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: Progressive
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "<t>Progressive</t> education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Progressive" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the concept of "Progressive education" and contrasts it with "disciplined instruction." It highlights that progressive education is more interesting and agreeable to teachers as it involves "personality development" and minimizes testing.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Favoring or promoting progress - This sense is related to "progressive schools," which aligns with the context of "Progressive education."
2. Favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) - While this sense could be related, the context doesn't directly imply government action or reform in the political sense.
3. (Of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases - This sense is unrelated to the context of education.
4. Gradually advancing in extent - This is a possible interpretation but is more general and doesn't directly relate to the educational context or the specific contrast made.
5. (Of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position - This sense is unrelated to the context.
6. Advancing in severity - This sense is also unrelated to the context of education being discussed.

The term "Progressive education" historically refers to an educational movement that emphasizes student-centered, experience-based learning, and is often contrasted with more traditional forms of education. The first sense, "favoring or promoting progress," is the most relevant as it directly relates to the concept of "progressive schools" or educational approaches that are considered progressive.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "Progressive" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive <t>education</t> "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "education" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the future of American education, contrasting "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction." It highlights the preferences of teachers and the challenges faced by the education system.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. education%1:04:00::**: Activities of educating or instructing; imparting knowledge or skill.
   - **2. education%1:09:00::**: Knowledge acquired by learning and instruction.
   - **3. education%1:09:01::**: The gradual process of acquiring knowledge.
   - **4. education%1:04:01::**: The profession of teaching.
   - **5. education%1:07:01::**: Result of good upbringing, especially knowledge of correct social behavior.
   - **6. education%1:14:00::**: The United States federal department that administers federal programs dealing with education.

3. **Analyzing the Context for Sense Disambiguation**:
   - The passage refers to "American education's future" and contrasts "progressive education" with disciplined instruction, indicating a focus on the system or process of education rather than the knowledge acquired or the profession of teaching alone.
   - The term "education" is used in a broad sense, encompassing the overall system or process, rather than specifically referring to the act of teaching, the knowledge gained, or a government department.

4. **Matching the Context to the Candidate Senses**:
   - Sense 1 (activities of educating or instructing) is relevant but somewhat narrow as it focuses on the activities rather than the broader concept or system.
   - Sense 2 (knowledge acquired) and Sense 3 (gradual process of acquiring knowledge) both relate to the outcomes and processes of education. Sense 3 is particularly relevant as it discusses education as a process.
   - Sense 4 (profession of teaching) is not the primary focus, as the passage discusses education more broadly than just the profession.
   - Sense 5 (result of good upbringing) is not directly relevant to the context provided.
   - Sense 6 (United States federal department) is not relevant as the passage does not specifically refer to a government department.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The passage discusses "education" in terms of its future, the challenges it faces, and the contrast between different approaches to it. This suggests that "education" is being considered as a process or system.
   - **Sense 1** and **Sense 3** are both plausible because they relate to the process or activities involved in education. However, **Sense 3** ("the gradual process of acquiring knowledge") captures the essence of "education" as discussed in the passage more accurately, as it encompasses the broader concept of education as a process.

6. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "education" in the given context is **3**.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "once" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "... 'Progressive education '(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Here, "once" is used to indicate that "Progressive education" was called by that name at a previous time.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "on one occasion" with synonyms "one time, in one case" and an example "once I ran into her". This sense doesn't fit the context because "once" here doesn't mean "on one occasion" but rather refers to a past time when "Progressive education" was known by that name.

2. The second sense is defined as "as soon as" with an example "once we are home, we can rest". This doesn't match the context either, as "once" in the sentence doesn't indicate a condition or a timing for an action to happen after another.

3. The third sense is defined as "at a previous time" with synonyms "formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst" and examples "at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing". This sense fits the context perfectly because "once" is used to refer to the past when "Progressive education" was called by that name, indicating it was known by that name formerly.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "once" in the given context is the third one.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: far
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "far" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: ""Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Here, "far" is used to modify the comparative form "more interesting and agreeable," indicating a considerable degree or extent of difference between "progressive education" and "disciplined instruction" in terms of how interesting and agreeable they are to teachers.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much
   - This sense fits the context as "far more interesting" is an idiomatic expression meaning "much more interesting" or "significantly more interesting."

2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space
   - This sense doesn't fit the context because "far" is not describing physical distance.

3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree
   - While this sense discusses degree, it's more about reaching a certain limit or extent ("I can only go so far"), which doesn't perfectly match the usage in the given sentence.

4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time
   - This sense is irrelevant to the context as "far" is not describing a time-related concept.

5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point
   - This sense implies progression or achievement ("a young man who will go very far"), which doesn't directly apply to the comparative form used in the sentence.

The usage of "far" in the sentence aligns with the first candidate sense, as it indicates a considerable degree or extent ("to a considerable degree; very much"). The phrase "far more interesting and agreeable" is a common idiomatic expression that signifies a significant difference in degree.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "far" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "more" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Here, "more" is used to compare two things: "Progressive education" and "disciplined instruction" in terms of being "interesting and agreeable to teachers." The word "more" modifies the adjectives "interesting" and "agreeable," indicating a comparison between the two types of education.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "more" as used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs, with the synonym "to a greater extent" and examples like "more interesting; more beautiful." This sense directly applies to the context where "more" is used to form the comparative of the adjective "interesting."

2. The second sense defines "more" as the comparative of "much," indicating a greater degree or extent, with examples like "he works more now; they eat more than they should." This sense is more related to the quantity or amount of something rather than comparing adjectives directly.

Given the context, "more" is used to compare the degree of "interesting" and "agreeable" between "progressive education" and "disciplined instruction." Therefore, it fits the first sense, which involves forming the comparative of adjectives.

The best indexed sense for "more" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "agreeable" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the preference of teachers for "progressive education" over disciplined instruction because it is "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers." Here, "agreeable" is used to describe the nature or quality of "progressive education" in relation to teachers' preferences or feelings towards it.

1. The first sense defines "agreeable" as conforming to one's liking or feelings or nature. The example given is "Is the plan agreeable to you?" or "he's an agreeable fellow." This sense aligns with the context where "progressive education" is described as being more "agreeable" to teachers, implying it conforms to their liking or is pleasing to them.

2. The second sense defines "agreeable" as being in keeping or consistent with something else, using synonyms like accordant, conformable, consonant, and concordant. The examples provided relate to salaries being in line with trends or plans being in line with wishes. This sense does not directly relate to the context, as "progressive education" being "agreeable" to teachers doesn't imply it's consistent with some other external standard or trend but rather pleasing or likable to them.

3. The third sense defines "agreeable" as being prepared to agree or consent. The example given is "agreeable to the plan." This sense implies a readiness or willingness to consent to something, which doesn't directly fit the context. The context doesn't suggest that teachers are being asked to agree or consent to "progressive education" but rather that it is more pleasing or likable to them.

Given the context and the definitions, the first sense ("conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature") best fits the usage of "agreeable" in the passage. It describes "progressive education" as being pleasing or likable to teachers.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "teachers" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the future of American education, the role of common sense in educational approaches, and the preferences of the education establishment, particularly teachers, regarding their methods of instruction. It contrasts "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction" and notes that the former is more interesting and agreeable to teachers.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "teachers," which refers to individuals who teach.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00::**: This sense defines a teacher as "a person whose occupation is teaching" with "instructor" as a synonym. This aligns with the typical understanding of a teacher as someone employed to teach.
   - **2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00::**: This sense refers to "a personified abstraction that teaches," with examples like "books were his teachers" or "experience is a demanding teacher." This sense is more about anything that teaches or educates, not necessarily a person employed for teaching.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The passage clearly refers to individuals who are employed in the education system, contrasting their preferences for certain teaching methods. It discusses their occupation and the nature of their work.
   - The context directly supports the first sense, as it talks about teachers in the context of their profession and the methods they prefer.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the definitions provided, the most appropriate sense for "teachers" is the one that refers to individuals whose occupation is teaching.

6. **Indexed Sense Selection**:
   - The first definition provided corresponds to sense index 1.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "disciplined" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the future of American education and the conflict between "progressive education" and traditional, structured learning. It highlights that "disciplined instruction" is less agreeable to teachers compared to progressive methods.

2. **Understanding "Disciplined" in Context**: In the context, "disciplined instruction" is contrasted with "progressive education" or methods that focus on "creativity" and "personality development." The term suggests a structured, rigorous, and possibly traditional approach to teaching.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "obeying the rules" - This sense implies adherence to a set of rules or regulations. While it could relate to a structured educational environment, it doesn't directly convey the idea of being trained or educated in a rigorous manner.
   - **Sense 2**: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" - This definition directly relates to the idea of being educated or trained through a structured and possibly rigorous method. The example of "a disciplined mind" suggests mental training or education, aligning with the context of instruction.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context contrasts "disciplined instruction" with more lenient or less structured educational approaches. The term "disciplined" here is likely to mean instruction that is structured, rigorous, and possibly traditional.
   - Sense 2 directly relates to the idea of mental training or rigorous education, fitting the context of "disciplined instruction" as opposed to more relaxed educational methods.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the analysis, the most appropriate sense for "disciplined" in the given context is Sense 2, as it aligns with the idea of structured and rigorous mental training or education.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "instruction" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses American education's future and the contrast between "progressive education" and disciplined instruction. It highlights that disciplined instruction is less agreeable to teachers compared to the more flexible and creative approaches of progressive education.

1. The first candidate sense defines "instruction" as "a message describing how something is to be done" with synonyms like "direction." While this sense is relevant in certain educational contexts, the text does not specifically focus on messages or directions for doing something.

2. The second candidate sense defines "instruction" as "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" with synonyms including "education, teaching, pedagogy." This sense is highly relevant because the context discusses the activities and approaches within education, contrasting disciplined instruction with more progressive educational methods.

3. The third candidate sense refers to "the profession of a teacher" with synonyms like "teaching, pedagogy." While related to education, this sense is more about the profession itself rather than the activities or methods used within that profession.

4. The fourth candidate sense is related to computer science, defining "instruction" as "a line of code written as part of a computer program." This sense is not relevant to the context, which discusses education in a general, not computational, sense.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is the second one, which relates to the activities of educating or instructing. The text contrasts "disciplined instruction" with "progressive education," indicating that "instruction" here refers to the act or process of teaching or educating, aligning with the definition of "the activities of educating or instructing."

Thus, the best indexed sense for "instruction" in the given context is the one corresponding to the activities of educating or instructing.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "think" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Here, "think" is used in the context of teachers believing or considering themselves to be engaged in a particular activity ("personality development"). The word is not used to indicate a deep or complex mental process like pondering or reasoning, nor is it about recalling something from memory, imagining a scenario, or having something in mind as a purpose.

Let's look at the candidate senses and their definitions:
1. Judge or regard; look upon; judge. Synonyms include believe, consider, conceive. Example: "I think he is very smart."
2. Expect, believe, or suppose. Synonyms include opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess. Example: "I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel."
3. Use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason. Synonyms include cogitate, cerebrate. Example: "I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere."
4. Recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection. Synonyms include remember, retrieve, recall. Example: "I can't remember saying any such thing."
5. Imagine or visualize. Example: "Just think--you could be rich one day!"
6. Focus one's attention on a certain state. Example: "Think big; think thin."
7. Have in mind as a purpose. Synonyms include intend, mean. Example: "I mean no harm."
8. Decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting. Example: "Can you think what to do next?"
9. Ponder; reflect on, or reason about. Example: "Think the matter through."
10. Dispose the mind in a certain way. Example: "Do you really think so?"
11. Have or formulate in the mind. Example: "think good thoughts."
12. Be capable of conscious thought. Example: "Man is the only creature that thinks."
13. Bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation. Example: "She thought herself into a state of panic."

The usage of "think" in the given sentence aligns with believing or considering something to be true, which matches the first sense: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with synonyms like believe, consider, conceive. The sentence implies that teachers believe or consider themselves to be engaged in "personality development," which fits the definition and examples provided for this sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "think" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}