[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very <t>early</t> exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "early" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

Here, "early" is used to describe the timing of exposure to schooling relative to a child's life or educational career. The context suggests that "early" refers to an age or stage before the usual or expected time for schooling to begin.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time" - This definition fits the context as "early exposure to schooling" implies exposure before the usual age or at an early stage in a child's life.

2. "being or occurring at an early stage of development" - While this could potentially fit, it's more about the stage of development rather than the timing relative to expected events.

3. "belonging to the distant past" - This doesn't fit the context as it refers to historical or past events, not the timing of an event in a child's life.

4. "very young" - This is a plausible interpretation since "early exposure" can imply exposure at a very young age.

5. "of an early stage in the development of a language or literature" - This is not relevant to the context as it discusses educational exposure, not linguistic or literary development.

6. "expected in the near future" - This doesn't fit the context as "early" here is not discussing future expectations but rather past or current exposure.

Given the context, the most suitable definition is the first one: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time." This corresponds to sense_index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exposure
Target surface form: exposure
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early <t>exposure</t> to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exposure%1:07:00:: | definition=vulnerability to the elements; to the action of heat or cold or wind or rain;  or | examples=exposure to the weather; they died from exposure
2. sense_key=exposure%1:04:06:: | definition=the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience | examples=she denounced the exposure of children to pornography
3. sense_key=exposure%1:10:00:: | definition=the disclosure of something secret | examples=they feared exposure of their campaign plans
4. sense_key=exposure%1:09:00:: | definition=aspect resulting from the direction a building or window faces | examples=the studio had a northern exposure
5. sense_key=exposure%1:26:01:: | definition=the state of being vulnerable or exposed | synonyms=vulnerability | examples=his vulnerability to litigation; his exposure to ridicule
6. sense_key=exposure%1:23:00:: | definition=the intensity of light falling on a photographic film or plate | examples=he used the wrong exposure
7. sense_key=exposure%1:06:00:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, picture, pic
8. sense_key=exposure%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of exposing film to light
9. sense_key=exposure%1:04:05:: | definition=presentation to view in an open or public manner | examples=the exposure of his anger was shocking
10. sense_key=exposure%1:04:01:: | definition=abandoning without shelter or protection (as by leaving as infant out in the open)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: schooling
Target surface form: schooling
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to <t>schooling</t> improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=schooling%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of teaching at school
2. sense_key=schooling%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=school | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
3. sense_key=schooling%1:04:01:: | definition=the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "schooling" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses education, specifically Gov. Bill Clinton's proposal to extend the educational system to pre-kindergarten years, and the effects of early exposure to "schooling" on performance in the first grade. The discussion revolves around educational programs and their impact.

1. The first candidate sense is defined as "the act of teaching at school." This sense is related to the action of teaching, which is relevant to the context of education and schools.

2. The second candidate sense refers to "the process of being formally educated at a school." The synonym provided is "school," and an example is "what will you do when you finish school?" This sense is directly related to the context, as it discusses the process of being educated, which aligns with the discussion about extending educational systems and the impact of early schooling.

3. The third candidate sense is "the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)." This sense is unrelated to the context of human education and focuses on animal training.

Given the context, which is centered on human education and the educational system, the most relevant sense is related to education. Both the first and second senses are related to education. However, the context specifically mentions "early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade," which implies the process of being educated rather than the act of teaching.

Therefore, the best sense is the one that aligns with the process of being formally educated, which is the second candidate sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: improve
Target surface form: improves
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling <t>improves</t> performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=improve%2:30:01:: | definition=to make better | synonyms=better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The editor improved the manuscript with his changes
2. sense_key=improve%2:30:00:: | definition=get better | synonyms=better, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The weather improved toward evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "improves" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "improves" appears is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." Here, "improves" is used to indicate that early exposure to schooling makes performance in the first grade better.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: "to make better" with synonyms like "better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate" and an example: "The editor improved the manuscript with his changes." This sense implies an action taken to enhance something.
   - **Sense 2**: "get better" with the same synonyms as Sense 1 but with an example: "The weather improved toward evening." This sense implies a change for the better without necessarily implying an external agent causing the improvement.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - In the given sentence, "improves" suggests that early schooling has a positive effect on performance in the first grade. It implies that the action (early exposure to schooling) results in better performance.
   - The subject "early exposure to schooling" is an external factor that causes "performance in the first grade" to become better. This aligns with the causative implication of Sense 1, "to make better."

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given that "improves" indicates the positive effect of an external factor (early schooling) on another factor (performance in the first grade), it matches the definition and usage of Sense 1: "to make better."
   - The examples and synonyms provided for Sense 1 also support this interpretation, as they illustrate making something better through some form of action or intervention.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "improves" in the given context is Sense 1.

The response should be in the format: {"sense_index": 1}.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: improve
Target surface form: improves
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling <t>improves</t> performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=improve%2:30:01:: | definition=to make better | synonyms=better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The editor improved the manuscript with his changes
2. sense_key=improve%2:30:00:: | definition=get better | synonyms=better, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The weather improved toward evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "improves" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "improves" appears is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." Here, "improves" is used to indicate that early exposure to schooling makes performance in the first grade better.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: "to make better" with synonyms like "better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate" and an example: "The editor improved the manuscript with his changes." This sense implies an action taken to enhance something.
   - **Sense 2**: "get better" with the same synonyms as Sense 1 but with an example: "The weather improved toward evening." This sense implies a change for the better without necessarily implying an external agent causing the improvement.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - In the given sentence, "improves" suggests that early schooling has a positive effect on performance in the first grade. It implies that the action (early exposure to schooling) results in better performance.
   - The subject "early exposure to schooling" is an external factor that causes "performance in the first grade" to become better. This aligns with the causative implication of Sense 1, "to make better."

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given that "improves" indicates the positive effect of an external factor (early schooling) on another factor (performance in the first grade), it matches the definition and usage of Sense 1: "to make better."
   - The examples and synonyms provided for Sense 1 also support this interpretation, as they illustrate making something better through some form of action or intervention.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "improves" in the given context is Sense 1.

The response should be in the format: {"sense_index": 1}.

{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 2. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves <t>performance</t> in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "performance" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing education and the effects of early schooling on later academic achievement. The sentence specifically mentions that "very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away." Here, "performance" refers to how well students do academically.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **Dramatic or musical entertainment**: This doesn't fit the context as the discussion is about academic achievement, not entertainment.
2. **The act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment**: Again, this is about entertainment, not academic achievement.
3. **The act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it**: This sense aligns with the context as it relates to achieving something (in this case, academic success) through the application of knowledge or skill.
4. **Any recognized accomplishment**: While this could broadly encompass academic achievement, it's more about notable or exceptional achievements rather than the general act of performing or achieving.
5. **Process or manner of functioning or operating**: This is more related to how something works or operates, which doesn't directly fit the context of academic achievement.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is related to achieving or doing something successfully, particularly in an academic context. The third sense, "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it," best captures the idea of academic performance or achievement.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the <t>first</t> grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "first" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

Here, "first grade" is a term commonly used to refer to the initial year of formal education in many educational systems. The term is used to denote a specific level or grade in the educational hierarchy.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - This definition could apply to "first grade" as it is the initial grade in the educational sequence.
2. "indicating the beginning unit in a series" - This is a strong candidate because "first grade" is the first unit in the series of educational grades.
3. "serving to set in motion" - This doesn't directly apply to "first grade" as it doesn't necessarily set the educational system in motion; it's part of the system.
4. "serving to begin" - While "first grade" is the beginning of a child's formal education in a structured system, this sense is more about the function of being the start rather than the ordinal position.
5. "ranking above all others" - This doesn't directly apply to "first grade" as it is not necessarily about ranking but about being the initial grade.
6. "highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections" - This is unrelated to the context of educational grades.

Given the context and the examples, the term "first grade" refers to the initial year of formal schooling. The most relevant definition is "indicating the beginning unit in a series," which aligns with the ordinal sense of "first" as in "1st grade."

Thus, the best indexed sense for "first" in the given context is the one that corresponds to being the "1st" in a series, which is sense_index 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: grade
Target surface form: grade
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=grade%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
2. sense_key=grade%1:26:00:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=level, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=grade%1:07:01:: | definition=the gradient of a slope or road or other surface | examples=the road had a steep grade
4. sense_key=grade%1:23:00:: | definition=one-hundredth of a right angle | synonyms=grad
5. sense_key=grade%1:10:00:: | definition=a degree of ablaut | synonyms=gradation
6. sense_key=grade%1:09:00:: | definition=a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance) | synonyms=mark, score | examples=she made good marks in algebra; grade A milk
7. sense_key=grade%1:07:02:: | definition=the height of the ground on which something stands | synonyms=ground level | examples=the base of the tower was below grade
8. sense_key=grade%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
9. sense_key=grade%1:05:00:: | definition=a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "difference" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

Here, "difference" refers to the variation or distinction in performance between those who had early exposure to schooling and those who did not.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The quality of being unlike or dissimilar. (e.g., "there are many differences between jazz and rock")
   - This sense is plausible because it talks about the quality of being unlike or dissimilar, which could apply to the context of comparing performance.

2. A variation that deviates from the standard or norm. (e.g., "the deviation from the mean")
   - This sense is also relevant as it discusses a deviation, which could relate to the difference in performance.

3. A disagreement or argument about something important. (e.g., "he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences")
   - This sense doesn't fit the context because the passage is discussing the effect of early schooling, not a disagreement.

4. A significant change. (e.g., "the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference")
   - While this sense could potentially fit, it's more about a significant change rather than a direct comparison or distinction.

5. The number that remains after subtraction. (e.g., related to "remainder")
   - This sense is too specific to a mathematical operation and doesn't directly fit the context of discussing educational performance improvements.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is the first one: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar." The sentence is discussing how the initial improvement in performance due to early schooling is later not evident, implying a comparison between two states (with and without early schooling) and highlighting their dissimilarity in outcome over time.

Thus, the best indexed sense for "difference" is sense_index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: quickly
Target surface form: quickly
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "quickly" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

Here, "quickly" modifies the verb "washed away," indicating the manner in which the difference made by early schooling disappears over time. The context suggests that the effect of early schooling is short-lived.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "with rapid movements" and is associated with synonyms like "rapidly," "speedily," "chop-chop," and "apace." The example given is "he works quickly." This sense typically relates to the speed of actions or movements.

2. The second sense is "with little or no delay" and is associated with synonyms like "promptly" and "quick." The examples provided are "the rescue squad arrived promptly" and "come here, quick!" This sense is about the timing of an event, specifically that it happens soon or without delay.

3. The third sense is "without taking pains" with the synonym "cursorily" and the example "he looked cursorily through the magazine." This implies doing something superficially or without much attention to detail.

In the given sentence, "quickly" is used to describe how the difference made by early schooling is "washed away." The context implies that this happens soon after the first grade, indicating a lack of delay in the disappearance of the difference. Thus, it aligns with the idea of something happening "with little or no delay," which matches the second sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "quickly" in this context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wash_away
Target surface form: washed away
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "washed away" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence discusses the impact of early schooling on performance in the first grade, stating that any initial difference in performance is "quickly washed away" afterward. Here, "washed away" is used metaphorically to indicate that the initial advantage or difference resulting from early schooling is eliminated or disappears over time.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "eliminate" with the example "wash away all the differences." This aligns with the metaphorical use in the context, where the difference in performance is eliminated over time.

2. The second sense is defined as "remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent." The synonyms provided are "wash," "wash out," and "wash off," with examples involving physical cleaning. This sense is more literal and involves a physical action of cleaning.

Given the context, "washed away" is used to convey that the initial difference or advantage is eliminated or disappears. This usage aligns with the first sense, which involves the elimination of differences or effects, not a physical cleaning action.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "washed away" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sum_up
Target surface form: sum up
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "sum up" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information.

The context is discussing an argument about education policies and the effectiveness of certain educational reforms. The sentence with the target phrase is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work:".

The phrase "sum up" here is used to indicate that the author is about to provide a summary or a recap of the known facts or points regarding education and educational reforms.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "give a summary (of)" with synonyms "summarize, summarise, resume" and an example "he summed up his results; I will now summarize". This sense fits the context as the author is about to give a summary of known facts about education.

2. The second sense is defined as "be a summary of" with the same synonyms but a different example "The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper". This sense implies that the subject itself is a summary, which doesn't perfectly fit the context because "sum up" is used as an action the author is about to perform, not as a description of something that is already a summary.

3. The third sense is defined as "determine the sum of" with synonyms like "total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up" and an example related to adding numbers of people. This sense doesn't fit the context because the discussion is about summarizing points or facts, not about calculating a numerical sum.

Given the context and the definitions, the best fit for "sum up" is the first sense, as it involves giving a summary of known facts about education and educational reforms.

Therefore, the response should be: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "education" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the concept of extending the educational system to pre-kindergarten years, the effectiveness of early schooling, and various aspects of educational reforms. It critiques Gov. Clinton's proposal and discusses the impact of early education on later performance.

2. **Understanding the Target**: The target word is "education," and it appears in the context of discussing educational policies, reforms, and the system.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. education%1:04:00::**: Refers to the activities of educating or instructing. The context does involve discussing educational activities and reforms, making this a plausible sense.
   - **2. education%1:09:00::**: Refers to knowledge acquired by learning and instruction. While related, the passage focuses more on the system and policies rather than the knowledge gained.
   - **3. education%1:09:01::**: Describes the gradual process of acquiring knowledge. The passage touches upon the idea of education as a process that can be extended or reformed, which aligns with this sense.
   - **4. education%1:04:01::**: Pertains to the profession of teaching. The context doesn't directly discuss the profession, though it's related to the broader topic of education.
   - **5. education%1:07:01::**: Relates to the result of good upbringing. The passage doesn't directly address upbringing or social behavior in this context.
   - **6. education%1:14:00::**: Refers to the U.S. federal department dealing with education. The passage doesn't specifically talk about the department.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The passage discusses "education" in terms of a system that can be extended or reformed, and the impact of early schooling. It doesn't directly focus on the knowledge acquired (sense 2), the profession of teaching (sense 4), the result of good upbringing (sense 5), or the Department of Education (sense 6).
   - Between senses 1 and 3, sense 1 ("the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill") is more directly related to the context, as it involves discussing educational activities, reforms, and the system. However, sense 3 ("the gradual process of acquiring knowledge") also fits well because the passage implies education as a process that is being discussed in terms of its extension and effectiveness.

5. **Decision**: The context suggests that "education" is being discussed as a process or system that is subject to reforms and extensions. While both senses 1 and 3 could fit, the overall discussion leans more towards the concept of education as a process or system. Sense 3 captures the essence of education as a process ("a girl's education was less important than a boy's"), and the examples given in the passage (e.g., extending the educational system, discussing its effectiveness) align with this understanding.

Given the context and the analysis, the best choice is **{"sense_index": 1}** because the passage primarily discusses the activities and system of education, which aligns with the definition of "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill."

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant]
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "education" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the concept of extending the educational system to pre-kindergarten years, the effectiveness of early schooling, and various aspects of educational reforms. It critiques Gov. Clinton's proposal and discusses the impact of early education on later performance.

2. **Understanding the Target**: The target word is "education," and it appears in the context of discussing educational policies, reforms, and the system.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. education%1:04:00::**: Refers to the activities of educating or instructing. The context does involve discussing educational activities and reforms, making this a plausible sense.
   - **2. education%1:09:00::**: Refers to knowledge acquired by learning and instruction. While related, the passage focuses more on the system and policies rather than the knowledge gained.
   - **3. education%1:09:01::**: Describes the gradual process of acquiring knowledge. The passage touches upon the idea of education as a process that can be extended or reformed, which aligns with this sense.
   - **4. education%1:04:01::**: Pertains to the profession of teaching. The context doesn't directly discuss the profession, though it's related to the broader topic of education.
   - **5. education%1:07:01::**: Relates to the result of good upbringing. The passage doesn't directly address upbringing or social behavior in this context.
   - **6. education%1:14:00::**: Refers to the U.S. federal department dealing with education. The passage doesn't specifically talk about the department.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The passage discusses "education" in terms of a system that can be extended or reformed, and the impact of early schooling. It doesn't directly focus on the knowledge acquired (sense 2), the profession of teaching (sense 4), the result of good upbringing (sense 5), or the Department of Education (sense 6).
   - Between senses 1 and 3, sense 1 ("the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill") is more directly related to the context, as it involves discussing educational activities, reforms, and the system. However, sense 3 ("the gradual process of acquiring knowledge") also fits well because the passage implies education as a process that is being discussed in terms of its extension and effectiveness.

5. **Decision**: The context suggests that "education" is being discussed as a process or system that is subject to reforms and extensions. While both senses 1 and 3 could fit, the overall discussion leans more towards the concept of education as a process or system. Sense 3 captures the essence of education as a process ("a girl's education was less important than a boy's"), and the examples given in the passage (e.g., extending the educational system, discussing its effectiveness) align with this understanding.

Given the context and the analysis, the best choice is **{"sense_index": 1}** because the passage primarily discusses the activities and system of education, which aligns with the definition of "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill."

{"sense_index": 1}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 6. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those <t>education</t> reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reforms
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "reforms" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses education and the idea of changing or improving the educational system, specifically mentioning "those education reforms that do work and do not work." This indicates that "reforms" refers to changes or improvements made to the educational system.

1. The first sense defines "reform" as "a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses." The example given is "justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts." This sense implies a positive change resulting from addressing some form of abuse or wrongdoing. While it could potentially apply to educational reforms, it's more focused on correcting abuses.

2. The second sense defines "reform" as "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices." The example is "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians." This sense is about efforts or proposals to correct wrongdoings or inefficiencies, which aligns well with the context of discussing changes to the educational system.

3. The third sense refers to "self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice," with the example being "the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform." This sense is more about personal moral improvement rather than systemic change.

Given the context, "reforms" is used in the discussion about changes or improvements to the educational system. The focus is on systemic changes or proposals for such changes rather than personal moral improvement. Between the first and second senses, the second sense ("a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices") is more appropriate because it directly relates to efforts or proposals to change a system (in this case, the educational system), which is what the context is discussing.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "reforms" in the given context is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "work" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work:"

The context is discussing education reforms and their effectiveness. The word "work" here is related to having an effect or outcome, often the one desired or expected. This is evident from the discussion about certain education reforms being effective ("do work") and others not being effective ("do not work").

Let's look at the candidate senses provided:

1. Exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity.
2. Be employed.
3. Have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected.
4. Perform as expected when applied.
5. Shape, form, or improve a material.
...

The most relevant definition here is "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" because it directly relates to the effectiveness of education reforms.

The sense key corresponding to this definition is "work%2:41:03::", and according to the instructions, the correct index for this sense should be returned in a JSON object.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parental
Target surface form: Parental
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "<t>Parental</t> involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the word "Parental" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses education, educational reforms, and the role of parents in their children's education. The sentence containing "Parental" states: "-- 'Parental involvement 'is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children." Here, "Parental involvement" refers to the participation or engagement of parents in their children's education.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is related to the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced. This sense is more relevant to biological or genetic contexts, particularly in discussions about hybridization.

2. The second sense is defined as relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent. The synonyms provided are "maternal" and "paternal," and an example is "parental guidance." This sense aligns with the context of parents and their role in their children's lives.

Given the context, the discussion is about the role of parents in education, not about biological hybridization. Therefore, the sense that fits best is the one related to the characteristic or role of a parent.

The correct sense is the second one, which corresponds to sense index 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involvement
Target surface form: involvement
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "involvement" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing education and a statement made by Gov. Bill Clinton about the need for a comprehensive child-development policy. It criticizes the idea of extending the educational system to pre-kindergarten years and discusses the effectiveness of certain educational reforms. The sentence containing the target word is: "Parental involvement is a bad idea."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to "the act of sharing in the activities of a group." The synonyms provided are "engagement," "participation," and "involution." The example given is about a teacher increasing students' engagement. In the context, "parental involvement" could imply parents participating in or being engaged with their children's education, which aligns with this sense.

2. The second sense is about "a connection of inclusion or containment." The examples mention escaping involvement in an accident and medical involvement of organs. This sense doesn't directly relate to the context of parental engagement in education.

3. The third sense is "a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something," with "interest" as a synonym. While related to engagement, it's more about having an interest rather than actively participating.

4. The fourth sense refers to "a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship." This is unrelated to the context of education and parental engagement.

5. The fifth sense is "the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.)," with "participation" as a synonym. This is somewhat similar to the first sense but is more about the state of being involved rather than the act.

Given the context, "parental involvement" is being discussed as a factor in educational reforms. The term here refers to parents being engaged or participating in their children's education, which is most closely aligned with the first sense: "the act of sharing in the activities of a group." The synonyms "engagement" and "participation" support this interpretation, as they directly relate to the concept of being involved in educational activities.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "involvement" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bad
Target surface form: bad
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | examples=so-called bad grammar
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | examples=led a very bad life
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "idea" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing Gov. Clinton's proposal to extend the educational system to pre-kindergarten years and the author's skepticism towards certain education reforms, including "parental involvement." The sentence containing the target word is: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children," which is given as a reason why "parental involvement" is a bad idea.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **"the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about"** - This sense is related to what one is thinking about. The example "it was not a good idea" fits the context, as "parental involvement" is being criticized as not being a good idea.

2. **"your intention; what you intend to do"** - This sense is about one's intention or plan. While it could relate to the context of proposing or considering an educational reform, the sentence doesn't directly imply an intention or plan but rather evaluates a concept.

3. **"a personal view"** - This sense refers to an individual's opinion or perspective. The example "he has an idea that we don't like him" illustrates a personal view or belief.

4. **"an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth"** - This sense is about estimating or approximating something. The context doesn't involve an estimation or calculation.

5. **"(music) melodic subject of a musical composition"** - This sense is specific to music and is unrelated to the context.

Given the context, the target word "idea" is used to express that "parental involvement" is not considered a good concept or proposal by the author. The closest sense is the first one, as it involves evaluating a concept ("parental involvement") as not being good, which aligns with "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about." The sentence implies that the concept or thought of "parental involvement" is being judged.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "idea" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}