[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unleash
Target surface form: unleash
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, <t>unleash</t> the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unleash%2:35:00:: | definition=release or vent | examples=unleash one's anger
2. sense_key=unleash%2:35:01:: | definition=release from a leash | examples=unleash the dogs in the park
3. sense_key=unleash%2:35:02:: | definition=turn loose or free from restraint | synonyms=let loose, loose | examples=let loose mines; Loose terrible plagues upon humanity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "unleash" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence discusses medical scientists discovering genes that, when damaged, lead to the chaotic growth of cells characteristic of cancer. The word "unleash" is used to describe the effect of damaging these genes.

2. **Understanding "unleash" in Context**: In this context, "unleash" means to release or set free something (in this case, the chaotic growth of cells) that was previously restrained or controlled.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "release or vent" with an example "unleash one's anger". This sense involves releasing emotions or forces. The context involves releasing chaotic cell growth, which can be seen as a force or a condition, so this sense is plausible.
   - **Sense 2**: "release from a leash" with an example "unleash the dogs in the park". This is a literal sense involving releasing animals from restraint. The context does not involve literal leashing or animals, so this sense is less likely.
   - **Sense 3**: "turn loose or free from restraint" with synonyms "let loose, loose" and examples "let loose mines; Loose terrible plagues upon humanity". This sense involves releasing something from restraint or control, which aligns with the context of genes being damaged and thereby releasing or causing chaotic cell growth.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - Both Sense 1 and Sense 3 seem plausible because they involve the idea of releasing something. However, Sense 3 is more specific in implying the release of something potentially dangerous or uncontrolled from restraint, which fits the context of chaotic cell growth leading to cancer.
   - Sense 3's examples ("let loose mines", "Loose terrible plagues upon humanity") illustrate releasing forces that can cause significant harm, aligning with the concept of cancer as a harmful condition resulting from the genes being damaged.

5. **Conclusion**: Given the context and the definitions/examples provided, **Sense 3** is the most appropriate choice because it accurately describes the release of chaotic cell growth from genetic restraint, leading to cancer.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 3}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chaotic
Target surface form: chaotic
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the <t>chaotic</t> growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chaotic%5:00:00:disorganized:00 | definition=lacking a visible order or organization | synonyms=helter-skelter
2. sense_key=chaotic%5:00:00:wild:02 | definition=completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing | synonyms=disorderly
3. sense_key=chaotic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to a sensitive dependence on initial conditions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "chaotic" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence discusses the growth of cells that characterizes cancer, describing it as "chaotic." The context implies a lack of order or control in the growth of these cells.

2. **Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=chaotic%5:00:00:disorganized:00**: This sense is defined as "lacking a visible order or organization" with synonyms like "helter-skelter." It suggests a state where things are not organized or are disordered.
   - **2. sense_key=chaotic%5:00:00:wild:02**: Defined as "completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing" with "disorderly" as a synonym. This sense implies a higher degree of disorder and unpredictability.
   - **3. sense_key=chaotic%3:01:00::**: This sense relates to "a sensitive dependence on initial conditions," which is a concept often associated with chaos theory in mathematics and physics. It doesn't directly relate to the biological or general disorder context.

3. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context is about the uncontrolled and disorderly growth of cells in cancer.
   - Sense 1 implies a lack of order or organization, which could apply to the growth of cancer cells.
   - Sense 2 suggests a state of being completely unordered, unpredictable, and confusing, which also fits the description of chaotic cell growth in cancer, as it is unpredictable and not following normal cellular growth patterns.
   - Sense 3 is more related to chaos theory and doesn't directly apply to the biological context of cell growth.

4. **Decision**:
   - Both Sense 1 and Sense 2 could potentially fit the context as they both convey a sense of disorder. However, Sense 2 ("completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing") more accurately captures the essence of uncontrolled cancer cell growth, which is not just disorganized but also highly unpredictable and deviates significantly from normal cellular behavior.

5. **Conclusion**: The best sense for "chaotic" in the given context is Sense 2, as it accurately describes the unpredictable and disorderly nature of cancer cell growth.

{"sense_index": 2}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic <t>growth</t> of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "growth" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The context discusses medical scientists uncovering genes that, when damaged, lead to the chaotic growth of cells characteristic of cancer. This implies an abnormal or uncontrolled process related to cells.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **1. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically**: This refers to normal biological growth, which doesn't directly imply an abnormal or chaotic process.
   - **2. a progression from simpler to more complex forms**: While this could relate to various contexts, it's too broad and doesn't directly relate to the biological or pathological context provided.
   - **3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important**: This is a general definition that could apply to the context, as it involves an increase or expansion, which could be related to cells growing.
   - **4. vegetation that has grown**: This is specific to plants and doesn't fit the context of cell growth in cancer.
   - **5. the gradual beginning or coming forth**: This refers to emergence or the start of something, which is not directly related to the context of cell growth.
   - **6. (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)**: This directly relates to the context of cancer and abnormal cell growth.
   - **7. something grown or growing**: This is a broad definition that could apply but is less specific to the pathological context than sense 6.

3. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context specifically talks about "chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer," which directly relates to an abnormal or pathological process.
   - Sense 6 directly corresponds to this context as it is defined as "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)," which is closely related to cancer and abnormal cell growth.

4. **Conclusion**: The most appropriate sense for "growth" in the given context is **6. (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)**. The indexed sense corresponding to this definition is the one we need to identify.

Given the definitions and the context, the best indexed sense is the one corresponding to the pathological context.

{"sense_index": 6}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of <t>cells</t> that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: characterize
Target surface form: characterizes
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that <t>characterizes</t> cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=characterize%2:32:00:: | definition=describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of | synonyms=qualify, characterise | examples=You can characterize his behavior as that of an egotist; This poem can be characterized as a lament for a dead lover
2. sense_key=characterize%2:42:01:: | definition=be characteristic of | synonyms=characterise | examples=What characterizes a Venetian painting?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "characterizes" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence discusses the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Here, "characterizes" is used to indicate a typical or distinctive feature of cancer.

2. **Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of" with examples like "You can characterize his behavior as that of an egotist; This poem can be characterized as a lament for a dead lover." This sense involves describing or portraying something.
   - **Sense 2**: "be characteristic of" with an example "What characterizes a Venetian painting?" This sense is about being a typical or distinctive feature of something.

3. **Analysis**:
   - In the given context, "characterizes" is used to mean that the chaotic growth of cells is a typical or distinctive feature of cancer. It is not about describing or portraying cancer but rather indicating what is characteristic of it.
   - The example given for Sense 2 ("What characterizes a Venetian painting?") aligns with this usage, as it asks what is typical or distinctive of Venetian paintings.

4. **Conclusion**: The usage of "characterizes" in the context best aligns with Sense 2, "be characteristic of," because it indicates that the chaotic growth of cells is a characteristic feature of cancer.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "characterizes" is Sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes <t>cancer</t>. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists <t>say</t> the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "say" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

Here, "say" is used to report or convey the opinion or findings of the scientists regarding the discovery of genes and its implications for understanding cancer development.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **express in words** - This is a general definition that could apply, but it's broad.
2. **report or maintain** - This sense fits well because the scientists are reporting their findings or maintaining a certain view based on their research.
3. **express a supposition** - This doesn't fit well as the sentence is not about hypothesizing but rather about stating a fact or finding based on research.
4. **have or contain a certain wording or form** - This doesn't apply directly as the subject is not a text or document.
5. **give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority** - This doesn't fit the context; the scientists are not giving instructions.
6. **speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way** - This is more about the manner of speaking, not relevant here.
7. **communicate or express nonverbally** - The sentence is about verbal communication, not non-verbal.
8. **utter aloud** - While "say" involves uttering, the focus here is on the content being communicated, not the act of uttering aloud.
9. **state as one's opinion or judgement; declare** - This is a plausible sense as scientists are stating their judgement or opinion based on their findings.
10. **recite or repeat a fixed text** - Not relevant; the context is not about reciting a fixed text.
11. **indicate** - While related, it's more about something showing or suggesting something else, not directly applicable.

Between the plausible senses, **2. report or maintain** and **9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare**, both could potentially fit. However, "report or maintain" is more suitable because it directly relates to the act of scientists communicating their research findings.

Thus, the best sense for "say" in this context is **2. report or maintain**.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the <t>discovery</t> of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "discovery" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses medical scientists uncovering genes related to cancer and how the identification of these genes is leading to a new understanding of cancer development and potential treatments.

2. **Target Word**: The target word is "discovery," which appears in the sentence: "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

3. **Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00::**: Definition is "the act of discovering something." Synonyms include "find" and "uncovering." This sense refers to the process or act of discovering.
   - **2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00::**: Definition is "something that is discovered." This implies the outcome or result of the act of discovering.
   - **3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00::**: Definition is "a productive insight." Synonyms include "breakthrough" and "find." This suggests a significant or important discovery that leads to new understanding or solutions.
   - **4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01::**: Definition relates to legal proceedings, specifically the compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents. This is unrelated to the context provided.

4. **Analysis**:
   - The context is about scientists identifying genes related to cancer and the implications of this identification.
   - The word "discovery" here refers to the act or result of identifying these genes, which is crucial for understanding cancer development.
   - Sense 1 ("the act of discovering something") is a plausible interpretation because it refers to the process of identifying the genes.
   - Sense 2 ("something that is discovered") is also plausible as it could refer to the genes themselves that have been discovered.
   - Sense 3 ("a productive insight") could apply if the discovery is considered a significant finding that leads to new understanding or solutions, which aligns with the context of painting "a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."
   - Sense 4 is not relevant to the context as it pertains to legal proceedings.

5. **Decision**:
   - The sentence implies that the "discovery" is both the act of finding the genes and the significant outcome of that act. However, the phrase "is painting a new and startling picture" suggests that the discovery is not just the act or the genes themselves but the insight or understanding gained from identifying these genes.
   - Sense 3 ("a productive insight") best captures the essence of the discovery as leading to a new understanding of cancer, which is a significant breakthrough.

6. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "discovery" in the given context is **3**.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in <t>recent</t> months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "recent" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence discusses scientists discovering genes related to cancer in recent months, which is leading to a new understanding of cancer development and potential new treatments.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "recent" is used to describe the time frame in which the discovery of genes has been happening.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "new" - This sense is defined as "new" with examples like "recent graduates; a recent addition to the house". While "new" can sometimes relate to something that has happened or been done recently, the primary connotation here is of something being new or novel rather than specifically recent in time.
   - **Sense 2**: "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" - This is defined with synonyms like "late" and examples such as "a late development; their late quarrel". This sense emphasizes the timing, indicating that something happened in the near past.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context emphasizes the timing of the discovery ("in recent months"), indicating that the focus is on the fact that these discoveries have been happening in the immediate past, just before the present time.
   - The use of "recent months" directly relates to the timing and recency of the events (discovery of genes), which aligns with the definition of Sense 2.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the definitions, **Sense 2** ("of the immediate past or just previous to the present time") is the most appropriate because it directly relates to the timing of the discoveries.
   - Sense 2 is indexed as "2" according to the provided candidate senses.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "recent" in the given context is Sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent <t>months</t> is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "months" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information.

The context is about medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer and how this discovery is leading to a new understanding of cancer development and potential treatments. The word "months" is used in the phrase "in recent months," indicating a period of time during which these discoveries were made.

The candidate senses are:
1. One of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month).
2. A time unit of approximately 30 days.

Let's examine the context and the examples given for the senses:
- The sentence implies a recent period, not necessarily tied to the exact calendar divisions but indicating a relatively short, recent duration.
- The first sense refers to "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year," which is a specific, calendar-related definition. The example "he paid the bill last month" illustrates this usage, referring to a specific calendar month.
- The second sense is defined as "a time unit of approximately 30 days," with the example "he was given a month to pay the bill." This sense is more about a period or duration rather than a specific calendar month.

The phrase "in recent months" is more about indicating a period or duration rather than referring to specific calendar months. However, in common usage, "months" often refers to calendar months, and "in recent months" is a common idiom that refers to the last few calendar months.

Given the context and the examples, the usage of "months" here aligns more closely with the first sense, as it refers to calendar months, even though it's used to indicate a duration. The idiom "in recent months" is typically understood to mean the last few calendar months, making the first sense the most appropriate.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "months" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a <t>new</t> and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "new" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

The target word "new" is used twice in this context. The first occurrence is in the phrase "a new and startling picture," and the second is in "an array of new strategies."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered** - This sense fits the context as "new" is used to describe something that has recently come into being or been discovered, like a new picture or new strategies.

2. **original and of a kind not seen before** - This sense is also plausible because "new" could imply that the picture or strategies are not only recent but also unprecedented or innovative.

3. **lacking training or experience** - This doesn't fit the context as "new" is not describing people or their experience level.

4. **having no previous example or precedent or parallel** - This sense is relevant as it could describe the "new and startling picture" or "new strategies" as being unprecedented.

5. **other than the former one(s); different** - This sense is also possible as "new" could imply a change or difference from what existed before.

6. **unaffected by use or exposure** - This doesn't fit the context as "new" is not describing the condition or state of being unused.

7. **(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new** - This sense implies something is new just for the sake of being new, which doesn't directly apply to the context.

8, 9, 10. These senses are more specific to historical or developmental contexts that don't directly apply to the given sentence.

11. **unfamiliar** - While this could potentially fit, it's less directly related to the context than senses that imply recent discovery or innovation.

Given the context, the first occurrence of "new" is closely related to sense 2 (**original and of a kind not seen before**) because it describes a "startling picture," implying it's not just recent but also unprecedented or innovative. The second "new" similarly implies innovation or being of a kind not seen before in the context of "strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

However, the most fitting definition for both instances of "new" seems to be sense 2, as it captures the essence of being both recent and innovative or unprecedented.

Thus, the best indexed sense is 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how <t>cancer</t> develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develops
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer <t>develops</t>. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "develops" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

The context is about medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer and understanding how cancer progresses or comes into being.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. **make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation** - This doesn't directly relate to the progression or growth of cancer.
2. **work out** - While this could relate to understanding or explaining something, it's not directly about the progression of cancer.
3. **gain through experience** - This doesn't directly apply to cancer developing.
4. **come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)** - This could relate to the development or progression of cancer, as it involves a change in physical attributes (e.g., growth of cancer cells).
5. **come into existence; take on form or shape** - This is a plausible sense, as it relates to the origin or emergence of something, like cancer.
6. **change the use of and make available or usable** - Not directly related to the context of cancer development.
7. **elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses** - More related to explaining or expanding on ideas rather than the physical or biological process of cancer development.
8. **create by training and teaching** - Not relevant to the context.
9. **be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest** - This could relate to understanding or revealing information, but it's also somewhat relevant to the progression or manifestation of cancer.
10. **grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment** - This directly relates to the biological process of cancer development.
11. **become technologically advanced** - Not relevant to the biological context.
12. **cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development** - While related to growth, it's more about causing something to grow rather than the inherent process.
13. **generate gradually** - Could be related, but it's not the most direct fit for the biological process described.
14. **grow emotionally or mature** - Not relevant to cancer cells.
15. **make visible by means of chemical solutions** - Relevant to photography, not the context.
16. **superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry** - Not relevant.
17, 18. **move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions** or **move into a strategically more advantageous position** - Relevant to chess, not the context.
19. **elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme** - Relevant to music, not the context.
20. **happen** - While somewhat relevant, it's too broad and doesn't directly convey the process of growth or development.
21. **expand in the form of a series** - Not directly relevant to the biological context.

Given the context, the most relevant sense is related to the growth or progression of cancer, which is a biological process. Senses like "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" (4), "come into existence; take on form or shape" (5), and "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" (10) are all potentially relevant. However, sense (10) directly addresses the process of growth or evolution, which fits well with the context of cancer developing.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "develops" in this context is **10**.

{"sense_index": 10}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: understanding
Target surface form: understanding
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging <t>understanding</t> of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=understanding%1:09:01:: | definition=the cognitive condition of someone who understands | synonyms=apprehension, discernment, savvy | examples=he has virtually no understanding of social cause and effect
2. sense_key=understanding%1:10:00:: | definition=the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises | synonyms=agreement | examples=they had an agreement that they would not interfere in each other's business; there was an understanding between management and the workers
3. sense_key=understanding%1:09:03:: | definition=an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion | synonyms=sympathy | examples=his sympathies were always with the underdog; I knew I could count on his understanding
4. sense_key=understanding%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=reason, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "understanding" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer and how this discovery is leading to a new understanding of how cancer develops. It mentions that an emerging understanding of these genes is expected to lead to new strategies for cancer treatment and prevention.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "understanding," which is used in the phrase "an emerging understanding of the genes."

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=understanding%1:09:01::**: This sense refers to "the cognitive condition of someone who understands." The synonyms provided are "apprehension," "discernment," and "savvy." The example given is "he has virtually no understanding of social cause and effect." This sense aligns with having knowledge or comprehension about something.
   - **2. sense_key=understanding%1:10:00::**: This refers to "the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises," with "agreement" as a synonym. The examples include "they had an agreement that they would not interfere in each other's business" and "there was an understanding between management and the workers." This sense implies a mutual agreement or contract.
   - **3. sense_key=understanding%1:09:03::**: This is defined as "an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion," with "sympathy" as a synonym. An example is "his sympathies were always with the underdog." This sense is about having a favorable disposition towards something or someone.
   - **4. sense_key=understanding%1:09:00::**: This sense is "the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination," with synonyms "reason" and "intellect." The example is "we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil." This refers to the ability to think rationally.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is about scientists gaining knowledge about genes related to cancer and how this knowledge will help in developing new treatments.
   - The phrase "an emerging understanding of the genes" suggests gaining knowledge or comprehension about the genes.
   - **Sense 1** ("the cognitive condition of someone who understands") fits this context as it relates to having knowledge or comprehension about something (in this case, the genes related to cancer).

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "understanding" in the given context is **1**, as it correctly captures the idea of gaining knowledge or comprehension about the genes.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expected
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is <t>expected</t> to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produce
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to <t>produce</t> an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "produce" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

The context is about medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer and how understanding these genes is expected to lead to new strategies for cancer treatment and prevention.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **bring forth or yield** - This sense is often related to natural production, like a tree producing fruit. While it could be stretched to fit, it's not the most natural fit for producing "strategies."

2. **create or manufacture a man-made product** - This involves making something tangible or a product, which doesn't perfectly align with "strategies."

3. **cause to happen, occur or exist** - This sense involves bringing about a situation, effect, or condition. Producing "an array of new strategies" can be seen as causing these strategies to happen or exist, which fits this definition.

4. **bring out for display** - This involves presenting something for others to see, which doesn't directly relate to creating or developing strategies.

5. **cultivate by growing** - This is related to agriculture or growing things, which doesn't fit the context of producing strategies.

6. **bring onto the market or release** - This involves releasing a product or a creative work. While it involves making something available, it's more about the act of releasing rather than the creation of abstract concepts like strategies.

7. **come to have or undergo a change** - This involves a change in physical features or attributes, which doesn't directly relate to the context.

Given the context and the definitions, the most suitable sense is **cause to happen, occur or exist** because it aligns with the idea of an emerging understanding leading to or resulting in new strategies. This matches with sense_index 3.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: array
Target surface form: array
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an <t>array</t> of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=array%1:14:00:: | definition=an orderly arrangement | examples=an array of troops in battle order
2. sense_key=array%1:10:00:: | definition=an impressive display | examples=it was a bewildering array of books; his tools were in an orderly array on the basement wall
3. sense_key=array%1:06:01:: | definition=especially fine or decorative clothing | synonyms=raiment, regalia
4. sense_key=array%1:06:00:: | definition=an arrangement of aerials spaced to give desired directional characteristics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "array" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer and how understanding these genes is expected to lead to new strategies for cancer treatment and prevention. The sentence specifically mentions "an array of new strategies."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to "an orderly arrangement," often used in a military or formal context (e.g., "an array of troops in battle order"). While it implies organization, it doesn't directly relate to the variety or diversity of strategies.

2. The second sense is defined as "an impressive display," which can be seen in examples like "a bewildering array of books" or "his tools were in an orderly array on the basement wall." This sense emphasizes the variety or range of items, which fits well with the idea of "new strategies" for cancer treatment and prevention.

3. The third sense refers to "especially fine or decorative clothing," which is unrelated to the context of cancer treatment strategies.

4. The fourth sense is specific to "an arrangement of aerials spaced to give desired directional characteristics," which is a technical definition related to telecommunications or electronics and is not relevant to the context.

Given the context, the word "array" is used to indicate a variety or range of new strategies for cancer treatment and prevention. The second sense ("an impressive display") best captures this meaning, as it is about presenting a range or variety of something (in this case, strategies).

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "array" in the given context is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of <t>new</t> strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "new" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future."

The target sentence is: "An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

Here, "new" is used to describe "strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention." The context implies that these strategies are being developed or considered for the first time as a result of the emerging understanding of the genes related to cancer.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **Not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered.** This sense fits as it implies the strategies are recent or have been developed recently.
2. **Original and of a kind not seen before.** This is a plausible sense because the strategies are likely to be novel or different from existing ones due to the new understanding of cancer genes.
3. **Lacking training or experience.** This doesn't fit as "new strategies" doesn't imply a lack of training or experience.
4. **Having no previous example or precedent or parallel.** While possible, it's a bit strong as it implies a complete lack of precedent, which may not be the case.
5. **Other than the former one(s); different.** This sense is plausible as "new strategies" implies different from what has been used before.
6. **Unaffected by use or exposure.** This doesn't fit the context of "new strategies."
7. **Gratuitously new.** This implies a negative connotation of being new just for the sake of being new, which isn't clearly the case here.
8. & 9. These relate to historical or linguistic stages, which aren't relevant here.
10. **Harvested at an early stage of development.** This doesn't apply to "strategies."
11. **Unfamiliar.** While possible, it's less directly related to the context than some other options.

Given the context, the most appropriate senses are 1, 2, or 5. Sense 1 ("not of long duration") is a good fit because the strategies are being developed recently due to new discoveries. Sense 2 ("original and of a kind not seen before") is also a strong candidate because the emerging understanding of genes is likely to lead to novel strategies. Sense 5 ("other than the former one(s); different") is also plausible as it indicates the strategies are different from previous ones.

However, between these, **Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before"** is particularly fitting because it captures the idea that the new understanding of cancer genes is leading to novel or innovative strategies, not just different or recent ones. The synonym "novel" supports this interpretation, aligning with the context of discovering new genes and developing new approaches to cancer treatment.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the one corresponding to "original and of a kind not seen before," which is sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strategy
Target surface form: strategies
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new <t>strategies</t> for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strategy%1:09:00:: | definition=an elaborate and systematic plan of action | synonyms=scheme
2. sense_key=strategy%1:09:01:: | definition=the branch of military science dealing with military command and the planning and conduct of a war

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "strategies" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context is about medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer and how understanding these genes is expected to lead to new approaches for cancer treatment and prevention. The word "strategies" is used in the phrase "new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

The two candidate senses provided for "strategy" are:
1. An elaborate and systematic plan of action.
2. The branch of military science dealing with military command and the planning and conduct of a war.

Given the context, the word "strategies" refers to plans or approaches for dealing with cancer treatment and prevention. This usage aligns with the first sense, which describes "an elaborate and systematic plan of action." The synonyms provided, such as "scheme," also support this interpretation, as a strategy in this context can be seen as a planned approach or scheme for addressing cancer.

The second sense is related to military science, which is not relevant to the context of cancer treatment and prevention.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "strategies" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: future
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for <t>future</t> cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%3:00:00:: | definition=yet to be or coming | examples=some future historian will evaluate him
2. sense_key=future%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=effective in or looking toward the future | examples=he was preparing for future employment opportunities
3. sense_key=future%5:00:00:incoming:00 | definition=(of elected officers) elected but not yet serving | synonyms=next, succeeding | examples=our next president
4. sense_key=future%3:01:00:: | definition=a verb tense or other formation referring to events or states that have not yet happened | examples=future auxiliary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "future" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the discovery of genes related to cancer and how understanding these genes is expected to lead to new strategies for cancer treatment and prevention in the future.

2. **Target Word Analysis**: The target word "future" is used in the phrase "future cancer treatment and prevention." Here, it indicates something that is going to happen or exist at a later time.

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **1. sense_key=future%3:00:00::**: This sense is defined as "yet to be or coming." The example given is "some future historian will evaluate him." This sense aligns with the general understanding of "future" as referring to a time that has not yet come.
   - **2. sense_key=future%5:00:00:prospective:00**: This sense is described as "effective in or looking toward the future." An example is "he was preparing for future employment opportunities." This sense implies a forward-looking perspective or planning.
   - **3. sense_key=future%5:00:00:incoming:00**: This is defined as "(of elected officers) elected but not yet serving." The synonyms given are "next" and "succeeding," with an example being "our next president." This sense is specific to the context of elected positions.
   - **4. sense_key=future%3:01:00::**: This refers to "a verb tense or other formation referring to events or states that have not yet happened." The example is "future auxiliary." This sense is related to grammar.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is about medical science and future applications, not about elected officers or grammatical tense. So, senses 3 and 4 can be ruled out.
   - Between senses 1 and 2, both could potentially fit because they both relate to the concept of something happening or being considered at a later time. However, sense 1 directly corresponds to the basic meaning of "future" as "yet to be or coming," which is applicable in the given context.
   - Sense 2, while related, implies a slightly different connotation, focusing on being "effective in or looking toward the future," which is also relevant but not as directly related to the simple future occurrence as sense 1.

5. **Conclusion**: The most straightforward interpretation of "future" in the given context is the first sense, which simply denotes something that is to come or happen later.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "future" is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future <t>cancer</t> treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer <t>treatment</t> and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: future
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the <t>future</t>. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developing
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are <t>developing</t> tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "developing" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."

The word "developing" here refers to the process of creating or making something new, in this case, tests based on newly identified genes.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. Make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation.
   - This sense fits the context as "developing tests" implies creating new tests.

2. Work out.
   - While this could potentially fit, it's less directly related to creating a new product or tool like tests.

3. Gain through experience.
   - This doesn't directly apply to creating tests.

4. Come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes).
   - This doesn't fit the context of creating tests.

5. Come into existence; take on form or shape.
   - This is somewhat relevant but not as directly related to the action of creating tests as sense 1.

6. Change the use of and make available or usable.
   - This could apply to developing resources or land but isn't the best fit for creating tests.

7. Elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses.
   - While related to scientific work, this is more about explaining or expanding on ideas rather than creating tests.

8. Create by training and teaching.
   - This is more about education and training rather than creating a product or tool.

9. Be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest.
   - This refers more to the revelation of information or a plot rather than the creation of tests.

10. Grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment.
    - This is a broad sense that could apply to many contexts but isn't the most specific or direct fit for creating tests.

11. Become technologically advanced.
    - This refers to the development of countries or societies, not directly relevant to creating tests.

12. Cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development.
    - This is more related to biological growth.

13. Generate gradually.
    - This could potentially apply to developing something over time, like customers or a market.

14. Grow emotionally or mature.
    - This is about personal development, not relevant to creating tests.

15. Make visible by means of chemical solutions.
    - This is specific to photography and not relevant to the context.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation" because it directly relates to the action of scientists creating new tests.

The best indexed sense for "developing" in the given context corresponds to sense_index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: base
Target surface form: based
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests <t>based</t> on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=base%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
2. sense_key=base%2:42:04:: | definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
3. sense_key=base%2:34:00:: | definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly <t>identified</t> genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "identified" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses medical scientists discovering genes related to cancer and developing tests based on these newly identified genes to predict cancer likelihood in healthy individuals.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "identified" is used in the context of genes that have been discovered or recognized in relation to their role in cancer.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. Recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something**: This involves identifying or recognizing something or someone. The example given is "She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster," which implies recognizing a specific individual.
   - **2. Give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property**: This involves naming or characterizing something. The example "The almanac identifies the auspicious months" suggests providing identifying characteristics.
   - **3. Consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else**: This involves empathy or relating oneself to another. The example "He identified with the refugees" indicates feeling a connection with others.
   - **4. Conceive of as united or associated**: This involves associating or linking concepts. The example "Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus" suggests a connection between two concepts.
   - **5. Identify as in botany or biology, for example**: This involves classifying or naming in a scientific context. The synonyms include "discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name," indicating a process of scientific identification.
   - **6. Consider to be equal or the same**: This involves equating two things. The example "He identified his brother as one of the fugitives" implies considering someone to be the same as another.

4. **Relating Candidate Senses to the Context**: The context is about scientists discovering genes and using them to predict cancer. The word "identified" refers to the process of discovering or recognizing these genes.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context suggests that "identified" refers to the process of discovering or recognizing genes that are related to cancer. This is a scientific context, similar to botany or biology, where genes are being named or characterized.
   - Sense 1 ("recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something") is plausible because it involves establishing the identity of genes.
   - Sense 5 ("identify as in botany or biology, for example") directly relates to scientific identification and classification, which fits the context of genetic research.

6. **Decision**: Between senses 1 and 5, sense 5 is more specific to the context of biological or scientific identification. The passage is discussing the identification of genes in a scientific context, making sense 5 the most appropriate.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "identified" is **5**.

{"sense_index": 5}