[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new <t>money</t> flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "money" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses educational expenditures and how increased spending on education does not necessarily improve academic performance. It mentions that the new money flows into the administrative structure, implying that it is about financial resources being allocated.

1. The first sense defines "money" as the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender. The example given is "we tried to collect the money he owed us." This sense is about the literal currency or medium of exchange.

2. The second sense defines "money" as wealth reckoned in terms of money. The example is "all his money is in real estate." This sense is broader and relates to financial resources or wealth.

3. The third sense defines "money" as the official currency issued by a government or national bank. The example given is "he changed his money into francs." This is about the specific currency of a country.

In the given context, "money" refers to financial resources or expenditures on education. The discussion is about how increased financial resources (or "money") are being utilized, specifically that they are flowing into the administrative structure rather than directly impacting the classroom.

The term "expenditures" is a synonym for the sense of "money" being used here, which aligns with the concept of wealth or financial resources. Thus, the sense that best fits is the one related to wealth or financial resources.

The best sense is the second one, which corresponds to sense_index 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money <t>flows</t> into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%2:38:01:: | definition=move or progress freely as if in a stream | synonyms=flux | examples=The crowd flowed out of the stadium
2. sense_key=flow%2:38:00:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=run, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
3. sense_key=flow%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to flow | examples=The artist flowed the washes on the paper
4. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: | definition=be abundantly present | examples=The champagne flowed at the wedding
5. sense_key=flow%2:35:04:: | definition=fall or flow in a certain way | synonyms=hang, fall | examples=This dress hangs well; Her long black hair flowed down her back
6. sense_key=flow%2:30:00:: | definition=cover or swamp with water
7. sense_key=flow%2:29:00:: | definition=undergo menstruation | synonyms=menstruate | examples=She started menstruating at the age of 11

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pile
Target surface form: piling
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself <t>piling</t> more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pile%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
2. sense_key=pile%2:38:00:: | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
3. sense_key=pile%2:35:03:: | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "piling" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

Here, "piling" is used in the context of adding or placing a large amount of paperwork on teachers. The action described involves increasing the workload or the amount of paperwork that teachers have to deal with.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "arrange in stacks" with synonyms "stack, heap." The example given is "heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves." This sense implies organizing or arranging items into piles or stacks. While it could potentially fit the context of paperwork, it specifically implies a certain organization or arrangement.

2. The second sense is "press tightly together or cram" with synonyms "throng, mob, pack, jam." The example is "The crowd packed the auditorium." This sense implies a dense or tight grouping, often to the point of being overcrowded. It doesn't directly fit the context of adding paperwork to teachers.

3. The third sense is "place or lay as if in a pile" with the example "The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested." This sense involves adding or assigning a large amount of work or tasks, not necessarily implying a physical stacking but rather an accumulation or increase in workload.

Given the context, "piling more and more paper work on the teachers" best aligns with the third sense, as it implies adding or assigning a large amount of work (in this case, paperwork) to the teachers, similar to how the example describes a teacher piling work on students.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "piling" in this context is the third one.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "more" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

Here, "more" is used in conjunction with "paper work," which is a mass noun, as it refers to an uncountable quantity of work involving papers.

Candidate sense 1 refers to the comparative of "much" used with mass nouns, indicating a greater size, amount, extent, or degree. The example given is "more land; more support," which aligns with the usage of "more" with mass nouns.

Candidate sense 2 refers to the comparative of "many" used with count nouns, indicating a greater number. The examples provided are "a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas," where "seats" and "bananas" are count nouns.

Given that "paper work" is a mass noun, the usage of "more" in the context aligns with candidate sense 1, which deals with mass nouns.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "more" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "more" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses educational expenditures and their effects, mentioning that "the new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers." Here, "more" is used in relation to "paper work," which is considered an uncountable or mass noun in this context.

The first sense provided is defined as "(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree." The example given is "more land; more support," which aligns with the usage of "more" with mass nouns.

The second sense is defined as "(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number," with examples like "a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas." This applies to countable nouns.

In the given sentence, "paper work" is a mass noun, so the usage of "more" corresponds to the first sense, which deals with mass nouns.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "more" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the <t>teachers</t>. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mystery
Target surface form: mystery
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither <t>mystery</t> nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: | definition=something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained | synonyms=enigma, secret, closed book | examples=how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets
2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: | definition=a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie | synonyms=mystery story, whodunit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the <t>fact</t> that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "fact" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence where "fact" appears is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."

1. The first sense (fact%1:09:01::) defines "fact" as "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred." The example given is "first you must collect all the facts of the case." While this sense is plausible, the context of "fact" in the sentence is more about a specific circumstance or situation being described rather than collecting pieces of information.

2. The second sense (fact%1:10:01::) is "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened." The example is "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts." The use of "fact" in the given context is not about supporting an argument with multiple facts but rather about a single circumstance or situation.

3. The third sense (fact%1:26:01::) defines "fact" as "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." The examples include "your fears have no basis in fact" and "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell." The context provided is discussing a known circumstance (the increase in educational expenditures and the decline in educational performance), which aligns with the notion of something being known to have happened.

4. The fourth sense (fact%1:09:02::) is "a concept whose truth can be proved," with the example "scientific hypotheses are not facts." While the statement about educational expenditures and performance could be seen as a verifiable truth, the context doesn't directly imply a scientific hypothesis or a concept whose truth is being proved.

Given the context, the sentence is referring to a circumstance or situation that is known to have occurred (the increase in educational expenditures and the corresponding decline in educational performance). The closest definition is the third sense, which refers to "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." The context is discussing a known circumstance, making this the most appropriate sense.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as <t>educational</t> expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "educational" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the relationship between expenditures on education and academic performance. It mentions "decades of educational research" and the increase in "educational expenditures" alongside a decline in "educational performance." The context revolves around the process and system of education, its governance, and the outcomes.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "relating to the process of education" with an example of "educational psychology." This sense directly pertains to aspects related to education.
   - **Sense 2**: "providing knowledge" with an example of "an educational film." This implies something that is instructive or informative.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The term "educational" is used in the context of "expenditures," "research," and "performance."
   - "Educational research" clearly relates to the process or field of education, fitting Sense 1.
   - "Educational expenditures" and "educational performance" also relate to the broader system or process of education, aligning with Sense 1.

4. **Decision**:
   - Given that the context is about the system of education, its governance, and outcomes, Sense 1 ("relating to the process of education") is the most appropriate. The usage of "educational" in the passage consistently refers to aspects of or related to the education system or process.

5. **Indexed Sense Selection**:
   - The candidate senses provided are indexed as 1 and 2. Sense 1 matches our analysis.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "educational" in the given context is Sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational <t>expenditures</t> (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "expenditures" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the relationship between spending on education and its outcomes. It mentions that increasing expenditures on education have not led to better academic performance. The context clearly refers to the amount of money spent on education.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: Refers to "money paid out; an amount spent" with synonyms like "outgo, spending, outlay". This sense is about the quantity of money expended.
   - **Sense 2**: Refers to "the act of spending money for goods or services" with the synonym "expending". This sense focuses on the action of spending.
   - **Sense 3**: Refers to "the act of consuming something" with synonyms like "consumption, using up". This is more about the consumption or usage, not limited to financial expenditure.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The passage talks about "educational expenditures" and compares the amount spent per pupil over time, indicating a focus on the amount of money spent.
   - The discussion revolves around how the money is utilized within the educational system, highlighting that the increase in spending hasn't translated to better educational outcomes.
   - The term "expenditures" is used in a context where it's compared in "real terms" and as a quantity ("increased sharply").

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context, **Sense 1** ("money paid out; an amount spent") fits best because it directly relates to the amount of money spent on education. The passage discusses the quantity of expenditures and their impact.
   - While **Sense 2** ("the act of spending money for goods or services") is related, the passage is more focused on the amount spent rather than the act of spending itself.
   - **Sense 3** is less relevant as it refers more broadly to consumption, not specifically to financial expenditure.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "expenditures" in the given context is **1**, as it directly pertains to the amount of money spent.

Therefore, the response in the required JSON format is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: real
Target surface form: real
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in <t>real</t> terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=real%3:00:00:: | definition=being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory; ; ; ; ; ; - Longfellow | synonyms=existent | examples=real objects; real people; not ghosts
2. sense_key=real%3:00:02:: | definition=no less than what is stated; worthy of the name | examples=the real reason; real war
3. sense_key=real%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=not to be taken lightly | examples=statistics demonstrate that poverty and unemployment are very real problems; to the man sleeping regularly in doorways homelessness is real
4. sense_key=real%5:00:00:concrete:00 | definition=capable of being treated as fact | synonyms=tangible | examples=tangible evidence; his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor
5. sense_key=real%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something; ; - G.K.Chesterton | synonyms=actual, genuine, literal | examples=her actual motive; a literal solitude like a desert
6. sense_key=real%3:00:01:: | definition=of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation | examples=real prices; real income
7. sense_key=real%3:00:03:: | definition=having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary; ; ; - Shakespeare | synonyms=substantial, material | examples=the substantial world; a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical
8. sense_key=real%5:00:00:tangible:02 | definition=(of property) fixed or immovable | examples=real property consists of land and buildings
9. sense_key=real%5:00:02:realistic:00 | definition=coinciding with reality; - F.A.Olafson | synonyms=veridical | examples=perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have <t>increased</t> sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "increased" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."

The target word is "increased," and it is related to "educational expenditures." The context indicates that the amount of money spent on education has grown significantly over the past 25 years.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "become bigger or greater in amount" with the example "The amount of work increased." This sense is intransitive, meaning the subject (educational expenditures) is undergoing the change without an external agent directly causing it in the sentence structure.

2. The second sense is defined as "make bigger or more" with examples like "The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted." This sense is transitive, implying an external agent is causing the change.

In the given context, "educational expenditures have increased" implies that the amount of money spent on education has become bigger or greater. The focus is on the change in the amount of expenditures rather than on who or what caused the increase. The sentence structure suggests an intransitive usage, as it emphasizes the change in expenditures rather than the agent causing the change.

Therefore, the most suitable sense for "increased" in this context is the first one, which corresponds to the definition "become bigger or greater in amount."

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sharply
Target surface form: sharply
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased <t>sharply</t> in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sharply%4:02:00:: | definition=in an aggressive manner | synonyms=aggressively | examples=she was being sharply questioned
2. sense_key=sharply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a well delineated manner | synonyms=crisply | examples=the new style of Minoan pottery was sharply defined
3. sense_key=sharply%4:02:02:: | definition=changing suddenly in direction and degree | synonyms=sharp, acutely | examples=the road twists sharply after the light; turn sharp left here
4. sense_key=sharply%4:02:03:: | definition=very suddenly and to a great degree | synonyms=precipitously | examples=conditions that precipitously increase the birthrate; prices rose sharply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "sharply" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."

The word "sharply" here is used to describe the manner in which educational expenditures have increased. The context suggests a significant and sudden rise in expenditures.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense suggests an "aggressive manner," which doesn't directly relate to the increase in expenditures. The example given is about being "sharply questioned," indicating a manner of questioning rather than a quantitative change.

2. The second sense refers to something being "well delineated" or "crisply defined." While this could relate to a clear or distinct increase, the primary connotation is more about clarity or precision rather than the magnitude or rate of change.

3. The third sense implies a sudden change in direction and degree. The examples given involve a change in direction ("the road twists sharply after the light; turn sharp left here"), which doesn't directly apply to the context of increasing expenditures.

4. The fourth sense indicates a "very sudden and to a great degree" change, with the synonym "precipitously." The example "prices rose sharply" directly relates to a significant and sudden increase, similar to the context provided.

Given the context, the best fit for "sharply" is describing the significant and sudden increase in educational expenditures. The fourth sense, which is associated with a sudden and great degree of change, aligns with this interpretation. The synonym "precipitously" and the example "prices rose sharply" support this choice.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "sharply" in the given context is the fourth sense.

{"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we <t>now</t> spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spend
Target surface form: spend
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now <t>spend</t> more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spend%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=pass | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
2. sense_key=spend%2:40:00:: | definition=pay out | synonyms=expend, drop | examples=spend money
3. sense_key=spend%2:40:01:: | definition=spend completely | examples=I spend my pocket money in two days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend <t>more</t> per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "more" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the relationship between educational expenditures and performance. It argues that increased spending on education hasn't led to better academic performance, partly because the additional funds are absorbed by the administrative structure rather than directly benefiting the classroom environment. The sentence containing the target word "more" compares the spending per pupil in the context of international comparison.

2. **Target Sentence**: The sentence is, "...we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world..." Here, "more" is used to compare the amount spent per pupil.

3. **Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. more%4:02:00::**: This sense is related to forming the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs, indicating "to a greater extent." Examples include "more interesting" or "more beautiful." The target word is not used to form a comparative adjective or adverb in the given context.
   - **2. more%4:02:01::**: This sense is the comparative of "much," indicating a greater degree or extent, such as in "he works more now" or "they eat more than they should." The usage in the target sentence ("we now spend more per pupil") aligns with this definition, as it compares quantities (amount spent per pupil).

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The target word "more" is used to compare quantities (the amount spent per pupil). This aligns with the definition of "more" as the comparative of "much," indicating a greater degree or extent.
   - The sentence implies a comparison of the quantity of expenditure per pupil between different countries, fitting the usage in the examples provided for sense 2 ("more%4:02:01::").

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "more" in the given context is the second one, as it correctly represents the comparative of "much" in terms of quantity.

Therefore, the response should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupil
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per <t>pupil</t> than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "pupil" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses educational expenditures, their effects on academic performance, and the allocation of funds within the educational system. The sentence containing the target word is: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world." Here, "pupil" is used in relation to educational expenditure per individual student.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=pupil%1:18:00::** - This sense defines a "pupil" as "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution." Synonyms include "student" and "educatee." This definition fits the context, as it refers to individuals receiving education.

2. **sense_key=pupil%1:08:00::** - This sense refers to "the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot." This definition is related to anatomy and does not fit the educational context provided.

3. **sense_key=pupil%1:18:01::** - This sense defines a "pupil" as "a young person attending school (up through senior high school)." Synonyms include "schoolchild" and "school-age child." While this could potentially fit an educational context, it specifically limits the age range to "up through senior high school," which might not encompass all learners in an educational institution (e.g., college students).

Given the context, the most appropriate definition is the first one, as it broadly encompasses learners in educational institutions without limiting the age or level of education. The phrase "per pupil" is commonly used to denote expenditure per student, making the first sense the most relevant.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "pupil" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any <t>other</t> country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other <t>country</t> in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "country" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses educational expenditures and performance across different regions, comparing the spending per pupil in the United States to that in other "countries." The relevant sentence is: "we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. A politically organized body of people under a single government.
   - Synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic.
   - Examples: "the state has elected a new president; African nations."
   - This sense refers to a nation or state as a political entity.

2. The territory occupied by a nation.
   - Synonyms: state, land.
   - Examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries."
   - This sense focuses on the geographical territory of a nation.

3. The people who live in a nation or country.
   - Synonyms: nation, land.
   - Examples: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation."
   - This sense refers to the population or the collective people of a nation.

4. An area outside of cities and towns.
   - Synonyms: rural area.
   - Examples: "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country."
   - This sense is related to a rural or non-urban area.

5. A particular geographical region of indefinite boundary.
   - Synonyms: area.
   - Examples: "it was a mountainous area; Bible country."
   - This sense is more general, referring to any distinct geographical area.

In the given context, the comparison is being made among different nations in terms of educational expenditure per pupil. The term "country" here is used to refer to nations as political or geographical entities that can be compared in terms of educational spending.

Both senses 1 and 2 could potentially fit this context, as they both relate to nations. However, sense 2, "the territory occupied by a nation," is more directly related to the geographical or spatial aspect, which is implicit when comparing expenditures across different nations.

Sense 1, "a politically organized body of people under a single government," directly refers to a nation as a political entity, which is a suitable interpretation when comparing national educational expenditures.

Between these, sense 1 is a slightly better fit because the comparison is not just about geographical territories but about the political entities (nations) that are responsible for educational expenditures.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "country" in this context is sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- <t>educational</t> performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "educational" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the relationship between expenditures on education and academic performance. It mentions "decades of educational research," "educational expenditures," and "educational performance." The context revolves around the process and outcomes of education.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "relating to the process of education" with an example of "educational psychology." This sense is directly related to the field or process of education.
   - **Sense 2**: "providing knowledge" with an example of "an educational film." This implies something that is instructive or informative.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The target word "educational" is used in the phrase "educational performance." Here, "educational" relates to the outcomes or results of the process of education, not directly to something that provides knowledge in the sense of being instructive like a film.
   - The discussion is about the system of education, its governance, expenditures, and outcomes, which aligns more closely with the process of education rather than the act of providing knowledge.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context, "educational" is used to describe research, expenditures, and performance, all of which are related to the process or system of education. Thus, the most appropriate sense is the one that relates to the process of education.

5. **Indexed Sense Selection**:
   - The first sense ("relating to the process of education") is the most relevant to the context provided.

6. **Returning the Answer in the Required Format**:
   - The first sense is indexed as "1". Therefore, the answer should reflect this choice.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational <t>performance</t> has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decline
Target surface form: declined
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has <t>declined</t>. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decline%2:30:01:: | definition=grow worse | synonyms=worsen | examples=Conditions in the slum worsened
2. sense_key=decline%2:40:00:: | definition=refuse to accept | synonyms=refuse, reject, pass up, turn down | examples=He refused my offer of hospitality
3. sense_key=decline%2:32:00:: | definition=show unwillingness towards | synonyms=refuse | examples=he declined to join the group on a hike
4. sense_key=decline%2:30:00:: | definition=grow smaller | synonyms=go down, wane | examples=Interest in the project waned
5. sense_key=decline%2:38:00:: | definition=go down | examples=The roof declines here
6. sense_key=decline%2:38:03:: | definition=go down in value | synonyms=slump, correct | examples=the stock market corrected; prices slumped
7. sense_key=decline%2:32:01:: | definition=inflect for number, gender, case, etc., | examples=in many languages, speakers decline nouns, pronouns, and adjectives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
-- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the <t>way</t> the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "way" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "That is the way the system works."

The context is discussing the inefficacy of increased educational expenditures on improving academic performance, attributing the issue to how the system is structured and functions.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=way%1:07:01::** - how something is done or how it happens. Synonyms include manner, mode, style, fashion. Example: "her dignified manner."
   - This sense fits the context as it discusses how the system operates or functions.

2. **sense_key=way%1:04:01::** - how a result is obtained or an end is achieved. Synonyms include means, agency. Example: "a means of control."
   - While related, this sense leans more towards the method of achieving a result rather than the general functioning.

3. **sense_key=way%1:15:00::** - a line leading to a place or point. Synonym: direction. Example: "he looked the other direction."
   - This sense doesn't directly fit as the context isn't about physical or metaphorical direction towards a point.

4. **sense_key=way%1:26:00::** - the condition of things generally. Example: "that's the way it is."
   - This sense is very relevant as it matches the idiomatic expression used in the sentence.

5. **Other senses** are less directly related to the context provided.

The phrase "That is the way the system works" is idiomatic and aligns with sense 4, "the condition of things generally," as it reflects on the general state or functioning of the system. The expression "that's the way it is" is a common idiom indicating acceptance of a situation as it stands, which is similar to the usage in the given sentence.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "way" in the given context is **4**.

{"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: Students
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- <t>Students</t> should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Students" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses education, the classroom, academic performance, and the progression of pupils through the educational system. The target sentence is: "-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." This sentence is part of a larger discussion about educational performance, expenditures, and the structure of the educational system.

The two candidate senses for "student" are:
1. A learner who is enrolled in an educational institution.
2. A learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines.

The context clearly refers to individuals who are in the process of being educated, as indicated by phrases such as "move up the educational ladder," "academic potential," "educational performance," and "graduated from elementary school." These phrases suggest that the term "Students" is being used to refer to individuals who are enrolled in an educational institution and are progressing through it.

The first sense, "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution," aligns with this context. The synonyms provided for this sense are "pupil" and "educatee," both of which fit the context of the discussion about education and academic progression.

The second sense, "a learned person...," refers to someone who has gained mastery in one or more disciplines through long study. While this could potentially apply to some students, the context provided focuses more on the general progression through an educational system rather than on individuals who have achieved a high level of mastery or scholarship.

Therefore, the most appropriate sense for "Students" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the <t>educational</t> ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "educational" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context revolves around the topic of education, discussing aspects such as educational research, educational expenditures, educational performance, and the progression of students through the "educational ladder." The discussion is centered on the process and system of education, its outcomes, and the factors influencing it.

1. The first candidate sense is defined as "relating to the process of education" with an example of "educational psychology." This sense directly pertains to the context provided, as it involves discussions on educational research, expenditures, and performance, all of which are related to the process of education.

2. The second candidate sense is defined as "providing knowledge" with an example of "an educational film." While this sense is also related to education, it is more specific to the aspect of providing or being instructive, which is not the primary focus of the given context.

Given the context, the term "educational" is used in relation to the process of education (e.g., "educational research," "educational expenditures," "educational performance," and "educational ladder"). The usage aligns with the first candidate sense, which is about relating to the process of education.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "educational" in the provided context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their <t>academic</t> potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "academic" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context revolves around education, discussing the performance of pupils, educational expenditures, and the progression of students through the educational system. The target sentence is: "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows."

1. The first sense is related to being "associated with academia or an academy." The context is about education and students' performance and progression, which aligns with this sense as it pertains to the academic aspect of students' abilities or potential.

2. The second sense refers to something being "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result." The context does not suggest that "academic potential" is being used in a hypothetical or non-practical sense; rather, it's about the actual capability or talent of students in an academic setting.

3. The third sense is about being "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects." This sense does not fit the context as the discussion is not about the display of learning or its trivial aspects but rather about the potential or capability of students.

Given the context, the term "academic potential" refers to the students' capability or talent in an educational or scholarly context. This aligns most closely with the first sense, which is associated with academia or an academy.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "academic" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic <t>potential</t> allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "potential" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing education and the progression of students through the educational system based on their academic abilities. The sentence specifically mentions that "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows." This indicates that "potential" is being used to refer to the inherent capacity or ability of students to achieve academically.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "the inherent capacity for coming into being" with synonyms including "potentiality" and "potency." This sense aligns with the context of discussing students' academic capabilities and their potential for future achievement.

2. The second sense is related to electrical charge and voltage, which is unrelated to the context of educational achievement and student progression.

Given the context and the definitions provided, the use of "potential" in the sentence clearly refers to the students' inherent academic abilities or capacities, not to any electrical or physical concept.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "potential" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}