[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "shortage" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, highlighting that restraining immigration can lead to anaemic growth and harm employment. It mentions that immigrants often work in sectors where there is a "shortage" of local labor, either because the sectors are unattractive to local labor (for unskilled immigrants) or because they are dynamic sectors with specific skill requirements (for highly skilled immigrants).

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "shortage" refers to a situation where there is not enough of something. In this context, it refers to a lack or insufficiency of local labor in certain trades or sectors.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: `shortage%1:07:00::` is defined as "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required." Its synonyms include "deficit" and "shortfall." An example given is "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit," illustrating a situation where there's a lack or insufficiency.
   - **Sense 2**: `shortage%1:26:00::` is defined as "an acute insufficiency." Its synonyms are "dearth" and "famine," suggesting a more severe or critical lack.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context indicates that immigrants fill gaps in the labor market where local labor is insufficient. This situation describes a lack or insufficiency of local labor, not necessarily an "acute insufficiency" or a situation as severe as a "famine."
   - The first sense (`shortage%1:07:00::`) fits well because it describes a general state of being less than expected or required, which aligns with the context of labor market needs.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given that the passage discusses the complementary role of immigrants in the labor market, filling a gap where local labor is not sufficient, the most appropriate sense is the first one, which is indexed as **1**.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "sectors" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration, focusing on how immigrants complement local labor by working in areas where there is a shortage of local labor. The sentence containing the target word is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. A plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle - This is a geometric definition and doesn't fit the context.
2. A social group that forms part of the society or the economy - The example given is "the public sector," which aligns with economic discussions and could fit the context.
3. A particular aspect of life or activity - This is a broad definition that could potentially fit various contexts, but it's less directly related to economic or societal divisions compared to sense 2.
4. The minimum track length that can be assigned to store information - This is related to computing and doesn't fit the context.
5. A portion of a military position - This is a military context that doesn't match the given discussion on economics and immigration.
6. Measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end - This is related to a specific tool and doesn't fit the context.

Given the context is discussing economic aspects and the role of immigrants in the labor market, the most relevant definition is related to divisions within the economy or society. Sense 2 ("a social group that forms part of the society or the economy") directly relates to economic discussions, as seen in the example "the public sector." The use of "sectors" in the context to refer to areas of the economy or labor market aligns with this sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "sectors" in the given context is sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "labor" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration, focusing on how immigrants complement local labor rather than replacing it, and how they work in sectors that either don't attract local labor or are dynamic and require specific skills. The sentence with the target word is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor..."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **A social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages.** The synonyms are "labour, working class, proletariat." The example given is "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field." This sense fits the context as it refers to people who work for wages, and the discussion is about labor in the context of employment and wages.

2. **Productive work (especially physical work done for wages).** The synonyms are "labour, toil." The example is "his labor did not require a great deal of skill." While this sense is related to work, it focuses more on the work itself rather than the people doing it.

3. **Concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child.** This sense is unrelated to the context of employment and economics.

4. **An organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement.** This refers to the labor movement, which is not directly related to the context provided.

5. **A political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries.** This is specific to British politics and not relevant to the given context.

6. **The federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913.** This refers to a specific government department and is not relevant to the context.

7. **Any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted.** The synonyms are "undertaking, project, task." While related to work, this sense is broader and not directly related to the context of labor as a workforce or employment.

Given the context, the most relevant sense is the first one: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages." The discussion is about how immigrants complement or do not compete with local labor, indicating that "labor" refers to the people working or available for work.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "labor" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "ones" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, focusing on how immigrants affect native workers, wages, and employment. It contrasts the common fears about immigration with the actual positive effects observed. The sentence containing "ones" is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." Here, "ones" refers to immigrants, distinguishing between unskilled and highly skilled immigrants.

2. **Understanding "ones"**: The term "ones" is used as a pronoun to refer back to "immigrants," indicating a subset of them based on their skill level.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: Refers to "one" as the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number. The examples and synonyms (1, I, ace, single, unity) suggest a numerical or singular entity, not fitting the context of referring to people or groups based on skill level.
   - **Sense 2**: Defines "one" as a single person or thing. The example "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered" illustrates its use as a pronoun to refer to a specific individual or item. This sense can be extended to understand "ones" as referring to people or things with certain characteristics, like being highly skilled.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The use of "ones" in the context refers to a group of people (immigrants) with a specific characteristic (being highly skilled). This aligns with the idea of "one" being used to denote a single person or thing and, by extension, "ones" referring to multiple persons or things with a particular attribute.
   - Thus, the most appropriate sense is **Sense 2**, as it involves referring to individuals or groups based on certain criteria, in this case, their skill level.

5. **Returning the Answer**: Since Sense 2 is the second listed candidate sense and indexing starts at 1, it corresponds to the index "2".

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "sectors" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, focusing on how immigrants complement local labor, work in areas with labor shortages, and affect wages. The specific sentence with the target word is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "sectors" is used to refer to areas or fields of economic activity or employment.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. A plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle**: This is a geometric definition and doesn't fit the context.
   - **2. A social group that forms part of the society or the economy**: Examples include "the public sector." This sense is relevant to economic discussions and could fit the context.
   - **3. A particular aspect of life or activity**: This is defined with "sphere" as a synonym. While it could broadly apply, it's less directly related to economic or employment sectors than sense 2.
   - **4. The minimum track length that can be assigned to store information**: This is related to computing and doesn't fit the context.
   - **5. A portion of a military position**: This is a military context, which isn't relevant here.
   - **6. Measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end**: This is unrelated to the context.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context is about economics and labor, making **sense 2** ("a social group that forms part of the society or the economy") the most appropriate. The use of "sectors" to refer to areas of economic activity or employment aligns with this sense, as seen in examples like "the public sector."

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "sectors" in the given context is **2**.

Therefore, the response in the required JSON format is: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "training" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, focusing on how immigrants complement local labor rather than replacing it. It specifically mentions that "the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." Here, "training" is related to the concept of educating or preparing individuals for certain roles or professions.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "activity leading to skilled behavior" with synonyms "preparation, grooming." This sense aligns with the idea of training or educating individuals to perform specific tasks or jobs.
   - **Sense 2**: "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" with synonyms "education, breeding." While this sense involves the concept of education, it leans more towards social behavior and upbringing rather than professional or skilled training.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context specifically talks about "dynamic sectors" and implies a connection between "training" and professional or skilled labor. The mention of "highly skilled ones" directly relates to the idea of individuals being prepared or trained for specific professions or tasks.
   - The first sense directly relates to "activity leading to skilled behavior," which fits the context of discussing skilled labor and sectors where such labor is utilized.

4. **Decision**:
   - Given the context and the definitions of the candidate senses, **Sense 1** ("activity leading to skilled behavior") is the most appropriate. It directly relates to the concept of preparing or training individuals for skilled labor or professions, which is relevant to the discussion about highly skilled immigrants and their role in dynamic sectors.

5. **Response**:
   - The first sense provided is indexed as "1". Therefore, the best indexed sense for "training" in the given context is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: offer
Target surface form: offers
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "offers" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

Here, "offers" is related to "employment," indicating that it is about proposals or opportunities for jobs.

1. The first candidate sense is defined as "the verbal act of offering" with the example "a generous offer of assistance." While this sense involves the act of offering, the context here is more about the opportunities or proposals for employment rather than the act itself.

2. The second candidate sense is defined as "something offered (as a proposal or bid)" with examples including "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds." This sense aligns well with the context, as "offers of employment" can be understood as proposals or opportunities for jobs, similar to how "offerings" are understood in the financial context.

3. The third candidate sense is defined as "a usually brief attempt" with examples like "he took a crack at it." This sense does not fit the context of "offers of employment" as it relates to attempts or tries rather than proposals or opportunities.

Given the context and the definitions, the most suitable sense for "offers" in the sentence is related to "something offered," which aligns with the second candidate sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the second one, which corresponds to sense_index = 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "employment" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages, and employment in countries that admit immigrants. It highlights that restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. The specific sentence where "employment" appears is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The state of being employed or having a job.
   - Synonyms: employ
   - Examples: "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city"
   - This sense fits the general context of discussing employment in relation to immigration.

2. The occupation for which you are paid.
   - Synonyms: work
   - Examples: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work"
   - This sense is plausible as it relates to the context of people being employed or looking for work.

3. The act of giving someone a job.
   - Synonyms: engagement
   - This sense is relevant in the context of "offers of employment," suggesting the act of providing or giving someone a job.

4. The act of using.
   - Synonyms: use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise
   - Examples: "he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers"
   - This sense doesn't directly relate to the context of employment in relation to job or work.

Given the context, "offers of employment" is most closely related to the act of giving someone a job, which aligns with sense 3, "the act of giving someone a job." The phrase "offers of employment" directly implies the action of providing jobs to individuals.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "employment" in the given context is 3.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "effect" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, focusing on its effects on employment, wages, and economic growth. It argues that immigrants are complementary to local labor rather than replacements, and this complementarity has a positive effect on the wages of locals.

2. **Target Word Analysis**: The target word is "effect" as it appears in the phrase "a positive effect on wages." Here, "effect" refers to the outcome or result of a particular action or set of circumstances—in this case, the arrival of immigrants on wages.

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00::**: This sense defines "effect" as a phenomenon caused by some previous phenomenon. The synonyms include consequence, outcome, result, etc. The examples given, such as "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise" and "his decision had depressing consequences for business," illustrate a cause-and-effect relationship.
   - **2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00::**: This defines "effect" as an outward appearance or impression. The example "he made a good impression" suggests a sense of how someone or something is perceived.
   - **3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00::**: This sense refers to an impression, especially one that is artificial or contrived, as in "he just did it for effect."
   - **4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00::**: This defines "effect" as the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work. It is not directly related to the context provided.
   - **5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01::**: This sense is about having legal validity or being in force, as in "the law is still in effect."
   - **6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00::**: This refers to a symptom caused by an illness or a drug, as in "the effects of sleep loss."

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context clearly discusses the outcome or result of immigration on wages and employment.
   - The phrase "a positive effect on wages" directly relates to the consequence or outcome of immigrants arriving in a country.
   - The first sense (effect%1:19:00::) matches this interpretation as it defines "effect" as a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon, with synonyms like consequence, outcome, and result.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "effect" in the given context is the first one, which corresponds to the definition of "effect" as a consequence or outcome of a previous phenomenon.

Therefore, the JSON response is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "way" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

The phrase "in the same way" is used here to draw a comparison between two situations: the difficulty a surgeon faces without sufficient anaesthetists and the positive effect immigrants have on the wages of locals due to their complementary roles.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **manner, mode, style, fashion** - This sense fits because "in the same way" is used to compare the manner in which two different situations occur.
2. **means, agency** - This doesn't fit as well because the comparison isn't about the means by which something is achieved, but rather the similarity in the situations.
3. **direction** - This doesn't fit because "way" isn't referring to a physical or metaphorical direction.
4. **the condition of things generally** - This doesn't fit because the phrase is used for a specific comparison, not a general state of affairs.
5. **a course of conduct** - This doesn't fit as the comparison is not about a path or course of action someone takes.
6. **any artifact consisting of a road or path** - This is literal and doesn't fit the context.
7. **a journey or passage** - This doesn't fit because "way" isn't referring to a journey.
8. **space for movement** - This doesn't fit as "way" is used for comparison, not indicating space.
9. **the property of distance in general** - This doesn't fit because the context isn't about distance.
10. **doing as one pleases or chooses** - This doesn't fit as it's unrelated to the comparative usage.
11. **a general category of things** - This doesn't fit because "in the same way" is used for comparison, not categorization.
12. **a portion of something divided into shares** - This doesn't fit as it's unrelated to the context.

The best fit is sense 1, which corresponds to "manner, mode, style, fashion" because "in the same way" is used to compare the manner or mode in which two situations occur.

Therefore, the JSON response is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "country" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration on a nation's labor market and wages, using the example of a surgeon and an anaesthetist working together. The sentence with the target word is: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. A politically organized body of people under a single government.
   - Synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic.
   - This sense fits well because the discussion involves national labor markets and immigration policies, which are typically governed at a national level.

2. The territory occupied by a nation.
   - Synonyms: state, land.
   - While this sense could fit geographically, the context is more focused on the political and economic organization rather than the physical territory.

3. The people who live in a nation or country.
   - Synonyms: nation, land.
   - This sense is plausible because the discussion involves the interaction between immigrants and the existing population (locals).

4. An area outside of cities and towns.
   - Synonyms: rural area.
   - This sense doesn't fit well because the context doesn't distinguish between urban and rural areas; it's more about the national labor market.

5. A particular geographical region of indefinite boundary.
   - Synonyms: area.
   - This sense is too vague for the context, which is discussing a nation as a whole in terms of immigration and labor market.

Given the context, the most relevant sense is the first one: "a politically organized body of people under a single government." The discussion revolves around immigration policies and their effects on the labor market and wages at a national level, which aligns with this sense. The use of "country" here refers to a nation with its own government and policies regarding immigration and labor.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "country" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "shortage" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the impact of immigration on the labor market, arguing that immigrants complement local labor rather than replacing it. It highlights that immigrants work in sectors where there is a shortage of local labor, and this complementarity has a positive effect on wages.

2. **Target Word Analysis**: The target word "shortage" is used in the context of labor supply. The sentence mentions "trades in which there is a shortage of local labor" and compares it to a situation where a surgeon finds it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists.

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: `shortage%1:07:00::` is defined as "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required." The synonyms provided are "deficit" and "shortfall." An example given is "new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit." This sense seems to fit the context as it refers to a situation where the amount of something (in this case, local labor or anaesthetists) is less than what is required or expected.
   - **Sense 2**: `shortage%1:26:00::` is defined as "an acute insufficiency." The synonyms are "dearth" and "famine." While this sense also refers to a lack or insufficiency, the term "acute insufficiency" might imply a more severe or critical shortage, often used in the context of essential resources like food (as implied by "famine").

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - Both senses refer to a lack or insufficiency. However, the context here is about labor supply and its impact on wages and employment. The first sense (`shortage%1:07:00::`) is more general and fits well with the context of labor shortages, as it refers to a situation where the supply of labor is less than the demand or requirement.
   - The use of "shortage" in relation to labor and specific professions like anaesthetists aligns with the notion of a deficit or shortfall in the labor market, which is not necessarily implying an "acute insufficiency" as much as a relative lack.

5. **Conclusion**: Given the context and the definitions provided, the most appropriate sense for "shortage" is the first one, as it accurately describes a situation where the supply of labor (local labor or anaesthetists) is less than the demand or requirement.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for the target word "shortage" is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complementarity
Target surface form: complementarities
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "complementarities" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Understanding the Context**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, arguing that immigrants are not replacements for local labor but are instead complementary to it. It highlights that immigrants work in sectors where there is a shortage of local labor, thereby having a positive effect on the wages of locals due to the complementarities between locals and immigrants.

2. **Analyzing the Target Word**: The target word is "complementarities," which is the plural form of "complementarity." The context suggests that it refers to the relationship or state where immigrants and local labor complement each other.

3. **Examining the Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01::**: This sense defines complementarity as "a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities." While this definition touches on the concept of complementarity, it implies a more abstract or philosophical opposition.
   - **2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02::**: This sense defines it as "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other," with an example related to "the complementarity of the sexes." This definition emphasizes a mutual or reciprocal relationship where entities complement or supplement each other.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context emphasizes that immigrants and local labor are complementary, meaning they work together in a way that one supplements the other, particularly in sectors where there's a shortage. This aligns with the idea of an interrelation where one entity (immigrants) supplements or depends on the other (local labor), fitting the second definition.
   - The passage does not suggest that immigrants and locals represent "two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities." Instead, it highlights their complementary nature in the labor market.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the context and the definitions provided, the best sense for "complementarities" is the one that describes a reciprocal or supplementary relationship, which corresponds to the second candidate sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arrival
Target surface form: arrival
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "arrival" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the impact of immigration on the local labor market and wages. It argues that immigrants are complementary to local labor rather than replacements, and their arrival has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

2. **Target Word Analysis**: The target word is "arrival," which appears in the sentence: "the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: "accomplishment of an objective" with synonyms like "reaching." This sense doesn't directly relate to the physical or metaphorical act of coming to a place.
   - **Sense 2**: "the act of arriving at a certain place" with examples like "they awaited her arrival." This sense directly pertains to the act of arriving.
   - **Sense 3**: "someone who arrives (or has arrived)" with synonyms like "arriver, comer." This sense refers to the person arriving, not the act.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context is discussing the effect of immigrants coming into a country or region on the local labor market.
   - The sentence specifically talks about "the arrival of immigrants," which refers to the act of immigrants coming into the country or region.
   - **Sense 2** ("the act of arriving at a certain place") fits this context perfectly as it refers to the act of immigrants arriving, which is having a positive effect on local wages.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the context and the definitions provided, the best sense for "arrival" is Sense 2, which corresponds to the act of arriving.

Therefore, the JSON response is: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "effect" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, specifically how immigrants complement local labor and the effect this has on wages. It mentions that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "effect" in the sentence "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00::**: This sense refers to a phenomenon caused by a previous phenomenon. The synonyms include consequence, outcome, result, etc. The example given is "his decision had depressing consequences for business." The context provided fits this sense as it discusses the consequence (effect) of immigration on local wages.
   - **2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00::**: Refers to an outward appearance or impression. The context doesn't fit this sense as it doesn't discuss appearances or impressions.
   - **3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00::**: Relates to an artificial or contrived impression. The context doesn't align with this sense as it discusses economic outcomes, not impressions.
   - **4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00::**: Concerns the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work. The passage is not about analyzing a speech or literary work, so this doesn't fit.
   - **5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01::**: Pertains to the validity of a law. The context is not about legal validity, so this sense is not relevant.
   - **6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00::**: Refers to a symptom caused by an illness or a drug. The passage is discussing economic effects, not medical symptoms.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**: The context clearly discusses the consequence or outcome of immigration on wages. Thus, the most appropriate sense is the one that aligns with "consequence, outcome, result." This matches **sense_index=1**, as it is defined as "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon."

Therefore, the best indexed sense for the target word "effect" is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rise
Target surface form: rise
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flow
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "flow" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the impact of immigrants on the local labor market and wages. It mentions that a rise of 1% in the migratory "flow" causes an increase in real long-term pay. Here, "flow" refers to the movement or influx of immigrants into a region.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) - This sense is too literal and doesn't directly apply to the movement of people.
2. The amount of fluid that flows in a given time - While this involves a quantitative aspect, it's still focused on fluids, not directly applicable to the context of people moving.
3. The act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression - This sense can be applied to the movement of people, as it refers to a continuous progression or stream.
4. Any uninterrupted stream or discharge - This could potentially apply, but it's somewhat generic and doesn't directly convey the idea of people moving into a region.
5. Something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously - This sense is relevant as it includes examples like "a stream of people" and "the flow of visitors," indicating it can be used for the movement of people.
6. Dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas - This sense is more abstract and relates to trends or directions of events or thoughts, not directly to physical movement.
7. The monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women - This sense is unrelated to the context.

Given the context, the most relevant senses are 3, 4, and 5, as they relate to the concept of continuous movement or stream. Sense 5 is particularly relevant because it includes examples of "a stream of people" and "the flow of visitors," directly relating to the movement of individuals.

Between senses 3 and 5, both could potentially fit, but sense 5 is more directly related to the movement of people as it includes specific examples of "stream of people" and "flow of visitors." However, the definition of sense 3, "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression," is broad enough to encompass the concept of migratory flow as a continuous movement of people.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "flow" in the given context is sense 3, as it accurately describes the continuous progression or movement of immigrants.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "increase" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, focusing on how immigrants affect local wages. It mentions a study by Giovanni Peri that found a specific percentage increase in real long-term pay due to a rise in migratory flow.

2. **Target Sentence**: The sentence containing the target word is: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

3. **Understanding the Target Word**: In this sentence, "increase" refers to the result or amount by which something (real long-term pay) is augmented due to another factor (migratory flow).

4. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. a quantity that is added**: This sense refers to something being added, like an addition to property taxes or weight gain. While related, it's more about the thing added rather than the change itself.
   - **2. a change resulting in an increase**: This is a broad definition that could fit, as it refers to a change that results in an increase, but it's somewhat generic.
   - **3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important**: This sense focuses on the process of increasing, like the growth of population or increase in unemployment. It's about the process rather than the amount of change.
   - **4. the amount by which something increases**: This directly refers to the quantity or magnitude of the increase, such as a proposed 15 percent increase in fare. It matches the context where a specific percentage increase in pay is mentioned.
   - **5. the act of increasing something**: This is about the action of making something larger or more numerous, like giving someone an increase in salary. It's more about the action than the result.

5. **Choosing the Best Sense**: The sentence discusses a calculated effect (a rise in migratory flow causing a specific percentage change in real long-term pay), focusing on the **amount or result of the change** rather than the process or act of changing. The most relevant definition here is **"the amount by which something increases"** because it directly relates to the quantified change (between 0.6 and 0.9%) in real long-term pay.

6. **Matching to Provided Senses**: The definition "the amount by which something increases" corresponds to **sense_index: 4**.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "increase" in the given context is: {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "fact" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence where "fact" appears is: "And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."

Here, "fact" refers to a piece of information or a circumstance that is true or has occurred, specifically that "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **fact%1:09:01::** - "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred." The example given is "first you must collect all the facts of the case." This sense seems plausible because it refers to information about existing circumstances.

2. **fact%1:10:01::** - "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened." The example is "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts." While this could fit, it leans more towards a collection of verified information rather than a single piece of information.

3. **fact%1:26:01::** - "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." The example given is "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell." This sense contrasts fact with fiction or unverified information, which isn't the primary distinction being made in the given context.

4. **fact%1:09:02::** - "a concept whose truth can be proved." The example is "scientific hypotheses are not facts." This sense is more about the nature of truth and proof, particularly in a scientific context, which doesn't directly align with the usage in the given sentence.

The context suggests that "fact" is used to refer to a specific piece of true information or circumstance, namely that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth. This aligns most closely with sense 1, as it refers to a piece of information about circumstances that exist.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "fact" in the given context is sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diversity
Target surface form: diversity
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "diversity" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the positive effects of immigration on the local labor market and economy. It highlights that immigrants are complementary to local labor, contribute to economic growth through the creation of ideas, and are net contributors to social systems. The sentence containing "diversity" mentions that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "diversity" is used in the context of immigrants bringing different backgrounds, skills, or perspectives that contribute to economic growth and idea creation.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "noticeable heterogeneity" with synonyms like "diverseness, multifariousness, variety" and examples such as "a diversity of possibilities" and "the range and variety of his work is amazing". This sense emphasizes the presence of different kinds of things, which aligns with the idea of immigrants bringing different perspectives or skills.
   - **Sense 2**: "the condition or result of being changeable". This sense focuses on the ability or state of something being able to change, which doesn't directly relate to the context of immigrants contributing to economic growth through their differences.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context suggests that "diversity" refers to the variety or heterogeneity that immigrants bring, which is then associated with the creation of ideas and economic growth. This aligns well with **Sense 1**, which is about noticeable heterogeneity.
   - The examples given for Sense 1, such as "a diversity of possibilities" and the mention of "range and variety of his work", illustrate the concept of having different kinds of things or approaches, which is in line with the idea of immigrants contributing diverse skills or perspectives.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the context and the definitions provided, the best indexed sense for "diversity" is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}