[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of <t>immigration</t> (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "immigration" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the perception of immigration in France, its economic impact, and references a book by economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron that summarizes knowledge on immigration. The context revolves around the concept of people moving into a country (France, in this case) and settling there, and the economic implications of this movement.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: "migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)". The synonym provided is "in-migration". This definition directly relates to the concept of people moving into a new country to settle.
   - **Sense 2**: "the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval". An example given is "the increased immigration strengthened the colony". This definition focuses on the group of people immigrating within a certain timeframe.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The passage discusses the economic impact of "immigration" and refers to the flow of immigrants into a country, not just the group of people immigrating. It talks about the concept of immigration as a phenomenon and its effects on the economy, rather than focusing solely on the immigrants themselves.
   - The first sense directly corresponds to the concept of migration into a country for settlement, fitting the context of discussing immigration's economic impact.
   - The second sense, while related, focuses more on the immigrants as a group rather than the act or phenomenon of immigration itself.

4. **Decision**:
   - Given the context, the discussion is about the phenomenon of immigration and its economic implications, not just the immigrants. Thus, the most appropriate sense is the one that defines immigration as the act or process of migrating into a country.

5. **Conclusion**:
   - The first sense ("migration into a place...") is the most relevant to the context provided, as it directly relates to the concept being discussed.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "immigration" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: People
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "People" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses immigration, its economic impact, and references a book titled "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future." The subject matter revolves around migration and its effects on economies and societies.

1. The first sense defines "people" as "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively." The example given is "old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience." This sense is quite general and applies to any collective group of humans.

2. The second sense refers to "the body of citizens of a state or country," with "citizenry" as a synonym, and an example is "the Spanish people." This sense is more specific, relating to the citizens of a particular nation.

3. The third sense is "members of a family line," with examples like "his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?" This sense is specific to familial lineage.

4. The fourth sense is "the common people generally," with synonyms like "multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed," and an example is "separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people." This sense refers to the general populace, often in contrast to specific groups like leaders or the elite.

Given the context, the word "People" in "Exceptional People" refers to migrants or immigrants, which are groups of human beings. The discussion is about the impact of migration on economies and societies, not specifically about citizens of a country, family lineage, or the common people in contrast to the elite.

The most appropriate sense is the first one, as it generally refers to any group of human beings collectively, which fits the context of discussing migrants and their impact.

{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: Migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Migration" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of the movement of people from one country to another, specifically referencing immigration and its effects on the economy. The text mentions "immigration problem," "immigrants," and the impact of "migration flows" on economic growth, wages, and employment.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **"the movement of persons from one country or locality to another"** - This definition directly relates to the context of immigration and the movement of people across countries, which is a central theme in the provided text.

2. **"a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)"** - While this could be related, the text does not specifically focus on a group of people migrating together but rather discusses migration in a more general sense.

3. **"(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule"** - This definition is unrelated to the context, as the text does not discuss chemistry or molecular movements.

4. **"the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding"** - This definition pertains to the migration of animals, not humans, and is not relevant to the context.

Given the context and the definitions, the most appropriate sense is the first one: "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another." This is because the text discusses the economic impact of immigration and migration in the context of human movement across countries.

The first definition corresponds to sense_index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: Future
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Future" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages, and employment, referencing a book titled "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future." The use of "Future" here relates to the time that has not yet come but is being considered in the context of how migration will shape it.

1. The first candidate sense defines "future" as "the time yet to come" with synonyms like "hereafter, futurity, time to come." This aligns well with the context, where "Future" refers to the time that is to come and how it will be defined by migration.
2. The second sense refers to a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future. The context does not discuss grammatical tense, so this sense is not relevant.
3. The third sense is related to bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date, which is not relevant to the context provided.

Given the context and the definitions, the most appropriate sense of "Future" is the first one, which refers to "the time yet to come."

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: specialist
Target surface form: specialists
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: | definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "specialists" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, referencing a book by economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, and mentions that there is a wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages, and employment.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "specialists" refers to individuals with a high level of expertise in a particular area. In this context, the area of expertise is related to economics, specifically the economics of immigration.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning" with synonyms "specializer, specialiser". This definition is broad and encompasses experts in various fields, including economics.
   - **Sense 2**: "practices one branch of medicine" with the synonym "medical specialist". This definition is specific to the field of medicine.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is about economics and the impact of immigration on economic factors. The specialists mentioned are likely economists or experts in a related field.
   - **Sense 1** fits this context as it refers to experts in a specific branch of learning, which could include economics.
   - **Sense 2** is too narrow, focusing on medical specialists, which doesn't align with the context of economic discussion.

5. **Conclusion**: Given the context is about economic impacts and references economists, the most appropriate sense is **Sense 1**, which is indexed as "1" according to the provided candidate senses.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "specialists" in the given context is: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "impact" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic effects of immigration, citing a book by economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron that summarizes the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages, and employment in countries that admit immigrants. The use of "positive impact" here indicates a discussion about the influence or effect of migration on economic factors.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to "the striking of one body against another," which is a physical collision. This doesn't fit the context, which is about economic effects.
2. The second sense is defined as "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" with synonyms like "wallop" and examples such as "the book had an important impact on my thinking." This sense aligns with discussing the significant effects or consequences of an action or phenomenon, in this case, migration flows on the economy.
3. The third sense is "influencing strongly" with synonyms "impingement, encroachment." While this could potentially fit in a broad interpretation of "having an effect," the specific examples and synonyms provided suggest a more negative connotation or a sense of intrusion, which isn't the primary tone in the given context.
4. The fourth sense refers to "the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat," which clearly doesn't fit the context as it discusses economic impacts, not conflict.

Given the context and the definitions, the second sense ("a forceful consequence; a strong effect") is the most appropriate. It correctly captures the idea of migration having significant, positive effects on economic factors.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "impact" in this context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "flows" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the impact of migration on economic growth, wages, and employment in countries that admit immigrants. It mentions "migration flows" and their positive effects.

1. The first sense refers to "the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)" - This doesn't directly apply to migration.
2. The second sense is "the amount of fluid that flows in a given time" - Again, this is more related to fluids and doesn't directly fit the context of migration.
3. The third sense, "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression," could potentially apply to migration as it implies movement or progression.
4. The fourth sense is "any uninterrupted stream or discharge" - This could metaphorically apply to migration flows, suggesting a continuous movement.
5. The fifth sense, "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously," is relevant as it includes examples related to streams of people or visitors, which can be analogous to migration flows.
6. The sixth sense refers to "dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas" - While this could metaphorically apply, it's less directly related to the physical movement of people.
7. The seventh sense is related to menstruation, which is not relevant to the context.

Given the context, the term "migration flows" is used to describe the movement of people. Senses 3, 4, and 5 all potentially relate to this concept as they involve the idea of continuous movement or streams. However, sense 3 ("the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression") is the most directly relevant as it captures the essence of movement or progression without being too specific to fluids or physical streams, making it applicable to the movement of people.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "flows" in the given context is sense 3.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "employment" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration on countries that admit immigrants, mentioning its effects on economic growth, wages, and employment. The sentence specifically states, "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants." This indicates that "employment" is being discussed in relation to its state or condition within an economy.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "employment" as "the state of being employed or having a job." This aligns with discussions about economic conditions and the labor market.
2. The second sense refers to "the occupation for which you are paid," which is somewhat related but focuses more on the specific job or work rather than the overall state of having a job.
3. The third sense is "the act of giving someone a job," which is about the action of employing someone.
4. The fourth sense is "the act of using," which is unrelated to the context of jobs or labor market conditions.

Given the context, the discussion is about the overall condition or state of having jobs within an economy, not about specific occupations or the act of giving someone a job. The sentence is discussing the positive impact of migration on "employment," which is best understood as the state of being employed.

The first sense ("the state of being employed or having a job") fits this interpretation perfectly. It is about the condition or state of employment within an economy, which is directly related to the discussion on the impact of migration flows.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "employment" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "countries" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration on nations that admit immigrants, referencing a book by economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron. The sentence specifically mentions "countries, which admit immigrants," indicating that the discussion is about political entities or nations.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **Definition:** a politically organized body of people under a single government
   - **Synonyms:** state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic
   - The context refers to "countries" as entities that admit immigrants and are affected economically by migration flows. This aligns with the concept of politically organized bodies.

2. **Definition:** the territory occupied by a nation
   - While this sense is related to the first, it focuses on the geographical aspect rather than the political organization.

3. **Definition:** the people who live in a nation or country
   - This sense refers to the population or citizens of a nation, which could be relevant in the context of immigration.

4. and 5. are less relevant as they refer to rural areas and geographical regions, respectively, which do not directly relate to the context of immigration and national economies.

The context implies that "countries" refers to political entities or nations that are affected by immigration. Both senses 1 and 2 could potentially fit, but sense 1 is more directly related to the concept of political entities making decisions or being affected by immigration policies.

Given the context and focusing on the political aspect of immigration and its economic impact, the most appropriate sense is the first one, which corresponds to **sense_index: 1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "immigration" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the perception of immigrants and immigration in France, touching upon its economic impact, the views of François Hollande, and referencing a book by economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron. The context revolves around the concept of immigration as a phenomenon and its effects on the economy.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)" with a synonym "in-migration". This definition directly relates to the act or process of immigrating.
   - **Sense 2**: "the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval" with an example "the increased immigration strengthened the colony". This definition refers to the group of people immigrating within a certain timeframe.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The passage discusses the economic and societal impact of "immigration," referring to it as a "problem" and discussing its effects on growth, wages, and employment. The term is used to describe the phenomenon or process rather than a specific group of people.
   - The sentence "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment" suggests that "immigration" here refers to the act or process of immigrating, as it is something that can be restrained.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the definitions, **Sense 1** ("migration into a place...") fits better because it describes the process or act of immigration, aligning with how "immigration" is used in the passage (e.g., discussing its restraint and impact).
   - **Sense 2** refers to a group of immigrants, which doesn't fit as well with the usage in sentences like "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment," where "immigration" is not referring to a specific group of people but rather the phenomenon.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "immigration" in the given context is **1**, as it correctly captures the concept of immigration as a process or phenomenon being discussed.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "growth" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration, citing economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, who argue that migration flows have a positive impact on "economic growth, wages and employment" in countries that admit immigrants. It further states that restraining immigration leads to "anaemic growth" and harms employment.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **Biological growth**: This sense is related to the biological process of an organism growing. The context does not discuss biological processes, so this is unlikely to be the correct sense.

2. **Progression from simpler to more complex forms**: While this could potentially relate to economic or cultural development, the specific examples given ("the growth of culture") are not directly related to the economic context provided.

3. **Process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important**: The synonyms provided are "increase" and "increment," and an example is "the growth of population." The context discusses "economic growth," which fits this definition as it refers to an increase in economic output or activity.

4. **Vegetation that has grown**: This sense is clearly unrelated to the economic context.

5. **Gradual beginning or coming forth**: While this could potentially be related to various phenomena, the context specifically discusses the impact on "economic growth," which doesn't directly fit this definition.

6. **Abnormal proliferation of tissue**: This is a pathological sense, unrelated to the economic context.

7. **Something grown or growing**: Examples include "a growth of hair," which is not relevant to the economic discussion.

Given the context, the most relevant sense of "growth" is related to an increase or expansion in economic activity, which aligns with sense **3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important**. The discussion around "economic growth" and its impact on wages and employment directly corresponds to this definition.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "growth" in the given context is: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "employment" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration, specifically mentioning the positive effects of migration flows on "economic growth, wages and employment" and stating that restraining immigration "harms employment." The discussion is centered around the macroeconomic effects of immigration on the host countries.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "employment" as "the state of being employed or having a job." This sense is related to the condition or status of individuals being employed.

2. The second sense refers to "employment" as "the occupation for which you are paid." This is about the job or work one does for payment.

3. The third sense is "the act of giving someone a job," which involves the action of employing someone.

4. The fourth sense defines "employment" as "the act of using," which is more about utilization or application of something.

Given the context, "employment" is discussed in relation to economic indicators and the impact of immigration on the job market or the economy's ability to provide jobs. The sentence mentions "economic growth, wages and employment" together, indicating that "employment" here likely refers to the overall level or rate of employment within an economy, rather than an individual's job or the act of giving someone a job.

The first sense ("the state of being employed or having a job") fits well because it relates to the overall employment rate or situation in a country or economy, which is the context provided. The discussion is not about an individual's job (second sense) or the act of employing someone (third sense), nor is it directly about the use or utilization of something (fourth sense).

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "employment" in this context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fear
Target surface form: Fears
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Fears" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration, citing a consensus among specialists that migration flows have a positive effect on economic growth, wages, and employment. It then addresses a common concern or anxiety regarding immigration: that immigrants might replace native workers, particularly unskilled ones, and thus exert downward pressure on wages. The text counters this by stating that experience shows immigrants are more complementary to local labor rather than replacements.

The target word "Fears" is used in the phrase "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers...".

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "fear" as "an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)". While this is a common understanding of fear, the context doesn't suggest that the fear is about an immediate danger or pain that would provoke a fight or flight response.

2. The second sense defines "fear" as "an anxious feeling" with synonyms "concern, care". The examples given include "care had aged him" and "they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction". The use of "fear" in the context of having an anxious feeling or concern about something (in this case, the impact of immigrants) aligns with this definition. The phrase "Fears about the impact of immigrants" suggests anxiety or concern about a potential outcome.

3. The third sense defines "fear" as "a feeling of profound respect for someone or something" with synonyms "reverence, awe, veneration". The examples provided are "the fear of God" and "the Chinese reverence for the dead". This sense does not fit the context as the discussion is about the economic impact of immigration, not about reverence or respect for immigrants.

Given the context and the definitions, the use of "Fears" best aligns with the second sense, as it refers to an anxious feeling or concern about the potential impact of immigrants on native workers and wages.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "notion" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration, challenging the idea that immigrants are a burden and a problem by citing the positive effects of migration on economic growth, wages, and employment. It specifically mentions that fears about immigrants are based on the notion that they replace native workers, particularly unskilled ones, and exert downward pressure on wages.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=notion%1:09:02::** - This sense is defined as "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" with synonyms like impression, feeling, belief, and opinion. The example given is "his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?" The context provided fits this definition because it discusses a belief or idea (that immigrants replace native workers) that is held with some confidence, even if it's being challenged.

2. **sense_key=notion%1:09:00::** - This is defined as "a general inclusive concept." While "notion" in the context does refer to a concept, the specific definition and examples are not provided to directly compare with the usage in the text.

3. **sense_key=notion%1:09:01::** - Defined as "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea" with synonyms like whim, whimsy, whimsey. The examples given are "the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon." The context does not suggest that the idea that immigrants replace native workers is odd, fanciful, or capricious; rather, it's a serious concern being discussed.

4. **sense_key=notion%1:06:00::** - This refers to "(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items" with examples like "buttons and needles are notions." This sense is unrelated to the context provided.

Given the context and the definitions, the usage of "notion" best fits the first candidate sense, as it refers to a belief or idea ("that immigrants are liable to replace native workers") in which some confidence is placed, even though the text argues against this belief.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "notion" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "ones" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Here, "ones" refers to "native workers," specifically those who are unskilled. The context is discussing the impact of immigrants on the labor market, particularly in relation to native workers.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense (sense_key=one%1:23:00::) defines "one" as the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number. This sense doesn't fit the context because "ones" is not being used to represent a number in this sentence.

2. The second sense (sense_key=one%1:09:00::) defines "one" as a single person or thing. The example given is "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered." In the context provided, "ones" refers to "unskilled native workers," which are people. This aligns with the definition of "one" as a single person or thing, as "ones" is the plural form referring to multiple individuals (unskilled native workers in this case).

Given the context and the definitions, "ones" is used to refer to a group of people (unskilled native workers), making the second sense the most appropriate.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "ones" in the given context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "pressure" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigration, specifically addressing the fear that immigrants might replace native workers and exert downward pressure on wages. The sentence where "pressure" appears is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to a physical force applied to a unit area of surface. This doesn't directly relate to the economic context of wages.
2. The second sense is "a force that compels," which could metaphorically apply to economic pressure.
3. The third sense is "the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure," which is somewhat related but more focused on the action rather than the effect.
4. The fourth sense refers to "the state of demanding notice or attention," which doesn't directly fit the context of economic influence on wages.
5. The fifth sense is related to a somatic sensation resulting from applying force to an area of skin, which is not relevant here.
6. The sixth sense refers to "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress," which is broad and could encompass economic pressure.
7. The seventh sense is about atmospheric pressure, which is not relevant to the context.

Given the context, the word "pressure" is used to describe the effect of immigrants on wages. The phrase "exerting downward pressure on wages" suggests an influence or force that compels a change (in this case, a decrease) in wages. This aligns closely with the second sense, "a force that compels," as it metaphorically describes the economic force exerted by immigrants on the wage structure.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "pressure" in this context is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "experience" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the impact of immigration on economic growth, wages, and employment. It mentions that fears about immigrants replacing native workers are not supported by reality, as "experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor." Here, "experience" refers to the knowledge or evidence gained from past observations or events related to immigration and its effects on the labor market.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities. This sense is illustrated by "a man of experience; experience is the best teacher." The context implies that past events or observations have provided evidence or knowledge about the role of immigrants in the labor market.

2. The content of direct observation or participation in an event. This is exemplified by "he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly." The context does not suggest that "experience" refers to a specific event or personal encounter but rather to a general understanding derived from past observations.

3. An event as apprehended. The example given is "a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention." Again, the context does not indicate that "experience" is referring to a specific event.

Given the context, "experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor" implies that the knowledge or evidence gained from past observations supports the statement. This aligns with the first candidate sense, which involves the accumulation of knowledge or skill from direct participation in events or activities. The phrase "experience is the best teacher" from the example further supports this interpretation, as it suggests that knowledge gained from past experiences (in this case, observations about immigration) informs our understanding.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "experience" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replacement
Target surface form: replacements
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replacement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. sense_key=replacement%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. sense_key=replacement%1:11:00:: | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. sense_key=replacement%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. sense_key=replacement%1:22:00:: | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. sense_key=replacement%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "replacements" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the impact of immigration on the economy and employment. It mentions that fears about immigrants are based on the notion that they replace native workers, but experience shows that immigrants are more complementary to local labor rather than replacements of it.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another.
2. Someone who takes the place of another person.
3. An event in which one thing is substituted for another.
4. A person or thing that takes or can take the place of another.
5. Filling again by supplying what has been used up.
6. A person who follows next in order.

The sentence where "replacements" appears is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."

Here, "replacements" refers to the act or result of substituting or taking the place of local labor. The closest definition is "an event in which one thing is substituted for another" or "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another." Between these, "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (sense 4) is more directly related to the meaning of "replacements" as it directly refers to the immigrants being replacements.

However, the context implies the act or state of being substitutes rather than just the individuals. Sense 4 directly refers to the immigrants as substitutes or replacements, fitting the context well.

Thus, the best sense for "replacements" is sense 4, "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another."

{"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trade
Target surface form: trades
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trade%1:04:05:: | definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:01:: | definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. sense_key=trade%1:19:00:: | definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. sense_key=trade%1:04:03:: | definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "trades" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the impact of immigration on economic growth, wages, and employment. It mentions that immigrants are complementary to local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. The sentence implies that "trades" refers to occupations or types of work.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services.
   - This sense doesn't fit the context as "trades" here refers to occupations, not commercial exchanges.

2. The skilled practice of a practical occupation.
   - This sense is a good fit because "trades" is used to refer to occupations or skilled work, which aligns with the context of labor and employment.

3. The business given to a commercial establishment by its customers.
   - This sense doesn't fit as "trades" is not referring to customer patronage.

4. A particular instance of buying or selling.
   - Similar to sense 1, this doesn't fit because "trades" is not about specific transactions.

5. People who perform a particular kind of skilled work.
   - This sense is very relevant because it directly refers to individuals performing skilled labor, which is what "trades" is referring to in the context.

6. Steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator.
   - This sense is unrelated to the context of labor and economics.

7. An equal exchange.
   - This sense doesn't fit the context as "trades" is not about exchanging goods or services.

Given the context and the definitions, both sense 2 (the skilled practice of a practical occupation) and sense 5 (people who perform a particular kind of skilled work) seem plausible because they both relate to skilled work or occupations. However, sense 5 directly refers to "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work," which is closer to the usage in the context where "trades" refers to the occupations or types of work that immigrants are engaged in.

Since "craft" is a synonym for both sense 2 and sense 5, and given that the context refers to the type of work or occupation ("exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor"), the most appropriate sense is sense 5, as it directly relates to the people performing skilled work or the occupations themselves.

The best indexed sense for "trades" in the given context is therefore sense 5.

{"sense_index": 5}