[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: creation
Target surface form: creation
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "creation" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the positive effects of immigration on the local economy, including the contribution of immigrants to the generation of ideas and economic growth. The sentence specifically mentions that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the "creation" of ideas and to economic growth.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The human act of creating - This sense is related to the act of making or producing something new, which could apply to the generation of ideas.
2. An artifact that has been brought into existence by someone - This sense refers to a tangible or intangible product created by someone, which is not directly related to the generation of ideas.
3. The event that occurred at the beginning of something - This sense is about the initiation or start of something, which is not directly related to the context of generating ideas.
4. The act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new - This sense is relevant as it involves the initiation or origination of something new, which can be related to the generation of new ideas.
5. (Theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence - This sense is specific to a theological context and is not relevant to the discussion of economic growth and idea generation.
6. Everything that exists anywhere - This sense refers to the universe or existence as a whole, which is not related to the context.

Given the context, the most relevant sense is related to the act of making or producing something new, such as ideas. Sense 1, "the human act of creating," directly relates to this concept as it involves creative activity. The generation of ideas is a form of creative activity.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "creation" in this context is sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: ideas
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "ideas" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses the positive effects of immigration on the local labor market and economy, mentioning that immigrants contribute to the creation of "ideas" and to economic growth. The sentence implies that the diversity brought by immigrants leads to the generation of new concepts or thoughts that are beneficial for economic growth.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about. (Synonyms: thought)
   - Example: "it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind"
   - This sense refers to the content of one's mind or what one is thinking about. The context suggests that "ideas" here refers to creative or innovative thoughts or concepts generated due to the diversity contributed by immigrants.

2. Your intention; what you intend to do. (Synonyms: mind)
   - Example: "he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces"
   - This sense is more about a plan or intention, which doesn't directly fit the context of generating something that contributes to economic growth.

3. A personal view.
   - Example: "he has an idea that we don't like him"
   - This sense refers to a personal opinion or belief, which is not the primary meaning in the given context.

4. An approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth. (Synonyms: estimate, estimation, approximation)
   - Example: "an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take"
   - This sense is about having a rough or approximate notion of something, which doesn't directly relate to the context of contributing to economic growth through diversity.

5. (Music) melodic subject of a musical composition. (Synonyms: theme, melodic theme, musical theme)
   - Example: "the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it"
   - This sense is specific to music and is unrelated to the context.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense is the first one: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about." The sentence implies that the diversity contributed by immigrants leads to the generation of new thoughts or concepts ("ideas") that are beneficial for economic growth. This aligns with the definition of "idea" as the content of cognition or what one is thinking about, and it matches the synonym "thought."

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "ideas" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "proportion" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners..."

Here, "proportion" refers to the comparative quantity of naturalised immigrants among American Nobel prize winners. The phrase "a large proportion" indicates a ratio or fraction of a whole.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole" - This definition directly corresponds to the concept of a ratio or fraction, which fits the context of comparing the number of naturalised immigrants to the total number of American Nobel prize winners.

2. "magnitude or extent" - While this sense could relate to the concept of size or amount, it doesn't directly convey the comparative aspect as clearly as the first sense.

3. "balance among the parts of something" - This sense implies a certain harmony or equilibrium, which isn't directly relevant to the context of counting or comparing quantities.

4. "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree" - This definition closely matches the usage in the sentence, as it discusses the comparative quantity (ratio) of naturalised immigrants among Nobel prize winners.

5. "harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole" - This sense is more related to aesthetics or design and doesn't fit the context of the sentence.

Given the context and the definitions, both senses 1 and 4 seem plausible because they both relate to the concept of ratio or comparative quantity. However, sense 4 directly mentions "comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree," which aligns well with the usage in the sentence.

The best answer is {"sense_index": 4}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "American" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses the positive effects of immigration on the local labor market and economy, mentioning that a significant proportion of naturalized immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners. The sentence implies a connection to the United States, as it references well-known American companies (Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay, and Yahoo) founded by immigrants.

Now, let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture." The examples given are "American citizens" and "American English." The context mentions "American Nobel prize winners," which aligns with this definition, as it refers to Nobel prize winners from the United States.

2. The second sense is defined as "of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas." The examples provided are "the American hemisphere" and "American flora and fauna." While this sense is also valid for the adjective "American," the context specifically refers to entities associated with the United States (Nobel prize winners and companies like Google and Yahoo), not the broader geographical or cultural context of the Americas.

Given the context and the information provided, the use of "American" in the sentence is most likely referring to the United States, as it is associated with American Nobel prize winners and companies that are well-known to be based in the United States.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "American" in this context is the first one, which corresponds to sense index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "winners" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the positive effects of immigration on the local labor market and economy. It mentions that a significant proportion of naturalized immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "winners," which is related to the lemma "winner." The context specifically refers to "American Nobel prize winners."

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "the contestant who wins the contest" | synonyms=victor. This sense could potentially apply to Nobel Prize winners as they are winners of a prestigious contest or award.
   - **Sense 2**: "a gambler who wins a bet." This sense is less likely to be relevant as Nobel Prize winners are not typically described as gamblers.
   - **Sense 3**: "a person with a record of successes" | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder. This sense is also plausible because Nobel Prize winners are individuals with significant achievements.

4. **Making a Decision**:
   - The context is about Nobel Prize winners, who are individuals recognized for outstanding achievements in their fields.
   - While both Sense 1 and Sense 3 could potentially fit, the specific context of being Nobel Prize winners aligns more closely with being individuals with a record of successes (Sense 3). Nobel Prize winners are not just winners of a contest in the traditional sense but are recognized for their significant contributions and achievements.
   - The synonym "achiever" for Sense 3 supports this interpretation, as Nobel Prize winners are quintessential achievers.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "winners" in the context provided is Sense 3, as it accurately reflects the status of Nobel Prize winners as individuals with a record of significant successes.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yahoo
Target surface form: Yahoo
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: | definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: | definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contributor
Target surface form: contributors
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "contributors" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigrants, highlighting their positive effects on wages, economic growth, and their contributions to social systems. It mentions that migrants are net contributors to social systems and provides a specific example regarding their financial contribution to public budgets.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "contributors" is used in the context of migrants being net contributors to social systems. This implies that the discussion is centered around the financial or resource contribution aspect.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money" with synonyms like "subscriber". This sense aligns with the financial contribution context.
   - **Sense 2**: "a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book". This sense is related to the context of writing or publishing, which is not directly relevant to the discussion about financial or social system contributions.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context clearly indicates that "contributors" refers to individuals (in this case, migrants) who contribute financially or in terms of resources to social systems.
   - The first sense directly relates to contributing a sum of money, which fits the context of migrants making a net positive financial contribution to social systems and public budgets.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the context and the definitions provided, the most appropriate sense for "contributors" is the one related to contributing money or resources.

Given the information and following the instructions to return a JSON object with the sense index:

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "budgets" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigrants on the host countries, including their contribution to the workforce, their effect on wages, and their contribution to social systems and economic growth. Specifically, it mentions that migrants are "net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "budgets," which is a plural form of "budget." The context suggests that "budgets" refers to the financial plans or allocations of European countries, specifically in relation to their social systems.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose." The example given is "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year." This sense can be related to the context as it discusses the contribution to the "budgets of European countries," implying a sum of money allocated for social systems.
   - **Sense 2**: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them." The example is "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress." This sense typically refers to a detailed financial plan, often at a governmental level, including both expenditures and revenues.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context implies that "budgets" refers to the overall financial plans or allocations of European countries, specifically highlighting the contribution of migrants to these budgets.
   - Both senses relate to financial allocations or plans, but Sense 1 focuses on "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose," which aligns with the idea of migrants contributing a certain percentage to the total budgets.
   - The passage does not delve into the details of how these budgets are managed or the proposals for meeting expenditures, which is more in line with Sense 2. However, it emphasizes the contribution to the budgets, suggesting a focus on the allocated sums.

5. **Decision**:
   - Given the context and the examples, **Sense 1** seems more appropriate because it directly relates to the concept of a sum of money (in this case, the total budgets of European countries) and the contribution made to it by migrants.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "budgets" in the given context is Sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: Labor
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Labor" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, mentioning the positive effects on wages, economic growth, and social systems. It references a specific organization, the "World Labor Organisation," estimating the net contribution of immigrants to public budgets.

2. **Understanding the Target**: The target is "Labor" in "World Labor Organisation." This immediately suggests that "Labor" is part of the name of an international organization.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. labor%1:14:00::**: Refers to a social class. Not directly related to an organization.
   - **2. labor%1:04:00::**: Refers to productive work. Not directly related to an organization.
   - **3. labor%1:26:00::**: Refers to the concluding state of pregnancy. Unrelated to the context.
   - **4. labor%1:14:04::**: Refers to an organized attempt by workers or the labor movement. While related to workers, it's not directly an organization name.
   - **5. labor%1:14:02::**: Refers to a political party in Great Britain. Not relevant to "World Labor Organisation."
   - **6. labor%1:14:01::**: Refers to the U.S. Department of Labor. While this is a government department related to labor, the context is international ("World...").
   - **7. labor%1:04:01::**: Refers to any piece of work undertaken. Not directly related to an organization.

4. **Identifying the Best Sense**: The "World Labor Organisation" is likely referring to the International Labour Organization (ILO), an agency of the United Nations dedicated to improving labour conditions, promoting social justice, and advocating for fair labor standards globally. The closest sense related to an organization or entity that could be part of such a name isn't directly listed, but given the context, we're looking for something related to labor in an organizational or departmental sense.

5. **Choosing the Sense**: The most relevant sense related to an organization or a significant entity concerning labor is the U.S. Department of Labor (**6. labor%1:14:01::**). Although the "World Labor Organisation" is more accurately the International Labour Organization, the closest indexed sense related to a significant labor organization is the Department of Labor.

Therefore, the best indexed sense, given the context and available options, is related to a department or organization concerning labor.

{"sense_index": 6}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organisation
Target surface form: Organisation
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who work together | synonyms=organization
3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, system | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
4. sense_key=organisation%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, system | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here
5. sense_key=organisation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business | synonyms=organization | examples=he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department
6. sense_key=organisation%1:04:01:: | definition=the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically | synonyms=organization | examples=his organization of the work force was very efficient
7. sense_key=organisation%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, formation, organization | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Organisation" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, citing the World Labor Organisation's estimates on the net contribution of immigrants to public budgets. The context is formal and economic.

2. **Target Word Analysis**: The target word is "Organisation" as part of "World Labor Organisation." This is a proper noun referring to an international organization.

3. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **1. organisation%1:14:01::**: Refers to the persons or bodies administering something. The World Labor Organisation fits this description as it is an administrative body.
   - **2. organisation%1:14:00::**: Defines a group of people working together. While this could apply, it's more generic than sense 1.
   - **3. organisation%1:09:00::**: Relates to an organized structure for arranging or classifying. This doesn't directly apply to the World Labor Organisation.
   - **4. organisation%1:07:00::**: Pertains to an ordered manner or methodical organization. This doesn't directly relate to the World Labor Organisation.
   - **5. organisation%1:04:00::**: Concerns the act of organizing a business or activity. This is more about the action than the entity.
   - **6. organisation%1:04:01::**: Involves distributing or disposing persons or things properly. Again, more about the action.
   - **7. organisation%1:04:02::**: Refers to the act of forming or establishing something. This is about the creation of an entity.

4. **Decision Making**: The World Labor Organisation (likely referring to the International Labour Organization) is an entity that administers or oversees labor-related matters globally. The most fitting description is that it is "a body for the purpose of administering something," which aligns with **sense 1: organisation%1:14:01::**. The synonyms provided, such as "administration" and "governing body," further support this choice.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "Organisation" in the given context is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contribution
Target surface form: contribution
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=part, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work
2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00:: | definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | synonyms=donation
3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00:: | definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | synonyms=donation
4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01:: | definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest
5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01:: | definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "contribution" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the positive economic impact of immigration, citing effects on wages, economic growth, and contributions to social systems. It specifically mentions that migrants are net contributors to social systems and provides an example where an immigrant is estimated to make a significant net contribution to public budgets during their lifetime.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "contribution," and it appears in the sentence discussing the net financial impact an immigrant has on public budgets.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02::**: Refers to the part played by a person in bringing about a result. While immigrants do play a role in economic growth, this sense doesn't directly relate to the financial aspect mentioned.
   - **2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00::**: Defines a voluntary gift made to a worthwhile cause. The context doesn't indicate that the contribution is voluntary; it's more about the economic impact.
   - **3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00::**: Involves giving in common with others for a common purpose, especially to a charity. The passage doesn't specifically frame the contribution as being to a charity, but it does imply a collective contribution to the economy and social systems.
   - **4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01::**: Refers to an amount of money contributed. The passage explicitly mentions a calculated net contribution of 150,000 Euros, indicating a financial contribution.
   - **5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01::**: Pertains to a writing for publication. This is unrelated to the context provided.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is about the financial impact or the amount of money contributed by immigrants to public budgets.
   - Sense 4 directly refers to "an amount of money contributed," which aligns with the example given (150,000 Euros).

Given the context and the definitions, the most appropriate sense is **4**, as it directly relates to the financial contribution made by immigrants.

{"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditure
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "expenditure" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, highlighting positive effects on wages, economic growth, and contributions to social systems. It mentions that migrants are net contributors to social systems and provides a specific example regarding the net contribution of an immigrant to public budgets in Germany.

2. **Target Sentence Analysis**: The sentence where "expenditure" appears is: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime." Here, "expenditure" is used in the context of financial transactions related to public budgets.

3. **Understanding "Expenditure" in Context**: The term is used alongside "receipts," indicating a comparison between income (or money received) and expenses (or money spent). The phrase "receipts less expenditure" suggests a calculation of net financial contribution.

4. **Analyzing Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "money paid out; an amount spent" with synonyms "outgo, spending, outlay." This definition aligns with the financial context of "receipts less expenditure," indicating a focus on the amount of money spent.
   - **Sense 2**: "the act of spending money for goods or services" with the synonym "expending." While related to spending, this definition emphasizes the action rather than the amount spent.
   - **Sense 3**: "the act of consuming something" with synonyms "consumption, using up." This definition is broader and not limited to financial contexts.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is financial, discussing "receipts" and "public budgets."
   - The term is used to calculate a "net contribution," implying a comparison between money received and money spent.
   - The most relevant definition is "money paid out; an amount spent," as it directly relates to the financial context and the calculation being described.

Given these considerations, the best indexed sense for "expenditure" is **1**, as it directly corresponds to "money paid out; an amount spent," fitting the context of financial transactions and budget calculations.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%1:09:00:: | definition=a statistic describing the location of a distribution | synonyms=norm | examples=it set the norm for American homes
2. sense_key=average%1:24:00:: | definition=(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities
3. sense_key=average%1:09:01:: | definition=an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual | examples=he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "average" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, including the effect on wages, economic growth, and contributions to social systems. The specific sentence with the target word "average" mentions that an immigrant arriving at the age of 30 in Germany will make a "net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

2. **Understanding the Target Word's Usage**: In this sentence, "average" is used to describe a typical or mean value of a quantity (net contribution in Euros) over a defined period (lifetime after arriving at age 30).

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. average%1:09:00::**: This sense refers to a statistic describing the location of a distribution. The example given is "it set the norm for American homes," indicating a standard or typical value.
   - **2. average%1:24:00::**: Relates to sports, defining the ratio of successful performances to opportunities. This doesn't fit the context of economic contribution.
   - **3. average%1:09:01::**: Describes an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual. Examples include "he is about average in height" and "the snowfall this month is below average," indicating a typical or expected value.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context requires a sense that relates to a mean or typical value of a quantity.
   - Sense 1 (average%1:09:00::) refers to a statistic that is a measure of central tendency, which fits the usage in the context (a mean value of net contribution).
   - Sense 3 (average%1:09:01::) also refers to a typical or normal value but is more about being intermediate or usual rather than a calculated statistic.

5. **Decision**: The use of "average" in the context is to indicate a mean value (of net contribution in Euros), which aligns with the definition of a statistic describing the location of a distribution (Sense 1). The specific value (150,000 Euros) is a calculated average contribution, making it fit the description of a statistic.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "average" in the given context is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public <t>budgets</t> during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "budgets" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses the economic impact of immigrants on the host countries, including their contribution to the public finances. It mentions that migrants are "net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries" and that an immigrant arriving at the age of 30 in Germany will make a "net contribution... of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

The two candidate senses for "budget" are:
1. A sum of money allocated for a particular purpose.
2. A summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them.

The context implies that "budgets" refers to the total financial plans or accounts of European countries or public finances, which includes both revenues and expenditures. The mention of "net contribution" suggests that the discussion is about the overall financial impact on the public finances or the government's financial plans.

The first sense, "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose," aligns with the idea of a specific amount of money being contributed to or allocated within the public finances or government accounts. The example given, "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year," illustrates a specific allocation for a particular purpose.

The second sense, "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them," refers more to a detailed financial plan, typically presented by a government. While this sense is relevant to government finances, the context focuses more on the net financial contribution to the overall public finances rather than the detailed planning or proposal aspect.

Given the context, the use of "budgets" seems to refer to the overall public finances or government accounts rather than a detailed plan of expenditures and revenues. The phrase "net contribution to public budgets" suggests a focus on the total financial impact rather than the planning or allocation process.

Therefore, the most appropriate sense is the first one, which refers to "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose." This aligns with understanding "budgets" as the total public finances or the overall financial resources managed by governments.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mandate
Target surface form: mandate
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mandate%1:10:00:: | definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation
2. sense_key=mandate%1:15:00:: | definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
3. sense_key=mandate%1:04:00:: | definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "mandate" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic benefits of immigration and then shifts to mentioning Nicolas Sarkozy's actions at the start of his "mandate." The context here implies a period or term during which Sarkozy was in office or held a significant position of authority.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: Refers to a document giving an official instruction or command. While this could relate to a governmental or authoritative context, it doesn't directly imply a period of office.
   - **Sense 2**: Relates to a territory under the tutelage of a European power after World War I. This sense is highly specific and doesn't fit the context of discussing a political figure's term or actions.
   - **Sense 3**: Refers to the commission given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory. This implies the authority or the period of governance granted by an election.

3. **Relating the Context to the Candidate Senses**: The mention of "at the start of his mandate" suggests we're talking about the beginning of a term or period of governance or authority for Nicolas Sarkozy. Sarkozy was the President of France, and the term "mandate" is often used to refer to the period or the authority granted by an electoral victory.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is about Nicolas Sarkozy's actions during the initial phase of his tenure, which aligns with the concept of a governmental or presidential term.
   - **Sense 3** directly corresponds to this understanding, as it relates to the commission or authority given through an electoral victory, fitting the context of a political leader's term.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the context and the definitions provided, the best indexed sense for "mandate" is **3**, as it correctly corresponds to the commission or authority granted to a government or leader through an election.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "growth" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, citing positive effects on local pay, economic growth, and contributions to social systems. The specific sentence mentioning "growth" is: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> 'with the teeth.'" This is in the context of economic discussions and policies related to immigration.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - The candidate senses provided are definitions from WordNet, along with their synonyms and examples.
   - Sense 1 refers to biological growth.
   - Sense 2 talks about a progression from simpler to more complex forms.
   - Sense 3 is about a process of becoming larger or more important, synonymous with "increase" or "increment."
   - Sense 4 refers to vegetation that has grown.
   - Sense 5 is about the gradual beginning or coming forth of something.
   - Sense 6 is related to pathology, specifically an abnormal proliferation of tissue.
   - Sense 7 refers to something grown or growing.

3. **Relating the Context to the Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is economic and related to the effects of immigration on the economy.
   - The term "growth" is used in the context of Nicolas Sarkozy's policy or wish to find "missing points of growth."
   - The discussion around "growth" here is related to economic growth, as mentioned earlier in the passage ("contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth").

4. **Selecting the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The use of "growth" in the context of economics and the examples given (e.g., "economic growth") aligns with Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important." This sense is about an increase or increment, which fits the economic context of discussing factors that contribute to or hinder economic expansion.
   - The other senses do not fit as well: Senses 1, 4, 6, and 7 are more related to biological or physical growth, which doesn't match the economic context. Sense 2, while abstract enough to potentially fit, is less directly related to the economic context than Sense 3. Sense 5, about emergence, doesn't directly relate to the quantitative aspect of economic growth implied.

5. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "growth" in the given context is Sense 3, as it directly relates to the concept of economic growth or increase.

{"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: question
Target surface form: question
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=question%1:10:00:: | definition=an instance of questioning | synonyms=inquiry, enquiry, query, interrogation | examples=there was a question about my training; we made inquiries of all those who were present
2. sense_key=question%1:10:01:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=head | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
3. sense_key=question%1:10:03:: | definition=a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply | synonyms=interrogation, interrogative, interrogative sentence | examples=he asked a direct question; he had trouble phrasing his interrogations
4. sense_key=question%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise
5. sense_key=question%1:10:02:: | definition=a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote | synonyms=motion | examples=he made a motion to adjourn; she called for the question
6. sense_key=question%1:10:04:: | definition=an informal reference to a marriage proposal | examples=he was ready to pop the question

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "question" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses the economic contributions of immigrants and then shifts to Nicolas Sarkozy's efforts to find points of growth. It mentions "The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect." Here, "the teeth in question" refers to a particular set of teeth (likely a metaphorical or figurative expression) that were intended for a specific purpose.

2. **Understanding the Idiom**: The phrase "in question" is an idiom that means "being discussed or referred to." It is used to indicate that the noun it follows is the one being talked about.

3. **Examining the Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. an instance of questioning**: This doesn't fit well because "in question" is an idiomatic expression, not directly related to the act of questioning.
   - **2. the subject matter at issue**: This sense fits because "the teeth in question" refers to the specific teeth being discussed or referred to, making it about the subject matter at issue.
   - **3. a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply**: This doesn't apply because "in question" isn't about asking a question.
   - **4. uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something**: This doesn't fit the context; "in question" here doesn't indicate uncertainty but rather specifies the subject.
   - **5. a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote**: This is unrelated to the context.
   - **6. an informal reference to a marriage proposal**: This is also unrelated.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**: The phrase "in question" is best understood as referring to something being discussed or considered. The closest WordNet sense that aligns with this understanding is **2. the subject matter at issue**, as it relates to the thing being referred to or discussed.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "question" in the given context is **2**.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "effect" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.' The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect."

Here, "effect" refers to the outcome or result of Nicolas Sarkozy's actions (using "the teeth" to dissuade immigrants). The phrase "had precisely the opposite effect" indicates that the outcome was contrary to what was intended.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. A phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. Synonyms include consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot. This sense fits the context as "effect" refers to the outcome of Sarkozy's actions.

2. An outward appearance. This doesn't fit the context as "effect" here doesn't describe an appearance.

3. An impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived). This sense doesn't directly apply because the context discusses the outcome of an action rather than an impression created.

4. The central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work. This is not relevant to the context.

5. (Of a law) having legal validity. This sense is not applicable as "effect" is not describing a law's validity.

6. A symptom caused by an illness or a drug. This doesn't fit the context as "effect" is used to describe the result of an action, not a symptom.

Given the context and the analysis, the best fit for "effect" is the first sense: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon, as it correctly captures the idea of an outcome or result.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pound
Target surface form: pound
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million <t>pound</t> fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pound%1:23:09:: | definition=16 ounces avoirdupois | synonyms=lb | examples=he got a hernia when he tried to lift 100 pounds
2. sense_key=pound%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid
3. sense_key=pound%1:23:10:: | definition=a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy
4. sense_key=pound%1:23:08:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Syrian pound
5. sense_key=pound%1:23:07:: | definition=the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Sudanese pound
6. sense_key=pound%1:23:05:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Lebanese pound
7. sense_key=pound%1:23:04:: | definition=formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=Irish pound, Irish punt, punt
8. sense_key=pound%1:23:03:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Egyptian pound
9. sense_key=pound%1:23:02:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to 100 cents | synonyms=Cypriot pound
10. sense_key=pound%1:23:00:: | definition=a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of 1 pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to 32 feet/sec/sec | synonyms=lbf.
11. sense_key=pound%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972) | synonyms=Ezra Pound, Ezra Loomis Pound
12. sense_key=pound%1:10:00:: | definition=a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain) | synonyms=pound sign
13. sense_key=pound%1:06:00:: | definition=a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed dogs | synonyms=dog pound | examples=unlicensed dogs will be taken to the pound
14. sense_key=pound%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows) | synonyms=hammer, hammering, pounding | examples=the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard; the pounding of feet on the hallway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "pound" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information.

The context is: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."

The target word "pound" is used in the context of a financial fine, indicating that it refers to a unit of currency.

Let's examine the candidate senses related to currency:
- Sense 2 refers to the "British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid," which is the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
- Senses 4 through 9 refer to the basic unit of money in various countries (Syria, Sudan, Lebanon, Ireland, Egypt, Cyprus), all of which use a currency called "pound."

Given that Deutsche Bank is a German bank and the context is about a fine in the USA, the mention of a "multi-million pound fine" is likely referring to the currency of the UK, as it's a well-known international currency. The use of "pound" without further specification in an international financial context often implies the British pound.

Therefore, the most appropriate sense is the one related to the British currency.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: usa
Target surface form: USA
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the <t>USA</t> Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, US
2. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: | definition=the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare | synonyms=United States Army, US Army, Army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the correct sense of the target lemma "usa" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context is: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."

The target surface form is "USA".

The candidate senses are:
1. North American republic containing 50 states...
2. the army of the United States of America...

Let's examine the context and the candidate senses:

1. The context mentions "Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA." This implies a geographical or national context rather than a specific military or organizational context.
2. The mention of a fine suggests a regulatory or legal issue at a national level, which aligns more with the first sense, referring to the country.
3. The synonyms provided for the first sense (United States, United States of America, America, the States, US) all refer to the country, reinforcing that the context is about the nation.
4. The second sense refers to "the army of the United States of America," which doesn't directly relate to the context of a bank facing a fine.

Given the context and the information provided, the most appropriate sense is the first one, which refers to the country.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "USA" in the given context is: {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trouble
Target surface form: trouble
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh <t>trouble</t> is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros) to settle disputes arising from the bankruptcy of five major credit unions during the financial crisis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trouble%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=problem | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?
2. sense_key=trouble%1:11:01:: | definition=an angry disturbance | synonyms=fuss, bother, hassle | examples=he didn't want to make a fuss; they had labor trouble
3. sense_key=trouble%1:11:00:: | definition=an event causing distress or pain | examples=what is the trouble?; heart trouble
4. sense_key=trouble%1:04:02:: | definition=an effort that is inconvenient | synonyms=difficulty | examples=I went to a lot of trouble; he won without any trouble
5. sense_key=trouble%1:12:03:: | definition=a strong feeling of anxiety | synonyms=worry | examples=his worry over the prospect of being fired; it is not work but worry that kills
6. sense_key=trouble%1:26:02:: | definition=an unwanted pregnancy | examples=he got several girls in trouble

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "trouble" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The context is about Deutsche Bank facing a multi-million pound fine in the USA, following issues related to the bankruptcy of major credit unions during the financial crisis. The word "trouble" is used in the phrase "Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank."

2. **Understanding the Word "Trouble"**: In this context, "trouble" refers to problems or difficulties that Deutsche Bank is facing.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=trouble%1:09:00::**: Definition is "a source of difficulty." The synonym is "problem," and an example is "one trouble after another delayed the job." This sense fits the context as Deutsche Bank is facing problems or difficulties.
   - **2. sense_key=trouble%1:11:01::**: Refers to "an angry disturbance" with synonyms like "fuss, bother, hassle." While there is mention of "uproar," the primary sense of "trouble" here doesn't directly relate to an angry disturbance but rather to problems or issues.
   - **3. sense_key=trouble%1:11:00::**: Definition is "an event causing distress or pain." The context doesn't directly imply an event causing distress or pain to an individual but rather refers to financial or reputational issues for Deutsche Bank.
   - **4. sense_key=trouble%1:04:02::**: Refers to "an effort that is inconvenient" with a synonym "difficulty." While this could be a possible interpretation, the context emphasizes the problems Deutsche Bank is facing rather than the effort to resolve them.
   - **5. sense_key=trouble%1:12:03::**: Definition is "a strong feeling of anxiety" with a synonym "worry." The context doesn't directly relate to a feeling of anxiety but to actual problems.
   - **6. sense_key=trouble%1:26:02::**: Refers to "an unwanted pregnancy," which is unrelated to the context.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**: The context indicates that "trouble" refers to problems or difficulties Deutsche Bank is facing, which aligns with the definition "a source of difficulty" and is exemplified by "one trouble after another delayed the job." This matches **sense_index=1**.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "trouble" in the given context is: {"sense_index": 1}.