[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chamber
Target surface form: chamber
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower <t>chamber</t> of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chamber%1:06:00:: | definition=a natural or artificial enclosed space
2. sense_key=chamber%1:08:00:: | definition=an enclosed volume in the body | examples=the chambers of his heart were healthy
3. sense_key=chamber%1:06:02:: | definition=a room where a judge transacts business
4. sense_key=chamber%1:14:00:: | definition=a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly | examples=the upper chamber is the senate
5. sense_key=chamber%1:06:01:: | definition=a room used primarily for sleeping | synonyms=bedroom, sleeping room, sleeping accommodation, bedchamber

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "chamber" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses political and congressional dynamics, mentioning the congressional salary, the Republican Party, ticket splitting, and the performance of Republicans in Senate versus House races. The term "lower chamber of Congress" is used, indicating a reference to a legislative body.

2. **Understanding the Term "Chamber"**: In this context, "chamber" is used to refer to a part of the legislative structure of the U.S. Congress. The U.S. Congress is bicameral, consisting of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate.

3. **Examining the Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=chamber%1:06:00::**: Refers to a natural or artificial enclosed space. This doesn't directly relate to legislative or political contexts.
   - **2. sense_key=chamber%1:08:00::**: Pertains to an enclosed volume in the body, which is not relevant to the context.
   - **3. sense_key=chamber%1:06:02::**: Defines a room where a judge transacts business. While related to legal or official proceedings, it doesn't fit the legislative context provided.
   - **4. sense_key=chamber%1:14:00::**: Describes a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly. The example given is "the upper chamber is the senate," which directly relates to the structure of legislative bodies.
   - **5. sense_key=chamber%1:06:01::**: Refers to a room used primarily for sleeping. This is not relevant to the context.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**: The context clearly indicates that "chamber" is being used to refer to a part of the U.S. Congress. The term "lower chamber" is commonly used to refer to the House of Representatives, as opposed to the Senate, which is considered the "upper chamber." The definition that matches this usage is **4. a deliberative or legislative or administrative or judicial assembly**, as it directly pertains to legislative bodies and is exemplified by reference to the Senate as the "upper chamber."

5. **Returning the Answer**: The sense index corresponding to this definition is **4**.

{"sense_index": 4}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expect
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would <t>expect</t> if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "expect" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Here, "expect" is used in the context of anticipating or regarding something as probable or likely based on certain conditions or premises. The sentence discusses a theoretical pattern or outcome that is anticipated given specific differences between Republicans and Democrats.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. "regard something as probable or likely" - This matches the usage in the sentence, as it talks about anticipating a certain pattern based on given conditions.
2. "consider obligatory; request and expect" - This doesn't fit the context, as the sentence is not about demanding or requiring something.
3. "look forward to the probable occurrence of" - While this involves anticipation, it often carries a connotation of awaiting something that is desired or is going to happen in the future, which isn't the primary nuance here.
4. "consider reasonable or due" - This sense involves expecting something as a matter of right or fairness, which isn't the primary interpretation in the given sentence.
5. and 6. are related to pregnancy or expecting a child, which is unrelated to the context.

The usage in the sentence aligns most closely with sense 1, as it involves regarding a certain pattern as probable or likely based on the given conditions.

{"sense_index": 1}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if <t>Republicans</t> are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party
2. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
3. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Republicans" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses political dynamics, specifically mentioning the Republican Party and its interactions with the Democratic Party within the U.S. Congress. The text refers to "potential Republican candidates," "the Republican Party," and compares the performance and strategies of Republicans and Democrats in various electoral contexts.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **"a member of the Republican Party"** - This sense fits well with the context, as the text frequently mentions "Republicans" in relation to the Republican Party and discusses their electoral prospects and strategies in comparison to Democrats.

2. **"an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)"** - This sense is more general and relates to the political ideology of favoring a republic. While relevant to the broader context of political systems, it doesn't directly relate to the specific context of party politics and electoral strategies within the U.S.

3. **"a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas"** - This sense is clearly unrelated to the context, as the discussion is about political parties and electoral dynamics, not geography or rivers.

Given the context and the candidate senses, the most appropriate sense for "Republicans" is the first one, as it directly relates to members or supporters of the Republican Party, aligning with the discussion about party politics and electoral strategies.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: willing
Target surface form: willing
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less <t>willing</t> to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=willing%3:00:00:: | definition=disposed or inclined toward | examples=a willing participant; willing helpers
2. sense_key=willing%5:00:00:voluntary:01 | definition=not brought about by coercion or force | synonyms=uncoerced, unforced | examples=the confession was uncoerced

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "willing" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Since local benefit-seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Here, "willing" is used to describe the disposition or inclination of Republicans towards engaging in local benefit-seeking compared to their Democratic counterparts. The context suggests that "willing" refers to the readiness or disposition to perform a certain action (engaging in local benefit-seeking).

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense is defined as "disposed or inclined toward" with examples like "a willing participant" and "willing helpers." This sense aligns with the usage in the given context, where "willing" describes the disposition towards engaging in a particular activity.

2. The second sense is defined as "not brought about by coercion or force" with synonyms like "uncoerced" and "unforced." This sense does not fit the context as well because the discussion is about the inclination or disposition towards an action rather than the nature of the action being coerced or not.

Given the context and the definitions, the first sense ("disposed or inclined toward") is the most appropriate for the target word "willing." It corresponds to the first candidate sense.

Thus, the best indexed sense for "willing" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: engage
Target surface form: engage
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to <t>engage</t> in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=engage%2:41:06:: | definition=carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in | synonyms=prosecute, pursue | examples=She pursued many activities; They engaged in a discussion
2. sense_key=engage%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, occupy | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
3. sense_key=engage%2:41:01:: | definition=engage or hire for work | synonyms=hire, employ | examples=They hired two new secretaries in the department; How many people has she employed?
4. sense_key=engage%2:41:00:: | definition=ask to represent; of legal counsel | examples=I'm retaining a lawyer
5. sense_key=engage%2:32:00:: | definition=give to in marriage | synonyms=betroth, affiance, plight
6. sense_key=engage%2:30:00:: | definition=get caught | examples=make sure the gear is engaged
7. sense_key=engage%2:41:12:: | definition=carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns) | synonyms=wage | examples=Napoleon and Hitler waged war against all of Europe
8. sense_key=engage%2:40:01:: | definition=hire for work or assistance | synonyms=enlist | examples=engage aid, help, services, or support
9. sense_key=engage%2:40:00:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, take | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
10. sense_key=engage%2:35:00:: | definition=keep engaged | synonyms=mesh, lock, operate | examples=engaged the gears

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the word "engage" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Here, "engage in" is used to mean participating or being involved in an activity, which is "local benefit-seeking" in this context.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. Carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in. (Examples: "She pursued many activities; They engaged in a discussion")
2. Consume all of one's attention or time. (Examples: "Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely")
3. Engage or hire for work. (Examples: "They hired two new secretaries in the department")
4. Ask to represent; of legal counsel. (Examples: "I'm retaining a lawyer")
5. Give to in marriage. (No relevant to the context)
6. Get caught. (Examples: "make sure the gear is engaged")
7. Carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns). (Examples: "Napoleon and Hitler waged war against all of Europe")
8. Hire for work or assistance. (Examples: "engage aid, help, services, or support")
9. Engage for service under a term of contract. (Examples: "We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car")
10. Keep engaged. (Examples: "engaged the gears")

The context clearly indicates that "engage in" means to participate or be involved in an activity, which matches the first candidate sense: "carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in." The example given, "They engaged in a discussion," is particularly relevant as it shows "engage in" used in a similar manner to the context provided.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "engage" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in <t>local</t> benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "local" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses political dynamics, specifically the behavior of politicians and voters in relation to congressional representation and the distribution of benefits. The term "local benefits" is used to refer to benefits that are directed towards or affect specific constituencies or areas.

1. The first candidate sense defines "local" as relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area. This sense is relevant because it pertains to the governance or administration at a local level, which aligns with the discussion of congressional representation and constituency benefits.

2. The second candidate sense defines "local" as of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood. While this sense is also related to geographical or regional characteristics, it is more focused on the inherent qualities or customs of a locality rather than the administrative or political aspect.

3. The third candidate sense is medically oriented, defining "local" as affecting only a restricted part or area of the body, which is not relevant to the context of political science or governance.

Given the context, the term "local" is used in the phrase "local benefits," which refers to benefits directed towards specific constituencies or areas, implying a focus on the administration or governance at a local or regional level rather than a national level. The discussion revolves around political representation and the distribution of benefits, making the first sense ("relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area") the most appropriate.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "local" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their <t>Democratic</t> counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Democratic" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context revolves around political parties, specifically mentioning "Democratic opponent," "Republican candidates," "Democratic legislators," and comparing the performance of "Democrats" and "Republicans" in various electoral contexts. This indicates that the term "Democratic" is used in relation to a specific political party, namely the Democratic Party.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to something being "characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality." While this sense is related to democracy, it doesn't directly refer to a political party. The context, however, is more about party politics than general democratic principles.

2. The second sense is "belong to or relating to the Democratic Party." The examples given, such as "Democratic senator," directly relate to members or affiliates of the Democratic Party. The context provided matches this usage, as it discusses "Democratic opponent," "Democratic legislators," and their counterparts within the Republican Party.

3. The third sense is about representing or appealing to the benefit of the people at large, with "popular" as a synonym. While this could be a characteristic associated with democratic (lowercase 'd') governance or movements, the specific context here is about party politics, not general popularity or appeal to the masses.

Given the context is about the Democratic Party and its performance relative to the Republican Party in elections and congressional dynamics, the most appropriate sense is the one that directly relates to the Democratic Party.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "Democratic" in this context is the second one, which corresponds to sense_index = 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: counterpart
Target surface form: counterparts
Context:
Potential candidates may be discouraged from running less by the congressional salary than by the prospect of defeat at the hands of a Democratic opponent. To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic <t>counterparts</t>. Is there any empirical support for this theory?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=counterpart%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another | synonyms=opposite number, vis-a-vis
2. sense_key=counterpart%1:06:00:: | definition=a duplicate copy | synonyms=similitude, twin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "counterparts" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The sentence where "counterparts" appears is: "Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Here, "counterparts" refers to individuals (in this case, presumably Democratic representatives or legislators) that have the same function or role as the Republicans being discussed. The context is comparing Republicans with Democrats in terms of their behavior or strategies in congressional races.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense defines "counterpart" as "a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another." The synonyms provided are "opposite number" and "vis-a-vis." This sense fits the context because it refers to individuals (Democrats) who have the same role or function as others (Republicans) they are being compared to.

2. The second sense defines "counterpart" as "a duplicate copy" with synonyms "similitude" and "twin." This sense does not fit as well because it implies an exact duplication, which is not the focus in the given context. The comparison is not about being identical or a copy but rather about having the same function or role.

Given the context and the definitions, the first sense ("a person or thing having the same function or characteristics as another") is the most appropriate. It correctly captures the comparison being made between Republicans and their Democratic counterparts in terms of their roles or behaviors in congressional races.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "counterparts" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: empirical
Target surface form: empirical
Context:
To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any <t>empirical</t> support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=empirical%3:00:00:: | definition=derived from experiment and observation rather than theory | synonyms=empiric | examples=an empirical basis for an ethical theory; empirical laws
2. sense_key=empirical%3:01:00:: | definition=relying on medical quackery | synonyms=empiric | examples=empiric treatment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the word "empirical" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context is discussing a theory related to political science and the behavior of legislators from different parties. The sentence in question is: "Is there any empirical support for this theory?" This indicates that the discussion is about whether there is evidence or data to back up the theory being discussed.

The WordNet provides two candidate senses for "empirical":

1. The first sense is defined as "derived from experiment and observation rather than theory." The synonyms given are "empiric," and examples include "an empirical basis for an ethical theory" and "empirical laws." This sense aligns with the context of seeking evidence or data to support a theory.

2. The second sense is defined as "relying on medical quackery" with the synonym "empiric" and an example of "empiric treatment." This sense is related to unconventional or unproven medical practices, which does not fit the context of political science theory and evidence.

Given the context, the discussion is about finding evidence to support a political science theory. The first sense, which relates to evidence derived from experiment and observation, is directly relevant. The sentence is inquiring about the existence of factual or observational support for the theory, which matches the definition and examples provided for the first sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "empirical" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: support
Target surface form: support
Context:
To the extent that potential Republican candidates and their financial backers realize that the congressional prisoner's dilemma game works to their disadvantage, the Republican Party will be hindered in its attempts to field a competitive slate of congressional candidates. Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical <t>support</t> for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=support%1:04:04:: | definition=the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities | examples=his support kept the family together; they gave him emotional support during difficult times
2. sense_key=support%1:04:00:: | definition=aiding the cause or policy or interests of | examples=the president no longer has the support of his own party; they developed a scheme of mutual support
3. sense_key=support%1:09:00:: | definition=something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest | examples=the policy found little public support; his faith was all the support he needed
4. sense_key=support%1:04:03:: | definition=a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission | synonyms=reinforcement, reenforcement | examples=they called for artillery support
5. sense_key=support%1:04:02:: | definition=documentary validation | synonyms=documentation | examples=his documentation of the results was excellent; the strongest support for this view is the work of Jones
6. sense_key=support%1:21:00:: | definition=the financial means whereby one lives | synonyms=keep, livelihood, living, bread and butter, sustenance | examples=each child was expected to pay for their keep; he applied to the state for support
7. sense_key=support%1:06:01:: | definition=supporting structure that holds up or provides a foundation | examples=the statue stood on a marble support
8. sense_key=support%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening | synonyms=supporting | examples=he leaned against the wall for support
9. sense_key=support%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical part (vocal or instrumental) that supports or provides background for other musical parts | synonyms=accompaniment, musical accompaniment, backup
10. sense_key=support%1:06:00:: | definition=any device that bears the weight of another thing | examples=there was no place to attach supports for a shelf
11. sense_key=support%1:21:01:: | definition=financial resources provided to make some project possible | synonyms=financial support, funding, backing, financial backing | examples=the foundation provided support for the experiment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "support" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing a theory related to political dynamics and congressional elections, and it questions whether there is empirical evidence to back this theory. The sentence "Is there any empirical support for this theory?" indicates that "support" is being used to refer to evidence or validation that corroborates the theory.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities.
2. Aiding the cause or policy or interests of.
3. Something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest.
4. A military operation to strengthen a military force or aid in its mission.
5. Documentary validation.
6. The financial means whereby one lives.
7. Supporting structure that holds up or provides a foundation.
8. The act of bearing the weight of or strengthening.
9. A musical part that supports or provides background for other musical parts.
10. Any device that bears the weight of another thing.
11. Financial resources provided to make some project possible.

The context is asking for "empirical support," which implies evidence or data that validates the theory. The closest candidate senses related to this concept are:

- Sense 5: "documentary validation" with the synonym "documentation." This sense directly relates to providing evidence or data to validate a claim or theory.
- Sense 3: "something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest." While this is somewhat broader, it can encompass the idea of evidence or support for a theory.

Given the context, the sentence is looking for evidence or data that supports the theory. "Empirical support" directly relates to evidence or data, making Sense 5: "documentary validation" a strong candidate because it directly involves validation through evidence or documentation.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "support" in this context is Sense 5.

{"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: pieces
Context:
Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three <t>pieces</t> of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "pieces" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Republican colleagues."

Here, "pieces of evidence" is the key phrase. The word "pieces" is used to refer to individual items or instances that collectively support a particular assumption or argument.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. A separate part of a whole - This sense could potentially apply, as "pieces of evidence" can be thought of as separate parts that together form a larger body of evidence.
2. An item that is an instance of some type - This is a plausible sense, as "pieces of evidence" are instances or examples of evidence.
3. A portion of a natural object - This sense doesn't fit well, as evidence isn't typically considered a natural object.
4. A musical work - This sense is not relevant to the context.
5. An instance of some kind - This sense is applicable, as "pieces of evidence" can be considered instances of evidence.
6. An artistic or literary composition - While "piece" can refer to a written or artistic work, the context here is about evidence, not compositions.
7. A portable gun - This sense is not relevant.
8. A serving that has been cut from a larger portion - This doesn't fit the context of "evidence."
9. A distance - Not relevant.
10. A work of art of some artistic value - Not relevant to the context of evidence.
11. A period of indeterminate length - Not relevant.
12. A share of something - While this could be considered in a broad sense, it's not the most fitting definition for "pieces of evidence."
13. Game equipment - Not relevant.

The phrase "pieces of evidence" is commonly understood to mean individual items or instances that serve as evidence. Both sense 1 ("a separate part of a whole") and sense 5 ("an instance of some kind") could potentially fit this usage. However, "an instance of some kind" more directly corresponds to the way "pieces of evidence" is used, as it refers to individual instances or examples of evidence.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "pieces" in the given context is sense 5.

{"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of <t>evidence</t> corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "evidence" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses a political theory and its implications, followed by a question about empirical support for this theory. It then presents "three pieces of evidence" that corroborate a key assumption about the behavior of Democratic versus Republican legislators.

1. The first candidate sense defines "evidence" as "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief." The example given is "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling." This sense aligns with the context, where "evidence" is used to support a belief or assumption about the behavior of legislators.

2. The second candidate sense defines "evidence" as "an indication that makes something evident," with the example "his trembling was evidence of his fear." While this sense could potentially fit, it is more about an indication or sign rather than a basis for belief or disbelief in a more abstract or factual context.

3. The third candidate sense is specific to law, defining "evidence" as "all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved." The context, however, is not about a judicial trial but rather about political theory and legislative behavior.

Given the context, the use of "evidence" here is to support a theoretical assumption with empirical data or observations. The first sense ("your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief") fits this usage best, as it refers to the information or data that supports a particular belief or assumption.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "evidence" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: assumption
Target surface form: assumption
Context:
Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key <t>assumption</t> that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=assumption%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn | synonyms=premise, premiss | examples=on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not to play
2. sense_key=assumption%1:09:00:: | definition=a hypothesis that is taken for granted | synonyms=supposition, supposal | examples=any society is built upon certain assumptions
3. sense_key=assumption%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of taking possession of or power over something | synonyms=laying claim | examples=his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba; the Nazi assumption of power in 1934
4. sense_key=assumption%1:28:00:: | definition=celebration in the Roman Catholic Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly life ended; corresponds to the Dormition in the Eastern Orthodox Church | synonyms=Assumption of Mary, August 15
5. sense_key=assumption%1:11:00:: | definition=(Christianity) the taking up of the body and soul of the Virgin Mary when her earthly life had ended
6. sense_key=assumption%1:07:00:: | definition=audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to | synonyms=presumption, presumptuousness, effrontery | examples=he despised them for their presumptuousness
7. sense_key=assumption%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of assuming or taking for granted | examples=your assumption that I would agree was unwarranted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "assumption" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses a political theory related to the behavior of Democratic and Republican legislators in the U.S. Congress, specifically regarding their engagement in "local benefit-seeking." It mentions that the theory's key assumption is that Democratic legislators are more inclined towards local benefit-seeking than their Republican counterparts. The text then provides empirical evidence to support this assumption.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "assumption" is used in the context of a theory being discussed. The sentence mentions "the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Republican colleagues."

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. assumption%1:10:00::**: Refers to a statement assumed to be true from which a conclusion can be drawn. The example given is "on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not play." This sense aligns with using an assumption as a premise for further reasoning or conclusion.
   - **2. assumption%1:09:00::**: Describes a hypothesis taken for granted. The example "any society is built upon certain assumptions" illustrates this. This sense is about foundational beliefs or hypotheses that underlie other beliefs or actions.
   - **3. assumption%1:04:00::**: Involves the act of taking possession of or power over something. Examples include "his assumption of office" or "the Nazi assumption of power." This is more about the act of taking control or responsibility.
   - **4. & 5. assumption%1:28:00:: & assumption%1:11:00::**: These refer to a specific religious celebration or belief related to the Virgin Mary. They are not relevant to the context provided.
   - **6. assumption%1:07:00::**: Describes audacious or arrogant behavior. This does not fit the context of the passage.
   - **7. assumption%1:04:01::**: Refers to the act of assuming or taking something for granted. The example given is about assuming agreement without warrant.

4. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context indicates that "assumption" refers to a foundational statement or hypothesis that is being tested or supported by evidence.
   - Both senses 1 and 2 seem plausible because they relate to the idea of something being taken as true or granted for the sake of argument or theory.
   - Sense 1 (premise, premiss) is about a specific statement from which a conclusion is drawn, which fits the context as the assumption is used to derive or support a particular theory or expectation about legislative behavior.
   - Sense 2 (supposition, supposal) is about a hypothesis taken for granted, which also fits as the passage discusses a key assumption underlying a theory.

Given the context and the definitions, **Sense 2** seems to be the most appropriate. The passage discusses a theory and its underlying hypothesis or assumption about the behavior of legislators, which is taken for granted and then supported with evidence.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "assumption" in this context is **2**.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that <t>Democratic</t> legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Democratic" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context discusses political parties, specifically comparing the behavior of Democratic and Republican legislators in the U.S. Congress. The text mentions "Democratic legislators" and "their Democratic counterparts" in relation to their actions and the implications of those actions in a political context.

1. The first sense (1) refers to something being "characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality." While this sense is related to democracy, the context specifically refers to the "Democratic" party, not the general principles of democracy.

2. The second sense (2) is defined as "belong to or relating to the Democratic Party." The examples given include "Democratic senator," which aligns closely with the context provided, where "Democratic legislators" are discussed.

3. The third sense (3) is related to "representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large," with synonyms like "popular." While this could be a plausible interpretation in a different context, the specific reference to "Democratic legislators" as opposed to "Republican colleagues" suggests a party affiliation rather than a general appeal to the people.

Given the context, the use of "Democratic" is clearly related to the Democratic Party, comparing its members to those of the Republican Party. Therefore, the best indexed sense is the one that directly relates to the party affiliation.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: willing
Target surface form: willing
Context:
Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more <t>willing</t> to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=willing%3:00:00:: | definition=disposed or inclined toward | examples=a willing participant; willing helpers
2. sense_key=willing%5:00:00:voluntary:01 | definition=not brought about by coercion or force | synonyms=uncoerced, unforced | examples=the confession was uncoerced

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "willing" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses a political theory related to the behavior of Democratic and Republican legislators in the U.S. Congress, specifically their inclination towards local benefit-seeking. The sentence containing the target word is: "Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Republican colleagues."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "willing" here describes the disposition or inclination of Democratic legislators towards engaging in local benefit-seeking compared to their Republican counterparts.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "disposed or inclined toward" with examples like "a willing participant" or "willing helpers." This sense aligns with describing an inclination or disposition towards a particular action.
   - **Sense 2**: "not brought about by coercion or force" with synonyms like "uncoerced" and "unforced." This sense focuses on the absence of coercion or force in actions or decisions.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context requires a description of the legislators' disposition or inclination towards a certain behavior (local benefit-seeking).
   - The first sense directly relates to being "disposed or inclined toward" an action, fitting the context as it discusses the relative inclination of Democratic vs. Republican legislators to engage in local benefit-seeking.
   - The second sense, focusing on the absence of coercion, doesn't directly apply to the context of comparing the inclination or disposition of legislators towards a particular behavior.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given that the context is about the inclination or disposition of legislators, **Sense 1** is the most appropriate. It directly addresses the concept of being disposed or inclined towards a particular action (local benefit-seeking).

6. **Indexed Sense Selection**:
   - The first sense provided corresponds to the first candidate sense. Thus, the best indexed sense for "willing" in the given context is **1**.

Therefore, the response in the required JSON format is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: engage
Target surface form: engage
Context:
Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to <t>engage</t> in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=engage%2:41:06:: | definition=carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in | synonyms=prosecute, pursue | examples=She pursued many activities; They engaged in a discussion
2. sense_key=engage%2:31:00:: | definition=consume all of one's attention or time | synonyms=absorb, engross, occupy | examples=Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely
3. sense_key=engage%2:41:01:: | definition=engage or hire for work | synonyms=hire, employ | examples=They hired two new secretaries in the department; How many people has she employed?
4. sense_key=engage%2:41:00:: | definition=ask to represent; of legal counsel | examples=I'm retaining a lawyer
5. sense_key=engage%2:32:00:: | definition=give to in marriage | synonyms=betroth, affiance, plight
6. sense_key=engage%2:30:00:: | definition=get caught | examples=make sure the gear is engaged
7. sense_key=engage%2:41:12:: | definition=carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns) | synonyms=wage | examples=Napoleon and Hitler waged war against all of Europe
8. sense_key=engage%2:40:01:: | definition=hire for work or assistance | synonyms=enlist | examples=engage aid, help, services, or support
9. sense_key=engage%2:40:00:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, take | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
10. sense_key=engage%2:35:00:: | definition=keep engaged | synonyms=mesh, lock, operate | examples=engaged the gears

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "engage" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is discussing the behavior of Democratic and Republican legislators in terms of seeking local benefits. The sentence where "engage" appears is: "Since local benefit-seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Democratic counterparts."

Here, "engage in" is used to mean participating or being involved in an activity, which is "local benefit-seeking" in this case.

Let's look at the candidate senses provided:

1. Carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in. (Examples: "She pursued many activities; They engaged in a discussion")
2. Consume all of one's attention or time. (Examples: "Her interest in butterflies absorbs her completely")
3. Engage or hire for work. (Examples: "They hired two new secretaries in the department")
4. Ask to represent; of legal counsel. (Examples: "I'm retaining a lawyer")
5. Give to in marriage. (Not relevant to the context)
6. Get caught. (Examples: "make sure the gear is engaged")
7. Carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns). (Examples: "Napoleon and Hitler waged war against all of Europe")
8. Hire for work or assistance. (Examples: "engage aid, help, services, or support")
9. Engage for service under a term of contract. (Examples: "We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car")
10. Keep engaged. (Examples: "engaged the gears")

The usage of "engage" in the context matches with the first candidate sense: "carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in." The phrase "engage in local benefit-seeking" directly corresponds to this definition, as it refers to being involved in or participating in the activity of seeking local benefits.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "engage" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in <t>local</t> benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "local" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context revolves around the political behavior of legislators, specifically the tendency of Democratic legislators to engage in "local benefit-seeking" more than their Republican counterparts. The discussion is about the distribution of benefits to specific constituencies and the implications of this behavior on electoral outcomes.

1. The first candidate sense defines "local" as relating to the administration of a city, town, or district rather than a larger area. The examples given are "local taxes" and "local authorities." This sense aligns with the context of discussing benefits for specific constituencies, which are typically defined by geographical or administrative boundaries.

2. The second sense refers to something being of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood. Examples include "local customs" and "local schools." While this sense also pertains to a specific geographical area, it leans more towards characteristics or features unique to that area rather than administrative or political actions.

3. The third sense is related to a medical context, defining "local" as affecting only a restricted part or area of the body, as in "local anesthesia." This sense is clearly unrelated to the political context provided.

Given the context, the term "local" is used in the phrase "local benefit-seeking," which refers to the efforts of legislators to secure benefits for their constituencies. This usage is most closely aligned with the first sense, as it pertains to the administration and distribution of benefits at a level that is not national but rather specific to certain districts or areas represented by the legislators.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "local" in this context is the first one, which relates to the administration of a specific geographical or political area.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their <t>Republican</t> colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Republican" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses political dynamics, specifically the behavior of legislators and the differences between Democratic and Republican lawmakers in the United States. The text mentions "Democratic legislators" and "Republicans" or "Republican colleagues" in the context of their actions and tendencies in Congress.

The first candidate sense is related to belonging to the Republican Party, which is directly referenced in the context through the comparison between Democratic and Republican legislators.

The second candidate sense refers to a form of government where the supreme power lies with the body of citizens entitled to vote, which is not directly related to the party affiliation but rather to a political system or ideology.

Given the context, the discussion revolves around the Republican Party and its members' behavior in comparison to their Democratic counterparts. The text explicitly talks about "Republican colleagues" and "GOP senators," indicating that the subject is the Republican Party.

Therefore, the most appropriate sense for "Republican" in this context is related to the Republican Party.

The best indexed sense is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colleague
Target surface form: colleagues
Context:
Fifth, the theory may provide at least a partial reason for why ticket splitting has been particularly pronounced in the South. To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican <t>colleagues</t>. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colleague%1:18:00:: | definition=an associate that one works with | synonyms=co-worker, fellow worker, workfellow
2. sense_key=colleague%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is member of one's class or profession | synonyms=confrere, fellow | examples=the surgeon consulted his colleagues; he sent e-mail to his fellow hackers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "colleagues" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses a political theory related to the behavior of Democratic and Republican legislators in the U.S. Congress, specifically regarding their engagement in local benefit-seeking. The term "colleagues" is used in the sentence: "Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit-seeking than their Republican colleagues."

2. **Understanding the Term "colleagues" in Context**: In this context, "colleagues" refers to fellow legislators, specifically those who are Republicans and are being compared to Democratic legislators. They are being discussed in terms of their professional behavior and actions within their role in Congress.

3. **Examining the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "an associate that one works with" with synonyms "co-worker, fellow worker, workfellow". This definition fits well because the Republican and Democratic legislators work together in Congress.
   - **Sense 2**: "a person who is member of one's class or profession" with synonyms "confrere, fellow". The example given is "the surgeon consulted his colleagues; he sent e-mail to his fellow hackers". This sense also applies because legislators share a profession.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Both senses could potentially apply, but we need to choose the one that best fits. The context emphasizes the professional relationship and actions within the legislative body.
   - **Sense 1** emphasizes working together, which is relevant but not as directly related to the professional or class membership aspect as Sense 2.
   - **Sense 2** directly addresses membership in the same profession or class (legislators), which is highly relevant. The example of "the surgeon consulted his colleagues" illustrates professionals consulting with others in their field, similar to how legislators are being compared within their professional context.

5. **Decision**: Given the context and the definitions, **Sense 2** is more appropriate because it directly relates to being part of the same profession or class (legislators), which is the core of the comparison being made.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "colleagues" is **2**.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: First
Context:
To the extent that Democratic legislators from the South have held a disproportionate share of power in Congress since 1932 and have been able to translate such clout into relatively more local benefits for their respective constituencies, voters in the South have had an especially strong incentive to keep such Democrats in office. Finally, the theory suggests why Republicans generally have fared better in Senate races than in campaigns for the House. Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. <t>First</t>, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%4:02:00:: | definition=before anything else | synonyms=firstly, foremost, first of all, first off | examples=first we must consider the garter snake
2. sense_key=first%4:02:02:: | definition=the initial time | synonyms=for the first time | examples=when Felix first saw a garter snake
3. sense_key=first%4:02:03:: | definition=before another in time, space, or importance | examples=I was here first; let's do this job first
4. sense_key=first%4:02:01:: | definition=prominently forward | synonyms=foremost | examples=he put his best foot foremost

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "First" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses a theory related to the behavior of Democratic and Republican legislators in the U.S. Congress, focusing on their engagement in local benefit-seeking. The word "First" is used to introduce the first piece of evidence supporting the theory that Democratic legislators are more inclined towards local benefit-seeking than their Republican counterparts.

2. **Understanding the Word "First"**: In this context, "First" is used to enumerate or list evidence. It indicates that the information following it is the initial item in a series of pieces of evidence.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=first%4:02:00:: | definition=before anything else | synonyms=firstly, foremost, first of all, first off**: This sense is related to the idea of doing something before anything else or introducing the first item in a sequence. The synonyms provided, such as "firstly" and "first of all," are commonly used to introduce the first item in a list or sequence.
   - **2. sense_key=first%4:02:02:: | definition=the initial time | synonyms=for the first time**: This sense refers to something happening at the initial time it occurs, which doesn't directly relate to listing or enumerating items.
   - **3. sense_key=first%4:02:03:: | definition=before another in time, space, or importance**: This definition implies a comparison or a sequence where one item precedes another. While it can relate to time or order, it's broader and not limited to listing.
   - **4. sense_key=first%4:02:01:: | definition=prominently forward | synonyms=foremost**: This sense is about being at the front or being prominent, which is different from the context of listing evidence.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**: The context clearly indicates that "First" is used to introduce the first piece of evidence in a list. The most relevant definition and synonyms for this usage are found in **sense 1 (first%4:02:00::)**, which involves introducing something before anything else or as the first item in a sequence. The synonyms like "firstly," "first of all," support this interpretation.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "First" in the given context is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}