[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bonus
Target surface form: bonuses
Context:
US banks repay state support The crisis-hit US major banks are breaking free from their state shackles. On Wednesday Bank of America repaid the support from the bank protection fund TARP in the amount USD 45 billion (nearly EUR 30 billion) in one go. And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager <t>bonuses</t> and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bonus%1:09:00:: | definition=anything that tends to arouse | synonyms=fillip | examples=his approval was an added fillip
2. sense_key=bonus%1:21:00:: | definition=an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output | synonyms=incentive

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "bonuses" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The context is about US banks repaying state support and wanting to free themselves from the restrictions associated with accepting that support. One of the mentioned restrictions is on manager "bonuses."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "bonuses" refers to additional payments or remuneration.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: `bonus%1:09:00::` is defined as "anything that tends to arouse" with a synonym "fillip" and an example "his approval was an added fillip." This sense does not directly relate to payments or financial contexts but rather to something that stimulates or encourages.
   - **Sense 2**: `bonus%1:21:00::` is defined as "an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output" with a synonym "incentive." This directly relates to a financial context, specifically to additional payments made to employees.

4. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**: The context is financial, discussing banks, state support, and restrictions on manager bonuses. The relevant sense of "bonuses" here is related to additional payments to employees (in this case, managers), which aligns with the definition of **Sense 2**.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**: Based on the context and the definitions provided, **Sense 2** is the most appropriate because it directly relates to additional payments or remuneration to employees, fitting the context of manager bonuses in the banking sector.

6. **Returning the Answer in the Required Format**: Since the candidate senses are indexed starting from 1, and Sense 2 is the correct choice, the answer should reflect its index.

The best answer is {"sense_index": 2}.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: charge
Target surface form: charges
Context:
US banks repay state support The crisis-hit US major banks are breaking free from their state shackles. On Wednesday Bank of America repaid the support from the bank protection fund TARP in the amount USD 45 billion (nearly EUR 30 billion) in one go. And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high <t>charges</t>. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=charge%1:04:01:: | definition=an impetuous rush toward someone or something | examples=the wrestler's charge carried him past his adversary; the battle began with a cavalry charge
2. sense_key=charge%1:10:00:: | definition=(criminal law) a pleading describing some wrong or offense | synonyms=complaint | examples=he was arrested on a charge of larceny
3. sense_key=charge%1:21:02:: | definition=the price charged for some article or service | examples=the admission charge
4. sense_key=charge%1:19:00:: | definition=the quantity of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) and construed as an excess or deficiency of electrons | synonyms=electric charge | examples=the battery needed a fresh charge
5. sense_key=charge%1:04:00:: | definition=attention and management implying responsibility for safety | synonyms=care, tutelage, guardianship | examples=he is in the care of a bodyguard
6. sense_key=charge%1:04:03:: | definition=a special assignment that is given to a person or group | synonyms=mission, commission | examples=a confidential mission to London; his charge was deliver a message
7. sense_key=charge%1:18:00:: | definition=a person committed to your care | examples=the teacher led her charges across the street
8. sense_key=charge%1:21:01:: | definition=financial liabilities (such as a tax) | examples=the charges against the estate
9. sense_key=charge%1:16:00:: | definition=(psychoanalysis) the libidinal energy invested in some idea or person or object | synonyms=cathexis | examples=Freud thought of cathexis as a psychic analog of an electrical charge
10. sense_key=charge%1:12:00:: | definition=the swift release of a store of affective force | synonyms=bang, boot, rush, flush, thrill, kick | examples=they got a great bang out of it; what a boot!
11. sense_key=charge%1:10:03:: | definition=request for payment of a debt | synonyms=billing | examples=they submitted their charges at the end of each month
12. sense_key=charge%1:10:01:: | definition=a formal statement of a command or injunction to do something | synonyms=commission, direction | examples=the judge's charge to the jury
13. sense_key=charge%1:10:04:: | definition=an assertion that someone is guilty of a fault or offence | synonyms=accusation | examples=the newspaper published charges that Jones was guilty of drunken driving
14. sense_key=charge%1:06:01:: | definition=heraldry consisting of a design or image depicted on a shield | synonyms=bearing, heraldic bearing, armorial bearing
15. sense_key=charge%1:06:00:: | definition=a quantity of explosive to be set off at one time | synonyms=burster, bursting charge, explosive charge | examples=this cartridge has a powder charge of 50 grains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loan
Target surface form: loans
Context:
US banks repay state support The crisis-hit US major banks are breaking free from their state shackles. On Wednesday Bank of America repaid the support from the bank protection fund TARP in the amount USD 45 billion (nearly EUR 30 billion) in one go. And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible <t>loans</t>. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loan%1:21:00:: | definition=the temporary provision of money (usually at interest)
2. sense_key=loan%1:10:00:: | definition=a word borrowed from another language; e.g. `blitz' is a German word borrowed into modern English | synonyms=loanword

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "loans" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context is about US banks repaying state support and the financial transactions involved in this process. Specifically, it mentions that "Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans."

The two candidate senses provided for "loan" are:
1. The temporary provision of money (usually at interest).
2. A word borrowed from another language.

First, we should consider the context in which "loans" is used. The sentence talks about raising money from investors through "convertible loans." This context is financial and involves the raising of capital.

The first sense, "the temporary provision of money (usually at interest)," aligns with financial transactions and the concept of raising capital through borrowing. "Convertible loans" are a financial instrument where the loan can be converted into equity under certain conditions, which fits within the broader category of financial transactions involving the temporary provision of money.

The second sense, "a word borrowed from another language," is unrelated to financial transactions and does not fit the context provided.

Given the context and the definitions of the candidate senses, the most appropriate sense for "loans" in this context is the first one: "the temporary provision of money (usually at interest)." This corresponds to sense_index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rest
Target surface form: rest
Context:
The crisis-hit US major banks are breaking free from their state shackles. On Wednesday Bank of America repaid the support from the bank protection fund TARP in the amount USD 45 billion (nearly EUR 30 billion) in one go. And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The <t>rest</t> of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rest%1:24:00:: | definition=something left after other parts have been taken away | synonyms=remainder, balance, residual, residue, residuum | examples=there was no remainder; he threw away the rest
2. sense_key=rest%1:04:00:: | definition=freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility) | synonyms=ease, repose, relaxation | examples=took his repose by the swimming pool
3. sense_key=rest%1:28:00:: | definition=a pause for relaxation | synonyms=respite, relief, rest period | examples=people actually accomplish more when they take time for short rests
4. sense_key=rest%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of inaction | examples=a body will continue in a state of rest until acted upon
5. sense_key=rest%1:26:01:: | definition=euphemisms for death (based on an analogy between lying in a bed and in a tomb) | synonyms=eternal rest, sleep, eternal sleep, quietus | examples=she was laid to rest beside her husband; they had to put their family pet to sleep
6. sense_key=rest%1:06:00:: | definition=a support on which things can be put | examples=the gun was steadied on a special rest
7. sense_key=rest%1:10:00:: | definition=a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: amount
Target surface form: amount
Context:
The crisis-hit US major banks are breaking free from their state shackles. On Wednesday Bank of America repaid the support from the bank protection fund TARP in the amount USD 45 billion (nearly EUR 30 billion) in one go. And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the <t>amount</t> was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=amount%1:21:00:: | definition=a quantity of money | synonyms=sum, sum of money, amount of money | examples=he borrowed a large sum; the amount he had in cash was insufficient
2. sense_key=amount%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative magnitude of something with reference to a criterion | examples=an adequate amount of food for four people
3. sense_key=amount%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=measure, quantity
4. sense_key=amount%1:09:00:: | definition=a quantity obtained by the addition of a group of numbers | synonyms=sum, total

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "amount" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "amount" is used is: "The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units." Here, "amount" refers to a quantity of money that Bank of America used to repay the state support.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **1. sense_key=amount%1:21:00::**: This sense is defined as "a quantity of money" with synonyms like "sum, sum of money, amount of money". The example given is "he borrowed a large sum; the amount he had in cash was insufficient". This sense fits well with the context as "amount" refers to a quantity of money.
   - **2. sense_key=amount%1:07:00::**: This sense refers to "the relative magnitude of something with reference to a criterion". The example is "an adequate amount of food for four people". This doesn't directly relate to a quantity of money.
   - **3. sense_key=amount%1:03:00::**: Defined as "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify" with synonyms "measure, quantity". While this is a broad definition that could encompass a quantity of money, it's more general.
   - **4. sense_key=amount%1:09:00::**: This is "a quantity obtained by the addition of a group of numbers" with synonyms "sum, total". This definition is more about the result of an arithmetic operation.

3. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context clearly indicates that "amount" refers to a quantity of money (USD 45 billion minus USD 19 billion raised from investors).
   - Sense 1 directly corresponds to "a quantity of money", which matches the context.
   - Sense 3 is also plausible because it refers to a quantifiable amount, which could include money.
   - Sense 4 could be considered because the amount is derived from a subtraction (implicitly adding the negative of the amount raised to the total amount).

4. **Decision**:
   - Between senses 1, 3, and 4, sense 1 is the most specific to the context (quantity of money) and directly matches the usage in the sentence.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "amount" in the given context is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sale
Target surface form: sale
Context:
The crisis-hit US major banks are breaking free from their state shackles. On Wednesday Bank of America repaid the support from the bank protection fund TARP in the amount USD 45 billion (nearly EUR 30 billion) in one go. And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the <t>sale</t> of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sale%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular instance of selling | examples=he has just made his first sale; they had to complete the sale before the banks closed
2. sense_key=sale%1:04:02:: | definition=the general activity of selling | examples=they tried to boost sales; laws limit the sale of handguns
3. sense_key=sale%1:04:01:: | definition=an occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices | synonyms=cut-rate sale, sales event | examples=they held a sale to reduce their inventory; I got some great bargains at their annual sale
4. sense_key=sale%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being purchasable; offered or exhibited for selling | examples=you'll find vitamin C for sale at most pharmacies; the new line of cars will soon be on sale
5. sense_key=sale%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement (or contract) in which property is transferred from the seller (vendor) to the buyer (vendee) for a fixed price in money (paid or agreed to be paid by the buyer) | synonyms=sales agreement | examples=the salesman faxed the sales agreement to his home office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "sale" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about Bank of America repaying the state support it received, and it mentions that the bank had raised some USD 19 billion from investors and used the rest from its own funds, which were filled through the "sale" of business units.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **A particular instance of selling**: This sense refers to a specific event or transaction of selling. The context implies that Bank of America sold business units to fill its kitty, which can be considered as a particular instance or instances of selling.

2. **The general activity of selling**: This is a broad sense that encompasses selling as an activity. While the context involves selling, it's more specific to the action taken by Bank of America rather than the general activity.

3. **An occasion (usually brief) for buying at specially reduced prices**: This refers to a sale event or a clearance sale. The context does not indicate that the sale of business units was at reduced prices or a special event.

4. **The state of being purchasable; offered or exhibited for selling**: This sense is about something being available for purchase. The context is about Bank of America having sold business units, not about something being available for sale.

5. **An agreement (or contract) in which property is transferred from the seller to the buyer for a fixed price**: This is a more formal or legal definition of a sale. While it involves the transfer of property, the context doesn't specifically focus on the contractual aspect.

Given the context, the word "sale" refers to the act of selling business units to raise funds. The most relevant sense here is **"a particular instance of selling"** because it directly relates to the action taken by Bank of America. This corresponds to sense_index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bank
Target surface form: Bank
Context:
On Wednesday Bank of America repaid the support from the bank protection fund TARP in the amount USD 45 billion (nearly EUR 30 billion) in one go. And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. <t>Bank</t> head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bank%1:17:01:: | definition=sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water) | examples=they pulled the canoe up on the bank; he sat on the bank of the river and watched the currents
2. sense_key=bank%1:14:00:: | definition=a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities | synonyms=depository financial institution, banking concern, banking company | examples=he cashed a check at the bank; that bank holds the mortgage on my home
3. sense_key=bank%1:17:00:: | definition=a long ridge or pile | examples=a huge bank of earth
4. sense_key=bank%1:14:01:: | definition=an arrangement of similar objects in a row or in tiers | examples=he operated a bank of switches
5. sense_key=bank%1:21:00:: | definition=a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies)
6. sense_key=bank%1:21:01:: | definition=the funds held by a gambling house or the dealer in some gambling games | examples=he tried to break the bank at Monte Carlo
7. sense_key=bank%1:17:02:: | definition=a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force | synonyms=cant, camber
8. sense_key=bank%1:06:01:: | definition=a container (usually with a slot in the top) for keeping money at home | synonyms=savings bank, coin bank, money box | examples=the coin bank was empty
9. sense_key=bank%1:06:00:: | definition=a building in which the business of banking transacted | synonyms=bank building | examples=the bank is on the corner of Nassau and Witherspoon
10. sense_key=bank%1:04:00:: | definition=a flight maneuver; aircraft tips laterally about its longitudinal axis (especially in turning) | examples=the plane went into a steep bank

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bank
Target surface form: bank
Context:
And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The <t>bank</t> overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bank%1:17:01:: | definition=sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water) | examples=they pulled the canoe up on the bank; he sat on the bank of the river and watched the currents
2. sense_key=bank%1:14:00:: | definition=a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities | synonyms=depository financial institution, banking concern, banking company | examples=he cashed a check at the bank; that bank holds the mortgage on my home
3. sense_key=bank%1:17:00:: | definition=a long ridge or pile | examples=a huge bank of earth
4. sense_key=bank%1:14:01:: | definition=an arrangement of similar objects in a row or in tiers | examples=he operated a bank of switches
5. sense_key=bank%1:21:00:: | definition=a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies)
6. sense_key=bank%1:21:01:: | definition=the funds held by a gambling house or the dealer in some gambling games | examples=he tried to break the bank at Monte Carlo
7. sense_key=bank%1:17:02:: | definition=a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force | synonyms=cant, camber
8. sense_key=bank%1:06:01:: | definition=a container (usually with a slot in the top) for keeping money at home | synonyms=savings bank, coin bank, money box | examples=the coin bank was empty
9. sense_key=bank%1:06:00:: | definition=a building in which the business of banking transacted | synonyms=bank building | examples=the bank is on the corner of Nassau and Witherspoon
10. sense_key=bank%1:04:00:: | definition=a flight maneuver; aircraft tips laterally about its longitudinal axis (especially in turning) | examples=the plane went into a steep bank

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: height
Target surface form: height
Context:
And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the <t>height</t> of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=height%1:07:00:: | definition=the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top | synonyms=tallness
2. sense_key=height%1:26:00:: | definition=the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development | synonyms=acme, elevation, peak, pinnacle, summit, superlative | examples=his landscapes were deemed the acme of beauty; the artist's gifts are at their acme
3. sense_key=height%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a standing person) the distance from head to foot | synonyms=stature
4. sense_key=height%1:07:02:: | definition=elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface | synonyms=altitude | examples=the altitude gave her a headache

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "height" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch."

Here, "height" is used metaphorically to refer to the most intense or severe moment of the financial crisis.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. The first sense refers to "the vertical dimension of extension; distance from the base of something to the top." This sense is more related to physical measurements and doesn't fit the metaphorical use in the sentence.

2. The second sense is defined as "the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development." The synonyms provided include "acme, elevation, peak, pinnacle, summit, superlative," and the examples given are "his landscapes were deemed the acme of beauty; the artist's gifts are at their acme." This sense aligns with the metaphorical use of "height" to indicate the peak or most intense moment of the financial crisis.

3. The third sense refers to "(of a standing person) the distance from head to foot," which is not relevant to the context.

4. The fourth sense is about "elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface," which is also not relevant as it pertains to geographical or physical elevation.

Given the context and the metaphorical use of "height" to signify the peak or most severe moment of the financial crisis, the best fit is the second sense, which corresponds to sense index 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crisis
Target surface form: crisis
Context:
And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial <t>crisis</t> by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crisis%1:26:00:: | definition=an unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty | examples=they went bankrupt during the economic crisis
2. sense_key=crisis%1:11:00:: | definition=a crucial stage or turning point in the course of something | examples=after the crisis the patient either dies or gets better

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "crisis" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context discusses financial institutions (Citigroup and Bank of America) repaying state support they received, likely during a period of financial difficulty. The text mentions "the height of the financial crisis" and how Bank of America "overstretched" by taking over Merrill Lynch during this time. The situation described involves financial instability and difficulty, which aligns with the concept of an unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty.

The two candidate senses provided are:
1. An unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty.
2. A crucial stage or turning point in the course of something.

The context clearly refers to a period of financial instability and difficulty, which matches the first definition: "an unstable situation of extreme danger or difficulty." The example given, "they went bankrupt during the economic crisis," further supports this interpretation, as the context is discussing financial and economic challenges faced by banks.

The second definition, while potentially relevant in a broader sense, does not fit as precisely because the context is not discussing a turning point in a specific process or condition (like a patient's health) but rather a period of financial instability.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "crisis" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: investment
Target surface form: investment
Context:
And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the <t>investment</t> bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=investment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of investing; laying out money or capital in an enterprise with the expectation of profit | synonyms=investing
2. sense_key=investment%1:21:00:: | definition=money that is invested with an expectation of profit | synonyms=investment funds
3. sense_key=investment%1:07:00:: | definition=the commitment of something other than money (time, energy, or effort) to a project with the expectation of some worthwhile result | examples=this job calls for the investment of some hard thinking; he made an emotional investment in the work
4. sense_key=investment%1:05:00:: | definition=outer layer or covering of an organ or part or organism
5. sense_key=investment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of putting on robes or vestments
6. sense_key=investment%1:04:02:: | definition=the ceremonial act of clothing someone in the insignia of an office; the formal promotion of a person to an office or rank | synonyms=investiture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bank
Target surface form: bank
Context:
And, according to reports from US broadcaster CNBC, Citigroup is also planning to repay the state support. The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment <t>bank</t> Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bank%1:17:01:: | definition=sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water) | examples=they pulled the canoe up on the bank; he sat on the bank of the river and watched the currents
2. sense_key=bank%1:14:00:: | definition=a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities | synonyms=depository financial institution, banking concern, banking company | examples=he cashed a check at the bank; that bank holds the mortgage on my home
3. sense_key=bank%1:17:00:: | definition=a long ridge or pile | examples=a huge bank of earth
4. sense_key=bank%1:14:01:: | definition=an arrangement of similar objects in a row or in tiers | examples=he operated a bank of switches
5. sense_key=bank%1:21:00:: | definition=a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies)
6. sense_key=bank%1:21:01:: | definition=the funds held by a gambling house or the dealer in some gambling games | examples=he tried to break the bank at Monte Carlo
7. sense_key=bank%1:17:02:: | definition=a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force | synonyms=cant, camber
8. sense_key=bank%1:06:01:: | definition=a container (usually with a slot in the top) for keeping money at home | synonyms=savings bank, coin bank, money box | examples=the coin bank was empty
9. sense_key=bank%1:06:00:: | definition=a building in which the business of banking transacted | synonyms=bank building | examples=the bank is on the corner of Nassau and Witherspoon
10. sense_key=bank%1:04:00:: | definition=a flight maneuver; aircraft tips laterally about its longitudinal axis (especially in turning) | examples=the plane went into a steep bank

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "bank" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about financial institutions, specifically Citigroup and Bank of America, repaying state support and dealing with financial transactions and liabilities. The target sentence contains the phrase "the investment bank Merrill Lynch."

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. **Sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water)**: This sense doesn't fit the context as it relates to geography rather than finance.
2. **A financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities**: This is a strong candidate because it directly relates to the financial context provided.
3. **A long ridge or pile**: This sense is not directly related to the financial context.
4. **An arrangement of similar objects in a row or in tiers**: Not relevant to the context.
5. **A supply or stock held in reserve for future use**: While related to finance in a broad sense, it's not as directly relevant as sense 2.
6. **The funds held by a gambling house or the dealer in some gambling games**: Not relevant to the context.
7. **A slope in the turn of a road or track**: Not relevant.
8. **A container for keeping money at home**: Not relevant to the context of financial institutions.
9. **A building in which the business of banking is transacted**: While related, the context focuses more on the institution rather than the physical building.
10. **A flight maneuver**: Not relevant.

The term "investment bank" is crucial. An investment bank is a financial institution that helps raise capital for other companies, advises on investments, and manages financial transactions. The closest sense in the provided list that relates to a financial institution is sense 2: "a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities." Although the traditional definition of a bank (sense 2) doesn't fully encapsulate the role of an investment bank, it's the closest among the given options because it generally refers to a financial institution.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "bank" in the context of "investment bank" is related to financial institutions.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cash
Target surface form: cash
Context:
The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise <t>cash</t> on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state. Already on Thursday, the US bank was able to announce a capital increase of some USD 20 billion, reported CNBC with reference to circles.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cash%1:21:00:: | definition=money in the form of bills or coins | synonyms=hard cash, hard currency | examples=there is a desperate shortage of hard cash
2. sense_key=cash%1:21:02:: | definition=prompt payment for goods or services in currency or by check | synonyms=immediate payment
3. sense_key=cash%1:18:00:: | definition=United States country music singer and songwriter (1932-2003) | synonyms=Johnny Cash, John Cash

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: liability
Target surface form: liabilities
Context:
The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its <t>liabilities</t> with the state. Already on Thursday, the US bank was able to announce a capital increase of some USD 20 billion, reported CNBC with reference to circles.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=liability%1:26:01:: | definition=the state of being legally obliged and responsible
2. sense_key=liability%1:26:00:: | definition=an obligation to pay money to another party | synonyms=indebtedness, financial obligation
3. sense_key=liability%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being something that holds you back

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "liabilities" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses banks, specifically Bank of America and Citigroup, and their efforts to manage their financial situations following significant financial transactions and government interventions during the financial crisis. Citigroup is planning to raise cash to "free itself from its liabilities with the state."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "liabilities" is a plural form of "liability." In financial and legal contexts, it generally refers to debts or financial obligations that an individual or organization is responsible for.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=liability%1:26:01:: | definition=the state of being legally obliged and responsible**: This definition is quite broad and relates to legal responsibility. While it could encompass financial obligations, it's not limited to them.
   - **2. sense_key=liability%1:26:00:: | definition=an obligation to pay money to another party | synonyms=indebtedness, financial obligation**: This definition directly relates to financial obligations or debts, which is a common usage in financial contexts.
   - **3. sense_key=liability%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being something that holds you back**: This definition is more abstract and refers to a disadvantage or a burden, not necessarily financial.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context is financial, discussing banks and their financial maneuvers.
   - "Liabilities" is used in relation to the state's involvement, implying financial obligations or debts to the state, likely due to government bailouts or investments.
   - The synonyms provided for sense 2 ("indebtedness, financial obligation") align closely with the financial context and the specific situation of having obligations to the state.

Given these considerations, the most appropriate sense for "liabilities" in this context is related to financial obligations or debts, which corresponds to **sense_index=2**.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
The institutions thereby want to wiggle themselves free from the restrictions going hand-in-hand with the acceptance of the money, such as the limits on manager bonuses and the paying of high charges. Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the <t>state</t>. Already on Thursday, the US bank was able to announce a capital increase of some USD 20 billion, reported CNBC with reference to circles.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bank
Target surface form: bank
Context:
Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state. Already on Thursday, the US <t>bank</t> was able to announce a capital increase of some USD 20 billion, reported CNBC with reference to circles. A Citigroup spokesman declined to comment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bank%1:17:01:: | definition=sloping land (especially the slope beside a body of water) | examples=they pulled the canoe up on the bank; he sat on the bank of the river and watched the currents
2. sense_key=bank%1:14:00:: | definition=a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels the money into lending activities | synonyms=depository financial institution, banking concern, banking company | examples=he cashed a check at the bank; that bank holds the mortgage on my home
3. sense_key=bank%1:17:00:: | definition=a long ridge or pile | examples=a huge bank of earth
4. sense_key=bank%1:14:01:: | definition=an arrangement of similar objects in a row or in tiers | examples=he operated a bank of switches
5. sense_key=bank%1:21:00:: | definition=a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies)
6. sense_key=bank%1:21:01:: | definition=the funds held by a gambling house or the dealer in some gambling games | examples=he tried to break the bank at Monte Carlo
7. sense_key=bank%1:17:02:: | definition=a slope in the turn of a road or track; the outside is higher than the inside in order to reduce the effects of centrifugal force | synonyms=cant, camber
8. sense_key=bank%1:06:01:: | definition=a container (usually with a slot in the top) for keeping money at home | synonyms=savings bank, coin bank, money box | examples=the coin bank was empty
9. sense_key=bank%1:06:00:: | definition=a building in which the business of banking transacted | synonyms=bank building | examples=the bank is on the corner of Nassau and Witherspoon
10. sense_key=bank%1:04:00:: | definition=a flight maneuver; aircraft tips laterally about its longitudinal axis (especially in turning) | examples=the plane went into a steep bank

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: capital
Target surface form: capital
Context:
Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state. Already on Thursday, the US bank was able to announce a <t>capital</t> increase of some USD 20 billion, reported CNBC with reference to circles. A Citigroup spokesman declined to comment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=capital%1:21:01:: | definition=assets available for use in the production of further assets | synonyms=working capital
2. sense_key=capital%1:21:00:: | definition=wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value
3. sense_key=capital%1:15:00:: | definition=a seat of government
4. sense_key=capital%1:10:00:: | definition=one of the large alphabetic characters used as the first letter in writing or printing proper names and sometimes for emphasis | synonyms=capital letter, uppercase, upper-case letter, majuscule | examples=printers once kept the type for capitals and for small letters in separate cases; capitals were kept in the upper half of the type case and so became known as upper-case letters
5. sense_key=capital%1:15:01:: | definition=a center that is associated more than any other with some activity or product | examples=the crime capital of Italy; the drug capital of Columbia
6. sense_key=capital%1:14:00:: | definition=the federal government of the United States | synonyms=Washington
7. sense_key=capital%1:10:01:: | definition=a book written by Karl Marx (1867) describing his economic theories | synonyms=Das Kapital
8. sense_key=capital%1:06:00:: | definition=the upper part of a column that supports the entablature | synonyms=chapiter, cap

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state. Already on Thursday, the US bank was able to announce a capital <t>increase</t> of some USD 20 billion, reported CNBC with reference to circles. A Citigroup spokesman declined to comment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "increase" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The context is about Citigroup announcing a capital increase of some USD 20 billion. This is a financial news context where "capital increase" is a common term referring to the act of raising additional capital, often through the issuance of new shares.

2. **Understanding the Term "Capital Increase"**: In finance, a capital increase refers to the process by which a company raises its capital, typically by issuing new shares. This can be done for various reasons, such as to strengthen the company's capital base, to finance new projects, or to pay off debts.

3. **Examining the Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. a quantity that is added**: This sense refers to the result of an addition, which could relate to the amount of capital raised.
   - **2. a change resulting in an increase**: This is somewhat generic and could apply, but it's less directly related to the financial context.
   - **3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important**: This sense is broad and could encompass the concept of a capital increase as it involves the company becoming financially stronger or larger in terms of its capital base.
   - **4. the amount by which something increases**: This directly refers to the quantity of the increase, such as USD 20 billion.
   - **5. the act of increasing something**: This sense directly refers to the action taken to increase something, such as the act of raising capital.

4. **Relating the Senses to the Context**: The term "capital increase" in the context refers to the action or process undertaken by Citigroup to raise additional capital. While the amount (USD 20 billion) is mentioned, the term "capital increase" itself is more about the action or process of raising this amount rather than just the amount.

5. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - Senses 1 and 4 refer to the quantity or amount of the increase, which is relevant but not directly what "capital increase" signifies in this context.
   - Sense 2 is too generic and doesn't directly relate to the financial or business context.
   - Sense 3, "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important," is relevant as it can be interpreted to include the process of a company increasing its capital, thus becoming financially stronger.
   - Sense 5, "the act of increasing something," directly corresponds to the action of raising capital, which is what "capital increase" entails.

Given the context and the specific term "capital increase," the most appropriate sense is **5. the act of increasing something**, as it directly refers to the action taken by Citigroup to increase its capital.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "increase" in this context is {"sense_index": 5}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: circle
Target surface form: circles
Context:
Bank of America had raised some USD 19 billion from investors through convertible loans. The rest of the amount was taken from its own kitty, which was well filled through the sale of business units. Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state. Already on Thursday, the US bank was able to announce a capital increase of some USD 20 billion, reported CNBC with reference to <t>circles</t>. A Citigroup spokesman declined to comment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=circle%1:25:00:: | definition=ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point | examples=he calculated the circumference of the circle
2. sense_key=circle%1:14:00:: | definition=an unofficial association of people or groups | synonyms=set, band, lot | examples=the smart set goes there; they were an angry lot
3. sense_key=circle%1:25:01:: | definition=something approximating the shape of a circle | examples=the chairs were arranged in a circle
4. sense_key=circle%1:04:00:: | definition=movement once around a course | synonyms=lap, circuit | examples=he drove an extra lap just for insurance
5. sense_key=circle%1:06:01:: | definition=a road junction at which traffic streams circularly around a central island | synonyms=traffic circle, rotary, roundabout | examples=the accident blocked all traffic at the rotary
6. sense_key=circle%1:06:03:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, rope, roofy, roach
7. sense_key=circle%1:06:02:: | definition=a curved section or tier of seats in a hall or theater or opera house; usually the first tier above the orchestra | synonyms=dress circle | examples=they had excellent seats in the dress circle
8. sense_key=circle%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=round | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: support
Target surface form: support
Context:
Bank head Kenneth Lewis extended his express thanks to the American taxpayer on Wednesday evening: The cash injection helped over a very difficult time. The bank overstretched at the height of the financial crisis by taking over the investment bank Merrill Lynch. Citigroup also plans to raise cash on the capital market to free itself from its liabilities with the state. Already on Thursday, the US bank was able to announce a capital increase of some USD 20 billion, reported CNBC with reference to circles. A Citigroup spokesman declined to comment. Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan Chase and Morgan Stanley had already repaid their <t>support</t> in June.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=support%1:04:04:: | definition=the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities | examples=his support kept the family together; they gave him emotional support during difficult times
2. sense_key=support%1:04:00:: | definition=aiding the cause or policy or interests of | examples=the president no longer has the support of his own party; they developed a scheme of mutual support
3. sense_key=support%1:09:00:: | definition=something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest | examples=the policy found little public support; his faith was all the support he needed
4. sense_key=support%1:04:03:: | definition=a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission | synonyms=reinforcement, reenforcement | examples=they called for artillery support
5. sense_key=support%1:04:02:: | definition=documentary validation | synonyms=documentation | examples=his documentation of the results was excellent; the strongest support for this view is the work of Jones
6. sense_key=support%1:21:00:: | definition=the financial means whereby one lives | synonyms=keep, livelihood, living, bread and butter, sustenance | examples=each child was expected to pay for their keep; he applied to the state for support
7. sense_key=support%1:06:01:: | definition=supporting structure that holds up or provides a foundation | examples=the statue stood on a marble support
8. sense_key=support%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening | synonyms=supporting | examples=he leaned against the wall for support
9. sense_key=support%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical part (vocal or instrumental) that supports or provides background for other musical parts | synonyms=accompaniment, musical accompaniment, backup
10. sense_key=support%1:06:00:: | definition=any device that bears the weight of another thing | examples=there was no place to attach supports for a shelf
11. sense_key=support%1:21:01:: | definition=financial resources provided to make some project possible | synonyms=financial support, funding, backing, financial backing | examples=the foundation provided support for the experiment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "support" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about banks, specifically Citigroup and others, repaying financial assistance they received during the financial crisis. The sentence mentions that Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan Chase, and Morgan Stanley had already repaid their "support" in June.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. **support%1:04:04::** - the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities. This is related to financial assistance.
2. **support%1:04:00::** - aiding the cause or policy or interests of. While this involves support, it's more about backing a cause or policy.
3. **support%1:09:00::** - something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest. This is more about non-tangible support.
4. **support%1:04:03::** - a military operation to strengthen a military force. This is specific to military contexts.
5. **support%1:04:02::** - documentary validation. This is about providing evidence or documentation.
6. **support%1:21:00::** - the financial means whereby one lives. This refers to livelihood or living expenses.
7. **support%1:06:01::** - supporting structure. This is a physical support.
8. **support%1:04:01::** - the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening. This involves physical or tangible support.
9. **support%1:10:01::** - a musical part that supports other parts. This is specific to music.
10. **support%1:06:00::** - any device that bears the weight of another thing. This is about physical support or structure.
11. **support%1:21:01::** - financial resources provided to make some project possible. This involves financial backing.

Given the context is about banks repaying financial assistance received during the financial crisis, the most relevant sense is related to financial support or backing.

The closest definition is **support%1:21:01::**, which refers to "financial resources provided to make some project possible" with synonyms including "financial support, funding, backing, financial backing." The context of banks repaying their "support" aligns with this sense, as it refers to the financial assistance or bailout they received.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "support" in this context is **11**.

{"sense_index": 11}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appeal
Target surface form: Appeal
Context:
Cheshire <t>Appeal</t> Will Point to Twitter There were half a dozen of them typing away in the courtroom rows.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appeal%1:10:00:: | definition=earnest or urgent request | synonyms=entreaty, prayer | examples=an entreaty to stop the fighting; an appeal for help
2. sense_key=appeal%1:07:00:: | definition=attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates | synonyms=appealingness, charm | examples=his smile was part of his appeal to her
3. sense_key=appeal%1:04:00:: | definition=(law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial | examples=their appeal was denied in the superior court
4. sense_key=appeal%1:10:02:: | definition=request for a sum of money | synonyms=solicitation, collection, ingathering | examples=an appeal to raise money for starving children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Appeal" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The context is "Cheshire Appeal Will Point to Twitter There were half a dozen of them typing away in the courtroom rows." The presence of "courtroom" is a significant indicator of the context being related to a legal proceeding.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **1. sense_key=appeal%1:10:00::**: This sense refers to an "earnest or urgent request." While this could potentially fit a broad interpretation of the context, it doesn't directly relate to the legal context indicated by "courtroom."
   - **2. sense_key=appeal%1:07:00::**: This sense is about "attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates." The context doesn't seem to relate to this definition as it doesn't discuss attractiveness or charm.
   - **3. sense_key=appeal%1:04:00::**: This sense is defined as "(law) a legal proceeding in which the appellant resorts to a higher court for the purpose of obtaining a review of a lower court decision and a reversal of the lower court's judgment or the granting of a new trial." The mention of "courtroom" in the context strongly supports this sense.
   - **4. sense_key=appeal%1:10:02::**: This refers to a "request for a sum of money." While this is a type of appeal, the context doesn't directly suggest a fundraising or monetary request.

3. **Decision**: Given the context and the definitions, the most appropriate sense is related to a legal proceeding, as indicated by the presence of "courtroom" in the sentence. This directly aligns with **sense_index: 3**, which is about a legal appeal.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "Appeal" in the given context is: {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: row
Target surface form: rows
Context:
Cheshire Appeal Will Point to Twitter There were half a dozen of them typing away in the courtroom <t>rows</t>. Minute by minute, they sent out reports of gruesome testimony via Twitter.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=row%1:14:00:: | definition=an arrangement of objects or people side by side in a line | examples=a row of chairs
2. sense_key=row%1:10:00:: | definition=an angry dispute | synonyms=quarrel, wrangle, words, run-in, dustup | examples=they had a quarrel; they had words
3. sense_key=row%1:17:00:: | definition=a long continuous strip (usually running horizontally) | examples=a mackerel sky filled with rows of clouds; rows of barbed wire protected the trenches
4. sense_key=row%1:06:00:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=course | examples=a course of bricks
5. sense_key=row%1:14:01:: | definition=a linear array of numbers, letters, or symbols side by side
6. sense_key=row%1:07:00:: | definition=a continuous chronological succession without an interruption | examples=they won the championship three years in a row
7. sense_key=row%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of rowing as a sport | synonyms=rowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reports
Context:
Cheshire Appeal Will Point to Twitter There were half a dozen of them typing away in the courtroom rows. Minute by minute, they sent out <t>reports</t> of gruesome testimony via Twitter. In the end, the defense says, there were more than 140,000 Twitter messages about the trial that dealt with rape and children tied to their beds in a house that was set ablaze.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "reports" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence discusses individuals typing away in a courtroom and sending out "reports" of gruesome testimony via Twitter during a trial. The context suggests that the "reports" are related to news or information being disseminated.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **1. sense_key=report%1:10:03::**: Refers to a written document describing findings, typically of a study or research.
   - **2. sense_key=report%1:10:01::**: Involves the act of informing verbally.
   - **3. sense_key=report%1:10:00::**: Pertains to a short account of the news.
   - **4. sense_key=report%1:11:00::**: Relates to a sharp explosive sound.
   - **5. sense_key=report%1:10:04::**: Concerns a written evaluation of a student's performance.
   - **6. sense_key=report%1:10:02::**: Refers to an essay or written assignment.
   - **7. sense_key=report%1:09:00::**: Involves the general public estimation of a person.

3. **Analyzing the Context and Candidate Senses**:
   - The context involves sending information about a trial via Twitter, which aligns with disseminating news or updates.
   - Senses related to news or information dissemination are more likely to be relevant.
   - Sense 3 ("a short account of the news") directly relates to news dissemination and fits the context of reporting trial testimony.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context and the definitions, **Sense 3** is the most appropriate. It aligns with the act of sending out "reports" of trial testimony, which can be considered as news or updates about the trial.

5. **Conclusion**:
   - The best indexed sense for "reports" in the given context is **3**.

The final answer is: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: testimony
Target surface form: testimony
Context:
Cheshire Appeal Will Point to Twitter There were half a dozen of them typing away in the courtroom rows. Minute by minute, they sent out reports of gruesome <t>testimony</t> via Twitter. In the end, the defense says, there were more than 140,000 Twitter messages about the trial that dealt with rape and children tied to their beds in a house that was set ablaze.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=testimony%1:10:00:: | definition=a solemn statement made under oath
2. sense_key=testimony%1:10:01:: | definition=an assertion offering firsthand authentication of a fact | examples=according to his own testimony he can't do it
3. sense_key=testimony%1:10:02:: | definition=something that serves as evidence | synonyms=testimonial | examples=his effort was testimony to his devotion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the word "testimony" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence discusses a courtroom setting where reports of "gruesome testimony" are being sent out via Twitter during a trial. The context implies a legal or judicial setting.

2. **Understanding the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "a solemn statement made under oath" - This definition aligns with the legal context, as testimony in a court is typically given under oath.
   - **Sense 2**: "an assertion offering firsthand authentication of a fact" - While this could potentially fit a legal context, it's broader and not limited to legal proceedings.
   - **Sense 3**: "something that serves as evidence" - This is more general and can apply to various contexts beyond legal testimony.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is a courtroom and a trial, which strongly suggests that the testimony is related to statements made under oath.
   - The term "gruesome testimony" refers to the content of what is being testified to, likely describing the nature of the evidence or statements being given.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - **Sense 1** ("a solemn statement made under oath") directly corresponds to the typical understanding of "testimony" in a courtroom context. The fact that it's "gruesome" and related to a trial supports this interpretation.
   - While **Sense 2** and **Sense 3** could potentially relate to aspects of a trial, **Sense 1** is the most directly relevant to the context of courtroom proceedings.

5. **Conclusion**: The most appropriate sense for "testimony" in the given context is **Sense 1**, as it directly relates to statements made under oath in a legal setting.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: in_the_end
Target surface form: In the end
Context:
Cheshire Appeal Will Point to Twitter There were half a dozen of them typing away in the courtroom rows. Minute by minute, they sent out reports of gruesome testimony via Twitter. <t>In the end</t>, the defense says, there were more than 140,000 Twitter messages about the trial that dealt with rape and children tied to their beds in a house that was set ablaze. On Thursday, the widely followed trial of Steven J. Hayes, who was convicted of killing three members of a Cheshire, Conn., family, is set to come to an official end with the judge's imposition of the death sentence voted for by the jury.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=in_the_end%4:02:02:: | definition=after a very lengthy period of time | synonyms=in the long run | examples=she will succeed in the long run
2. sense_key=in_the_end%4:02:00:: | definition=as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, finally, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "In the end" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information.

The context discusses a trial and the number of Twitter messages related to it. The sentence with "In the end" states that the defense says there were more than 140,000 Twitter messages about the trial. This indicates a conclusion or a final outcome after a process (the trial and the reporting on it).

The two candidate senses are:
1. after a very lengthy period of time, with synonyms "in the long run" and an example "she will succeed in the long run."
2. as the end result of a succession or process, with synonyms "ultimately, finally, at last, at long last" and examples "ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over."

The context implies that "In the end" refers to the conclusion or final outcome of the trial and the Twitter reporting process. While both senses could potentially fit, the more appropriate sense is the one that directly relates to the outcome of a process.

The first sense focuses on a lengthy period, which is somewhat relevant but not directly related to the outcome or result of a process. The second sense directly addresses the outcome of a succession or process, fitting the context of the trial concluding and the final count of Twitter messages.

The synonyms and examples for the second sense ("ultimately, finally, at last, at long last") better match the context, as "In the end" is used to signify the final result or conclusion of the events described.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "In the end" in this context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defense
Target surface form: defense
Context:
Cheshire Appeal Will Point to Twitter There were half a dozen of them typing away in the courtroom rows. Minute by minute, they sent out reports of gruesome testimony via Twitter. In the end, the <t>defense</t> says, there were more than 140,000 Twitter messages about the trial that dealt with rape and children tied to their beds in a house that was set ablaze. On Thursday, the widely followed trial of Steven J. Hayes, who was convicted of killing three members of a Cheshire, Conn., family, is set to come to an official end with the judge's imposition of the death sentence voted for by the jury.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defense%1:04:00:: | definition=(military) military action or resources protecting a country against potential enemies | synonyms=defence, defensive measure | examples=they died in the defense of Stalingrad; they were developed for the defense program
2. sense_key=defense%1:04:03:: | definition=protection from harm | synonyms=defence | examples=sanitation is the best defense against disease
3. sense_key=defense%1:14:01:: | definition=(sports) the team that is trying to prevent the other team from scoring | synonyms=defence, defending team | examples=his teams are always good on defense
4. sense_key=defense%1:10:00:: | definition=the justification for some act or belief | synonyms=defence, vindication | examples=he offered a persuasive defense of the theory
5. sense_key=defense%1:22:00:: | definition=(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires | synonyms=defense mechanism, defense reaction, defence mechanism, defence reaction, defence
6. sense_key=defense%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department responsible for safeguarding national security of the United States; created in 1947 | synonyms=Department of Defense, Defense Department, United States Department of Defense, DoD
7. sense_key=defense%1:14:00:: | definition=the defendant and his legal advisors collectively | synonyms=defence, defense team, defense lawyers | examples=the defense called for a mistrial
8. sense_key=defense%1:10:01:: | definition=the speech act of answering an attack on your assertions | synonyms=refutation, defence | examples=his refutation of the charges was short and persuasive; in defense he said the other man started it
9. sense_key=defense%1:14:03:: | definition=an organization of defenders that provides resistance against attack | synonyms=defence, defense force, defence force | examples=he joined the defense against invasion
10. sense_key=defense%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure used to defend against attack | synonyms=defensive structure, defence | examples=the artillery battered down the defenses
11. sense_key=defense%1:04:02:: | definition=a defendant's answer or plea denying the truth of the charges against him | synonyms=defence, denial, demurrer | examples=he gave evidence for the defense
12. sense_key=defense%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of defending someone or something against attack or injury | synonyms=defence | examples=a good boxer needs a good defense; defense against hurricanes is an urgent problem

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: message
Target surface form: messages
Context:
Cheshire Appeal Will Point to Twitter There were half a dozen of them typing away in the courtroom rows. Minute by minute, they sent out reports of gruesome testimony via Twitter. In the end, the defense says, there were more than 140,000 Twitter <t>messages</t> about the trial that dealt with rape and children tied to their beds in a house that was set ablaze. On Thursday, the widely followed trial of Steven J. Hayes, who was convicted of killing three members of a Cheshire, Conn., family, is set to come to an official end with the judge's imposition of the death sentence voted for by the jury.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=message%1:10:01:: | definition=a communication (usually brief) that is written or spoken or signaled | examples=he sent a three-word message
2. sense_key=message%1:10:00:: | definition=what a communication that is about something is about | synonyms=content, subject matter, substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "messages" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The context is about a trial where people are using Twitter to send out reports of the gruesome testimony. It mentions that there were more than 140,000 Twitter messages about the trial.

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The target word is "messages," which is a plural form of "message." We need to understand how it is used in the context.

3. **Examining the Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: `sense_key=message%1:10:01::` with the definition "a communication (usually brief) that is written or spoken or signaled." An example given is "he sent a three-word message." This sense focuses on the act of communication or the content being communicated, often brief.
   - **Sense 2**: `sense_key=message%1:10:00::` with the definition "what a communication that is about something is about." The synonyms provided are "content, subject matter, substance." This sense is more about the subject or content of the communication.

4. **Applying the Context to the Senses**:
   - In the given context, "Twitter messages" refers to the communications or posts made on Twitter about the trial. The focus is on the act of sending out reports or communications via Twitter.
   - The first sense ("a communication (usually brief) that is written or spoken or signaled") fits well because Twitter messages are typically brief written communications.

5. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context emphasizes the act of sending out reports via Twitter, which aligns with the first sense's definition of a brief written communication.
   - Therefore, the best sense for "messages" in this context is the first one, which corresponds to **sense_index = 1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trial
Target surface form: trial
Context:
Cheshire Appeal Will Point to Twitter There were half a dozen of them typing away in the courtroom rows. Minute by minute, they sent out reports of gruesome testimony via Twitter. In the end, the defense says, there were more than 140,000 Twitter messages about the <t>trial</t> that dealt with rape and children tied to their beds in a house that was set ablaze. On Thursday, the widely followed trial of Steven J. Hayes, who was convicted of killing three members of a Cheshire, Conn., family, is set to come to an official end with the judge's imposition of the death sentence voted for by the jury.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trial%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=test, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
2. sense_key=trial%1:09:00:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial run, test, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
3. sense_key=trial%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=test | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
4. sense_key=trial%1:04:02:: | definition=(law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law | examples=he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty; most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial
5. sense_key=trial%1:11:01:: | definition=(sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications | examples=the trials for the semifinals began yesterday
6. sense_key=trial%1:11:00:: | definition=an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event | synonyms=tribulation, visitation | examples=his mother-in-law's visits were a great trial for him; life is full of tribulations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.