[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the <t>average</t> male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%5:00:02:normal:01 | definition=approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value | synonyms=mean | examples=the average income in New England is below that of the nation; of average height for his age
2. sense_key=average%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered | synonyms=ordinary | examples=average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street
3. sense_key=average%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=lacking exceptional quality or ability | synonyms=fair, mediocre, middling | examples=a novel of average merit; only a fair performance of the sonata
4. sense_key=average%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=around the middle of a scale of evaluation | synonyms=intermediate, medium | examples=an orange of average size; intermediate capacity
5. sense_key=average%5:00:03:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution | synonyms=modal | examples=the modal age at which American novelists reach their peak is 30
6. sense_key=average%5:00:01:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (or the average of the middle two in a set with an even number of values) | synonyms=median | examples=the median value of 17, 20, and 36 is 20; the median income for the year was $15,000

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "average" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

Here, "average" is used to describe a typical male ringer, highlighting their negative attributes such as being badly dressed, having acne, a large beer-belly, being unwashed, and flatulent. The context suggests that "average" is not being used to describe something that is moderate or middle-of-the-road in a neutral sense, but rather it is used to convey a somewhat negative or unimpressive quality.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **Approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value** - This sense is more about being near the mean or expected value, often used in statistical or numerical contexts. While it could fit grammatically, the description doesn't perfectly match the negative connotation and the qualitative judgment made about the male ringers.

2. **Lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered** - This sense aligns with describing something as "ordinary." The context implies that the average male ringer is not exceptional or distinguished in a positive way, which fits with this definition.

3. **Lacking exceptional quality or ability** - This sense is about being mediocre or not standing out. The description of the male ringer as "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent" suggests a lack of quality or ability in terms of personal grooming or behavior, aligning with this sense.

4. **Around the middle of a scale of evaluation** - This sense suggests a neutral, intermediate quality. While "average" can sometimes mean this, the context here leans more towards a negative characterization rather than a neutral, middle-of-the-road assessment.

5. and 6. relate to specific statistical measures (modal and median, respectively), which don't directly apply to the qualitative description being made about the male ringers.

Given the context and the descriptions, the use of "average" here leans towards describing the male ringer as **lacking exceptional quality or ability** or being **ordinary**. Both senses 2 and 3 could potentially fit, but sense 3 ("lacking exceptional quality or ability") is a closer match because it directly addresses the qualitative judgment (badly dressed, unwashed, etc.) made about the average male ringer, implying they are not just ordinary but also lacking in some aspect.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is **3**.

{"sense_index": 3}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: male
Target surface form: male
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=male%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation | examples=a male infant; a male holly tree
2. sense_key=male%5:00:02:masculine:01 | definition=characteristic of a man | synonyms=manful, manlike, manly, virile | examples=a deep male voice; manly sports
3. sense_key=male%5:00:01:male:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys | examples=the male lead; the male population

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "male" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about bell-ringing and the participation of women in this traditionally male-dominated field. The specific sentence where "male" appears is: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

1. The first sense is related to the biological sex that produces gametes (spermatozoa). While this sense is relevant to the term "male," the context here is not directly discussing the biological aspect but rather characteristics associated with male ringers.

2. The second sense pertains to characteristics typical of a man, such as being manful, manlike, manly, or virile. The description of the "average male ringer" includes being "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent," which relates to stereotypical masculine traits or lack thereof, but is more about the composition or characteristics associated with men.

3. The third sense is about something being for, pertaining to, or composed of men or boys. The context discusses the male-dominated field of bell-ringing and describes the average "male ringer," indicating that it is talking about men or individuals who are male.

Given the context, the description is about men who are bell-ringers, so it's related to being composed of or pertaining to men. The use of "male ringer" directly refers to men who participate in bell-ringing, making the third sense the most appropriate as it directly relates to being "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys."

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "male" in this context is the third sense.

{"sense_index": 3}

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male <t>ringer</t> leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "ringer" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The passage discusses women entering a traditionally male-dominated field related to "ringing." It mentions "bell-ringing group," "bell-ringing," and "belfry," indicating that the context is about ringing church bells.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms "toller, bell ringer." This sense directly relates to the context provided, as the passage talks about bell ringing and groups associated with it.
   - **Sense 2**: "a person who is almost identical to another" with synonyms "dead ringer, clone." There's no indication in the context that the discussion is about similarity between individuals.
   - **Sense 3**: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses." The passage doesn't mention any competition or false pretenses related to the ringers.
   - **Sense 4**: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg." This sense is unrelated to the context, as there's no mention of horseshoes or any similar game.

3. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given the context is about people ringing church bells and the specific mention of "bell-ringing group" and "belfry," **Sense 1** is the most relevant. It directly corresponds to the activity and the individuals involved in it as described in the passage.

4. **Conclusion**: The best indexed sense for "ringer" in the given context is **1**.

Therefore, the answer is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: badly
Target surface form: badly
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=badly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=severely, gravely, seriously | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
2. sense_key=badly%4:02:00:: | definition=(`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well | synonyms=ill, poorly | examples=he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends
3. sense_key=badly%4:02:06:: | definition=evilly or wickedly | examples=treated his parents badly; to steal is to act badly
4. sense_key=badly%4:02:05:: | definition=in a disobedient or naughty way | synonyms=mischievously, naughtily | examples=he behaved badly in school; he mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister
5. sense_key=badly%4:02:04:: | definition=with great intensity (`bad' is a nonstandard variant for `badly') | synonyms=bad | examples=the injury hurt badly; the buildings were badly shaken
6. sense_key=badly%4:02:03:: | definition=very much; strongly | synonyms=bad | examples=I wanted it badly enough to work hard for it; the cables had sagged badly
7. sense_key=badly%4:02:12:: | definition=without skill or in a displeasing manner | examples=she writes badly; I think he paints very badly
8. sense_key=badly%4:02:10:: | definition=in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage | synonyms=disadvantageously | examples=the venture turned out badly for the investors; angry that the case was settled disadvantageously for them
9. sense_key=badly%4:02:07:: | definition=unfavorably or with disapproval | synonyms=ill | examples=tried not to speak ill of the dead; thought badly of him for his lack of concern
10. sense_key=badly%4:02:08:: | definition=with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display | examples=they took their defeat badly; took her father's death badly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for "badly" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

Here, "badly" is used to describe how the male ringers are dressed. The context suggests that they are not dressed well or properly.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. to a severe or serious degree - This doesn't directly apply to being "dressed" in a negative manner, though it could imply a severe degree of being poorly dressed.
2. in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well - This fits as "badly dressed" means not being dressed well or properly.
3. evilly or wickedly - The context doesn't imply evil or wickedness in being "badly dressed."
4. in a disobedient or naughty way - This doesn't apply to the context of being dressed.
5. with great intensity - This is more related to the intensity of a feeling or condition, not directly to the manner of being dressed.
6. very much; strongly - While "badly" can sometimes be used to mean "very much," the context here is more about the manner of dressing.
7. without skill or in a displeasing manner - This could apply as being "badly dressed" implies a lack of skill or pleasing aesthetic in dressing.
8. in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage - The context doesn't directly imply a disadvantage due to being "badly dressed."
9. unfavorably or with disapproval - While being "badly dressed" might be viewed unfavorably, the sense here is more about the state of being dressed rather than the judgment on it.
10. with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display - This doesn't apply to the context of being "badly dressed."

Both senses 2 and 7 seem plausible because they relate to the manner or quality of being dressed. However, sense 2 ("in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well") is more directly related to the context as it directly addresses the quality of being "dressed" in a negative light.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "badly" in this context is sense 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dressed
Target surface form: dressed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers
2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering
3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished
4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "dressed" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence where "dressed" appears is: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals." Here, "dressed" is used to describe the attire or appearance of male ringers, specifically indicating that they are not well-clothed or well-groomed.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **1. dressed or clothed especially in fine attire**: This sense focuses on being clothed, often with an implication of being well or finely dressed. The synonyms and examples suggest a focus on the quality or style of clothing.
   - **2. treated with medications and protective covering**: This sense is unrelated to clothing and pertains to medical treatment or preparation.
   - **3. (of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth**: This sense is related to the preparation or finishing of materials like wood or stone, not to clothing.
   - **4. dressed in fancy or formal clothing**: This sense implies dressing up or being in formal attire.

3. **Choosing the Best Sense**:
   - The context clearly uses "badly dressed" to criticize the appearance or attire of male ringers, implying they are not dressed well.
   - Sense 1 ("dressed or clothed especially in fine attire") is the most relevant because it deals with the state of being clothed, and the adverb "badly" modifies "dressed" to indicate poor or undesirable attire. The use of "badly" with "dressed" aligns with the general meaning of being clothed, where the quality of the clothing is being judged.
   - Senses 2 and 3 are unrelated to the context of clothing or personal appearance.
   - Sense 4 implies a specific context of being formally or fancily dressed, which isn't directly relevant because "badly dressed" doesn't necessarily relate to formality but to the general state of attire.

4. **Conclusion**: The most appropriate sense for "dressed" in the given context is Sense 1, as it relates to being clothed and the quality of that clothing.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: large
Target surface form: large
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential | examples=played a large role in the negotiations
3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid | examples=a man given to large talk; tumid political prose
4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
5. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope | examples=taking the large view; a large effect
7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "large" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "...decorated with acne and a large beer-belly..."

Here, "large" is used to describe the size of a "beer-belly," which implies that the belly is big or substantial.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
   - This sense fits the context as "large" is describing the size of the "beer-belly," indicating it is above average in size.

2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential
   - This sense doesn't fit as the context is describing physical appearance, not influence or effect.

3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid
   - This sense is irrelevant as the context is not about style or manner of expression.

4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous
   - This sense doesn't apply as the description is physical, not related to character traits.

5. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent
   - While "large" can sometimes imply conspicuousness, the primary meaning here is related to size, not importance or prominence.

6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope
   - This sense is not relevant as it pertains to the extent or range of something, not physical size.

7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy
   - This sense is not applicable as the subject is a male ringer with a "beer-belly," not a pregnant individual.

Given the context, the most appropriate sense of "large" is the first one, which describes something as being above average in size.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unwashed
Target surface form: unwashed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=common, plebeian, vulgar | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
2. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 | definition=not cleaned with or as if with soap and water | examples=a sink full of unwashed dishes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "unwashed" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The context is about bell ringing and a discussion between male and female ringers regarding their acceptance and behavior within the community. A woman ringer criticizes male ringers, describing them as "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

2. **Understanding the Target Word**: The word "unwashed" is used to describe the male ringers. Given the context, it is clear that the description is related to their personal hygiene.

3. **Examining Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: This sense defines "unwashed" as being associated with the great masses of people, with synonyms like "common," "plebeian," and "vulgar." The examples given relate to the common people and behavior considered common. This sense does not directly relate to personal hygiene.
   - **Sense 2**: This sense defines "unwashed" as not being cleaned with or as if with soap and water, indicating a lack of personal hygiene. The example given is "a sink full of unwashed dishes," which illustrates the concept of something not being washed.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context clearly indicates that "unwashed" is used to criticize the personal hygiene of male ringers, alongside other criticisms like being "badly dressed" and "unbearably flatulent."
   - **Sense 2** directly relates to the lack of cleanliness or personal hygiene, fitting the context provided.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the context and the definitions provided, the best indexed sense for "unwashed" is the one related to not being cleaned or having poor personal hygiene.

The senses are indexed starting from 1 based on the provided candidate senses. Therefore, the sense related to being "not cleaned with or as if with soap and water" is the second sense.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: write
Target surface form: wrote
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: | definition=produce a literary work | synonyms=compose, pen, indite | examples=She composed a poem; He wrote four novels
2. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate or express by writing | examples=Please write to me every week
3. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=publish | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career
4. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: | definition=communicate (with) in writing | synonyms=drop a line | examples=Write her soon, please!
5. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon
6. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: | definition=write music | synonyms=compose | examples=Beethoven composed nine symphonies
7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: | definition=mark or trace on a surface | examples=The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper; Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet
8. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: | definition=record data on a computer | synonyms=save | examples=boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk
9. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: | definition=write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word) | synonyms=spell | examples=He spelled the word wrong in this letter
10. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: | definition=create code, write a computer program | examples=She writes code faster than anybody else

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "wrote" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The context is: "Another woman wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.'"

Here, "wrote" is used in the context of a woman sending a letter to "The Ringing World," as part of a series of letters responding to a controversial statement made by a male ringer.

Let's examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. **Produce a literary work** - While this sense involves writing, the context doesn't suggest the woman is producing a literary work; she's simply responding to a letter.

2. **Communicate or express by writing** - This is a broad sense that could apply, as the woman is expressing her thoughts in writing.

3. **Have (one's written work) issued for publication** - The context doesn't indicate that her letter was published in the sense of having a work issued; it was part of a series of letters to the editor.

4. **Communicate (with) in writing** - This sense is plausible as it involves writing to someone.

5. **Communicate by letter** - This is very relevant as the context involves a woman writing a letter.

6. **Write music** - Not relevant to the context.

7. **Mark or trace on a surface** - Not directly relevant; the focus is on the act of writing a letter, not the physical act of marking.

8. **Record data on a computer** - Not relevant; the context is about writing a letter, not computing.

9. **Write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word)** - Not relevant; the context is about the act of letter writing, not spelling.

10. **Create code, write a computer program** - Not relevant; the context is about a letter, not programming.

Given the context, the most appropriate senses are related to communicating through writing, specifically by letter. Senses 2, 4, and 5 all relate to this. However, sense 5, "communicate by letter," is the most specific and directly relevant to the context, as it involves the act of sending a letter, which is what the woman did.

The best indexed sense for "wrote" in this context is **5**.

{"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "say" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Another woman wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.'"

Here, "say" is used to report or convey what another woman wrote in her letter. The context involves a series of letters exchanged in response to a controversial statement, where individuals are expressing their opinions or experiences.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **express in words** - This is a plausible sense as it involves expressing thoughts or opinions in words.
2. **report or maintain** - This sense fits well because the context involves reporting or stating something (an experience or observation) in a letter.
3. **express a supposition** - This doesn't fit perfectly because the sentence is not hypothesizing or supposing something; it's stating a fact or experience.
4. **have or contain a certain wording or form** - This doesn't directly apply because "say" here is not about the wording or form of a text but about conveying a message.
5. **give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority** - This doesn't fit as there's no instruction or direction being given.
6. **speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way** - This is not relevant as the focus is not on the manner of speaking or pronouncing.
7. **communicate or express nonverbally** - This doesn't apply because the context is about written communication, not nonverbal.
8. **utter aloud** - Not relevant as the communication is written, not spoken.
9. **state as one's opinion or judgement; declare** - This is a strong candidate because the woman is stating her experience or observation.
10. **recite or repeat a fixed text** - Not applicable as she's not reciting a fixed text.
11. **indicate** - While somewhat relevant, it's more about showing or pointing out something, which isn't the primary function here.

Between the most relevant senses (1, 2, and 9), **2. report or maintain** and **1. express in words** are very close. However, "report or maintain" (sense 2) is a more specific action that fits the context of writing a letter to convey a personal experience or observation. "Express in words" (sense 1) is also a good fit but is more general.

Given the context and the examples provided for each sense, the best fit is **1. express in words** because it directly relates to conveying thoughts or experiences through written or spoken words. The synonyms "state, tell" also support this choice as they align with the action of conveying information in the letter.

Thus, the best indexed sense for "say" in the given context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: never
Target surface form: never
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=never%4:02:00:: | definition=not ever; at no time in the past or future | synonyms=ne'er | examples=I have never been to China; I shall never forget this day
2. sense_key=never%4:02:01:: | definition=not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances | examples=never fear; bringing up children is never easy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "never" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

The two candidate senses are:
1. Not ever; at no time in the past or future.
2. Not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances.

The sentence is discussing the speaker's experience over a period of time ("in her 60 years of ringing"). The use of "never" here indicates that at no point in the past has the speaker known a lady to faint in the belfry. This aligns with the first definition: "not ever; at no time in the past or future." The example given for this sense, "I have never been to China," illustrates a similar usage where "never" denotes something that has not happened at any time in the past.

The second definition, while related, is more about emphasizing a negative condition or circumstance rather than a specific time frame. The examples given ("never fear," "bringing up children is never easy") show "never" used to convey a general or absolute negation rather than a negation tied to a specific time frame or experience.

Given the context, the speaker is talking about their personal experience and observation over time, which matches the first sense: "not ever; at no time in the past or future." Therefore, the best indexed sense for "never" in this context is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: known
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never <t>known</t> a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "known" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

The verb "known" is used here in the context of experiencing or having firsthand knowledge of something happening. The sentence is discussing whether ladies faint in the belfry, with the writer asserting that in her 60 years of ringing, she has never known (or experienced) a lady fainting.

Let's look at the candidate senses:

1. be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about
   - This doesn't quite fit because the sentence is not about possessing information but about experiencing an event.

2. know how to do or perform something
   - This doesn't fit as the sentence is not discussing ability or skill.

3. be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt
   - While related to knowledge, this sense is more about belief or faith in something being true, which isn't the exact nuance here.

4. be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object
   - The sentence is not about being familiar with a person or object but about an experience.

5. have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations
   - This sense fits well because "have never known" is used to indicate that the speaker has not experienced a lady fainting in the belfry.

6. accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority
   - This doesn't fit the context as it's not about accepting someone's claim or authority.

7. have fixed in the mind
   - This is more about memorization or knowledge retention, not relevant here.

8. have sexual intercourse with
   - This is not relevant to the context.

9. know the nature or character of
   - While related to understanding or being aware, it's not the best fit for the context of experiencing an event.

10. be able to distinguish, recognize as being different
    - Not relevant as it's about differentiation, not the experience.

11. perceive as familiar
    - Not the best fit as it's more about recognition rather than the experience of an event.

Given the context and the examples, the best fit is sense 5: "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations." The synonyms provided for this sense are "experience" and "live," which align with the usage in the sentence.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is 5.

{"sense_index": 5}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lady
Target surface form: lady
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a <t>lady</t> to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: | definition=a polite name for any woman | examples=a nice lady at the library helped me
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: | definition=a woman of refinement | synonyms=dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman | examples=a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman of the peerage in Britain | synonyms=noblewoman, peeress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "lady" in the given context, let's analyze the context and the provided candidate senses.

The context is about women participating in bell-ringing activities and responding to sexist remarks. The sentence with the target word is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry." Here, "lady" is used in a general sense to refer to a woman.

1. The first candidate sense defines "lady" as "a polite name for any woman." The example given is "a nice lady at the library helped me." This sense aligns with the general, polite usage of "lady" to refer to a woman.

2. The second sense defines "lady" as "a woman of refinement." The synonyms provided are "dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman," and an example is given: "a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady." This sense implies a certain level of elegance or high social standing.

3. The third sense refers to "a woman of the peerage in Britain," with synonyms "noblewoman, peeress." This sense is specific to women of noble rank.

In the given context, the word "lady" is used in a straightforward manner to refer to a woman, without any specific connotation of refinement or nobility. The writer is responding to a derogatory remark about women fainting and is making a factual statement about not having seen a woman faint. The usage is polite and general.

Given the context and the examples, the most appropriate sense is the first one, which defines "lady" as a polite name for any woman. This matches the usage in the sentence.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "lady" in the given context is the first sense.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belfry
Target surface form: belfry
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the <t>belfry</t>. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belfry%1:06:01:: | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
2. sense_key=belfry%1:06:00:: | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "belfry" in the given context, let's analyze the information provided.

The context is about bell-ringing groups and the controversy surrounding the participation of women. The specific sentence where "belfry" appears is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

The two candidate senses for "belfry" are:
1. A bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building.
2. A room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung.

The sentence implies that the speaker has personal experience or observation of people (ladies and men) in the belfry, suggesting that it is a space where people are present, likely ringing bells. The first sense refers to a bell tower, which is a structure. While it's possible for people to be in or around a bell tower, the context suggests a more specific location where the action of bell-ringing (and fainting or dying) takes place.

The second sense refers to a room where bells are hung, which is directly related to the activity of bell-ringing. The context indicates that the belfry is a location where ringers are actively engaged with bells, as it mentions "in peals," a term associated with change ringing, a method of bell-ringing.

Given the context and the definitions, the most appropriate sense is the one that refers to the space where bells are hung and where people would be actively ringing them. This aligns with the second sense: "a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung."

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "belfry" in this context is the second one.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have <t>seen</t> one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two <t>men</t> die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: die
Target surface form: die
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men <t>die</t>, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=die%2:30:00:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=decease, perish, go, exit, pass away, expire | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
2. sense_key=die%2:39:00:: | definition=suffer or face the pain of death | examples=Martyrs may die every day for their faith
3. sense_key=die%2:37:00:: | definition=be brought to or as if to the point of death by an intense emotion such as embarrassment, amusement, or shame | examples=I was dying with embarrassment when my little lie was discovered; We almost died laughing during the show
4. sense_key=die%2:30:04:: | definition=stop operating or functioning | synonyms=fail, go bad, give way, give out, conk out, go | examples=The engine finally went; The car died on the road
5. sense_key=die%2:37:03:: | definition=feel indifferent towards | examples=She died to worldly things and eventually entered a monastery
6. sense_key=die%2:37:01:: | definition=languish as with love or desire | examples=She dying for a cigarette; I was dying to leave
7. sense_key=die%2:35:00:: | definition=cut or shape with a die | synonyms=die out | examples=Die out leather for belts
8. sense_key=die%2:33:00:: | definition=to be on base at the end of an inning, of a player
9. sense_key=die%2:30:05:: | definition=lose sparkle or bouquet | synonyms=pall, become flat | examples=wine and beer can pall
10. sense_key=die%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear or come to an end | examples=Their anger died; My secret will die with me!
11. sense_key=die%2:30:02:: | definition=suffer spiritual death; be damned (in the religious sense) | examples=Whosoever..believes in me shall never die

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medical
Target surface form: Medical
Context:
<t>Medical</t> scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the study or practice of medicine | examples=the medical profession; a medical student
2. sense_key=medical%3:00:00:: | definition=requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery | examples=medical treatment; pneumonia is a medical disease
3. sense_key=medical%3:01:02:: | definition=of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art | synonyms=aesculapian

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "Medical" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence discusses "Medical scientists" uncovering genes related to cancer. This context suggests that "Medical" is related to the field or study of medicine.

2. **Candidate Senses Analysis**:
   - **Sense 1**: "relating to the study or practice of medicine". The example given is "the medical profession; a medical student". This sense aligns well with the context of "Medical scientists" as it pertains to the study or practice of medicine.
   - **Sense 2**: "requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery". The examples provided are "medical treatment; pneumonia is a medical disease". While this sense is related to medicine, it specifically contrasts with surgical treatment, which isn't the focus of the given context.
   - **Sense 3**: "of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art". Aesculapius is associated with healing and medicine in Greek mythology. The synonym given is "aesculapian", which relates to the healing art. This sense, while related to medicine, has a more historical or mythological connotation.

3. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - The context directly refers to "Medical scientists", indicating a relation to the study or practice of medicine.
   - **Sense 1** directly corresponds to this context as it involves the study or practice of medicine, fitting the description of "Medical scientists".
   - **Sense 2** is more about the treatment aspect, which isn't the primary focus of the sentence.
   - **Sense 3**, while related, is more about the association with Aesculapius or the healing art in a broader or more historical sense, not directly relevant to the context of modern scientific research.

Given the context and the analysis above, the most appropriate sense for "Medical" is the one that relates to the study or practice of medicine.

The best indexed sense is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
Medical scientists are <t>starting</t> to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "starting" in the given context, let's analyze the sentence and the provided candidate senses.

The sentence is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

The word "starting" here indicates the initiation of an action, which is "to uncover a handful of genes." The context suggests that scientists are at the beginning stage of discovering certain genes related to cancer.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - This sense fits the context as it implies initiating an action, in this case, uncovering genes.
2. "set in motion, cause to start" - This implies causing something to begin, which doesn't directly fit as the subject is "scientists" and they are not causing something else to start; they are starting to do something.
3. "leave" - This doesn't fit the context as "starting" is not related to leaving or departing.
4. "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" - While this could be related, it's more about something having a beginning rather than someone starting to do something.
5. "bring into being" - This is about creating or initiating something new, which is not the exact fit here.
6. "get off the ground" - This implies starting something significant or substantial, which could be a possible interpretation but is not the most straightforward fit.
7. "move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm" - This is unrelated to the context.
8. "get going or set in motion" - This is more about initiating a process or mechanism, not directly fitting the context of scientists beginning an action.
9. "begin or set in motion" - Similar to sense 1, this implies starting something, but "get going" is more about the action itself rather than the act of beginning.
10. "begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job" - This is not directly relevant as it refers to taking up a role or job.
11. "play in the starting lineup" - This is unrelated to the context.
12. "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" - While related to beginnings, it's more about the nature of the beginning rather than the act of starting.
13. "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" - This could be a possible fit as it involves starting an action (uncovering genes), but it's a bit more specific than needed.
14. "bulge outward" - This is unrelated to the context.

The most fitting sense is "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" as it directly relates to the scientists initiating the action of uncovering genes. This corresponds to sense_index 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: handful
Target surface form: handful
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a <t>handful</t> of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=handful%1:23:01:: | definition=a small number or amount | synonyms=smattering | examples=only a handful of responses were received
2. sense_key=handful%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity that can be held in the hand | synonyms=fistful

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "handful" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence discusses medical scientists discovering a small number of genes related to cancer development. The word "handful" is used to describe the quantity of these genes.

2. **Candidate Senses**:
   - Sense 1: definition = "a small number or amount", synonyms = "smattering", examples = "only a handful of responses were received".
   - Sense 2: definition = "the quantity that can be held in the hand", synonyms = "fistful".

3. **Analysis**:
   - The context implies that "handful" is used to convey that only a small number of genes have been discovered, not a literal quantity that can be physically held in one's hand.
   - The example given for Sense 1 ("only a handful of responses were received") aligns with this interpretation, as it uses "handful" to mean a small number.
   - Sense 2 refers to a physical quantity that can be held in the hand, which doesn't fit the context of discussing genes and their discovery.

4. **Conclusion**: Based on the context and the definitions provided, the use of "handful" to describe a small number of genes aligns with Sense 1.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "handful" in the given context is Sense 1.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if <t>damaged</t>, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
To determine the best indexed sense for the target word "damaged" in the given context, let's analyze the provided information step by step.

1. **Context Analysis**: The sentence discusses medical scientists uncovering genes that, when "damaged," lead to the chaotic growth of cells characteristic of cancer. This implies a negative alteration or harm to the genes.

2. **Candidate Senses**:
   - **Sense 1**: "harmed or injured or spoiled" with examples like "I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings." This sense aligns with the idea of something being negatively affected or harmed.
   - **Sense 2**: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" with synonyms like "discredited" and examples such as "a discredited politician; her damaged reputation." This sense is more related to the concept of something or someone's reputation being harmed.

3. **Applying Context to Candidate Senses**:
   - The context is about genes being harmed or negatively affected, leading to cancer. This directly relates to the concept of being "harmed or injured or spoiled," which matches **Sense 1**.
   - The context does not discuss the reputation of genes or scientists being discredited; hence, **Sense 2** is less relevant.

4. **Choosing the Best Indexed Sense**:
   - Given that the context is about the negative alteration of genes and not about reputation, **Sense 1** is the most appropriate.

5. **Indexed Sense**:
   - The provided candidate senses are indexed as 1 and 2. **Sense 1** corresponds to the first candidate sense.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "damaged" in the given context is **1**.

{"sense_index": 1}