[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: physical
Target surface form: physical
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=physical%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit | examples=physical exercise; physical suffering
2. sense_key=physical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics | examples=physical sciences; physical laws
3. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:material:01 | definition=having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses | examples=a physical manifestation; surrounded by tangible objects
4. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:natural:03 | definition=according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter) | examples=a reflex response to physical stimuli
5. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:energetic:00 | definition=characterized by energetic bodily activity | examples=a very physical dance performance
6. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:forceful:00 | definition=impelled by physical force especially against resistance | synonyms=forcible, strong-arm | examples=forcible entry; a real cop would get physical
7. sense_key=physical%5:00:02:material:01 | definition=concerned with material things | examples=physical properties; the physical characteristics of the earth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The sentence discusses the requirement of "physical dexterity" for change-ringing, which involves handling heavy bells and demands both bodily skill and mental focus. The context emphasizes the bodily, hands-on nature of the activity, distinguishing it from purely mental or abstract considerations. Among the candidate senses, the one that best captures the idea of bodily involvement and tangible, material action is:

**sense_key=physical%5:00:00:material:01**
*definition: having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses*
*examples: a physical manifestation; surrounded by tangible objects*

This sense aligns with the need for bodily skill (dexterity) in handling heavy, material objects (bells). Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some <t>bells</t> weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes church bells that are rung, their weight, and the practice of change-ringing, which is a traditional English activity involving large bells in churches. This clearly refers to the hollow metal devices that produce sound when struck, as used in churches and bell towers. The other senses (doorbell, ship's bell, bell shape, historical figures, artists, etc.) do not fit the context.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: weigh
Target surface form: weigh
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells <t>weigh</t> more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=weigh%2:42:01:: | definition=have a certain weight
2. sense_key=weigh%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=consider, count | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
3. sense_key=weigh%2:42:00:: | definition=determine the weight of | synonyms=librate | examples=The butcher weighed the chicken
4. sense_key=weigh%2:42:03:: | definition=have weight; have import, carry weight | synonyms=count, matter | examples=It does not matter much
5. sense_key=weigh%2:42:04:: | definition=to be oppressive or burdensome; , | synonyms=press | examples=weigh heavily on the mind; Something pressed on his mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The sentence discusses the physical characteristics of church bells, specifically mentioning that "some bells weigh more than a ton." This clearly refers to the physical act of determining or noting the weight of the bells. Among the candidate senses, the one that matches this context is:

- **sense_key=weigh%2:42:00:: | definition=determine the weight of | synonyms=librate | examples=The butcher weighed the chicken**

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the one that involves determining the weight of an object, which corresponds to sense index 3.

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: intense
Target surface form: intense
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=intense%3:00:00:: | definition=possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree | examples=intense heat; intense anxiety
2. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:sharp:04 | definition=extremely sharp or intense | synonyms=acute | examples=acute pain; felt acute annoyance
3. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:saturated:03 | definition=(of color) having the highest saturation | synonyms=vivid | examples=vivid green; intense blue

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes the demanding nature of change-ringing, emphasizing the need for "physical dexterity... combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration." This usage aligns with the sense of "possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree," specifically referring to the heightened level of mental focus required. The other senses (extremely sharp/intense or highly saturated color) do not fit the context as well. Therefore, the best sense is the first one.

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mental
Target surface form: mental
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mental%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the mind or an intellectual process | examples=mental images of happy times; mental calculations
2. sense_key=mental%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the mind | examples=mental powers; mental development
3. sense_key=mental%3:01:03:: | definition=of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks
4. sense_key=mental%3:01:04:: | definition=of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw | synonyms=genial
5. sense_key=mental%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=affected by a disorder of the mind | examples=a mental patient; mental illness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes "intense <t>mental</t> concentration" required for change-ringing, which involves an intellectual process demanding focus of the mind. This aligns with the definition "involving the mind or an intellectual process." Among the candidate senses, this corresponds to:

- sense_key=mental%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the mind or an intellectual process | examples=mental images of happy times; mental calculations

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the first one.

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concentration
Target surface form: concentration
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concentration%1:07:02:: | definition=the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
2. sense_key=concentration%1:07:03:: | definition=the spatial property of being crowded together | synonyms=density, denseness, tightness, compactness
3. sense_key=concentration%1:04:01:: | definition=strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
4. sense_key=concentration%1:11:00:: | definition=increase in density
5. sense_key=concentration%1:09:00:: | definition=complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion
6. sense_key=concentration%1:04:02:: | definition=bringing together military forces
7. sense_key=concentration%1:07:01:: | definition=great and constant diligence and attention | synonyms=assiduity, assiduousness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes "intense mental <t>concentration</t>" required for change-ringing, which involves both physical dexterity and mental focus. This aligns with the definition of "complete attention; intense mental effort," matching the sense of concentration as mental focus rather than a physical or chemical property. Therefore, the best sense is the one describing intense mental effort.

The corresponding sense key is `concentration%1:09:00::`.

Thus, the answer is:

```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context discusses the practice of change-ringing on church bells in England, specifically mentioning "proper <t>English</t> bells." This usage refers to the bells being characteristic of England and its cultural practices, rather than the English language. Therefore, the best sense is the one relating to England and its culture.

The appropriate sense is:

1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy

Thus, the correct indexed sense is the first one.

The JSON response is:

{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English <t>bells</t> are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes church bells used in change-ringing, their weight, and the specific way they are rung ("started off in 'rounds'"). This clearly refers to the large metal instruments that produce sound when struck, which matches the definition of a bell as a hollow metal device that rings when struck. Among the candidate senses, this aligns with:

**sense_key=bell%1:06:00::** – a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the first one.

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: round
Target surface form: rounds
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "<t>rounds</t>, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=round%1:06:01:: | definition=a charge of ammunition for a single shot | synonyms=unit of ammunition, one shot
2. sense_key=round%1:28:01:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
3. sense_key=round%1:15:00:: | definition=a regular route for a sentry or policeman | synonyms=beat | examples=in the old days a policeman walked a beat and knew all his people by name
4. sense_key=round%1:04:00:: | definition=(often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order) | examples=the doctor goes on his rounds first thing every morning; the postman's rounds
5. sense_key=round%1:04:03:: | definition=the activity of playing 18 holes of golf | synonyms=round of golf | examples=a round of golf takes about 4 hours
6. sense_key=round%1:04:01:: | definition=the usual activities in your day | synonyms=daily round | examples=the doctor made his rounds
7. sense_key=round%1:28:00:: | definition=(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive | synonyms=turn, bout
8. sense_key=round%1:17:00:: | definition=the course along which communications spread | examples=the story is going the rounds in Washington
9. sense_key=round%1:13:01:: | definition=a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic) | synonyms=round of drinks | examples=he ordered a second round
10. sense_key=round%1:13:00:: | definition=a cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg
11. sense_key=round%1:10:00:: | definition=a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time | synonyms=troll | examples=they enjoyed singing rounds
12. sense_key=round%1:10:01:: | definition=an outburst of applause | examples=there was a round of applause
13. sense_key=round%1:06:03:: | definition=a crosspiece between the legs of a chair | synonyms=rung, stave
14. sense_key=round%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=circle | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes the starting sequence of bell ringing where the bells are rung "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells." This refers to the initial pattern or sequence in which the bells are rung, which is a recurring or cyclic order. Among the candidate senses, the one that best matches this description is:

- **sense_key=round%1:28:01::** definition: an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs; synonyms: cycle, rhythm; examples: the never-ending cycle of the seasons.

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "rounds" in this context is the one describing a recurring sequence or cycle.

**Answer:**
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high-pitched
Target surface form: highest-pitched
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high-pitched%3:00:00:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high
2. sense_key=high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01 | definition=set at a sharp or high angle or slant | examples=a high-pitched roof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes the order in which church bells are rung, starting from the "highest-pitched" bell to the lowest. This clearly refers to the pitch of the sounds produced by the bells, indicating that the term is being used to describe the high frequency of the sound. The synonym "high" in this context aligns with the idea of a sound being high in pitch. The second sense, which relates to a sharp or high angle, does not fit the context of describing the pitch of bells.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the one that defines "high-pitched" as "used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency."

The correct sense index is 1.

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched <t>bell</t> to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes church bells, their ringing, and the art of change-ringing, focusing on the physical and mental aspects of ringing metal bells in a church setting. The relevant sense is the one referring to the hollow metal device that produces a ringing sound when struck, which is used in the context of church bells and ringing.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: low
Target surface form: lowest
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the <t>lowest</t> -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=low%3:00:02:: | definition=less than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=low prices; the reservoir is low
2. sense_key=low%3:00:01:: | definition=literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension | examples=low ceilings; low clouds
3. sense_key=low%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=very low in volume | synonyms=low-toned | examples=a low murmur; the low-toned murmur of the surf
4. sense_key=low%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=unrefined in character | examples=low comedy
5. sense_key=low%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency | synonyms=low-pitched
6. sense_key=low%5:00:00:contemptible:00 | definition=of the most contemptible kind | synonyms=abject, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy | examples=abject cowardice; a low stunt to pull
7. sense_key=low%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, lowly, modest, small | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
8. sense_key=low%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=no longer sufficient | synonyms=depleted | examples=supplies are low; our funds are depleted
9. sense_key=low%5:00:00:humble:00 | definition=subdued or brought low in condition or status | synonyms=broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated | examples=brought low; a broken man
10. sense_key=low%5:00:00:dejected:00 | definition=filled with melancholy and despondency | synonyms=gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down | examples=gloomy at the thought of what he had to face; gloomy predictions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes the order of church bells from the highest-pitched to the "lowest," referring to the pitch of the bells. This indicates a comparison of sound frequency, where "lowest" means having the lowest pitch or frequency. Among the candidate senses, sense_key=low%3:00:03::, which defines "low" as "used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency" and includes the synonym "low-pitched," best matches this usage.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a <t>simple</t> descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes a "simple descending scale" used in change-ringing, emphasizing that the scale is straightforward and uncomplicated in its structure. The phrase "a simple descending scale" aligns with the definition of being "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved." This matches the first sense provided:

- **sense_key=simple%3:00:02::**
  **definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved**
  **examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms**

Therefore, the best indexed sense for "simple" in this context is the one describing something that is uncomplicated in structure or composition.

**Answer:** {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scale
Target surface form: scale
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scale%1:24:03:: | definition=an ordered reference standard | synonyms=scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series | examples=judging on a scale of 1 to 10
2. sense_key=scale%1:24:00:: | definition=relative magnitude | examples=they entertained on a grand scale
3. sense_key=scale%1:24:01:: | definition=the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it | examples=the scale of the map; the scale of the model
4. sense_key=scale%1:20:00:: | definition=a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin | synonyms=scale leaf
5. sense_key=scale%1:17:00:: | definition=a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin | synonyms=scurf, exfoliation
6. sense_key=scale%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) | synonyms=musical scale
7. sense_key=scale%1:06:02:: | definition=a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass | synonyms=weighing machine
8. sense_key=scale%1:06:00:: | definition=an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
9. sense_key=scale%1:06:03:: | definition=a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners) | synonyms=plate, shell
10. sense_key=scale%1:05:00:: | definition=a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes "a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells," referring to the order of bell pitches in music. This aligns with the musical definition of a scale as a series of notes ordered by pitch. Therefore, the best sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The sentence "a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells" refers to the method by which the bells are started in "rounds," from the highest-pitched to the lowest. The word "using" here describes the application of a particular technique or method to achieve this ordering. This aligns with the sense of "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose," which matches the context of employing a specific approach to the bells' ringing.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes "churches" in the sense of buildings where public worship, particularly Christian worship, takes place. It mentions church bells, the number of bells in larger churches, and the practice of change-ringing, all of which are clearly related to the physical structures and activities associated with places of worship. Therefore, the most appropriate sense is:

**Definition:** a place for public (especially Christian) worship
**Synonyms:** church building

Thus, the best indexed sense corresponds to sense index 2.

```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes church bells used for ringing, change-ringing, and the physical and mental aspects of operating them in larger churches. This directly relates to the definition of a bell as a hollow metal device that produces a ringing sound when struck, which is used in the context of church bells and bell ringing. Therefore, the best sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The sentence "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." uses "Then" to indicate a point in time following the preceding description of starting the bells in "rounds." This aligns with the definition "at that time," which matches the context of moving from the initial setup to the subsequent action described.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: signal
Target surface form: signal
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes a moment when the ringers begin varying the order of the bells "at a <t>signal</t>". This indicates a cue or indication that prompts the action of changing the ringing pattern. The most fitting definition among the candidates is:

1. **any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message** (sense_key=signal%1:10:00::)

This sense captures the idea of a cue or indication used to initiate a specific action, which aligns with the role of the "signal" in the bell-ringing context. The other senses (incitement to action or an electric quantity) do not fit as well given the non-electrical, non-verbal nature of the cue described.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is the first one.

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes "ringers" in the context of church bell ringing and change-ringing, which involves skilled individuals who manipulate the order of bell sounds. This aligns with the definition of a "person who rings church bells," matching the first sense. The other senses (clone, competitor under false pretenses, and horseshoe throw) do not fit the context.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The sentence "Then, at a signal, the ringers **begin** varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." describes the action of starting a specific activity (varying the bell order) at a given moment. This aligns with the sense of "begin" that means **to set in motion, cause to start**. Among the candidate senses, this corresponds to:

- **sense_key=begin%2:30:01::** – definition: set in motion, cause to start; synonyms: lead off, start, commence; examples: The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is sense_index 3.

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vary
Target surface form: varying
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
2. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: | definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart
3. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: | definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather
4. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: | definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes how the ringers "vary the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm," emphasizing a change in the sequence while maintaining a consistent rhythm. This aligns with the sense of "vary" meaning to be subject to change in accordance with a variable, specifically the order of the bells. Therefore, the best sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: order
Target surface form: order
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: | definition=(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed | examples=the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London
2. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: | definition=a degree in a continuum of size or quantity | synonyms=order of magnitude | examples=it was on the order of a mile; an explosion of a low order of magnitude
3. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: | definition=established customary state (especially of society) | examples=order ruled in the streets; law and order
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
5. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition of regular or proper arrangement | synonyms=orderliness | examples=he put his desk in order; the machine is now in working order
6. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: | definition=a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge) | synonyms=decree, edict, fiat, rescript | examples=a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there
7. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: | definition=a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities | synonyms=purchase order | examples=IBM received an order for a hundred computers
8. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, society, guild, gild, lodge | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
9. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: | definition=a body of rules followed by an assembly | synonyms=rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
10. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: | definition=(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy | synonyms=Holy Order | examples=theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order
11. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: | definition=a group of person living under a religious rule | synonyms=monastic order | examples=the order of Saint Benedict
12. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
13. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: | definition=a request for something to be made, supplied, or served | examples=I gave the waiter my order; the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle
14. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: | definition=(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The sentence discusses how the ringers vary the **order** in which the bells sound, emphasizing a specific sequence or arrangement of the bells without changing the rhythm. This aligns with the sense of "order" meaning a logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements. Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes church bells, their ringing, and the art of change-ringing, which involves the physical and mental manipulation of large bells in a church setting. This clearly refers to the hollow metal devices that produce sound when struck, rather than doorbells, ship's bells, or any other specialized uses. The definition that matches this is:

**"a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck."**

Thus, the best indexed sense is the first one.

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The sentence "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells **sound** without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." refers to the bells producing different tones or noises as they are rung in various sequences. This aligns with the definition of causing the bells to emit sounds, which matches sense_key=sound%2:39:03::: "give off a certain sound or sounds". Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The sentence "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound **without altering** the steady rhythm of the striking." indicates that the word "altering" is used to describe the action of changing the order of the bells **without** affecting the steady rhythm. This aligns with the sense of "alter" meaning to make an alteration to something, specifically in the context of changing the sequence while preserving the rhythm.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes the "steady rhythm of the striking" in bell ringing, emphasizing that the rhythm does not change or vary. This aligns with the definition of "steady" as "not subject to change or variation," which matches sense_key=steady%3:00:00::.

Therefore, the best indexed sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes how the bells maintain a steady "rhythm" while the order of the bells is varied. This refers to the consistent, recurring pattern of the bell strikes, which aligns with the sense of "rhythm" as something recurring at regular intervals. Therefore, the best sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes "change-ringing," where the "striking" refers to the sound produced when bells are rung, maintaining a steady rhythm as the order of the bells changes. This aligns with the definition of "the act of contacting one thing with another," specifically the contact of the bell clapper with the bell to produce sound, while preserving the rhythm. The synonym "hit" and the example of "repeated hitting raised a large bruise" further support this interpretation. Therefore, the best sense is the one describing the act of contacting to produce sound, which corresponds to sense_key=striking%1:04:00::.

Thus, the appropriate sense index is 2.

{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variation
Target surface form: variation
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: | definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. sense_key=variation%1:19:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. sense_key=variation%1:18:00:: | definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. sense_key=variation%1:04:02:: | definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The context describes "variation" in the context of change-ringing, where the order of bells is varied while maintaining a steady rhythm. This aligns with the musical sense of a variation as a repetition of a musical theme modified or embellished. Therefore, the best sense is:

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occur
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
The sentence "Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state." refers to the occurrence of each unique variation within the constraints of the rules of change-ringing. This aligns with the definition of "occur" meaning "to be found to exist" or "to happen" in the context of each variation happening only once. The other senses (coming to mind or suggesting itself) do not fit the context of describing a rule about variations. Therefore, the best sense is the one indicating that something happens or is found to exist within the specified conditions.

The appropriate sense index is 3.

```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```