[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The word "labor" appears in the sentence: "...exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "labor" in this specific context:** The sentence discusses economic factors, specifically the relationship between immigrants and the workforce. A "shortage of local labor" means there are not enough local workers available to fill certain jobs or trades.

3.  **Examine the provided senses:**

    *   **1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field**
        *   *Match check:* The example provided ("there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field") perfectly matches the context ("shortage of local labor"). The definition relates to the workforce/workers.

    *   **2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill**
        *   *Match check:* While "labor" can mean work (the activity), the context uses it as a countable noun referring to the *supply* or *availability* of workers/workers' effort (a shortage of *labor*). Sense 1 is a better fit for the concept of a shortage of workers.

    *   **3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy...**
        *   *Match check:* Irrelevant (medical).

    *   **4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status...**
        *   *Match check:* Irrelevant (union/movement).

    *   **5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900...**
        *   *Match check:* Irrelevant (political party).

    *   **6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions...**
        *   *Match check:* Irrelevant (government agency).

    *   **7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings**
        *   *Match check:* This refers to a task or project, not the workforce itself.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1, which refers to the workforce or the supply of workers, is the correct sense.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "sector" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. definition=a portion of a military position
6. definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "sectors" in this context:** The text is discussing economics, labor, wages, and economic growth. "Sectors" refers to different parts or divisions of the economy (e.g., agricultural sector, service sector, manufacturing sector).
3.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**
    *   1. a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle (Geometric/Mathematical) -> Incorrect.
    *   2. a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector (Economic/Social division) -> Plausible.
    *   3. a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life (General area/field) -> Plausible, but often used for personal life/activities, while the context is strictly economic.
    *   4. the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information... (Computing/Data storage) -> Incorrect.
    *   5. a portion of a military position (Military) -> Incorrect.
    *   6. measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end (Tool/Instrument) -> Incorrect.
4.  **Compare Senses 2 and 3:**
    *   Sense 3 (aspect of life/activity) is very broad.
    *   Sense 2 (social group/part of the economy) is specific to the economic context (e.g., primary, secondary, tertiary sectors).
5.  **Select the best fit:** Since the discussion is explicitly about "economic growth," "wages," "employment," and "labor," the meaning must be the division of the economy. Sense 2 fits this definition perfectly ("a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector").

6.  **Final check:** "Unskilled immigrants work in [economic] sectors..." -> Matches Sense 2.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "labor" (marked as `<t>labor</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Examine the context:** The relevant sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Determine the meaning of "labor" in context:**
    *   The context discusses immigrants working in sectors that do not attract local *labor*.
    *   "Labor" here refers to the workforce, the human effort, or the workers themselves.
    *   The phrase "local labor" means the local workforce/workers.

4.  **Evaluate the provided senses against the determined meaning:**

    *   **1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field**
        *   *Match:* "Local labor" (the local workforce/working class) fits perfectly with this definition. The example provided ("there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field") also aligns with the context's theme (shortage of local workers in certain sectors).

    *   **2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill**
        *   *Match:* While "labor" can mean the *work* itself, the context uses it to refer to the *people* (the local workforce). If it meant the work, the sentence might read: "sectors which do not attract local *work*." Sense 1 is a better fit for referring to the human resource/workforce.

    *   **3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy...**
        *   *Match:* No. (Irrelevant)

    *   **4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status...**
        *   *Match:* No. (Refers to movements/unions)

    *   **5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900...**
        *   *Match:* No. (Refers to a political entity)

    *   **6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States...**
        *   *Match:* No. (Refers to a government agency)

    *   **7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted**
        *   *Match:* No. (Refers to a task/project)

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1, which defines "labor" as a social class or the workforce, is the correct sense.

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "one" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "ones" (marked with `<t>ones</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number of the correct sense.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    The relevant sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Analyze the Target Word and its Role:**
    *   Target word: "ones"
    *   Grammatical function: It is a pronoun replacing a previously mentioned noun (implied: "workers," "labor," or perhaps "immigrants" in a specific category).
    *   Contextual meaning: It refers to the "most highly skilled [people/workers]."

4.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one. (Focuses on quantity/number.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered. (Focuses on identity/instance/individual.)

5.  **Match the Context to the Senses:**
    *   The word "ones" in the context refers to a group of individuals (the highly skilled workers). It is functioning as a substitute for a noun (e.g., "the most highly skilled *people*").
    *   This usage aligns with Sense 2, where "one" refers to a single person or thing (or, by extension, a representative of a category of people/things).

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct fit.

7.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "sector" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. definition=a portion of a military position
6. definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "sector" (marked with `<t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context:** The relevant sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Determine the meaning of "sectors" in the context:**
    *   The context discusses labor, immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment.
    *   "Sectors" here refers to specific areas of the economy or types of industries where people work (e.g., manufacturing sector, service sector, tech sector).

4.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   **1. definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle:** (Geometric/Mathematical) - Incorrect.
    *   **2. definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector:** (Economic/Social division) - Plausible. This sense refers to divisions within the economy (e.g., primary, secondary, tertiary sectors).
    *   **3. definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life:** (Abstract/Domain) - Plausible, but usually refers to life domains (e.g., family sector, political sector). While economic sectors are aspects of activity, Sense 2 is more precise for economic divisions.
    *   **4. definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes:** (Computing/Data storage) - Incorrect.
    *   **5. definition=a portion of a military position:** (Military) - Incorrect.
    *   **6. definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end:** (Tool/Instrument) - Incorrect.

5.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 3 (Aspect of life/activity) is broad.
    *   Sense 2 (Social group/part of the economy) specifically addresses divisions *within* the economy (like the service sector or manufacturing sector), which is exactly what "sectors" refers to when discussing labor and employment.

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the most accurate fit for "sectors" in the context of labor markets and economic activity.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "training" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "training" (<t>training</t>) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The relevant sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   The context discusses skilled labor, dynamic sectors, and the relationship between skills/labor and employment offers.
    *   The phrase "where training does is not linked to offers of employment" implies that the skills or preparation acquired (the training) are not necessarily tied to specific job offers.

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming. (Focuses on the *process* of acquiring skills.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement. (Focuses on social refinement/manners.)

4.  **Match the Context to the Senses:**
    *   The context is about *skilled* labor and *dynamic sectors*.
    *   Sense 2 (breeding/social refinement) is clearly irrelevant to economic sectors and skilled labor.
    *   Sense 1 (activity leading to skilled behavior/preparation) perfectly matches the discussion of highly skilled workers and the nature of their acquired skills/preparation ("training").

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct sense.

6.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "offer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The phrase is "training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "offers" in this specific context:** The sentence discusses where highly skilled immigrants work. It states that the training they receive is not connected to *offers* of employment. An "offer of employment" is a job proposal or a bid for a position.
3.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "the verbal act of offering" (e.g., "a generous offer of assistance"). This refers to the action of proposing something. While related, the context refers to the *thing* that is being offered (the job/position).
    *   Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)" (e.g., "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds"). This refers to the concrete proposal or opportunity itself. An "offer of employment" fits this definition perfectly.
    *   Sense 3: "a usually brief attempt" (e.g., "he took a crack at it"). This is completely irrelevant to employment or training.
4.  **Match the context to the best sense:** "Offers of employment" means job opportunities or job proposals. This aligns with Sense 2.
5.  **Final check:** The phrase "linked to offers of employment" means linked to available job opportunities/proposals. This matches Sense 2.
6.  **Return the number:** 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "employment" (marked with `<t>employment</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The relevant sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>."
    *   The surrounding text discusses economic growth, wages, migration, and labor markets.
    *   The phrase "offers of employment" refers to opportunities for people to work.

3.  **Analyze the Target Word and its Senses:**
    *   **Target:** `<t>employment</t>` (in the context of "offers of employment").
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city. (Focuses on the *state* or *job availability*.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work. (Focuses on the *type* of job/occupation.)
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement. (Focuses on the *action* of hiring.)
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise. (Focuses on *utilization*.)

4.  **Match the Context to the Senses:**
    *   "Offers of employment" means offers of jobs/work opportunities.
    *   Sense 1 ("the state of being employed or having a job") fits well, as "offers of employment" refers to the availability of jobs.
    *   Sense 2 ("the occupation for which you are paid") also fits, as the offer is for a specific paid occupation.

5.  **Refine the Distinction (Sense 1 vs. Sense 2):**
    *   Sense 1 emphasizes the *status* (being employed/having a job). "Offers of employment" is a common phrase meaning "job openings."
    *   Sense 2 emphasizes the *type* of job (the occupation).
    *   In the phrase "offers of employment," the focus is on the *availability* of a job/position, which aligns strongly with the concept of "the state of being employed or having a job" (Sense 1), or more broadly, the opportunity to work.
    *   Let's check the examples: "they are looking for employment." This phrase is used in both Sense 1 and Sense 2 examples.
    *   However, when discussing "offers," we are talking about the *opportunity* or *status* of having a job available. Sense 1 captures this concept of job availability/status better than Sense 2, which often refers to the specific role (e.g., "his employment as a teacher").

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 ("the state of being employed or having a job") is the most accurate fit for "offers of employment" in this economic context.

7.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number. (1)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "effect" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "effect" (marked with `<t>effect</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context surrounding the target word:**
    *   The context discusses the economic impact of immigration.
    *   The specific sentence is: "A positive <t>effect</t> on wages."
    *   The preceding text explains that the complementarities between locals and immigrants "bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

3.  **Determine the meaning of "effect" in this context:**
    *   The context is discussing how the arrival of immigrants *causes* or *results in* a positive change (increase) in the pay of locals.
    *   "Effect" here means the consequence or result of the immigration.

4.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**
    *   **1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot** (Matches the meaning: the result of immigration is a positive change in wages.)
    *   **2. definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression** (Incorrect. It's not about appearance.)
    *   **3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)** (Incorrect. It's not about a contrived appearance.)
    *   **4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist** (Incorrect. It's not about the theme.)
    *   **5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force** (Incorrect. It's not about legal validity.)
    *   **6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic** (Incorrect. While it relates to cause/effect, this sense is specifically limited to medical/biological symptoms, which is too narrow for the economic context.)

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 accurately captures the meaning of "effect" as a consequence or result of the preceding phenomenon (immigration).

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "way" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The phrase is "In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

2.  **Identify the function of "way":** The phrase "In the same way as..." is a comparative structure. It means "in the same manner as" or "by the same mechanism/mode as."

3.  **Examine the relationship between the two clauses:**
    *   Clause 1: Surgeon finds it difficult due to shortage of anaesthetists. (This is a *mode* or *manner* of difficulty/impact).
    *   Clause 2: Complementarities bring about a positive effect on pay. (This is the *mode* or *manner* of the positive effect).
    *   The structure links the *manner* in which the first situation operates to the *manner* in which the second situation operates.

4.  **Match the function to the provided senses:**

    *   1. definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
    *   2. definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
    *   3. definition=a line leading to a place or point | (Direction/Path) - Incorrect.
    *   4. definition=the condition of things generally | (State of affairs) - Incorrect.
    *   5. definition=a course of conduct | (Path of life) - Incorrect.
    *   6. definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path | (Physical road) - Incorrect.
    *   7. definition=a journey or passage | (Travel) - Incorrect.
    *   8. definition=space for movement | (Room) - Incorrect.
    *   9. definition=the property of distance in general | (Distance) - Incorrect.
    *   10. definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | (Will/Choice) - Incorrect.
    *   11. definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | (Category) - Incorrect.
    *   12. definition=a portion of something divided into shares | (Division) - Incorrect.

5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 1 ("how something is done or how it happens," synonyms: manner, mode, style, fashion) perfectly captures the meaning of "In the same way as..." in this comparative context.

6.  **Final check:** "In the same manner as..." (Sense 1) fits the context.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The phrase is "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists."
2.  **Identify the role of "country":** In this specific phrase, "country" is used as a setting or location where a professional shortage exists. The analogy is drawn: "a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists."
3.  **Evaluate the senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (Politically organized body/State):** This fits the idea of a jurisdiction or political entity where a shortage exists (e.g., "The country has a healthcare shortage").
    *   **Sense 2 (Territory occupied by a nation):** This also fits, referring to the geographical area/state (e.g., "The country has a shortage of doctors").
    *   **Sense 3 (The people):** This does not fit. You cannot have a shortage of anaesthetists *in* the people.
    *   **Sense 4 (Rural area):** This does not fit. The context is about professional shortages, not geographical setting (like countryside vs. city).
    *   **Sense 5 (Geographical region of indefinite boundary):** While possible, Sense 1 and Sense 2 are much stronger fits when discussing national-level professional shortages and economic/political structures (like the analogy to a surgeon working in a specific jurisdiction).
4.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 emphasizes the political/governmental structure ("state," "nation").
    *   Sense 2 emphasizes the physical territory ("land," "state").
    *   In the phrase "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists," the meaning is clearly referring to the national jurisdiction or political entity where the shortage is occurring. Both 1 and 2 are very close, but Sense 1 (politically organized body/state) is the most precise fit when discussing national policy, labor markets, and professional shortages.
5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit. (The country = the nation/state/political body).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "shortage" (Sense 1 or Sense 2) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Examine the Context:** The word "shortage" appears in the sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

3.  **Determine the Meaning in Context:**
    *   The context is about labor markets, immigration, and wages.
    *   The specific phrase is "a shortage of anaesthetists."
    *   This means there are not enough anaesthetists available in that country to meet the demand.

4.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit. (Focuses on a quantitative lack relative to a need/expectation.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine. (Focuses on a severe, often critical, lack.)

5.  **Match the Context to the Senses:**
    *   "Shortage of anaesthetists" means the supply of anaesthetists is less than the required number (the demand). This is a quantitative lack or deficit.
    *   While Sense 2 (acute insufficiency/dearth) could apply if the shortage was catastrophic, Sense 1 (deficit/shortfall) is the most precise and general fit for a labor market imbalance (supply < demand). The concept of a labor shortage is fundamentally a deficit relative to the required labor pool.

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct fit.

7.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "complementarity" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of "complementarity" (Sense 1 or Sense 2) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The context discusses immigration and labor markets.
    *   The key phrase is: "in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   It further explains: "the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   The mechanism described is that immigrants fill gaps (shortages) in the labor market that locals are not filling, and this interaction benefits both parties (or at least the locals' wages).

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities." (This suggests a binary opposition, like Yin and Yang, or thesis/antithesis.)
    *   **Sense 2:** "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes." (This suggests mutual support, filling gaps, or working together to complete a whole.)

4.  **Match Context to Sense:**
    *   The context describes immigrants *supplementing* local labor by taking jobs locals don't want or can't fill (shortages). This is a relationship of mutual support and filling gaps.
    *   This perfectly matches the definition of Sense 2 ("one thing supplements or depends on the other").
    *   It does *not* match Sense 1 (opposite states exhausting possibilities).

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct sense.

6.  **Format Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "arrival" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "arrival" (marked with `<t>arrival</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence containing the target word is: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   The context discusses the economic impact of immigrants.
    *   The phrase is "the arrival of immigrants."
    *   The meaning here refers to the *event* or *process* of immigrants coming into the country/labor market.

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching. (e.g., "The arrival of peace.") - *Does not fit the context of people coming.*
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival. (e.g., the event of them showing up.) - *This perfectly matches the context: the event/act of immigrants coming.*
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer. (e.g., "The arrival was late.") - *This refers to the person, not the event/act.*

4.  **Determine the Correct Sense:** The context uses "arrival" to mean the event or process of immigrants coming into the country. This corresponds to Sense 2.

5.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "effect" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence containing the target word is: "A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "effect" in this context:** The text is discussing how the arrival of immigrants (the cause/previous phenomenon) leads to an increase in the pay of locals (the result/outcome). The phrase "positive effect on wages" means the arrival of immigrants *causes* wages to increase.

3.  **Examine the provided senses:**
    *   1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot. (Matches the meaning: cause -> effect/result).
    *   2. definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression. (Does not match).
    *   3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived). (Does not match).
    *   4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist. (Does not match).
    *   5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force. (Does not match).
    *   6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic. (While related to cause/effect, this specific definition focuses on *symptoms* or *biological/chemical reactions*, which is too narrow for the economic context of "wages").

4.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 1 perfectly captures the meaning of a result or consequence stemming from a previous action (immigrant arrival).

5.  **Final check:** "The arrival of immigrants has a positive effect (consequence/result) on the pay of locals." This aligns with Sense 1.

6.  **Format the output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "rise" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Senses:
1. definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence containing the target word is: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "rise" in this context:**
    *   "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow" refers to an increase in the percentage of the migratory flow.
    *   "causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay" confirms that "rise" here means an increase or growth.

3.  **Examine the provided senses:**

    *   1. definition=a growth in strength or number or importance (Matches "increase in migratory flow" and "increase in pay").
    *   2. definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction (Physical movement, incorrect).
    *   3. definition=an upward slope or grade (Physical feature, incorrect).
    *   4. definition=a movement upward (Physical movement, incorrect).
    *   5. definition=the amount a salary is increased (Specific to salary, though related to the *result* of the rise, the *rise* itself here is a percentage change in flow, not a salary increase, incorrect).
    *   6. definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises (Adjective/property, incorrect).
    *   7. definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground (Physical phenomenon, incorrect).
    *   8. definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit (Specific theological term, incorrect).
    *   9. definition=an increase in cost (Specific to cost, incorrect).
    *   10. definition=increase in price or value (Specific to price/value, though related to economic change, Sense 1 is broader and fits the concept of "growth in number/importance" better, especially when applied to "migratory flow").

4.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 1, "a growth in strength or number or importance," perfectly captures the meaning of a percentage increase in a flow (number/importance) and the resulting increase in pay (growth/importance).

5.  **Final check:** "A rise of 1% in the migratory flow" = a growth in number/importance. This aligns with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "flow" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Senses:
1. definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
2.  **Identify the target word:** "flow" (in "migratory flow").
3.  **Determine the meaning of "migratory flow" in this context:** It refers to the movement or quantity of immigrants entering a country over a period of time.
4.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**
    *   1. motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) -> Incorrect (not about liquids/gases).
    *   2. the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow -> This relates to quantity/rate over time, which fits the concept of migration statistics (a rise of 1% in the flow).
    *   3. the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream -> Possible, but less precise than a rate/amount.
    *   4. any uninterrupted stream or discharge -> Too general.
    *   5. something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people... -> This is about a group of people moving, but the context uses "flow" as a measurable quantity/rate (1% rise).
    *   6. dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current -> Incorrect (not about ideas or events).
    *   7. menstrual discharge -> Incorrect.
5.  **Compare the best fit (Sense 2) with the context:** "A rise of 1% in the migratory flow" means a rise in the *rate* or *amount* of immigrants entering. Sense 2 ("the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow") perfectly captures this quantitative, rate-based meaning, even though the "fluid" is people.
6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct meaning.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "increase" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Senses:
1. definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
2.  **Identify the target word and its usage:** The target word is "increase," and it refers to the change in "real long-term pay" resulting from a rise in migratory flow. The increase is quantified (0.6 to 0.9%).
3.  **Examine the relationship between the concepts:**
    *   Cause: 1% rise in migratory flow.
    *   Effect: 0.6-0.9% increase in pay.
    *   The word "increase" here describes the *result* or *change* in the pay level.
4.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**

    *   **1. definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks** (Focuses on the *amount* added, often a static quantity.)
    *   **2. definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month** (Focuses on the *event* or *process* of change itself.)
    *   **3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population** (Focuses on the *dynamic process* of growth.)
    *   **4. definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare** (Focuses on the *magnitude* or *measure* of the change.)
    *   **5. definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary** (Focuses on the *action* or *verbial act* of raising something.)

5.  **Match the usage to the best sense:**
    *   The phrase is "causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%."
    *   The increase is quantified (0.6-0.9%). It is the *magnitude* of the change.
    *   Sense 4 ("the amount by which something increases") fits perfectly, as the sentence specifies the *amount* (0.6-0.9%) of the increase.
    *   Sense 2 ("a change resulting in an increase") is also plausible, but Sense 4 is more precise because the sentence immediately quantifies the result ("of between 0,6 and 0,9%").

6.  **Final Selection:** Sense 4.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "fact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "fact" (marked with `<t>fact</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    The relevant sentence is: "And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."

3.  **Analyze the Usage of "fact" in the Context:**
    The word "fact" here refers to a specific piece of information or a reality (the contribution of diversity to ideas and economic growth) that the calculation (the 0.6-0.9% wage increase) is currently *not* including. It is a piece of verifiable information or a reality that exists.

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case.
        *   *Match?* Yes. The contribution of diversity is a piece of information/circumstance that exists (or is asserted to exist) and is relevant to the economic model.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts.
        *   *Match?* Plausible, but Sense 1 is slightly better. Sense 2 often implies a collection of evidence used to support a claim. Here, "the fact that..." introduces a specific piece of information/reality.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell.
        *   *Match?* Very strong match. The diversity contributing to growth is a reality/existence that is being omitted from the calculation. This sense focuses on the objective reality of the situation.

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts.
        *   *Match?* No. This sense relates to provability/theory, which is not the meaning here.

5.  **Distinguish between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1 focuses on "a piece of information" (data collection).
    *   Sense 3 focuses on "something known to have existed" (objective reality).

    In the phrase "without taking into account the fact that [X happens]," "fact" functions as a statement of objective reality (X exists/is true). This aligns most closely with Sense 3, which deals with the objective existence or reality of something. While Sense 1 is close, Sense 3 captures the inherent nature of the omitted information (it is a reality/existence) better than Sense 1 (which emphasizes it as mere "information").

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 3 is the most accurate fit. (An event known to have happened or something known to have existed).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "diversity" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. definition=the condition or result of being changeable

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "diversity" (marked with `<t>diversity</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The context discusses immigrants and their economic impact.
    *   The specific phrase is: "...the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   The examples given immediately after relate to innovation and high achievement: "(a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants)."

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing.
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the condition or result of being changeable.

4.  **Match the Context to the Sense:**
    *   The context links immigrant "diversity" to "creation of ideas" and "economic growth," citing examples of diverse backgrounds leading to successful companies and Nobel winners. This clearly refers to a variety of characteristics, backgrounds, skills, and perspectives (heterogeneity).
    *   Sense 1 (noticeable heterogeneity/variety) fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 (changeability) does not fit the discussion of innovation and varied backgrounds.

5.  **Conclusion:** The correct sense is 1.

6.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "creation" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The word "creation" appears in the phrase: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth..."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "creation" in this specific context:**
    *   The context links "creation" to "ideas" and "economic growth."
    *   Immigrants' diversity leads to the *generation* or *development* of new ideas and economic structures.
    *   It refers to the process of bringing something new (ideas, growth) into existence.

3.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   **1. definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity:** This fits well. The generation of ideas is a creative activity.
    *   **2. definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone:** This refers to a finished product (e.g., a sculpture, a machine). While ideas are products, the focus here is on the *process* of generating them, making Sense 1 or 4 potentially better.
    *   **3. definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure:** This refers to the *beginning* or *origin* (e.g., the creation of a plan). While related to origination, the context emphasizes the ongoing *contribution* to the *generation* of ideas, not just the initial conception.
    *   **4. definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society:** This also fits very well. The generation of new ideas and economic growth is an act of innovation/origination.
    *   **5. definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence:** Irrelevant (religious context).
    *   **6. definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence:** Irrelevant (referring to existence itself).

4.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 4):**
    *   Context: "...contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth."
    *   Sense 1 (Creative activity): Focuses on the *act* of being creative (generating ideas).
    *   Sense 4 (Innovation/Origination): Focuses on the *result* of starting something new (new ideas, new growth).

    In the context of "ideas" and "economic growth," both senses are plausible. However, "creation of ideas" strongly aligns with the concept of *innovation* or *origination* (Sense 4), which is a specific type of creative activity (Sense 1). Sense 4 captures the idea of introducing something *new* (innovation) which is the core mechanism described.

    Let's re-examine the synonyms for Sense 4: "initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, **innovation**." "Innovation" is a perfect fit for the generation of new ideas and economic growth.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 4 provides the most precise fit for the meaning of generating new ideas and driving economic growth.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "idea" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The phrase is "the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "ideas" in this context:** The context links "ideas" to "diversity," "economic growth," and mentions examples like Nobel prize winners and the founding of major tech companies (Google, Intel, etc.). This suggests that "ideas" refers to novel concepts, innovations, intellectual property, or creative solutions that drive economic progress.
3.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" (synonyms: thought). This relates to mental processes and concepts. *Fit: Good, as innovation is a cognitive product.*
    *   **Sense 2:** "your intention; what you intend to do" (synonyms: mind). This relates to plans or goals. *Fit: Poor. The context is about creation, not intention.*
    *   **Sense 3:** "a personal view" (examples: he has an idea that we don't like him). This relates to opinion or belief. *Fit: Poor. While ideas can be opinions, the context here is about systemic creation leading to economic growth, which is broader than a personal view.*
    *   **Sense 4:** "an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth" (synonyms: estimate). This relates to numbers or approximations. *Fit: Very poor. The context is not about estimation.*
    *   **Sense 5:** "(music) melodic subject..." (synonyms: theme). This relates to music. *Fit: Very poor.*
4.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 1, "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about," is the most appropriate fit. In the context of economic growth and innovation, "ideas" refers to novel concepts or intellectual creations (the content of cognition).

5.  **Final check:** "Diversity contributes to the creation of novel concepts/innovations (ideas) and to economic growth." This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "proportion" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "proportion" (marked with `<t>proportion</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Locate the target word in the context:**
    "...And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants)."

3.  **Analyze the usage in the context:** The phrase is "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners."
    *   "Proportion" here refers to a *part* of the group (naturalized immigrants) that belongs to a specific subset (Nobel prize winners).
    *   It indicates a *fraction* or *percentage* of the total group.

4.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**

    *   **1. definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole:** This is the mathematical definition of a ratio/fraction. It perfectly matches the idea of "a large proportion of X is Y."
    *   **2. definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions:** This refers to size or scale (e.g., "vast proportions"). This does not fit the context.
    *   **3. definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry:** This refers to equilibrium or symmetry. This does not fit the context.
    *   **4. definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin:** This definition is very broad and encompasses both the mathematical ratio (like Sense 1) and the idea of a large *amount* or *share* (like the examples). The example "a large proportion of the book is given over to quotations" is functionally identical to the context ("a large proportion of immigrants are Nobel winners").
    *   **5. definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance:** This refers to aesthetic balance or design (like Sense 3). This does not fit the context.

5.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 4:**
    *   Sense 1 is the strict mathematical definition (quotient).
    *   Sense 4 is the definition of a comparative relation, explicitly including examples like "a large proportion of the book..." which is exactly the structure used in the context.
    *   While Sense 1 is technically correct (it *is* a quotient), Sense 4 provides the most accurate and idiomatic definition for how "proportion" is used when discussing the *share* or *percentage* of a group, which is the intended meaning here. The examples in Sense 4 confirm this usage.

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 4 is the best fit for "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants."