[User]
Which numbered sense of "people" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "People" (marked as `<t>People</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The context discusses immigration, migration flows, economic growth, wages, and employment.
    *   The specific phrase containing the target word is: "Exceptional `<t>People</t>`: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future..."
    *   The book title suggests the book is about the impact of migration on human populations globally.

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. (Examples: old people; 200 people in the audience). *This is a general grouping of humans.*
    *   **Sense 2:** the body of citizens of a state or country. (Synonyms: citizenry). *This refers specifically to the inhabitants/citizens of a defined political entity.*
    *   **Sense 3:** members of a family line. (Examples: his people; are your people still alive?). *This refers to lineage/ethnicity/clan.*
    *   **Sense 4:** the common people generally. (Synonyms: multitude, masses). *This refers to the general populace, often implying the lower or non-elite classes.*

4.  **Match the Sense to the Context:**
    *   The book title is "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World..."
    *   Migration affects *all* human populations (Sense 1).
    *   While migration involves citizens (Sense 2), the title is broad, referring to the human groups affected by migration globally, not just the citizenry of one state.
    *   It is not about family lineage (Sense 3).
    *   It is not specifically about the "common masses" (Sense 4), but rather the general human population.

5.  **Conclusion:** The use of "People" in the context of a book title discussing the global impact of migration on human life and societies aligns best with the general definition of "any group of human beings collectively" (Sense 1).

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "migration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "Migration" (marked with `<t>Migration</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The context discusses "the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers."
    *   It discusses "immigrants" and "immigration problem."
    *   It mentions "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   It discusses "Restraining immigration."
    *   The book title is "Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future."

3.  **Determine the Meaning of "Migration" in the Context:** The context clearly refers to the movement of people (immigrants, Polish plumbers) across national borders and the resulting economic and social issues.

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another. (Matches the context: immigrants, immigration flows, national territory.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period). (This is a *type* of migration, but Sense 1 is the broader, primary definition being used.)
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule. (Incorrect. The context is social/economic.)
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding. (Incorrect. The context is human migration.)

5.  **Select the Best Fit:** Sense 1 is the most accurate and encompassing definition for the usage of "migration" in this text.

6.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "future" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "Future" (<t>Future</t>) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:** The relevant phrase is: "...Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011..."

3.  **Determine the Meaning of "Future" in Context:** In this context, "Future" refers to the time period that is yet to come, specifically the trajectory or state of the world/society shaped by migration.

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come. (Matches the meaning of the context.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense. (Grammatical concept, not the meaning of the noun "Future" here.)
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date. (Financial/commodity term, irrelevant.)

5.  **Select the Correct Sense:** Sense 1 is the correct meaning.

6.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "specialist" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "specialists" (marked with `<t></t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number of the correct sense.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment.
    *   The relevant sentence is: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (...), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   The "specialists" are mentioned immediately after discussing economists and summarizing "the most recent knowledge of immigration."
    *   The topic is economics and migration studies.

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser. (General expert/academic/professional).
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist. (Doctor/physician).

4.  **Match Context to Sense:**
    *   The context refers to people who have "wide consensus" on "the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment." These people are experts in economics/migration studies.
    *   Sense 2 (medical specialist) is clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 1 (an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning) perfectly fits the description of economists/scholars who specialize in migration and economics.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct usage.

6.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "impact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "impact" (<t>impact</t>) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the context:**
    *   The relevant sentence is: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (...), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   The word "impact" is used to describe the effect of "migration flows" on "economic growth, wages and employment."

3.  **Analyze the senses provided:**
    *   1. definition=the striking of one body against another (Physical collision)
    *   2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop (General strong effect/consequence)
    *   3. definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture (Specific type of influence/intrusion)
    *   4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle (Combat/Violence)

4.  **Match the usage to the senses:**
    *   The context refers to the *effect* of migration flows on economic metrics (growth, wages).
    *   This is not a physical striking (Sense 1).
    *   This is not combat (Sense 4).
    *   While Sense 3 involves "influencing strongly," Sense 2 ("a forceful consequence; a strong effect") is the most accurate and common way to describe how an economic factor (migration) affects other economic factors (growth, wages). The examples provided for Sense 2 ("the book had an important impact on my thinking") perfectly align with the abstract, consequential meaning used in the text.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct fit.

6.  **Format the output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "migration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "migration" (marked with `<t>migration</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "immigrants," "immigration problem," "immigration flows," and the "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   The discussion is entirely focused on human movement across national borders (immigration/emigration).

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: the movement of persons from one country or locality to another. (Relates to human migration/immigration).
    *   Sense 2: a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period). (Relates to a specific group, but Sense 1 is the broader, more accurate definition for "migration flows").
    *   Sense 3: (chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical... (Irrelevant).
    *   Sense 4: the periodic passage of groups of animals... (Relates to animal migration, not human migration).

4.  **Match Context to Sense:**
    *   The context uses "migration" in the socio-economic sense of people moving between countries (immigration).
    *   Sense 1 ("the movement of persons from one country or locality to another") perfectly matches this usage.

5.  **Formulate the Output:** The correct number is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "flow" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The phrase is "positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "flows" in this context:** The context is about migration (people moving) and its impact on economics. "Migration flows" refers to the movement or volume of migrants.
3.  **Examine the senses provided:**
    *   1. motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) -> Incorrect (migration is people, not fluids).
    *   2. the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow -> Plausible, as migration flows relate to the *amount* or *rate* of movement.
    *   3. the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream -> Plausible, but perhaps too general.
    *   4. any uninterrupted stream or discharge -> Less specific than 2 or 5.
    *   5. something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors -> Highly relevant. "A stream of people" directly relates to migration.
    *   6. dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current -> Incorrect (refers to abstract ideas/events, not physical migration).
    *   7. menstrual discharge -> Incorrect.
4.  **Compare Senses 2 and 5:**
    *   Sense 2 focuses on *rate* or *amount* (quantitative).
    *   Sense 5 focuses on the *movement* or *group* (qualitative/descriptive, e.g., "a stream of people").
5.  **Re-evaluate the usage "migration flows":** While "flows" can refer to the rate (Sense 2), in the context of migration, it most commonly refers to the movement or volume of people, often conceptualized as a "stream" or "flow of people."
6.  **Check the examples for Sense 5:** "a stream of people emptied from the terminal." This perfectly matches the concept of migration flows.
7.  **Conclusion:** Sense 5 captures the meaning of the movement of people (migration) most accurately and idiomatically in this context. (Although Sense 2 is technically related to the *rate* of these flows, Sense 5 describes the nature of the movement itself, which is the primary meaning when discussing migration.)

8.  **Final selection:** 5.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "employment" (marked with `<t></t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context:** The relevant sentence is: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (...), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."

3.  **Determine the meaning of "employment" in context:**
    *   The context discusses the positive impact of migration flows on "economic growth, wages and employment."
    *   When discussing macroeconomics and migration, "employment" refers to the availability of jobs or the number of people who are working.
    *   The phrase "harms employment" means it harms the job market or the number of jobs available.

4.  **Evaluate the senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city.
        *   *Fit:* This sense refers to the state/condition of having a job (e.g., job availability, labor force participation). This aligns perfectly with the economic discussion (impact on job availability/labor market).

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work.
        *   *Fit:* This sense refers to a specific job/profession (e.g., "his employment is teaching"). While related, the context uses "employment" as a broad economic indicator (the state of the job market), not a specific occupation.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement.
        *   *Fit:* This is the verb/action of hiring (e.g., "the act of employment"). The context uses the noun referring to the state/result. (Incorrect).

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise.
        *   *Fit:* This is completely irrelevant to the economic context. (Incorrect).

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 ("the state of being employed or having a job") is the correct fit for "employment" when discussing its impact on economic growth and wages.

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The phrase is "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "countries" in this context:** The sentence is discussing economic growth, wages, and employment *within* political/geographical entities that allow immigration. These entities are functioning as economic units (where growth and employment occur).
3.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations. (Focuses on the political/governmental entity.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries. (Focuses on the physical territory.)
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation. (Refers to the inhabitants.)
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country. (Refers to rural areas.)
    *   **Sense 5:** definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country. (Refers to a specific, often cultural/geographical region.)

4.  **Match the meaning to the best sense:**
    *   The context discusses "economic growth, wages and employment" in these entities.
    *   While Sense 2 (territory) is relevant, the primary function of the entity in this economic discussion is its status as a sovereign, functioning political/economic unit (like France, the US, Germany, etc.).
    *   Sense 1 ("a politically organized body of people under a single government," synonyms: state, nation) perfectly captures the concept of a modern nation-state where economic policies (like admitting immigrants) are implemented and where economic growth is measured.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the most appropriate fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "immigration" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "immigration" (marked with `<t>immigration</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses "immigrants" (people) being seen as a "burden" or a "problem" on the French economy and society.
    *   It mentions "Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
    *   It discusses the "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   The overall theme is the movement of people into a country and the resulting economic/social effects.

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration. (Focuses on the *process* or *act* of people moving into a place.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony. (Focuses on the *group* or *quantity* of people arriving.)

4.  **Determine the Usage in the Context:**
    *   The context uses "immigration" in phrases like "our immigration problem" and "Restraining immigration."
    *   When you talk about "restraining immigration" or "the immigration problem," you are referring to the overall phenomenon or flow of people entering the country, not just a specific, defined group arriving in a short period (Sense 2).
    *   The discussion is about the *process* of people moving into France and the resulting economic consequences of that movement.

5.  **Match the Usage to the Sense:**
    *   The concept of "immigration problem" and "restraining immigration" aligns perfectly with the general concept of "migration into a place" (Sense 1). While Sense 2 is related, Sense 1 captures the broader, systemic concept being debated (the flow/process of in-migration).

6.  **Final Check:** The text is discussing the *phenomenon* of people moving into France. This is the definition provided by Sense 1.

7.  **Formulate the Output:** Return only the number. (1)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "growth" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "growth" (marked with `<t></t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context:** The relevant sentence is: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment."

3.  **Determine the meaning of "growth" in this context:**
    *   The context discusses economics, immigration, employment, wages, and economic impact.
    *   "Anaemic growth" refers to slow, weak, or insufficient economic expansion (GDP growth, economic development).

4.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**

    *   1. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically... (Incorrect - not biological).
    *   2. a progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., the growth of culture). (Possible, but usually refers to abstract development, not specifically economic output).
    *   3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population. (Highly relevant. Economic growth is fundamentally an increase in output/size/wealth).
    *   4. vegetation that has grown (Incorrect - not about plants).
    *   5. the gradual beginning or coming forth (e.g., emergence). (Incorrect - too focused on initial appearance).
    *   6. (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (Incorrect - not medical).
    *   7. something grown or growing (Incorrect - refers to a physical object/mass).

5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 3, defined as "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" and exemplified by "the growth of population" or "the increase in unemployment," perfectly captures the meaning of "economic growth" (an increase in the size/output of the economy).

6.  **Final check:** "Anaemic growth" means slow economic increase. Sense 3 covers "increase" and "becoming larger."

7.  **Formulate the output:** Return only the number 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "employment" (marked with `<t>employment</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context surrounding the target word:**
    *   "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and **employment** in countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms **employment**."
    *   The preceding discussion is about economic growth, wages, and the impact of migration flows on the economy.

3.  **Determine the meaning of "employment" in this context:**
    *   When discussing economic growth and wages, "employment" refers to the number of people who have jobs (the labor market status).
    *   "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment" means it harms the job market/the number of people working.

4.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city.
        *   *Match:* This sense refers to the state of having a job (the labor force participation/job availability). This fits the economic context perfectly.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work.
        *   *Match:* This sense refers to a specific job/profession (e.g., "his employment is teaching"). While related, the context ("harms employment" alongside "economic growth" and "wages") usually refers to the *level* or *rate* of jobs available (Sense 1), not a specific job title. However, Sense 1 is a much better fit for the macro-economic discussion.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement.
        *   *Match:* This is the verb form (to employ/to engage). The context uses "employment" as a noun referring to a state or quantity, not the act of hiring. (Incorrect).

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise.
        *   *Match:* This is the usage/utilization sense. (Incorrect).

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 ("the state of being employed or having a job") is the most accurate and appropriate sense for "employment" when discussing its impact on economic growth and wages.

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "fear" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "fear" (specifically, the word "Fears" in the context) is being used. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context surrounding the target word (<t>Fears</t>):**
    *   "...Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment." (Sets up a discussion about economic consequences of immigration.)
    *   "<t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages." (This sentence explains *what* the fears are about: economic threat, job loss, wage reduction.)
    *   "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..." (This contrasts the fears with reality.)

3.  **Determine the meaning of "Fears" in this context:** The "fears" are anxieties or concerns held by some people regarding the economic consequences of immigrants (i.e., they fear losing jobs or seeing wages drop).

4.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright.
        *   *Fit:* While the underlying feeling is fear, the context uses "fears" as a generalized *concern* or *belief* about a future negative outcome (economic harm), rather than an immediate, visceral reaction to a specific danger (like a tiger or a falling object).

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction.
        *   *Fit:* This sense aligns perfectly. The "fears" are essentially "concerns" or "anxious feelings" about the economic impact (job displacement, wage pressure).

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration.
        *   *Fit:* No. This is reverence, not the meaning used here.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the most accurate fit for "Fears about the impact of immigrants."

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "impact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "impact" (marked with `<t>impact</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Examine the context surrounding the target word:**
    "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

3.  **Determine the meaning of "impact" in this context:**
    *   The context discusses "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment."
    *   It also discusses "Fears about the impact of immigrants" (meaning the effect or consequence they have).
    *   The meaning relates to the *effect* or *consequence* that migration has on the economy/labor market.

4.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the striking of one body against another (Physical collision). *Does not fit.*
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop. *This matches the meaning of "effect" or "consequence" (e.g., the impact on economic growth).*
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture. *While "influencing strongly" is related, Sense 2 ("forceful consequence/strong effect") is a more direct and common fit for economic/social consequences, especially when paired with "positive/negative." Sense 3 often implies intrusion or encroachment.*
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle. *Does not fit.*

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2, defined as "a forceful consequence; a strong effect," is the correct sense used when discussing the effect of migration flows on economic indicators (growth, wages, employment).

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "notion" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. definition=a general inclusive concept
3. definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "notion" (marked with `<t>notion</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context surrounding the target word:**
    "...Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

3.  **Determine the meaning of "notion" in this specific context:**
    The sentence refers to a belief or idea ("that they are liable to replace native workers...") that forms the basis of certain fears. It is a widely held (though perhaps incorrect) concept or opinion.

4.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
        *   *Match check:* The context uses "notion" to mean a belief or idea ("the notion that they are liable to replace native workers"). This aligns perfectly with the definition and synonyms (belief, opinion).

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a general inclusive concept
        *   *Match check:* While related to ideas, this is too broad and doesn't capture the specific meaning of a *held belief* or *opinion* that the context requires.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
        *   *Match check:* The idea presented (immigrants replacing workers) is a serious economic fear, not a "whim" or "fanciful idea." This sense is incorrect.

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions
        *   *Match check:* This is the literal/physical sense (trinkets, supplies). It is completely irrelevant to the context.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct meaning.

6.  **Format the output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "worker" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "workers" (marked with `<t>workers</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context surrounding the target word:**
    *   "...Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native `<t>workers</t>`, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
    *   The context discusses immigrants replacing "native workers," specifically "unskilled ones," and the economic impact on wages and employment.

3.  **Evaluate the senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker.
        *   *Fit:* "Native workers" refers to people who are employed and perform labor (occupations). This fits the economic discussion about labor markets and wages.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
        *   *Fit:* While "workers" can refer to the working class, the context is focused on *labor* and *employment* (replacing native workers, unskilled ones, downward pressure on wages). Sense 1 (specific occupation/laborer) is a more precise fit for the economic discussion of replacement and wages than the broader sociological category of the working class.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects...
        *   *Fit:* No. (Irrelevant).

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair.
        *   *Fit:* No. (Too general; the context is specifically about paid labor/employment).

4.  **Determine the best fit:** The phrase "native workers" in the context of wages, employment, and replacement refers to the population engaged in labor or specific occupations. Sense 1 ("a person who works at a specific occupation") is the most accurate and specific definition for this economic usage.

5.  **Final Answer Formulation:** Return only the number 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "one" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to know which numbered sense of "one" (1 or 2) is used in the context, specifically in the phrase "unskilled <t>ones</t>". The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Contextual Phrase:** "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages."

3.  **Determine the Referent of "ones":** "Ones" is replacing "workers" (or "native workers") mentioned earlier in the sentence. It refers to a group of people (workers).

4.  **Evaluate Sense 1:**
    *   Definition: The smallest whole number or a numeral.
    *   Synonyms: 1, I, ace, single, unity.
    *   Does "unskilled ones" mean "unskilled number one"? No.

5.  **Evaluate Sense 2:**
    *   Definition: A single person or thing.
    *   Examples: "he is the best one"; "this is the one I ordered."
    *   In the phrase "unskilled ones," "ones" is used as a pronoun referring back to a class of people (workers/people). This fits the definition of a single person or thing (or, more broadly, a member of a group).

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct sense.

7.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "pressure" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence containing the target word is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "pressure" in this context:** The word "pressure" is used in relation to "wages" and is described as "downward." This means the presence of immigrants is hypothesized to *force* or *compel* wages to decrease.

3.  **Examine the senses provided:**

    *   1. definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface... (Physical/Scientific pressure) -> Does not fit the economic/social context of wages.
    *   2. definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government -> This fits the idea of a force (economic/market force) compelling or driving wages down.
    *   3. definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure -> Refers to the action of pressing (e.g., pressing a button). Does not fit the economic concept.
    *   4. definition=the state of demanding notice or attention -> Refers to insistence or urgency (e.g., the press of business matters). Does not fit the economic concept.
    *   5. definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin -> Refers to physical touch/sensation. Irrelevant.
    *   6. definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress -> While "downward pressure" can lead to distress, the word itself here refers to the *mechanism* (the force/influence) causing the change, not the resulting state of distress.
    *   7. definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere -> Specific physical pressure. Irrelevant.

4.  **Match the meaning to the best sense:** The phrase "exerting downward pressure on wages" means the immigrants are exerting a force that compels or drives wages down. This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "a force that compels."

5.  **Final check:** Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "experience" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "experience" (<t>experience</t>) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text discusses economic arguments about immigration.
    *   It mentions fears that immigrants replace native workers.
    *   The key sentence is: "But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."

3.  **Analyze the Usage of "experience" in the Context:**
    *   Here, "experience" is used as evidence or data that contradicts the fears. It refers to observed reality or findings derived from real-world events (economic data, labor market observations).
    *   It means "what has been observed or demonstrated in practice."

4.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities" (e.g., *a man of experience*, *experience is the best teacher*). This refers to accumulated skill/wisdom. (Does not fit the context of "data shows...")
    *   **Sense 2:** "the content of direct observation or participation in an event" (e.g., *he had a religious experience*, *he recalled the experience vividly*). This refers to a specific event or subjective feeling. (Does not fit the context of general economic findings/data.)
    *   **Sense 3:** "an event as apprehended" (e.g., *a surprising experience*, *that painful experience certainly got our attention*). This refers to a specific, often subjective, event. (Does not fit the context of general economic findings/data.)

5.  **Re-evaluate the Context and Senses (Crucial Step):**
    *   The usage "Experience shows that..." is a common idiomatic phrase meaning "The evidence/data/reality demonstrates that..."
    *   Let's look closer at the definitions provided. None of the definitions perfectly capture the meaning of "empirical evidence" or "observed reality."
    *   *Sense 1* (Accumulation of knowledge/skill) is the closest if we interpret "experience" as the body of knowledge gained from observing economic reality.
    *   *Sense 2* (Content of direct observation/participation) is also plausible if we interpret "experience" as the collective observations of economists/labor markets.

6.  **Refining the Choice based on the provided options:**
    *   When "experience" is used to mean "what has been observed in practice" or "empirical evidence," it often relates to the *knowledge* gained from those observations.
    *   If the text meant a specific event (Sense 2 or 3), it would likely say, "The experience of the workers showed..."
    *   Since it refers to a general, established finding ("...shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary..."), it functions as a body of accumulated knowledge derived from observation.

7.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1, defined as "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities," is the best fit, interpreting "experience" here as the accumulated body of knowledge derived from observing labor market dynamics.

8.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "Experience shows..." (Meaning: The evidence/knowledge gathered from observing the labor market shows...)
    *   Sense 1: Accumulation of knowledge/skill from participation. (Matches the function of empirical evidence/knowledge.)

9.  **Output Generation:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "replacement" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence containing the target word is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "replacements" in this context:** The sentence is discussing the economic relationship between immigrants and local workers. The claim being refuted is that immigrants *replace* local workers. If they are "replacements," it means they take the place of the local workers.

3.  **Examine the relationship between "replacements" and "local labor":** The immigrants are being compared to the local labor force. The idea is that they are *not* substitutes for the local labor force.

4.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   **1. definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy:** This refers to the *action* (replacing). The context uses "replacements" (plural noun), which refers to the *things* or *people* that replace. While related, the noun form is usually covered by other senses.
    *   **2. definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate:** This is a person who takes the place of another person. This fits the idea of an immigrant being a substitute worker.
    *   **3. definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood:** This refers to the *event* or *process* of substitution. The context uses "replacements" (the things/people), not the event.
    *   **4. definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute:** This refers to the *thing* or *person* that serves as a substitute. This perfectly matches the idea of an immigrant being a substitute for a local worker.
    *   **5. definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal:** This relates to restocking or renewal (e.g., refilling a tank). This is irrelevant.
    *   **6. definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor:** This refers to a successor. This is irrelevant.

5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 4 ("a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another") is the most accurate definition for "replacements" (substitutes) in the economic context of labor markets. Sense 2 is also very close, but Sense 4 is the broader and more precise definition of a substitute entity.

6.  **Final check:** Immigrants are not *substitutes* (replacements) for local labor; they are complementary. This confirms Sense 4.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence containing the target word is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "labor" in this context:** The sentence discusses immigrants and their relationship to the workforce, specifically noting that they fill trades where there is a shortage of local workers. "Labor" here refers to the work done by people, the workforce, or the effort expended in production.

3.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   **1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field** (This relates to the *people* who work, the workforce/class.)
    *   **2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill** (This relates to the *activity* or *effort* of working.)
    *   **3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy...** (Irrelevant - medical context.)
    *   **4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status...** (Irrelevant - union/movement context.)
    *   **5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain...** (Irrelevant - political context.)
    *   **6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions...** (Irrelevant - governmental agency context.)
    *   **7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings** (This is a general synonym for 'work' or 'project', but usually refers to a specific task, not the collective workforce/effort.)

4.  **Compare the context meaning with the senses:**
    *   The context uses "local labor" to mean the local workforce/the effort/the supply of workers in specific trades.
    *   Sense 1 focuses on the *people* (the social class/workforce).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the *activity* (the productive work/effort).

5.  **Refine the choice (1 vs 2):**
    *   The phrase "shortage of local labor" can refer to a shortage of workers (Sense 1) or a shortage of the capacity/effort to perform the work (Sense 2).
    *   However, the surrounding text discusses immigrants replacing or complementing *workers* ("replacements of, local labor"). When discussing economic complementarity and replacement, the term often refers to the supply of human effort/workers.
    *   Let's look closely at the examples:
        *   Sense 1 example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" (Refers to the people/skill set).
        *   Sense 2 example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill" (Refers to the effort/task).
    *   In the context of economic supply and demand ("shortage of local labor"), Sense 1 (referring to the workforce/labor pool) is the most precise fit, although Sense 2 (the productive effort) is also related. Since the discussion is about immigrants filling roles where local *workers* are scarce, Sense 1 is the stronger fit.

6.  **Final check:** "Immigrants are complementary to local labor" means they complement the local workforce. This aligns best with Sense 1 (a social class/workforce).

7.  **Select the number:** 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "trade" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence containing the target word is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "trades" in this specific context:**
    *   The context discusses immigrants and local labor.
    *   The immigrants are *complementary* to local labor, meaning they fill gaps or enhance existing capabilities.
    *   They are "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   This implies they are performing specific types of work or occupations that the local population is not doing or is lacking.

3.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   1. the commercial exchange (buying and selling of goods and services). (Incorrect. The context is about *doing* work, not buying/selling.)
    *   2. the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice. (Highly plausible. "Exercising trades" means performing specific occupations/skills.)
    *   3. the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage. (Incorrect. This refers to customer support/patronage, not the type of work being done.)
    *   4. a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal. (Incorrect. This refers to a single transaction.)
    *   5. people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade. (Plausible, but the sentence uses "exercising trades," which is usually the *activity* or *skill*, not the *people*. However, sense 2 and 5 are closely related. Let's re-examine the usage.)
    *   6. steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind. (Incorrect. Meteorological.)
    *   7. an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop. (Incorrect. Refers to barter/exchange, not occupation.)

4.  **Compare Sense 2 and Sense 5:**
    *   Sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation." (Focuses on the *activity* or *skill*.)
    *   Sense 5: "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work." (Focuses on the *person*.)
    *   The phrase is "exercising trades." One *exercises* a skill or a trade (Sense 2). One *is* a member of a trade/craft (Sense 5). Since the immigrants are "exercising" them, Sense 2 is the most accurate fit for the grammatical and semantic role.

5.  **Conclusion:** The immigrants are performing specific occupations/skills (trades) that are in short supply locally. This matches Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "shortage" (marked with `<t>shortage</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number of the correct sense.

2.  **Analyze the context surrounding the target word:**
    "...exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor..."

3.  **Determine the meaning of "shortage" in this context:**
    The context states that immigrants work in trades where there is a "shortage of local labor." This means that the demand for workers in those trades exceeds the supply of local workers. It refers to a lack or deficit of available workers.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 1:**
    *   Definition: the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall
    *   Example: new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
    *   *Application:* A "shortage of local labor" fits the definition of a deficit or shortfall of required labor.

5.  **Evaluate Sense 2:**
    *   Definition: an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine
    *   *Application:* While "shortage" can imply insufficiency, Sense 2 often carries a stronger connotation of severe, acute lack (like famine or extreme dearth). Sense 1, which covers general deficit/shortfall, is a more precise fit for the economic context of labor supply/demand.

6.  **Compare and select:** The context describes a measurable lack of available workers (a deficit/shortfall) in specific trades. Sense 1 (deficit, shortfall) is the most accurate and appropriate definition for this economic usage.

7.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 1.