[User]
Which numbered sense of "hold" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Senses:
1. definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "hold" in this specific context:** The proteins are preventing or limiting the growth of the cell. They are keeping the growth from proceeding unchecked.
3.  **Examine the provided senses for a match:**
    *   1. keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., keep clean; hold in place. (Close, but maybe too general.)
    *   2. have or hold in one's hands or grip. (No.)
    *   3. organize or be responsible for. (No.)
    *   4. have or possess. (No.)
    *   5. keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view. (No.)
    *   6. maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings). (No.)
    *   7. to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement; synonyms=restrain, confine. (Very strong match. "Hold a cell's growth in check" means restraining or limiting it.)
    *   8. secure and keep for possible future use or application. (No.)
    *   9. have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices. (No.)
    *   10. be the physical support of; carry the weight of. (No.)
    *   11. contain or hold; have within. (Possible, but "in check" implies restriction, not just physical containment.)
    *   12. have room for; hold without crowding. (No.)
    *   13. remain in a certain state, position, or condition. (No.)
    *   14. support or hold in a certain manner. (No.)
    *   15. be valid, applicable, or true. (No.)
    *   16. assert or affirm. (No.)
    *   17. have as a major characteristic. (No.)
    *   18. be capable of holding or containing. (No.)
    *   19. arrange for and reserve. (No.)
    *   20. protect against a challenge or attack. (Related, but Sense 7 is more precise for "in check.")
    *   21. bind by an obligation. (No.)
    *   22. hold the attention of. (No.)
    *   23. remain committed to. (No.)
    *   24. resist or confront with resistance. (The proteins *cause* the resistance/limitation, but Sense 7 focuses on the action of limiting/restraining.)
    *   25. be pertinent or relevant or applicable. (No.)
    *   26. stop dealing with. (No.)
    *   27. lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate. (Perfect match. "Hold... in check" is explicitly listed as a synonym/example concept.)
    *   28. keep from departing. (No.)
    *   29. take and maintain control over. (No.)
    *   30. cause to stop. (Too broad; Sense 27 is more nuanced.)
    *   31. cover as for protection against noise or smell. (No.)
    *   32. drink alcohol without showing ill effects. (No.)
    *   33. aim, point, or direct. (No.)
    *   34. declare to be. (No.)
    *   35. be in accord; be in agreement. (No.)
    *   36. keep from exhaling or expelling. (No.)

4.  **Compare Sense 7 and Sense 27:**
    *   Sense 7: "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement; synonyms=restrain, confine."
    *   Sense 27: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits; synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate."
    *   The phrase "hold... in check" is explicitly listed in the synonyms/examples for Sense 27. Sense 27 is the most precise fit for controlling or limiting growth.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 27.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "cell" is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context:** The relevant sentence is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check."
    *   The context discusses genes, proteins, cancer, tumor-suppressors, and cell division.
    *   The word "cell" refers to the fundamental unit whose growth is being regulated by proteins.

3.  **Evaluate the senses:**
    *   1. any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb cell). *Does not fit the biological context of growth regulation.*
    *   2. (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life... *This perfectly matches the description of a unit whose growth is controlled by genes and proteins in the context of cancer.*
    *   3. a device that delivers an electric current (electric cell). *Incorrect.*
    *   4. a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (cadre). *Incorrect.*
    *   5. a hand-held mobile radiotelephone (cellular phone). *Incorrect.*
    *   6. small room in which a monk or nun lives (cubicle). *Incorrect.*
    *   7. a room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell). *Incorrect.*

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct meaning.

5.  **Format the output:** Return only the number.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "growth" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Senses:
1. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "growth" (marked with `<t>growth</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The context is about cancer, genes, tumor-suppressors, and cell function.
    *   The specific phrase is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check."
    *   The surrounding text discusses how these genes prevent cells from becoming malignant (cancerous).

3.  **Determine the Meaning of "growth" in the Context:**
    *   In the context of cell biology and cancer, "growth" refers to the proliferation, division, and increase in size/number of the cells.
    *   The proteins are *suppressing* this cellular proliferation/division.

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   1. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | *Examples involve osseous development in children.* (Too broad, focuses on organismal development, not specific cell division control.)
    *   2. definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture. (Too abstract/general.)
    *   3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population. (This is a general sense of increase, but often applies to populations or abstract concepts. While cell division is an increase in number, sense 6 is more specific to the biological context.)
    *   4. definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees. (Incorrect. Refers to plants.)
    *   5. definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece. (Incorrect. Refers to emergence.)
    *   6. definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). (This sense specifically deals with *abnormal* proliferation/growth, which is related to cancer. However, the context is about *normal* function: "hold a cell's growth in check." While the *failure* of the gene leads to sense 6, the term "growth" itself here refers to the *process* of cell division/proliferation that needs to be controlled.)
    *   7. definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair. (Incorrect. Refers to a physical mass/structure.)

5.  **Re-evaluating the Best Fit (Cell Proliferation):**
    *   The core concept is *cell division* or *proliferation*.
    *   Sense 3 ("a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous") is the most accurate general description of cell proliferation.
    *   Sense 6 is specifically *abnormal* proliferation (tumor). The context is about *normal* control of proliferation.
    *   Sense 1 is about organismal development (ontogeny).

6.  **Conclusion:** Since the context describes the mechanism of controlling cell division (making cells more numerous/larger), Sense 3, which covers "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous," is the best fit for the controlled biological process of cell proliferation.

7.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "hold a cell's growth in check." (Meaning: control cell division/proliferation).
    *   Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous." (Matches cell proliferation).

8.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "damage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Senses:
1. definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "damaged" (marked with `<t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The context discusses cancer, genes, and tumor-suppressors.
    *   The critical sentence is: "But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

3.  **Analyze the Target Word and its Usage:**
    *   Target word: "damaged" (referring to genes).
    *   The genes are *affected* or *altered* by external factors (radiation, chemicals, cell division errors).
    *   The damage is the state the genes are in *after* being acted upon.

4.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `definition=inflict damage upon` | `examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car...` (This is the active sense—the agent *does* the damaging.)
    *   **Sense 2:** `definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage` | `examples=These fine china cups damage easily` (This is the passive sense—the object *receives* the damage.)

5.  **Match Usage to Sense:**
    *   In the context, the genes are the recipients of the damage (radiation, chemicals, accidents). They are *suffering* the damage.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 applies.

6.  **Formulate the Output:** The correct number is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "radiation" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Senses:
1. definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence in question is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "radiation" in this context:** The context discusses genes being damaged, which leads to cancer (malignancy). The potential causes of gene damage listed are "radiation," "a chemical," or "a chance accident."
3.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**
    *   1. energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles (General physical energy/waves).
    *   2. the act of spreading outward from a central source (Movement/diffusion).
    *   3. syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (A disease state/sickness).
    *   4. the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay (Radioactivity/source).
    *   5. the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats (Biological dispersal).
    *   6. a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain (Anatomy).
    *   7. (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance (Therapy).
4.  **Match the context to the senses:**
    *   The context describes a *cause* of gene damage leading to cancer.
    *   Senses 1 and 4 relate to the physical phenomenon of radiation (energy/particles).
    *   Sense 7 relates to *treatment* (radiotherapy), which is not the case here; the context is about *damage* (a cause).
    *   Sense 3 relates to the *effect* (sickness) of exposure, not the exposure itself as a damaging agent.
    *   Sense 1 ("energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles") perfectly describes the type of energy (like UV rays, X-rays, alpha particles) that can damage DNA and cause cancer. This is the mechanism of mutational damage.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the most accurate fit for "radiation" acting as a damaging agent to genes.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "work" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Senses:
1. definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "work" in this context:** The proteins are supposed to "hold a cell's growth in check" when functioning normally. When they "no longer work," it means they are failing to perform their intended biological function (suppressing growth).

3.  **Examine the senses provided:** I need a sense that means "to function," "to operate," or "to have an effect/outcome."

    *   1. exert oneself (Mental/Physical effort) - No.
    *   2. be employed - No.
    *   3. have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected (e.g., "The voting process doesn't work...") - Plausible.
    *   4. perform as expected when applied; synonyms=function, operate, go, run (e.g., "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in...") - Highly plausible. This directly relates to biological function.
    *   5. shape, form, or improve a material - No.
    *   6. give a workout to - No.
    *   7. proceed along a path - No.
    *   8. operate in a certain place, area, or specialty - No.
    *   9. proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity - No.
    *   10. move in an agitated manner - No.
    *   11. cause to happen or to occur as a consequence - No (This is usually "work a miracle," meaning to cause it).
    *   12. cause to work - No.
    *   13. prepare for crops - No.
    *   14. behave in a certain way when handled - No (This is usually about materials).
    *   15. have and exert influence or effect - Plausible, but less precise than 3 or 4.
    *   16. operate in or through - No.
    *   17. cause to operate or function - No (This is transitive, "work the controls").
    *   18. provoke or excite - No.
    *   19. gratify and charm - No.
    *   20. make something - No.
    *   21. move into or onto - No.
    *   22. make uniform - No.
    *   23. use or manipulate to one's advantage - No.
    *   24. find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of - No.
    *   25. cause to undergo fermentation - No.
    *   26. go sour or spoil - No.
    *   27. arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion - No.

4.  **Compare Senses 3 and 4:**
    *   Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected." (Focuses on the result/effect).
    *   Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied; synonyms=function, operate, go, run." (Focuses on the mechanical/biological action of functioning).

    In the context of a protein failing to "hold a cell's growth in check," the most accurate description is that the protein is failing to *function* or *operate* as designed. Sense 4, with its synonyms "function, operate, go, run," is the perfect match for describing the operational status of a biological molecule.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 4 is the correct choice.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "cell" (marked as `<t>cells</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context:** The text discusses cancer, genes, molecular level, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, and how damaged genes affect cells.
    *   Key phrases: "make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check," "if the genes are damaged... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work," and "cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   The context is clearly biological, dealing with the fundamental units of life and their function (growth, division, malignancy).

3.  **Evaluate the senses of "cell":**

    *   1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb (Focuses on compartments/structure, not the biological unit of life.)
    *   2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life... (This perfectly matches the discussion of growth, division, and malignancy in the context.)
    *   3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current... (Relates to batteries/electrochemistry. Incorrect.)
    *   4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement... (Relates to politics/organization. Incorrect.)
    *   5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... (Relates to telecommunications. Incorrect.)
    *   6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives... (Relates to architecture/monastic life. Incorrect.)
    *   7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept... (Relates to prisons/architecture. Incorrect.)

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct definition for "cells" in this biological context.

5.  **Format the output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "turn" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Senses:
1. definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant."
2.  **Identify the action:** The verb "turn" describes the state change of "cells normally under control" into "malignant" cells.
3.  **Determine the meaning of "turn" in this specific context:** The cells are changing their state or condition (from controlled/normal to malignant/cancerous).
4.  **Review the provided senses:** I need to find the sense that means "to change state" or "to become."

    *   1. change orientation or direction (No)
    *   2. undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state (Possible, but maybe too broad)
    *   3. undergo a change or development | synonyms=become (Very strong candidate)
    *   4. cause to move around or rotate (No)
    *   5. change to the contrary (No)
    *   6. pass to the other side of (No)
    *   7. pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow (Excellent candidate, specifically focusing on gradual change/acquisition of property)
    *   8. let (something) fall or spill from a container (No)
    *   9. move around an axis or a center (No)
    *   10. cause to move around a center so as to show another side of (No)
    *   11. to send or let go (No)
    *   12. to break and turn over earth (No)
    *   13. shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel (No)
    *   14. change color (No)
    *   15. twist suddenly so as to sprain (No)
    *   16. cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics (Excellent candidate, focuses on transformation/new characteristics)
    *   17. accomplish by rotating (No)
    *   18. get by buying and selling (No)
    *   19. cause to move along an axis or into a new direction (No)
    *   20. channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something (No)
    *   21. cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form (No)
    *   22. alter the functioning or setting of (No)
    *   23. direct at someone (No)
    *   24. have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to (No)
    *   25. go sour or spoil (Possible, but "malignant" is a specific biological state, not just spoiling)
    *   26. become officially one year older (No)

5.  **Compare the best candidates (3, 7, 16):**
    *   Sense 3: "undergo a change or development | synonyms=become" (General change)
    *   Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow" (Focuses on acquiring a specific property/condition, like becoming malignant)
    *   Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold" (Focuses on transformation/assuming new characteristics).

6.  **Select the most precise fit:** The transition from "normally under control" to "malignant" is a fundamental change in biological state and the acquisition of a new, harmful characteristic. Sense 16 captures this idea of assuming new characteristics/changing into something different very well. Sense 7 is also very strong, emphasizing the acquisition of a condition.

    *   Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 16: "The princess turned the frog into a prince..." (A complete transformation). "The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold." (A complete change of substance/characteristics). This fits the biological transformation perfectly.

    *   Let's re-examine Sense 7: "The weather turned nasty; She grew angry." (A change in condition/mood). This also fits, but Sense 16 is perhaps more formal and precise for a biological/chemical transformation.

7.  **Final decision:** Sense 16 is the most accurate description of the cells changing their fundamental nature and acquiring the characteristic of malignancy.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "identify" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "identified" in this context:** The genes were previously unknown or not fully characterized. The researchers found them, characterized them, and gave them a specific designation (tumor-suppressors/anti-cancer genes).
3.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**

    *   **1. definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster.** (This relates to recognizing a known person/thing, often visually or through evidence. While related to identity, it doesn't capture the scientific discovery/classification aspect.)
    *   **2. definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months.** (This fits well. The researchers gave these genes a name/classification and defined their characteristics.)
    *   **3. definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees.** (Incorrect. This is about empathy/self-perception.)
    *   **4. definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus.** (Incorrect. This is about association/correlation.)
    *   **5. definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name.** (This is a very strong fit. The context is molecular biology/genetics, and the synonyms listed—discover, distinguish, describe, name—perfectly match the action of finding and characterizing new genes.)
    *   **6. definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives.** (Incorrect. This is about equating two things.)

4.  **Compare Senses 2 and 5:**
    *   Sense 2 is general ("give the name or identifying characteristics").
    *   Sense 5 is specific ("identify as in botany or biology... synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name").
    *   Since the context is explicitly about genes (a biological subject), Sense 5 is the most precise and contextually accurate choice.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 5.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "differ" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "differ" is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number of the correct sense.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The sentence is: "The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   The subject is "newly identified genes."
    *   The comparison is to "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   The context is scientific/biological (genes, cancer, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes).

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect. (Focuses on physical or functional distinction/difference.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions. (Focuses on disagreement or conflict of opinion.)

4.  **Apply the Senses to the Context:**
    *   Does the sentence mean the new genes *disagree* with the oncogenes? No.
    *   Does the sentence mean the new genes are *functionally or structurally distinct* from the oncogenes? Yes. They are being compared as two separate categories of genes (tumor-suppressors vs. oncogenes).

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 ("be different") is the correct meaning.

6.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "family" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
2.  **Identify the word in question:** "family" (referring to genes).
3.  **Determine the meaning of "family" in this scientific context:** Genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressors) are being grouped together because they share characteristics (they are genes, they relate to cancer, they were discovered in specific periods, etc.).
4.  **Examine the provided senses:**
    *   1. Social unit (household) - Incorrect.
    *   2. Primary social group (parents/children) - Incorrect.
    *   3. A collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category) - Highly relevant. Genes are being categorized or grouped.
    *   4. People descended from a common ancestor (kinfolk) - Incorrect (unless referring to gene lineage, but the definition provided is strictly human/anthropological).
    *   5. A person having kinship (kin) - Incorrect (it refers to a group of genes, not a person).
    *   6. (Biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera - Relevant, as genes are biological entities, but Sense 3 is broader and fits the usage of "class" or "category" better in this specific sentence structure ("a family of genes").
    *   7. Gangsters/syndicate - Incorrect.
    *   8. Association of people (fellowship) - Incorrect.
5.  **Compare Sense 3 and Sense 6:**
    *   Sense 3: definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category. (Fits "a family of genes" meaning a group/class of genes).
    *   Sense 6: definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera. (This is a very specific biological definition, usually applied to organisms, not necessarily to a group of genes unless the genes themselves are being classified taxonomically in a very specific way).
6.  **Select the best fit:** In general scientific writing, when referring to a group of related genes, "family" is used synonymously with "class" or "group" (Sense 3). Sense 3 is the most general and accurate fit for the usage "a family of genes."

7.  **Final check:** "The newly identified genes differ from a class/category of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." This makes perfect sense.

8.  **Conclusion:** The correct sense is 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "discover" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
5. definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
6. definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
7. definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
8. definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "discovered" in this context:** The genes (oncogenes) were found, identified, or brought to scientific knowledge in the early 1980s. This refers to the act of scientific finding or identification of a specific biological entity.
3.  **Examine the provided senses:**

    *   1. definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead... We found traces of lead... (This fits the idea of finding the existence/presence of something.)
    *   2. definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word... (This is about gaining knowledge, not the act of finding the object itself.)
    *   3. definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle. (This is about creating a new finding, often a major scientific breakthrough.)
    *   4. definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover. (This is about reaching a conclusion or finding a fact.)
    *   5. definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon... (This emphasizes chance/surprise.)
    *   6. definition=make known to the public information... | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on... (This is about revealing secrets.)
    *   7. definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole? (This is a general sense of finding something new.)
    *   8. definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name. (This is specific to classification/naming in science.)

4.  **Compare the context meaning to the senses:**
    *   The genes (oncogenes) were *found* or *identified* by scientists.
    *   Sense 1 (determine the existence, presence, or fact of) is very strong.
    *   Sense 3 (make a new finding) is also strong, as the identification of a new gene family is a finding.
    *   Sense 8 (identify as in botany or biology) is highly specific and fits the subject matter (genes).

5.  **Refine the choice (1, 3, or 8):**
    *   While Sense 3 ("make a new finding") is plausible, the context is about the *existence* of a known family of genes (oncogenes) that were brought to light in the 1980s.
    *   Sense 1 ("determine the existence, presence, or fact of") captures the essence of scientific detection/finding the presence of these genes.
    *   Sense 8 ("identify as in botany or biology") is the most precise fit because the subject is a biological entity (genes) and the action is the scientific process of defining and naming that entity.

6.  **Final Selection:** Sense 8 is the most accurate and specialized definition for "discovered" when applied to a biological entity like a gene family.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "early" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The phrase is "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes."
2.  **Identify the target word:** "early" modifies "1980s."
3.  **Determine the meaning of "early 1980s":** This refers to the beginning or initial part of the decade (the 1980s).
4.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**
    *   1. definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
    *   2. definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
    *   3. definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
    *   4. definition=very young | examples=at an early age
    *   5. definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script...
    *   6. definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations
5.  **Match the meaning to the senses:** "Early 1980s" means the beginning of that decade. This perfectly matches Sense 1: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events."
6.  **Select the corresponding number:** 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "call" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence containing the target word is: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes."
2.  **Identify the function of the word "called":** In this structure ("genes... called oncogenes"), "called" is functioning as a past participle modifying "genes." It means that the genes were given the name "oncogenes."
3.  **Examine the senses provided:** I need to find the sense that means "to assign a specified name to."
4.  **Check the senses list:**
    *   Sense 1: definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader.
    *   Sense 2: definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | synonyms=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful.
    *   ... (other senses are irrelevant, dealing with communication, shouting, visiting, etc.)
5.  **Match the function to the sense:** The genes were *named* oncogenes. This perfectly matches Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to."
6.  **Formulate the final answer:** The required output is only the number of the correct sense.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "present" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "present" (marked with `<t>present</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context sentence:** "Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant..."

3.  **Analyze the meaning of "present" in this context:** Here, "present" means that the oncogenes must exist or be found within the cell for the malignant transformation to occur. It refers to the existence or location of the genes.

4.  **Analyze the provided senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use. (Focuses on time/now).
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding. (Focuses on existence/location).

5.  **Match the meaning to the senses:**
    *   Does "Oncogenes must be present" mean they must exist *now* (Sense 1)? While they exist now, the core meaning is about their *existence* within the cell, not the temporal moment.
    *   Does "Oncogenes must be present" mean they must *exist* in the cell (Sense 2)? Yes. This aligns perfectly with the definition "being or existing in a specified place" (where the "place" is the cell).

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the correct sense.

7.  **Format the output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "cell" is used in the provided context. The output must be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the context:** The context discusses genes, cancer, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, malignant cells, and cell division.
    *   "...they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
    *   "...cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   "Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant..."
    *   "...An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant..."

3.  **Determine the meaning of "cell" in the context:** The word "cell" refers to the fundamental biological unit of life (a biological cell).

4.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**
    *   1. any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb cell) - Incorrect.
    *   2. (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life... - **Matches** the biological context (cancer, genes, malignant cells).
    *   3. a device that delivers an electric current (electric cell) - Incorrect.
    *   4. a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (cadre) - Incorrect.
    *   5. a hand-held mobile radiotelephone (cellular phone) - Incorrect.
    *   6. small room in which a monk or nun lives (cubicle) - Incorrect.
    *   7. a room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell) - Incorrect.

5.  **Select the correct sense number:** Sense 2 is the correct meaning.

6.  **Format the output:** Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "become" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant..."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "become" in this context:** A cell is changing its state from a normal, controlled state to a malignant (cancerous) state.
3.  **Evaluate the senses provided:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed...; It must be getting more serious. (This fits the idea of entering a state, like entering a malignant state.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy. (This fits the idea of undergoing a transformation or change of state, which is exactly what happens when a cell becomes malignant.)
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration. (This refers to creation/emergence, not a change in an existing entity.)
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you! (This relates to aesthetics/suitability, which is irrelevant here.)
4.  **Compare Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   "Become malignant" implies a transformation or change in nature (from non-malignant to malignant).
    *   Sense 2 ("undergo a change or development," synonyms=turn) is the most precise fit for a biological transformation.
    *   Sense 1 ("enter or assume a certain state or condition") is also plausible, but Sense 2 captures the *process* of change more accurately.
5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 2 describes the transition from one state (normal) to another (malignant) as a change or development.

6.  **Final check:** "A cell must undergo a change or development to become malignant." (Matches Sense 2).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "find" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "found" in this context:** The researchers were looking for (or investigating) the presence of oncogenes and successfully located/identified them in specific types of cells (normal and cancerous). This is a scientific observation or detection of existence/presence.

3.  **Evaluate the provided senses:**

    *   1. come upon, as if by accident (Accidental encounter) -> Not the primary meaning here.
    *   2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (Scientific detection/observation) -> Matches perfectly. Researchers determined the presence of oncogenes.
    *   3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (Locating lost items) -> Too specific (lost items).
    *   4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (Determining a value/fact) -> Close, but Sense 2 is more direct regarding *existence/presence*.
    *   5. come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds (Feeling/Opinion) -> Incorrect.
    *   6. perceive or be contemporaneous with (Witnessing) -> Incorrect.
    *   7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose (Acquiring/Obtaining a tool/person) -> Incorrect.
    *   8. make a discovery, make a new finding (New scientific breakthrough) -> Plausible, but Sense 2 focuses specifically on *detecting existence*, which is what they did (they found them *present*).
    *   9. make a discovery (General discovery) -> Similar to 8, but Sense 2 is more precise for the act of confirming presence.
    *   10. obtain through effort or management (Acquiring resources/time) -> Incorrect.
    *   11. decide on and make a declaration about (Ruling) -> Incorrect.
    *   12. receive a specified treatment (Abstract reception) -> Incorrect.
    *   13. perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place (Self-perception) -> Incorrect.
    *   14. get or find back; recover the use of (Regaining) -> Incorrect.
    *   15. succeed in reaching; arrive at (Targeting) -> Incorrect.
    *   16. accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation (Self-actualization) -> Incorrect.

4.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 2 ("discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of") is the most accurate description of researchers finding the presence of oncogenes in various cells.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "normal" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. definition=forming a right angle

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "normal" (marked with `<t>normal</t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The relevant sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   The word "normal" modifies "cells."
    *   The context is discussing cancer genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressors) and the state of cells (malignant vs. non-malignant/healthy).
    *   "Normal cells" here refers to cells that are functioning correctly, healthy, or not yet cancerous.

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations. (Focuses on standard/non-abnormal state.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=in accordance with scientific laws. (Too specific, usually applied to processes or theories.)
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence. (Focuses on average quantity/quality, often biological development.)
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=forming a right angle. (Irrelevant.)

4.  **Match Context to Sense:**
    *   The context uses "normal cells" to mean cells that are *not* cancerous (i.e., they are functioning according to the standard, healthy state).
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal."

5.  **Conclusion:** The correct sense is 1.

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancerous" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to know which numbered sense of the word "cancerous" (marked with `<t>`) is used in the provided context. The output must be *only* the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The relevant sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   The word "cancerous" modifies "cells."
    *   The context is discussing genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressors) and the process of cells becoming malignant (cancer).

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

4.  **Match the Sense to the Context:**
    *   In the context, "cancerous cells" means cells that are affected by or are part of cancer.
    *   Sense 1 ("relating to or affected with cancer") perfectly matches this meaning.
    *   Sense 2 (metaphorical evil/spreading negativity) does not fit the biological context.

5.  **Determine the Answer:** The correct sense is 1.

6.  **Format the Output:** Return only the number.