[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "<t>says</t> Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "says" (lemma: "say") in the given context.

Context: "It made our New Year, "<t>says</t> Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."

The word "says" is used as a reporting verb, indicating that Mr. Quinlan is stating or expressing his opinion about the situation ("It made our New Year").

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you**
   * This fits perfectly. Mr. Quinlan is expressing his feeling/opinion in words.

2. **sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war**
   * While he is reporting, the context is a personal statement of feeling ("It made our New Year"), not an allegation or a formal report of facts (like in a legal context). Sense 1 is more general and appropriate for expressing a personal sentiment.

3. **sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?**
   * He is not making a supposition; he is stating a fact/feeling about the New Year.

4. **sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?**
   * Not applicable.

5. **sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping**
   * Not applicable.

6. **sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'**
   * This refers to phonetics/articulation, not the act of communicating a message.

7. **sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?**
   * The quote is spoken ("says Mr. Quinlan"), so it is verbal communication.

8. **sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office**
   * This is a possibility, but Sense 1 (express in words/state) is a broader and more accurate description of the function here (stating an opinion).

9. **sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business**
   * This is very close to Sense 1, focusing specifically on opinion/judgment. The context ("It made our New Year") is indeed an expression of judgment/opinion.

10. **sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'**
    * Not applicable.

11. **sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon**
    * Not applicable.

Comparing Sense 1 (express in words) and Sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement; declare):
The statement "It made our New Year" is clearly an expression of personal feeling/judgment. Sense 9 captures this nuance of opinion/judgment very well. Sense 1 is also correct but slightly more general. Since the statement is subjective, Sense 9 is the most precise fit.

Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 9.
Sense 1: express in words (state, tell)
Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare

Given the content ("It made our New Year"), the speaker is offering a subjective assessment, making Sense 9 the superior choice.

I will select Sense 9.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the <t>first</t> to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "first"
    *   Context sentence: "This test was the <t>first</t> to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."
    *   Surrounding text: The passage discusses a new test developed to predict cancer risk (retinoblastoma). This test is being highlighted as a significant scientific breakthrough.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring` (General ordinal/temporal precedence)
    *   2. `first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st` (Specific ordinal marker)
    *   3. `first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations` (Initiating/starting something new)
    *   4. `first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse` (Starting point)
    *   5. `first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists` (Superiority/highest rank)
    *   6. `first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section` (Musical/hierarchical position)

3.  **Match the context to the senses:**
    *   The sentence states: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."
    *   The emphasis is not just that it happened first (temporal precedence, Sense 1/2), but that it is the *pioneering* or *groundbreaking* test that established this capability. It is the initial, defining instance of this predictive ability.
    *   Sense 1/2 (Ordinal): While technically true (it precedes others), this is too weak. The context implies significance beyond mere sequence.
    *   Sense 5 (Best): It is not necessarily the "best" in quality, but the *first* to achieve this specific function.
    *   Sense 3 (Opening/Initiative): This sense captures the idea of being the *pioneer* or the *initiator* of a new capability or field of study. A "first" test that establishes a new predictive capability fits the meaning of "inaugural" or "initiative."
    *   Sense 4 (Beginning): This is similar to Sense 3 but perhaps less focused on the *impact* of starting something new.

4.  **Refine the choice (Sense 3 vs. Sense 1/2):**
    *   If the sentence were: "This test was the first one we ran," Sense 1/2 would suffice.
    *   Since the sentence is: "This test was the first *to predict reliably*...", the test is being presented as a landmark achievement—the *initial* successful attempt that opened up the possibility of reliable prediction.
    *   Sense 3 (`serving to set in motion`, synonyms: `inaugural, initiative`) best captures this sense of pioneering achievement and establishing a new capability, which is stronger than simple temporal ordering.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 3 is the most precise fit for a "first" item that establishes a new scientific capability.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individual
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an <t>individual</t> could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target word: "individual"
    *   Context sentence: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an <t>individual</t> could expect to develop cancer."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses a specific family (the Quinlans), a rare eye cancer (retinoblastoma), genetic testing, and predicting cancer risk in children.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do`
    *   Sense 2: `individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism`

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 (a human being):**
    *   The context is about a child ("little Will Quinlan") and predicting if *that person* could develop cancer.
    *   "Individual" here refers to a specific human subject being tested.
    *   Synonyms (person, someone) fit perfectly.
    *   This sense is highly relevant.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2 (a single organism):**
    *   While a human is an organism, this sense is broader (it could apply to a bacterium, a plant, etc.).
    *   The context is specifically focused on human genetic risk and cancer in a human family.
    *   Sense 1 is more precise and contextually appropriate than the general biological term "organism."

5.  **Determine the Best Fit:**
    *   The context requires a term referring to a human subject. Sense 1 ("a human being") is the most accurate and specific fit.

6.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index.
    *   Sense 1 corresponds to index 1. (Wait, the prompt uses `{"sense_index": 3}` as an example, but only two senses are provided. I must use the index corresponding to the chosen sense.)
    *   Chosen sense is Sense 1.

7.  **Final Check:**
    *   Target: individual
    *   Context: predicting whether an individual could develop cancer.
    *   Best Sense: a human being.
    *   Index: 1. (Assuming the provided list starts indexing at 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expect
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could <t>expect</t> to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "expect"
    *   Context sentence: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could <t>expect</t> to develop cancer."
    *   Surrounding text: The passage discusses a genetic test that determines the risk of retinoblastoma (a rare eye cancer). The test predicts whether an individual will develop cancer.

2.  **Determine the meaning of "expect" in this context:**
    *   "Predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."
    *   Here, "expect" means to anticipate or foresee the likelihood of a future event (developing cancer).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow`
        *   *Match:* This perfectly matches the meaning. Predicting the likelihood of developing cancer is regarding it as probable or likely.

    *   2. `sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?`
        *   *Match:* No. The context is about probability, not obligation or demanding something.

    *   3. `sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion`
        *   *Match:* This is very close. "Look forward to" implies anticipation of a probable event. In the context of a prediction, "expect" functions as anticipating the probable occurrence. This is a strong candidate.

    *   4. `sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed`
        *   *Match:* No. This relates to entitlement or what is due, not probability of disease.

    *   5. `sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March`
        *   *Match:* No. This is specific to pregnancy.

    *   6. `sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January`
        *   *Match:* No. This is specific to pregnancy.

4.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 3):**
    *   Sense 1: "regard something as probable or likely" (Synonym: anticipate).
    *   Sense 3: "look forward to the probable occurrence of" (Synonyms: look, await, wait).

    The context is a scientific prediction of risk ("predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer").
    *   Sense 1 captures the core meaning of *probability* and *likelihood* inherent in a predictive medical test.
    *   Sense 3 emphasizes the *act of looking forward* or *awaiting* the event, which is slightly more emotional or temporal than the objective prediction of risk.

    In the context of a scientific prediction of future health outcomes, "regard something as probable or likely" (Sense 1) is the most precise and neutral fit for the function of the word "expect."

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to <t>develop</t> cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "develop" in the given context.
The context sentence is: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to <t>develop</t> cancer."

Target word: develop
Context: "...whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."
Goal: Choose the single best sense from the provided candidates.

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses a test that predicts whether an individual will get cancer. "Develop cancer" means to start having cancer or to progress into a cancerous state.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01: make something new (product, creation). (Not relevant to disease progression)
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00: work out (theory). (Not relevant)
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06: gain through experience. (Not relevant)
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes). Synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire. Examples: The patient developed abdominal pains. (This fits the idea of a physical change/disease onset.)
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00: come into existence; take on form or shape. (More about origination, less about the process of disease onset in a person.)
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04: change the use of and make available or usable. (Not relevant)
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00: elaborate (theories). (Not relevant)
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00: create by training and teaching. (Not relevant)
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05: be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest. (More abstract/plot-related.)
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment. (This is a broad sense of growth/progression, which cancer development fits.)
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09: become technologically advanced. (Not relevant)
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01: cause to grow and differentiate. (Focuses on causing growth, not the individual undergoing it.)
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09: generate gradually. (More about production/market.)
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10: grow emotionally or mature. (Not relevant to cancer.)
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00: make visible (film). (Not relevant)
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04: superimpose (geometry). (Not relevant)
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03: move one's pieces (chess). (Not relevant)
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02: move into a strategically more advantageous position (chess). (Not relevant)
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13: elaborate (music). (Not relevant)
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03: happen. (A possibility, but less precise than senses focusing on physical change.)
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12: expand in the form of a series. (Not relevant)

Comparing the best candidates:
Candidate 4 (sense_key=develop%2:29:00): "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)." Synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire. Example: The patient developed abdominal pains. This perfectly describes the onset of a physical ailment like cancer.
Candidate 10 (sense_key=develop%2:30:00): "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment." This is also very suitable, describing the progression of a disease.

In the context "develop cancer," the meaning is acquiring or undergoing the physical change/disease state.
Sense 4 focuses specifically on acquiring or undergoing a change in physical attributes (like getting pains or developing a tumor).
Sense 10 is broader, covering general growth and evolution.

Since cancer is a specific physical change/disease state that an individual acquires, Sense 4 ("come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)") is the most precise fit for the medical context.

I will select sense_key=develop%2:29:00.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop <t>cancer</t>. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses retinoblastoma, a specific type of eye cancer. It talks about genetic risk, damaged genes, tumors, and the development of the rare cancer.
Key phrases:
- "retinoblastoma, an eye cancer"
- "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor"
- "faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."
- "opened a field of cancer study"
- "predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."

The word "cancer" is used in a medical/biological context, referring to a malignant disease or tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Matching the context to the senses:
The context clearly refers to a disease/tumor (retinoblastoma, malignant growth, genetic risk).
Sense 1 matches this definition perfectly: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division."
Senses 2, 3, 4, and 5 relate to astrology or biology (crabs/genus), which are irrelevant to the context.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equally
Target surface form: Equally
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. <t>Equally</t> important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equally%4:02:01:: | definition=to the same degree (often followed by `as') | synonyms=as, every bit | examples=they were equally beautiful; birds were singing and the child sang as sweetly
2. sense_key=equally%4:02:02:: | definition=in equal amounts or shares; in a balanced or impartial way | synonyms=evenly | examples=a class evenly divided between girls and boys; they split their winnings equally

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "Equally"
    *   Context sentence: "<t>Equally</t> important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."
    *   Preceding context: "This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer."

2.  **Determine the function of "Equally" in the sentence:**
    *   "Equally important" is a comparative phrase. It means that the importance of the initial gene discovery is comparable to the importance of the test mentioned previously.

3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `equally%4:02:01` | definition=to the same degree (often followed by `as') | synonyms=as, every bit | examples=they were equally beautiful; birds were singing and the child sang as sweetly
    *   **Sense 2:** `equally%4:02:02` | definition=in equal amounts or shares; in a balanced or impartial way | synonyms=evenly | examples=a class evenly divided between girls and boys; they split their winnings equally

4.  **Match the usage to the best sense:**
    *   The phrase "Equally important" relates to *degree* or *level* of importance.
    *   Sense 1 ("to the same degree") perfectly matches this usage.
    *   Sense 2 ("in equal amounts or shares") relates to distribution or fairness, which is irrelevant here.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit.

6.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, I will use the index corresponding to Sense 1. (Wait, the instructions ask for a JSON object exactly like `{"sense_index": 3}`. This implies the final output should be a single integer index, but the candidates are only 1 and 2. I must assume the provided example format is a template and use the index of the chosen sense.)

*Self-Correction/Refinement:* The prompt asks me to choose the single best indexed sense, but the provided candidates are only 1 and 2. I will select the index of the chosen sense (Sense 1).

Chosen sense index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally <t>important</t>, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "important" in the given context.

Context:
"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. Equally <t>important</t>, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

Target word: "important"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Analysis of the context:
The sentence structure is: "It turns out that studying [X] made possible some fundamental insights... Equally important, [Y] has opened a field of cancer study..."
[X] = studying a tragic but uncommon tumor (which led to fundamental insights).
[Y] = the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth.

The word "important" is used to link the significance of [X] (fundamental insights) to the significance of [Y] (the gene discovery). The discovery of the gene is being highlighted as having a high degree of value or significance, comparable to the fundamental insights gained.

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: (of great significance or value). This fits well. The gene discovery has great significance.
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: (important in effect or meaning; synonyms=significant). This also fits very well. The discovery is significant in its effect on cancer study.
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: (of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis; synonyms=crucial). While the discovery is important, "crucial" suggests a critical turning point or necessity for resolving a specific crisis. Here, it's about opening a field of study, which is a broad, foundational importance, perhaps less "crisis-vital" than "crucial."
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 (having authority or ascendancy or influence). This sense relates to people or power, not the significance of a scientific discovery. Incorrect.
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 (having or suggesting a consciousness of high position). This sense relates to demeanor or pride. Incorrect.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "of great significance or value" (synonyms=of import).
Sense 2: "important in effect or meaning" (synonyms=significant).

In the context, the discovery "has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded." This describes a major, impactful, and meaningful consequence. Both Sense 1 and Sense 2 capture this.

Sense 2, using the synonym "significant," often relates to measurable impact or meaning (e.g., "a significant change").
Sense 1, using "great significance or value," is a general statement of high worth.

Given the context ("opened a field of cancer study, which... has exploded"), the emphasis is on the profound impact and meaning of the discovery. Sense 2 ("important in effect or meaning") aligns slightly better with the idea of a major, impactful consequence ("opened a field... exploded") than the more general "great significance or value" (Sense 1). However, they are very close.

Let's re-examine the relationship between the two clauses: "It turns out that studying [X] made possible some fundamental insights... Equally important, [Y] has opened a field..."
The fundamental insights (X) are inherently valuable/significant. The gene discovery (Y) is equally valuable/significant.

If I must choose the *single best* fit:
Sense 2: "important in effect or meaning" (synonyms=significant). This captures the idea that the discovery *means* a lot and has a major *effect* (opening a field).
Sense 1: "of great significance or value." This is also perfect.

In many linguistic databases, when discussing the impact of an event or finding, "significant" (Sense 2) is often the preferred term over "of great significance" (Sense 1), especially when describing a change or development (like opening a field of study).

I will select Sense 2 as it emphasizes the meaningful impact of the discovery.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial <t>discovery</t> of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "discovery"
    *   Context sentence: "Equally important, the initial <t>discovery</t> of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."
    *   Surrounding text discusses research, genes, tumors, and fundamental insights about cancer.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `discovery%1:04:00`: the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering. (Focuses on the *act*.)
    *   2. `discovery%1:10:00`: something that is discovered. (Focuses on the *thing* discovered.)
    *   3. `discovery%1:09:00`: a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find. (Focuses on the *significance* or *result* of the finding.)
    *   4. `discovery%1:10:01`: (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure... (Legal context - irrelevant here.)

3.  **Evaluate the context against the senses:**
    *   The sentence refers to "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth."
    *   This gene finding is described as having "opened a field of cancer study," and the preceding text mentions making "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer."
    *   While the gene itself is *something that is discovered* (Sense 2), the phrasing "the initial discovery... has opened a field" suggests that the *impact* or the *breakthrough* resulting from finding the gene is the key element being highlighted.
    *   Sense 3 ("a productive insight / breakthrough") captures the significance and impact ("opened a field of cancer study") better than the purely literal act (Sense 1) or the mere object (Sense 2). A scientific finding that opens a new field is inherently a breakthrough/productive insight.

4.  **Select the best fit:**
    *   Sense 3 aligns best with the high-impact, scientific nature of the finding described in the context.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The chosen sense index is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: controls
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that <t>controls</t> retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "controls" in the given context.
The target lemma is "control".
The target surface form is "controls".
The context sentence is: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that <t>controls</t> retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

I need to analyze the meaning of "controls" in this specific context: "the gene that controls retinal cell growth".

The gene is performing an action on "retinal cell growth". This suggests a regulatory or functional role.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **control%2:41:00**: exercise authoritative control or power over (synonyms: command). This implies dominance or authority, often over people or resources. While a gene exerts influence, this sense usually relates to external power structures.
2. **control%2:41:01**: lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits (synonyms: curb, moderate). This is about regulation or moderation.
3. **control%2:35:00**: handle and cause to function (synonyms: operate). This suggests managing a process or mechanism.
4. **control%2:37:06**: control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage (synonyms: manipulate). This is about skillful influence, often psychological or social.
5. **control%2:41:02**: check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard (synonyms: verify). This is specific to experimental methodology.
6. **control%2:31:11**: verify by using a duplicate register for comparison. (Specific accounting/data verification).
7. **control%2:31:01**: be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something (synonyms: ensure, ascertain). This is about guaranteeing an outcome.
8. **control%2:31:00**: have a firm understanding or knowledge of (synonyms: master). This is about knowledge acquisition.

In the context "the gene that controls retinal cell growth," the gene is biologically regulating or managing the process of cell growth.

*   Sense 1 (Authoritative power): Too strong/social.
*   Sense 2 (Lessen intensity/moderate): Possible, if the gene limits growth, but "controls" is broader than just limiting.
*   Sense 3 (Handle and cause to function/operate): This fits well. A gene dictates how a biological process functions (i.e., it operates the growth mechanism).
*   Sense 4 (Manipulate/influence skillfully): Too focused on intentional, often negative, influence.
*   Sense 5 (Scientific experiment regulation): Irrelevant.
*   Sense 6 & 7 & 8: Irrelevant (verification, certainty, knowledge).

Comparing Sense 3 ("handle and cause to function") and Sense 2 ("lessen the intensity"):
Biological control often means regulating the function or rate of a process. Sense 3, "handle and cause to function," is the most general and appropriate term for a biological mechanism (like a gene) that dictates how another process (cell growth) operates. It encompasses both promoting and limiting growth, as long as it is managing the function.

Therefore, sense_key=control%2:35:00 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal <t>cell</t> growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: cell
    *   Target surface form: cell
    *   Context sentence: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal <t>cell</t> growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."
    *   The context is highly scientific, discussing genes, tumors, cancer, and retinal growth.

2.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `cell%1:06:03`: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb). (Too general, not specific to biology/cancer.)
    *   2. `cell%1:03:00`: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life... (This is the definition of a biological cell.)
    *   3. `cell%1:06:00`: a device that delivers an electric current... (Battery/electrochemistry. Irrelevant.)
    *   4. `cell%1:14:00`: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement. (Political/social. Irrelevant.)
    *   5. `cell%1:06:04`: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... (Technology. Irrelevant.)
    *   6. `cell%1:06:02`: small room in which a monk or nun lives. (Architecture/religious. Irrelevant.)
    *   7. `cell%1:06:01`: a room where a prisoner is kept. (Architecture/legal. Irrelevant.)

3.  **Match context to the best sense:**
    *   The phrase "retinal cell growth" clearly refers to the fundamental biological units of the retina (an organ).
    *   Sense 2, defined as "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms," is the precise definition required for "retinal cell."

4.  **Select the final sense:** Sense 2.

5.  **Format the output:** JSON object with the sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell <t>growth</t>, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell <t>growth</t>, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."
2.  **Identify the target word and its role:** The target word is "growth." It is modified by "retinal cell" and is the object of the gene's control ("the gene that controls retinal cell growth").
3.  **Determine the meaning required:** The context relates to a gene controlling a biological process in retinal cells. This process is likely related to the development, increase, or maturation of these cells.
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `growth%1:22:00`: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level. (Synonyms: growing, maturation, development). *This fits well with cell development.*
    *   2. `growth%1:22:01`: a progression from simpler to more complex forms. *This is a general developmental concept, similar to 1, but perhaps less focused on the biological process itself.*
    *   3. `growth%1:22:02`: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important. (Synonyms: increase, increment). *This focuses on quantitative increase (size, number), which is a key aspect of cell growth.*
    *   4. `growth%1:14:00`: vegetation that has grown. *Irrelevant (retinal cells are not vegetation).*
    *   5. `growth%1:11:01`: the gradual beginning or coming forth. *Too general, focuses on emergence rather than the process of cellular increase/development.*
    *   6. `growth%1:26:00`: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). *While the context is cancer, the gene controls *retinal cell* growth, implying a normal or fundamental process, not necessarily an abnormal tumor growth (though it could lead to one). Sense 1 or 3 is more fundamental.*
    *   7. `growth%1:17:00`: something grown or growing. *This is a noun referring to the result, not the process controlled by the gene.*

5.  **Compare the best candidates (1, 3):**
    *   Sense 1 emphasizes the *biological unfolding* and *change from simple to complex* (development/maturation).
    *   Sense 3 emphasizes *becoming larger or longer or more numerous* (increase/increment).

    Since the gene controls the fundamental process of retinal cell development, both are plausible. However, "retinal cell growth" often refers to the increase in cell number or size (proliferation/increase). Sense 3, with its synonyms "increase" and "increment," captures the quantitative aspect of cell growth very well. Sense 1 is broader (organismal development). Given the specific biological context of cell function, Sense 3 (process of becoming larger/more numerous) is a very precise fit for cellular proliferation/development.

6.  **Final Selection:** Sense 3 best captures the idea of cells increasing in size or number, which is the core meaning of "cell growth" in a biological context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "made" (past tense of "make") based on the provided context.

Context snippet:
"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute."

Target word: "made"

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights".
The subject is "studying a tragic but uncommon tumor".
The action is "made possible".
The result is "some fundamental insights".
This means the study/tumor research caused or resulted in the possibility of gaining insights.

Reviewing the candidate senses for 'make' (and their past tense implications):

1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | (Not relevant)
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | (Not relevant)
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | (Possible, but perhaps too broad)
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | (Very strong candidate. "Made possible" is a form of causing/enabling.)
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | (Also a very strong candidate. "Made possible" fits "cause to happen or occur".)
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | (Not relevant)
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | (Not relevant)
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | (Implies force, not just possibility/enabling)
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | (Not relevant)
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction | (Not relevant)
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | (Not relevant)
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | (Not relevant)
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | (Not relevant)
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | (Passive sense, not active causation)
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | (Not relevant)
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | (Not relevant)
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | (Not relevant)
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | (Not relevant)
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | (Not relevant)
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | (Not relevant)
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | (Not relevant)
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | (Not relevant)
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | (Not relevant)
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | (Not relevant)
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | (Not relevant)
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | (Not relevant)
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | (Not relevant)
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | (Not relevant)
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | (Not relevant)
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | (Passive, not active causation)
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | (Not relevant)
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | (Not relevant)
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | (Not relevant)
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | (Not relevant)
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | (Not relevant)
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | (Not relevant)
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | (Not relevant)
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | (Not relevant)
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | (Not relevant)
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | (Not relevant)
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | (Not relevant)
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | (Not relevant)
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | (Not relevant)
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | (Not relevant)
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | (Not relevant)
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | (Close, but "made possible" is a stronger form of causation/enabling.)
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | (Not relevant)
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | (Not relevant)
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | (Not relevant)

Comparing the strongest candidates:
Sense 4: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner (induce, stimulate, cause, have, get).
Sense 5: give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally (cause, do).

"Made possible" means the study *caused* the insights to become available or *allowed* them to happen.

Sense 5 ("give rise to; cause to happen or occur") is the most direct fit for the meaning of enabling or causing an outcome (insights) to occur.
Sense 4 ("cause to do; cause to act") is also very close, but Sense 5 captures the sense of emergence or enablement slightly better in this abstract context.

Let's choose Sense 5: definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally.

The index for Sense 5 is 36:08.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doctor
Target surface form: doctor
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor
2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching | synonyms=Doctor of the Church | examples=the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages
3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office | examples=the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor
4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "doctor" in the provided context.

Context snippet:
"...Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

Target word: doctor

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor
2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching | synonyms=Doctor of the Church | examples=the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages
3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office | synonyms=N/A | examples=the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor
4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

Analysis:
The context mentions "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja."
The discovery relates to cancer study and gene control (scientific/medical research).

1. Licensed medical practitioner: This fits well, as medical practitioners often conduct research and make discoveries in medicine.
2. Theological title: Irrelevant.
3. Role-playing game: Irrelevant.
4. Academic degree holder (Ph.D.): This also fits well, as scientific discoveries are often made by academics/researchers who hold advanced degrees.

Distinguishing between 1 (Medical Practitioner) and 4 (Academic/Researcher):
While a Ph.D. holder (4) is a researcher, the context is highly specific to a medical/biological discovery ("gene that controls retinal cell growth," "cancer study"). A doctor in this context is likely a medical researcher or a physician-scientist.

Sense 1 (licensed medical practitioner) is the most direct fit for someone making a fundamental discovery in cancer/retinal cell growth, especially when the field is "cancer study."
Sense 4 (Ph.D. holder) is broader and could apply to any scientist (e.g., a chemist discovering a new catalyst).

Given the strong medical context (retinal cell growth, cancer study, tumor), Sense 1 is the most precise and appropriate interpretation of "doctor."

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target surface form "named" (derived from the lemma "name") in the given context.

Context: "Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

Target word: "named" (past participle of name).
Meaning in context: The doctor's name is Thaddeus Dryja.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Analysis:
The phrase is "made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja". This structure means that Thaddeus Dryja is the proper name assigned to the doctor.

Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". This perfectly matches the usage: the name (Thaddeus Dryja) was assigned to the doctor.
Sense 2: "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property". While related, Sense 1 focuses specifically on the act of *assigning* the name, which is the most precise fit for "named [Proper Name]".
Sense 3 & 4: Relate to charging with a function/task (e.g., named Head of the Committee). Incorrect.
Sense 5, 6, 8: Relate to mentioning or listing names. Incorrect.
Sense 7 & 9: Relate to identification/diagnosis. Incorrect.

Sense 1 is the best fit.