[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American <t>education</t>'s future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "education" in the provided context.
I need to choose the single best sense from the six candidates.

Context analysis:
"Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American <t>education</t>'s future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."

The phrase is "American education's future".
The context discusses:
1. Creativity vs. disciplined instruction/common sense.
2. Adolescent illiteracy.
3. The future of "American education".
4. "The education establishment" fighting against common sense.

The term "education establishment" strongly suggests institutions, systems, or the professional body involved in teaching/learning.
"American education's future" refers to the state or system of learning/instruction in the US.

Candidate senses review:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education (This refers to the *result* or *state* of knowledge, not the system/process itself.)
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's (This is the abstract process, but the context refers to the *system*.)
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university) (This relates to the professional aspect, which aligns with "establishment".)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding (This is too narrow, focusing on social refinement.)
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education... | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department (This is a specific governmental entity, which might be implied by "establishment," but the context seems broader, referring to the entire system/culture.)

Comparing 1, 3, 4, and 6:
The context uses "American education's future" and "The education establishment".
Sense 1 (activities of educating/instructing) is very broad and fits the system/process.
Sense 3 (gradual process of acquiring knowledge) is also broad, but Sense 1 captures the active nature of the system better.
Sense 4 (profession of teaching) focuses on the people, while the context seems to refer to the institution/system itself ("American education's future").
Sense 6 (US federal department) is too specific unless "establishment" is strictly interpreted as the government body.

Given the phrase "American education's future" and the mention of the "education establishment," the meaning refers to the entire system, the process, and the institutions involved in imparting knowledge.

Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill." This encompasses the entire system and process being discussed (creativity vs. disciplined instruction).
Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge." This is also strong, but Sense 1 is slightly more comprehensive when discussing the *system* or *field* of education.

Let's re-examine the relationship between Sense 1 and Sense 3.
Sense 3 is the *process* (e.g., "His education was long").
Sense 1 is the *activity/system* (e.g., "The education system needs reform").

The context is discussing the *system* ("American education's future") and the *institutions* ("The education establishment"). Sense 1, defining education as the "activities of educating or instructing," best captures the scope of the system being debated.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: future
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's <t>future</t> will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "future" in the given context.

Context: "American education's <t>future</t> will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Analysis:
The phrase is "American education's future". This refers to the state or trajectory of American education over time.

1. Sense 1: "the time yet to come". This fits perfectly. The future of education refers to what education will look like in the time yet to come.
2. Sense 2: "a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future". This is grammatical/linguistic and does not fit the noun usage here.
3. Sense 3: "bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date". This is financial/commodity trading and is irrelevant to education.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: determine
Target surface form: determined
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be <t>determined</t> by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
2. sense_key=determine%2:31:02:: | definition=shape or influence; give direction to | synonyms=shape, mold, influence, regulate | examples=experience often determines ability; mold public opinion
3. sense_key=determine%2:31:01:: | definition=fix conclusively or authoritatively | synonyms=set | examples=set the rules
4. sense_key=determine%2:32:03:: | definition=decide upon or fix definitely | synonyms=specify, set, define, fix, limit | examples=fix the variables; specify the parameters
5. sense_key=determine%2:31:00:: | definition=reach, make, or come to a decision about something | synonyms=decide, make up one's mind | examples=We finally decided after lengthy deliberations
6. sense_key=determine%2:31:03:: | definition=fix in scope; fix the boundaries of | examples=the tree determines the border of the property
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:05:: | definition=settle conclusively; come to terms | synonyms=settle, square off, square up | examples=We finally settled the argument
8. sense_key=determine%2:32:01:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=check, find out, see, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "determined" (the past participle/adjective form of "determine") based on the provided context.

Context: "American education's future will be <t>determined</t> by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Target word: determined (in the passive voice: "will be determined by...")
Meaning required: How the future of American education will be shaped or influenced by the prevalence of common sense versus illusions.

Let's analyze the candidate senses for "determine":

1. `determine%2:32:00`: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (find, ascertain). (Focuses on finding out a fact.) -> Unlikely.
2. `determine%2:31:02`: shape or influence; give direction to (shape, mold, influence, regulate). (Focuses on causality/shaping.) -> Highly likely.
3. `determine%2:31:01`: fix conclusively or authoritatively (set). (Focuses on setting a definitive state.) -> Possible, but less specific than #2.
4. `determine%2:32:03`: decide upon or fix definitely (specify, set, define, fix, limit). (Focuses on making a final choice/boundary.) -> Possible, but #2 captures the dynamic influence better.
5. `determine%2:31:00`: reach, make, or come to a decision about something (decide). (Focuses on the act of deciding.) -> Unlikely in this passive construction regarding a future state.
6. `determine%2:31:03`: fix in scope; fix the boundaries of. (Focuses on limits.) -> Too narrow.
7. `determine%2:32:05`: settle conclusively; come to terms (settle, square off, square up). (Focuses on resolving conflict/dispute.) -> Unlikely.
8. `determine%2:32:01`: find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort (check, ascertain, learn). (Focuses on discovery.) -> Unlikely.

The sentence structure "The future will be determined by X" strongly suggests that X (the degree to which common sense prevails) is the causal agent shaping the future.

Sense 2: "shape or influence; give direction to" matches this perfectly. The future is being shaped/influenced by the degree of common sense prevailing.

Therefore, sense_key=determine%2:31:02 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degree
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the <t>degree</t> to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "degree" in the provided context.

Context: "American education's future will be determined by the <t>degree</t> to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Target word: degree

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Analysis of the context:
"American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

The phrase "the degree to which" is a common idiomatic construction used to quantify the extent, amount, or intensity of something.

Let's evaluate the senses based on this usage:

1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00: Definition: a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality. This fits perfectly with "the degree to which" meaning the extent or amount. Synonyms: grade, level.
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01: Definition: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process. While related to extent, sense 1 is a better fit for quantifying the *extent* of allowing something to prevail.
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00: Academic award. Irrelevant.
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00: Angle measure. Irrelevant.
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00: Mathematical power. Irrelevant.
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03: Temperature unit. Irrelevant.
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01: Seriousness. While related to intensity, sense 1 is broader and covers the general concept of extent/amount, which is what "the degree to which" implies here.

Conclusion: Sense 1, defined as "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality," is the best fit for "the degree to which."

Mapping to the required output format.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allow
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- <t>allow</t> this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."
2.  **Identify the target word and its role:** The target word is "allow." It is used transitively, followed by the object "this common sense" and the infinitive complement "to prevail."
3.  **Determine the meaning in context:** The sentence suggests that the future of education depends on whether people *permit* or *enable* common sense to be dominant or successful ("prevail") over illusions. It is about granting the possibility or opportunity for common sense to succeed.
4.  **Examine the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `allow%2:41:00`: make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen (synonyms: let, permit). *Fits the idea of enabling something to happen.*
    *   2. `allow%2:32:00`: consent to, give permission (synonyms: permit, let, countenance). *Focuses on granting permission, which is slightly narrower than enabling a process like 'prevailing'.*
    *   3. `allow%2:40:00`: let have (synonyms: grant). *Too focused on giving possession.*
    *   4. `allow%2:31:01`: give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause (synonyms: appropriate, earmark). *Incorrect context (resource allocation).*
    *   5. `allow%2:42:00`: make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain (synonyms: leave, allow for, provide). *This strongly matches the idea of enabling something (common sense) to be attainable or to remain dominant (prevail).*
    *   6. `allow%2:31:00`: allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something (synonyms: take into account). *This is about planning/conceding, not necessarily enabling a struggle (prevailing).*
    *   7. `allow%2:42:07`: afford possibility (synonyms: admit). *Similar to 5, but 5 is more active regarding providing opportunity.*
    *   8. `allow%2:41:01`: allow the other (baseball) team to score (synonyms: give up). *Incorrect context.*
    *   9. `allow%2:40:01`: grant as a discount or in exchange. *Incorrect context.*
    *   10. `allow%2:32:06`: allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting (synonyms: permit, tolerate). *Focuses on tolerance/presence, not necessarily enabling a concept to 'prevail'.*

5.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 5):**
    *   Sense 1 (`allow%2:41:00`): make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen.
    *   Sense 5 (`allow%2:42:00`): make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain.

    The phrase "allow this common sense to prevail" is best captured by the idea of *providing the opportunity* or *making it possible* for common sense to succeed. Sense 5, with its focus on "make a possibility or provide opportunity for," is the most precise fit for the dynamic action of "prevailing."

6.  **Final Selection:** Sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevail
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to <t>prevail</t> over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to <t>prevail</t> over the illusions that we also share."
2.  **Identify the Core Meaning Needed:** The sentence discusses a conflict between "common sense" and "illusions." The action of "prevailing" here means that one idea (common sense) must overcome or be stronger than the other (illusions).
3.  **Examine the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02::** definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign. (This fits the idea of one thing being stronger or more influential than another.)
    *   **2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01::** definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain. (This relates to truth/validity, which is related but perhaps too narrow for the conflict described.)
    *   **3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00::** definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure. (This means lasting over time, not necessarily overcoming a current opposition.)
    *   **4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00::** definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph. (This strongly matches the idea of overcoming an opponent or being better than something else.)
    *   **5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02::** definition=use persuasion successfully. (This implies an active effort of convincing someone, not necessarily the inherent strength of an idea over another.)

4.  **Compare Best Fits (1, 4):**
    *   The conflict is between "common sense" and "illusions."
    *   Sense 1 (dominate/predominate): Common sense must *dominate* the illusions.
    *   Sense 4 (prove superior/triumph): Common sense must *prove superior* to the illusions.

5.  **Select the Best Fit:** Both 1 and 4 are very close. However, "prove superior" (Sense 4) captures the competitive, decisive nature of the conflict (common sense vs. illusions) slightly better than the general idea of "predominance" (Sense 1). When one idea is allowed to "prevail over" another, it is succeeding in a contest of validity or strength. Sense 4, "prove superior," is the most precise fit for this competitive context.

6.  **Final Check:** "Allow common sense to prove superior to the illusions." This makes perfect sense in the context of educational philosophy.

7.  **Format the Output.** (Sense 4)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: illusion
Target surface form: illusions
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the <t>illusions</t> that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=illusion%1:09:01:: | definition=an erroneous mental representation | synonyms=semblance
2. sense_key=illusion%1:09:00:: | definition=something many people believe that is false | synonyms=fantasy, phantasy, fancy | examples=they have the illusion that I am very wealthy
3. sense_key=illusion%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas | synonyms=delusion, head game
4. sense_key=illusion%1:04:02:: | definition=an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers | synonyms=magic trick, conjuring trick, trick, magic, legerdemain, conjuration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target and Context:**
    *   Target lemma: illusion (plural: illusions)
    *   Context Sentence: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the <t>illusions</t> that we also share."
    *   Surrounding text suggests a conflict between "common sense" and something else. The preceding text discusses "romantic rebellion," "romantic extravagance," and the idea of "creativity" being valued highly, even if it conflicts with traditional, disciplined instruction.

2.  **Analyze the Candidates:**

    *   **Candidate 1 (sense_key=illusion%1:09:01):** definition=an erroneous mental representation | synonyms=semblance. (Focuses on internal, mistaken perception.)
    *   **Candidate 2 (sense_key=illusion%1:09:00):** definition=something many people believe that is false | synonyms=fantasy, phantasy, fancy | examples=they have the illusion that I am very wealthy. (Focuses on shared, widespread false beliefs or idealized notions.)
    *   **Candidate 3 (sense_key=illusion%1:04:00):** definition=the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas | synonyms=delusion, head game. (Focuses on the *act* of deceiving or the resulting state of being deluded.)
    *   **Candidate 4 (sense_key=illusion%1:04:02):** definition=an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers | synonyms=magic trick, conjuring trick, trick, magic, legerdemain, conjuration. (Focuses on performance/magic.)

3.  **Match Context to Candidates:**

    *   The context contrasts "common sense" with "illusions that we also share."
    *   The preceding discussion is about the *value* placed on "romantic extravagance" and "creativity" (which the author seems to view skeptically, contrasting it with practical education).
    *   If the author is arguing for "common sense," the "illusions" are likely the overly romanticized, impractical, or idealized views about education and human potential that many people (including the parents/establishment) hold.

    *   *Check Candidate 4:* Does it mean magic tricks? No. (Eliminate 4)
    *   *Check Candidate 3:* Does it mean the *act* of deceiving? While related, the phrase "illusions that we also share" suggests a shared *belief* or *notion*, not necessarily a deliberate act of deception being performed on others. (Less likely than 2)
    *   *Check Candidate 1:* Is it just an internal, erroneous mental representation? While possible, the phrase "that we also share" suggests a collective, social belief, which is broader than just an individual error.
    *   *Check Candidate 2:* "Something many people believe that is false." This perfectly captures the idea of a shared, widespread, idealized, or romanticized notion (like the idea that "creativity" alone is sufficient for education, which the author implies is a false premise when contrasted with "common sense").

4.  **Conclusion:** Candidate 2 best fits the meaning of shared, widespread, false, or overly idealized beliefs in the context of educational philosophy.

5.  **Final Selection:** Candidate 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: share
Target surface form: share
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also <t>share</t>. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=share%2:42:00:: | definition=have in common | examples=Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border
2. sense_key=share%2:40:02:: | definition=use jointly or in common
3. sense_key=share%2:40:01:: | definition=have, give, or receive a share of | synonyms=partake, partake in | examples=We shared the cake
4. sense_key=share%2:40:00:: | definition=give out as one's portion or share | synonyms=divvy up, portion out, apportion, deal
5. sense_key=share%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate | examples=I'd like to share this idea with you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "share" in the given context.

Context: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also <t>share</t>."

Target word: share

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=share%2:42:00:: | definition=have in common | examples=Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border
2. sense_key=share%2:40:02:: | definition=use jointly or in common
3. sense_key=share%2:40:01:: | definition=have, give, or receive a share of | synonyms=partake, partake in | examples=We shared the cake
4. sense_key=share%2:40:00:: | definition=give out as one's portion or share | synonyms=divvy up, portion out, apportion, deal
5. sense_key=share%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate | examples=I'd like to share this idea with you

Analysis of the context:
"...the illusions that we also share."
The subject is "we -- all of us --". The object is "the illusions".
The structure suggests that the speaker and the audience (we) possess or hold these illusions together.

Evaluating the senses:
1. **have in common**: This fits perfectly. If we "share" illusions, it means we possess them jointly or have them in common. (e.g., "We share the same belief.")
2. **use jointly or in common**: Illusions are not typically "used" jointly in this sense.
3. **have, give, or receive a share of**: While "have a share of" is possible, the context implies a mutual possession of the *entire* illusion, not just a portion of it. This sense is often used for physical or abstract portions (like cake or profits).
4. **give out as one's portion or share**: This is about distribution (giving), which doesn't fit the context of possessing an illusion.
5. **communicate**: While illusions can be communicated, the verb "share" here is used in the sense of mutual possession or agreement, not merely transmission of information.

Conclusion: Sense 1, "have in common," is the most accurate interpretation of "share the illusions."

Mapping to the required output format:
The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The <t>education</t> establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "education" based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The passage discusses the tension between "creativity" and "disciplined instruction" in the context of children's development and schooling.
Key phrases:
1. "...parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood..."
2. "...Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy."
3. "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."
4. "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."

The target word is "education" in the sentence: "Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood..."

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=education%1:04:00::** | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
    * This fits well. "A decent education" refers to the process or activities of imparting knowledge/skill.

2. **sense_key=education%1:09:00::** | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
    * This refers to the *result* (the knowledge itself). While related, the context ("get a decent education") usually refers to the process or the system, not just the resulting knowledge.

3. **sense_key=education%1:09:01::** | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
    * This focuses on the *process* of learning. This is a very strong candidate, especially when paired with the idea of "getting" an education.

4. **sense_key=education%1:04:01::** | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
    * This refers to the *profession* (e.g., "He is an education teacher"). The context refers to the system/experience ("get a decent education").

5. **sense_key=education%1:07:01::** | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
    * This is too narrow (focuses on social refinement/upbringing) and doesn't capture the broad scope of schooling discussed.

6. **sense_key=education%1:14:00::** | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education... | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department
    * This is a specific governmental entity, which is unlikely given the general discussion about pedagogical philosophy and parental desires.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" (Focus on the action/activities).
Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" (Focus on the journey/process of the student).

In the phrase "get a decent education," both senses are applicable. However, Sense 3, defining education as the "gradual process of acquiring knowledge," captures the holistic concept of what parents are striving for—the developmental journey of the child—which aligns well with the philosophical discussion in the passage (creativity vs. instruction). Sense 1 is also very good, but Sense 3 often captures the intended meaning when discussing the *value* or *quality* of an education received by a child.

Let's look at the later usage: "The education establishment will fight against common sense..."
Here, "education establishment" refers to the system/institution (closer to Sense 1 or a broader institutional sense).

However, the primary example is: "...parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood..."
Here, the focus is on the *quality of the learning experience/process* the child undergoes. Sense 3 ("the gradual process of acquiring knowledge") is the most precise fit for this developmental context.

I will choose Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education <t>establishment</t> will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "establishment" in the given context.

Context: "The education <t>establishment</t> will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

Target word: establishment

Candidate senses:
1. the act of forming or establishing something (e.g., constitution, formation)
2. an organization founded and united for a specific purpose (synonym: institution)
3. the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something (synonyms: administration, governance, governing body)
4. a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment
5. any large organization
6. (ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat
7. the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof

Analysis:
The phrase is "The education establishment". This suggests a group or system related to education.
The verb used is "will fight against common sense," implying an active entity or group of people/institutions holding a certain viewpoint.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. (Act of forming) - Doesn't fit "The education establishment" as a subject that fights.
2. (Organization founded for a specific purpose) - Plausible, but often refers to the institution itself (e.g., "The university is an establishment").
3. (The persons who make up a body for administering something) - Highly plausible. "The education establishment" often refers to the people in power (administrators, educators, governing bodies) within the education system. This aligns well with the idea of a group that "will fight."
4. (Structure/buildings) - Less likely, as structures don't typically "fight" in this metaphorical sense; the people running them do.
5. (Any large organization) - Plausible, but sense 3 is more specific and captures the nuance of power/administration implied by "fighting."
6. (Ecology) - Irrelevant.
7. (Cognitive process) - Irrelevant.

Comparing 2, 3, and 5:
Sense 2 (Organization): "The education institution will fight..." (Possible, but less precise than 3).
Sense 5 (Large organization): Too general.
Sense 3 (The persons/governing body): This captures the political/social meaning often associated with "the establishment" when discussing resistance or power dynamics (e.g., "the political establishment," "the corporate establishment"). Since the context is about differing views on education policy ("romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction"), the "establishment" refers to the governing body or the people who uphold the traditional system.

Sense 3 is the best fit because it refers to the governing body or the people administering the system, which aligns perfectly with the idea of a powerful entity ("will fight") resisting change.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fight
Target surface form: fight
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fight%2:33:00:: | definition=be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight | synonyms=contend, struggle | examples=the tribesmen fought each other; Siblings are always fighting
2. sense_key=fight%2:33:01:: | definition=fight against or resist strongly | synonyms=oppose, fight back, fight down, defend | examples=The senator said he would oppose the bill; Don't fight it!
3. sense_key=fight%2:41:00:: | definition=make a strenuous or labored effort | synonyms=struggle | examples=She struggled for years to survive without welfare; He fought for breath
4. sense_key=fight%2:41:10:: | definition=exert oneself continuously, vigorously, or obtrusively to gain an end or engage in a crusade for a certain cause or person; be an advocate for | synonyms=crusade, press, campaign, push, agitate | examples=The liberal party pushed for reforms; She is crusading for women's rights

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way."
2.  **Identify the relationship:** The verb 'fight' is used in the structure "fight against [something]".
3.  **Analyze the meaning required:** The education establishment is actively opposing or resisting "common sense."
4.  **Examine the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (fight%2:33:00):** "be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight." Synonyms: contend, struggle. Examples: tribesmen fought each other; Siblings are always fighting. (This implies physical or direct conflict between parties, not necessarily ideological resistance against an abstract concept like "common sense.")
    *   **Sense 2 (fight%2:33:01):** "fight against or resist strongly." Synonyms: oppose, fight back, fight down, defend. Examples: The senator said he would oppose the bill; Don't fight it! (This perfectly matches the structure "fight against common sense" and the meaning of strong resistance/opposition.)
    *   **Sense 3 (fight%2:41:00):** "make a strenuous or labored effort." Synonyms: struggle. Examples: She struggled for years to survive; He fought for breath. (This focuses on personal effort or survival, not institutional opposition.)
    *   **Sense 4 (fight%2:41:10):** "exert oneself continuously, vigorously, or obtrusively to gain an end or engage in a crusade for a certain cause or person; be an advocate for." Synonyms: crusade, press, campaign, push, agitate. (While this involves vigorous effort, the context is *against* common sense, not *for* a cause, although it is a form of opposition. Sense 2 is a more direct fit for "fight against.")

5.  **Compare and select:**
    *   The phrase "fight against common sense" clearly indicates strong opposition or resistance.
    *   Sense 2 ("fight against or resist strongly") is the most precise match for this meaning.

6.  **Final check:** The education establishment is resisting common sense. Sense 2 = oppose/resist strongly. This is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "reasons" (plural of "reason") based on the provided context.

Context snippet:
"The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

Target word: reasons (plural)
Contextual usage: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

Analysis of the usage:
The sentence structure suggests that "reasons" refers to explanations or justifications for something (implied context, likely related to the preceding discussion about education, commitment, and illiteracy). The phrase "one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" reinforces that these are points of justification or explanation.

Evaluation of candidate senses:

1. **reason%1:16:00:** a rational motive for a belief or action. (Synonyms: ground). Fits well, as reasons often serve as motives or grounds for a belief (e.g., why education is important).
2. **reason%1:10:01:** an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. Fits well. If the context is about educational issues, the "reasons" are likely explanations for the current state of affairs.
3. **reason%1:09:00:** the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination. (Synonyms: understanding, intellect). This refers to the *ability* to reason, not the *reasons* themselves. Incorrect.
4. **reason%1:26:00:** the state of having good sense and sound judgment. (Synonyms: rationality, reasonableness). This refers to the *quality* of being sensible, not the specific points/explanations. Incorrect.
5. **reason%1:10:00:** a justification for something existing or happening. (Synonyms: cause, grounds). This is a very strong fit. "The reasons are complex" means the justifications are complex.
6. **reason%1:09:01:** a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion. Fits, but perhaps slightly more formal/logical than the general usage implied here.

Comparing the strong candidates (1, 2, 5):

*   Sense 1 (Motive/Ground): Focuses on *why* an action/belief occurs.
*   Sense 2 (Explanation/Cause): Focuses on *what* caused a phenomenon.
*   Sense 5 (Justification): Focuses on providing support or validity for something.

In the phrase "The reasons are complex," the most general and encompassing meaning is that the justifications or explanations are intricate. Sense 5 ("a justification for something existing or happening") and Sense 2 ("an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon") are very close. Sense 5, using "justification," seems slightly broader and better captures the idea of complex supporting arguments, which fits the tone of the passage (discussing educational philosophy).

Let's re-examine the context: The passage discusses the conflict between "common sense" and "illusions" in American education. The "reasons" likely refer to the complex arguments or justifications for the current state of education or the need for change.

Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening." This perfectly covers complex arguments supporting a viewpoint or situation.

Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon." This is also very good, but Sense 5 allows for reasons that are not strictly causal (e.g., moral or philosophical justifications).

Given the options, Sense 5 provides the most robust fit for "The reasons are complex," implying complex supporting arguments or justifications.

Final choice: Sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one <t>simple</t> reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "simple" based on the provided context.

Context:
"It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one <t>simple</t> reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Target word: simple
Location: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

Analysis of the context:
The preceding sentence mentions that "The reasons are complex." The target word "simple" modifies "reason." The structure is a contrast: complex reasons vs. one simple reason.

Analysis of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
    * This sense relates to lack of complexity or intricacy. This fits the contrast with "complex reasons."

2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
    * This is very close to sense 1, focusing on ease/uncomplicated nature.

3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
    * This sense relates to being basic or unadorned. While "simple reason" could mean a basic reason, the contrast with "complex" strongly suggests a lack of intricacy (simplicity of structure/concept), rather than just being bare or unadorned.

4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
    * This sense relates to lack of experience or judgment, which does not fit "simple reason" in this context.

5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
    * This is a derogatory sense related to intellectual deficiency, which is inappropriate here.

6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
    * Irrelevant (botany).

7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity
    * Similar to sense 3, focusing on lack of decoration, less likely than the structural simplicity implied by the contrast with "complex."

Comparing the best candidates (1, 2, 3):
The context is: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason..."
The meaning of "simple reason" here is a reason that is straightforward, easy to grasp, or not intricate.

Sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved." (Focus on structure/complexity)
Sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated." (Focus on ease/lack of complication)
Sense 3: "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications." (Focus on bareness/minimalism)

Sense 1 and Sense 2 are highly overlapping and both capture the intended meaning of contrasting with "complex." Sense 1's definition ("not complex or complicated or involved") directly addresses the structural contrast implied by the preceding phrase "The reasons are complex." Sense 2 is also excellent, but Sense 1's definition is slightly more precise for describing the *nature* of a reason that is not complex.

I will choose Sense 1 as it best captures the idea of lacking complexity, which is the direct contrast being drawn.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple <t>reason</t> ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "reason" based on the provided context.

Context:
"It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple <t>reason</t> ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Target word: "reason" (in the phrase "one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.")

Let's analyze the context surrounding the target word:
"...The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

The preceding sentences discuss the conflict between "common sense" and "illusions" in education. The phrase "The reasons are complex" suggests that the underlying causes or justifications for the situation are complicated. The target word "reason" appears in the singular, referring to a specific point or justification that is simple enough not to be underestimated.

Let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. **reason%1:16:00:** a rational motive for a belief or action (synonyms=ground). (Focuses on motive/ground.)
2. **reason%1:10:01:** an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. (Focuses on explanation/cause.)
3. **reason%1:09:00:** the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination (synonyms=understanding, intellect). (Focuses on cognitive ability.)
4. **reason%1:26:00:** the state of having good sense and sound judgment (synonyms=rationality, reasonableness). (Focuses on quality/state of judgment.)
5. **reason%1:10:00:** a justification for something existing or happening (synonyms=cause, grounds). (Focuses on justification/cause.)
6. **reason%1:09:01:** a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion. (Focuses on logical justification.)

The phrase "one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" implies a specific point, justification, or cause that explains the situation (the complexity of the educational debate).

If we look at the preceding sentence: "The reasons are complex..." This plural usage strongly suggests that "reasons" here means causes or justifications.

The singular "reason" in the target sentence fits this pattern. It is a specific cause or justification.

Comparing the candidates:
* Sense 1 (motive/ground): Plausible, but perhaps too narrow.
* Sense 2 (explanation of cause): Very strong fit. A "reason" is an explanation.
* Sense 3 (capacity for thought): Incorrect. This refers to the ability (like "common sense"), not the specific point.
* Sense 4 (state of judgment): Incorrect. This refers to the quality (like "common sense"), not the specific point.
* Sense 5 (justification for something existing or happening): Very strong fit. A "reason" is a justification.
* Sense 6 (logical justification): Plausible, but Sense 2 and 5 are broader and fit the general context of complex causes better.

Sense 2 ("an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon") and Sense 5 ("a justification for something existing or happening") are the closest.

Sense 5, "a justification for something existing or happening," seems slightly more encompassing and natural for the context of a complex debate where a simple point needs to be highlighted.

Let's re-examine the relationship between Sense 2 and Sense 5.
Sense 2: Focuses on *explaining* a phenomenon (e.g., "The reason the car stopped was mechanical failure").
Sense 5: Focuses on *justifying* existence/happening (e.g., "He had good reason to be happy").

In the context of a complex debate ("The reasons are complex, but one simple reason..."), the "reason" is a fundamental justification or cause for the current state of affairs. Sense 5 captures this idea of justification/cause very well.

Let's check the provided index for Sense 5:
sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice

This aligns perfectly with the usage of "reason" as a specific point of justification in a complex situation.

Therefore, Sense 5 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: Progressive
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "<t>Progressive</t> education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Progressive" in the given context.

Context: "Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive" education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Target word: Progressive (used as an adjective modifying "education").

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Analysis:
The word "Progressive" is used to describe a type of education ("Progressive education"). This refers to a philosophy or movement in education that emphasizes student-centered learning, creativity, and development over rote memorization and strict discipline.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. "favoring or promoting progress": This fits the general idea of educational philosophy aiming for advancement.
2. "favoring or promoting reform (often by government action)": This is the political/social sense of progressive, which often overlaps with educational reform movements.
3. Tax sense: Irrelevant.
4. "gradually advancing in extent": This is a descriptive sense (e.g., progressive growth), but less specific to the educational philosophy.
5. Game/Dance sense: Irrelevant.
6. "advancing in severity": Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 ("favoring or promoting progress") is a very general description of the educational philosophy.
Sense 2 ("favoring or promoting reform") captures the ideological nature of the movement, which is often categorized as a reform movement.

In the context of educational theory, "Progressive education" (associated with John Dewey and others) is fundamentally a movement advocating for reform and a shift away from traditional, rigid methods towards methods that promote growth and adaptation (progress).

Both Sense 1 and Sense 2 are highly relevant. However, Sense 2, which includes synonyms like "reformist" and "reform-minded," often captures the specific ideological stance associated with "Progressive" when applied to social or institutional structures like education, making it a slightly more precise fit for the established meaning of "Progressive education" as a movement/philosophy.

Let's re-examine the provided sense keys and definitions.
Sense 1: favoring or promoting progress.
Sense 2: favoring or promoting reform (often by government action).

While the educational philosophy is about "progress," the term "Progressive" in this context is used as a label for a specific, often politically or socially oriented, movement advocating for change/reform in the system. Sense 2 captures this ideological/reformist connotation better than the purely abstract "progress" of Sense 1.

I will choose Sense 2 as it aligns best with the established meaning of "Progressive" when applied to educational movements, which are inherently reformist.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive <t>education</t> "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target and Context:**
    *   Target Lemma: education
    *   Target Surface Form: education
    *   Context Snippets:
        *   "...get a decent education as traditionally understood..."
        *   "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail..."
        *   "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."
        *   "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

2.  **Analyze the Candidates (Senses):**

    *   **1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:** Activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill. (Synonyms: instruction, teaching, pedagogy). *Focuses on the process/activities.*
    *   **2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:** Knowledge acquired by learning and instruction. *Focuses on the outcome/product (knowledge).*
    *   **3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:** The gradual process of acquiring knowledge. *Focuses on the ongoing process.*
    *   **4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:** The profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university). *Focuses on the people/profession.*
    *   **5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:** The result of good upbringing (knowledge of correct social behavior). (Synonyms: training, breeding). *Focuses on social refinement/manners.*
    *   **6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:** The United States federal department... *Focuses on the governmental agency.*

3.  **Match Context to Senses:**

    *   *Context Check 1:* "get a decent education" -> This refers to the quality of the learning experience or the knowledge gained.
    *   *Context Check 2:* "American education's future" -> This refers to the system, the practice, or the overall field of learning.
    *   *Context Check 3:* "The education establishment" -> This refers to the institutions, the system, or the professional body.
    *   *Context Check 4:* "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." -> This contrasts a teaching *method* (Progressive education) with another *method* (disciplined instruction).

4.  **Refine Selection:**

    *   Sense 6 (Department) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 (Upbringing/Social behavior) is too narrow and doesn't fit the discussion of "American education's future" or "Progressive education."
    *   Sense 4 (Profession of teaching) is possible for "establishment," but the context also discusses the *process* ("get a decent education") and the *method* ("Progressive education").
    *   Sense 2 (Knowledge acquired) is the *result*, but the context is discussing the *system* and the *process* of achieving that result.
    *   Sense 3 (Gradual process of acquiring knowledge) fits well with the idea of a developmental journey ("get a decent education") and the discussion of educational philosophies (Progressive education).
    *   Sense 1 (Activities of educating or instructing) is also a very strong fit, encompassing both the process and the activities/methods (like "Progressive education" vs. "disciplined instruction").

5.  **Distinguish between Sense 1 and Sense 3:**
    *   Sense 1: Focuses on the *activities* (instruction, teaching).
    *   Sense 3: Focuses on the *process* (the gradual acquisition).
    *   The context uses terms like "Progressive education" (a methodology/activity) and discusses the overall system ("American education's future"). Sense 1, which covers the *activities* and *methods* of imparting knowledge, is slightly broader and better captures the scope of the discussion (methods, systems, instruction) than Sense 3, which emphasizes the internal, gradual acquisition by the student.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   "Progressive education... is far more interesting... than is disciplined instruction." (Comparing two instructional *activities/methods*). -> Sense 1 fits perfectly.
    *   "get a decent education" (receive quality instruction/teaching). -> Sense 1 fits perfectly.
    *   "American education's future" (the future of the system of instruction). -> Sense 1 fits perfectly.

7.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit. (Note: The prompt requires returning the index number, not the definition).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "once" in the given context.

Context: "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Target word: once

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Analysis:
The phrase is "(as it was once called)". This structure indicates a change in naming or status over time. "Once" here means "in the past" or "formerly."

1. Sense 1 (on one occasion): This implies a single instance in the past (e.g., "I saw him once"). This doesn't fit the structure "as it was once called," which refers to a previous state or name.
2. Sense 2 (as soon as): This is temporal sequencing (e.g., "Once you finish, you can leave"). This is clearly incorrect.
3. Sense 3 (at a previous time): This means formerly or previously. This perfectly matches the meaning in "(as it was once called)," indicating that the name was used in the past but is no longer the current designation.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.