[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
2.  **Identify the target word and its role:** The target word is "new," modifying "class of genes."
3.  **Determine the meaning of "new" in this context:** The context discusses recent scientific discoveries ("Scientists call the new class of genes..."). These genes are being identified and classified for the first time in this context, distinguishing them from previously known genes. They represent a recent finding or a recently defined category.
4.  **Examine the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `new%3:00:00`: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." (Examples: a new law; new cars). *This fits the idea of a recently identified class of genes.*
    *   2. `new%5:00:00:original:00`: "original and of a kind not seen before." (Synonyms: fresh, novel). *This is plausible, but sense 1 emphasizes the temporal aspect (recently discovered), which is stronger here.*
    *   3. `new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00`: "lacking training or experience." (Synonyms: raw). *Irrelevant (genes are not people).*
    *   4. `new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00`: "having no previous example or precedent or parallel." (Synonyms: unexampled). *This is very close to sense 2, suggesting novelty, but sense 1 captures the 'recently discovered' aspect better.*
    *   5. `new%5:00:00:other:00`: "other than the former one(s); different." (Examples: they now have a new leaders). *This is too general; the context implies a specific type of difference (recent discovery).*
    *   6. `new%3:00:09`: "unaffected by use or exposure." (Examples: it looks like new). *Irrelevant (not about condition).*
    *   7. `new%5:00:02:original:00`: "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new." (Synonyms: newfangled). *Implies unnecessary novelty, which is not the case here.*
    *   8. `new%5:00:02:late:01`: "in use after medieval times." *Irrelevant (historical time period).*
    *   9. `new%5:00:01:late:01`: "used of a living language; being the current stage in its development." *Irrelevant (linguistic context).*
    *   10. `new%5:00:00:early:02`: "(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development." *Irrelevant (agricultural context).*
    *   11. `new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00`: "unfamiliar." *Possible, but sense 1 is more precise regarding the scientific discovery process.*

5.  **Compare the best candidates (1, 2, 4):**
    *   The text states that scientists are developing tests based on "newly identified genes." This strongly emphasizes the *recent* nature of the identification.
    *   Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." This perfectly matches "newly identified."
    *   Sense 2/4: Focus on being entirely novel or unprecedented. While the class might be novel, the primary meaning conveyed by "newly identified" is temporal (recent discovery).

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the most accurate fit for "new" when referring to a recently discovered or identified scientific class of genes.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: class
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "class" in the provided context.

Context: "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."

Target word: class

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Analysis:
The context states: "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors..."
The word "class" is used here to group or categorize genes based on their function (tumor-suppressors/anti-cancer genes).

Let's evaluate the candidates:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family. This perfectly matches the usage of grouping genes by a common attribute (being tumor-suppressors).
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together. (Irrelevant - genes, not students).
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status. (Irrelevant - genes, not people).
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings. (Irrelevant - genes, not education).
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality. (Irrelevant - genes, not sports leagues).
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together. (Irrelevant - genes, not students).
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders. This is a biological classification, but sense 1 is broader and fits the general concept of grouping based on shared attributes (like function), which is what "tumor-suppressors" implies. While genes are biological entities, the usage here is functional categorization, aligning better with 'category' (sense 1) than strict taxonomic hierarchy (sense 7).
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior. (Irrelevant).

Conclusion: Sense 1, "a collection of things sharing a common attribute," is the best fit, as the genes are being grouped into a category based on their function (tumor-suppression).

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "simply" in the given context.

Context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."

Target word: simply

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Analysis of the context:
The sentence is: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
Here, "simply" is used to provide a more common or straightforward synonym/label for "tumor-suppressors." It suggests that "anti-cancer genes" is an equivalent, perhaps less technical, way of referring to them.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. **sense_key=simply%4:02:00 (merely, just, only, but):** This sense implies restriction or limitation ("and nothing more"). If used here, it would mean the genes are *only* anti-cancer genes, and nothing else, which is plausible but perhaps too restrictive given the context of naming conventions.
2. **sense_key=simply%4:02:03 (absolutely):** This sense is an intensifier ("just"). If used here, it would mean "absolutely anti-cancer genes," which is possible but doesn't fit the function of providing an alternative name as well as other options.
3. **sense_key=simply%4:02:02 (absolutely; altogether; really):** This is also an intensifier, similar to sense 2. "Really anti-cancer genes."
4. **sense_key=simply%4:02:01 (in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment):** This sense means stating something in a plain, straightforward way. When used before a noun phrase (like "anti-cancer genes"), it often functions as a way of saying "to put it simply" or "in essence." This fits perfectly when scientists are offering a common, non-technical label ("anti-cancer genes") as a straightforward alternative to the technical term ("tumor-suppressors").

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 4:
Sense 1 (merely/only) suggests limitation.
Sense 4 (in a simple manner) suggests simplification or plain description.

In the phrase "or simply anti-cancer genes," the function is to simplify the terminology for the reader/listener. Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit.

Conclusion: Sense 4 (simply%4:02:01) is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: functioning
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "functioning" (derived from the lemma "function") in the provided context.

Context: "When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

Target word: functioning (present participle/adjective form of function).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Analysis:
The context discusses genes (tumor-suppressors) and their proteins.
"When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
Here, "functioning normally" refers to the genes/proteins performing their intended biological role—suppressing cell growth.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. **sense_key=function%2:35:00:: (perform as expected when applied)**: Synonyms include 'work', 'operate', 'go', 'run'. This sense relates to mechanical or operational performance. The context is biological performance (genes/proteins working correctly). This is a strong candidate.
2. **sense_key=function%2:42:12:: (serve a purpose, role, or function)**: Synonyms include 'serve'. This sense relates to fulfilling a role. The genes/proteins *serve the purpose* of holding cell growth in check. This is also a very strong candidate, perhaps slightly more abstract than sense 1.
3. **sense_key=function%2:33:00:: (perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function)**: Synonyms include 'officiate'. This is highly specific to formal duties or offices (e.g., a secretary, a religious official). This is clearly irrelevant to the biological context.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 focuses on the *operational state* ("work," "operate"). "Functioning normally" means the biological mechanism is operating correctly.
Sense 2 focuses on the *role* ("serve a purpose"). The genes *serve the purpose* of suppression.

In the context of biological mechanisms (genes, proteins), "functioning normally" most directly maps to the operational capacity—whether the mechanism is working as designed. Sense 1, with synonyms like 'work' and 'operate', captures this operational aspect perfectly.

Let's re-examine the relationship. The genes *have the function* (Sense 2), and when they are *functioning* (Sense 1), they perform that role. Since the phrase is "functioning normally," it emphasizes the successful execution of the task, which aligns best with Sense 1 (perform as expected when applied/work).

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "hold" in the given context.

Context: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

The phrase is "hold a cell's growth in check."

I need to examine the candidate senses for meanings related to controlling, limiting, or restraining growth.

1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place (General maintenance/keeping)
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip (Physical grasping)
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for (Hosting/managing)
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense (Possession)
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view (Belief)
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) (Mental persistence)
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade (Limiting/Confining)
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application (Retaining)
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices (Possession/Title)
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of (Support)
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within (Containing)
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding (Accommodating)
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition (Persistence)
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner (Supporting/Carrying)
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true (Validity)
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm (Stating)
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic (Possessing a trait)
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing (Capacity)
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (Booking)
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack (Defending)
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted (Obligating)
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of (Captivating)
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to (Adhering)
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance (Withstanding)
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable (Applicable)
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with (Delaying)
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue (Restraining/Controlling)
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing (Retaining)
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means (Seizing control)
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop (Halting)
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell (Covering)
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects (Enduring)
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct (Directing)
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be (Judging)
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement (Agreeing)
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling (Breath holding)

The phrase "hold a cell's growth in check" means to limit, restrain, or control the growth.

Sense 27: definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate. This matches perfectly with "hold... in check."

Sense 7 also involves limiting/confining, but Sense 27 explicitly includes "check" and "control" in its synonyms and definition, making it the most precise fit for the biological context of growth regulation.

I will choose sense 27.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cell" in the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses cancer, genes, tumor-suppressors, and how these genes regulate growth.
The relevant sentence is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

Keywords in context:
* genes
* cancer
* tumor-suppressors
* proteins
* growth
* cell division
* malignant (cancerous)

The word "cell" here refers to the fundamental unit of life that is undergoing growth regulation and potentially becoming malignant (cancerous).

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb (Too general, doesn't fit the biological context of growth/cancer.)
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals (This perfectly matches the biological context of growth, division, and malignancy.)
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as a result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell (Incorrect; refers to batteries/electrochemistry.)
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre (Incorrect; refers to political organization.)
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone (Incorrect; refers to telecommunications.)
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle (Incorrect; refers to architecture/housing.)
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell (Incorrect; refers to architecture/housing.)

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the only appropriate sense, as it defines the biological unit of life relevant to cancer and gene function.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

2.  **Determine the meaning of 'growth' in context:**
    *   The context is about genes (tumor-suppressors/anti-cancer genes) and cells.
    *   These proteins "hold a cell's growth in check."
    *   If the proteins fail, cells "turn malignant" (cancerous).
    *   Therefore, 'growth' here refers to the proliferation, increase in size/number, or uncontrolled division of the cell.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **sense_key=growth%1:22:00:** (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level. (Focuses on organismal development/maturation). *Less specific to cellular proliferation.*
    *   **sense_key=growth%1:22:01:** a progression from simpler to more complex forms. (Too general, abstract progression).
    *   **sense_key=growth%1:22:02:** a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important. (Synonyms: increase, increment). *This captures the idea of increasing in number/size, which is relevant to cell division/proliferation.*
    *   **sense_key=growth%1:14:00:** vegetation that has grown. (Specific to plants/vegetation). *Irrelevant.*
    *   **sense_key=growth%1:11:01:** the gradual beginning or coming forth. (Emergence). *Too focused on initiation, not the process of increasing size/number.*
    *   **sense_key=growth%1:26:00:** (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). *This is highly relevant, as cancer is abnormal proliferation. However, the sentence refers to the *normal* state where the proteins hold the cell's growth in check, implying controlled proliferation, not necessarily abnormal proliferation.*
    *   **sense_key=growth%1:17:00:** something grown or growing. (A physical mass/object). *Irrelevant.*

4.  **Compare the best candidates (22:02 vs 26:00):**
    *   The context describes the *normal* function of tumor suppressors: they keep cell growth *in check*. This implies controlled, regulated increase/division.
    *   Sense 26:00 is specifically *abnormal* proliferation (tumor).
    *   Sense 22:02 is a general process of "becoming larger or longer or more numerous." This encompasses both controlled and uncontrolled increase in cell number/size, making it the best fit for the general biological process being regulated by the genes.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 22:02 best describes the regulated increase in cell number/size (proliferation) that the anti-cancer genes are designed to control.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target surface form: "damaged" (past participle/adjective).
    *   Context: "But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   The genes are the subject of the action/state described by "damaged." The cause is radiation, chemicals, or errors in cell division.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (damage%2:30:00):** Definition: "inflict damage upon." Examples: "The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car..." (This is transitive: X damages Y).
    *   **Sense 2 (damage%2:30:01):** Definition: "suffer or be susceptible to damage." Examples: "These fine china cups damage easily." (This is intransitive/stative: X is damaged/suffers damage).

3.  **Determine the relationship between the subject (genes) and the action (damaged):**
    *   The genes are *receiving* the damage (caused by radiation/chemicals). They are not *inflicting* damage.
    *   The structure is: "if the genes are damaged." This requires a state of being affected or suffering harm.

4.  **Match the context to the senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (inflict damage upon) does not fit. The genes are not doing the damaging.
    *   Sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage) fits perfectly. The genes are suffering damage from external factors (radiation, chemicals).

5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 2.

6.  **Format the output:** The instructions require returning only a JSON object with the sense index. Since the candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the index is 2. (Wait, the prompt uses `{"sense_index": 3}` as an example, but only provides two candidates. I must use the index corresponding to the chosen sense among the provided list.)

    *   Sense 1 -> Index 1
    *   Sense 2 -> Index 2

    The chosen sense is Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
2.  **Identify the role of 'radiation':** Here, 'radiation' is presented as a potential cause of damage to genes, alongside chemicals and errors in cell division. The consequence of this damage is the transformation of cells into malignant (cancerous) cells.
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles. (General definition of radiation/ionizing energy.)
    *   2. the act of spreading outward from a central source. (General spreading/diffusion.)
    *   3. syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation... (A disease state, not the damaging agent itself, though related.)
    *   4. the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay. (Specific physical process, often synonymous with ionizing radiation.)
    *   5. the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats. (Biological dispersal.)
    *   6. a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain. (Anatomy.)
    *   7. (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance. (Therapy, the *use* of radiation, not the *cause* of damage.)
4.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   The context describes a physical/chemical agent that *damages genes* and *causes cancer*.
    *   Senses 1 and 4 describe the physical phenomenon (energy/particles) that causes this damage.
    *   Sense 1 ("energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles") is the most direct and general description of the physical mechanism that damages DNA/genes, fitting perfectly with the context of gene damage leading to cancer.
    *   Sense 4 is more specific (nuclear decay), while Sense 1 covers all forms of damaging radiation (ionizing radiation, which includes UV, X-rays, etc., relevant to gene damage).
    *   Sense 3 is the *effect* (sickness), not the *cause* (radiation).
    *   Sense 7 is the *treatment*, not the *cause* of the initial damage described.
5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 1 provides the most accurate and encompassing definition for the physical agent (energy/particles) that causes genetic damage leading to malignancy.

6.  **Final check:** The context implies ionizing radiation causing DNA damage. Sense 1 defines this type of energy transfer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "work" in the given context.
The context is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

The target word is "work".
The surrounding text describes proteins that normally "hold a cell's growth in check." When the genes are damaged, these proteins "no longer work," leading to malignant cells. This implies that the proteins are failing to perform their intended function.

I need to examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | (Relates to human effort - unlikely)
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | (Relates to employment - unlikely)
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | (Relates to effectiveness/outcome - possible, but maybe too general)
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well? (This perfectly matches the idea of a biological mechanism/protein failing to function as expected.)
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | (Relates to physical shaping - unlikely)
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | (Relates to exercise - unlikely)
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | (Relates to movement/progress - unlikely)
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | (Relates to location/field of work - unlikely)
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | (Relates to progress/activity - unlikely)
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | (Relates to physical movement - unlikely)
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | (Relates to causation - possible, but sense 4 is more direct about performance)
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | (Relates to making something functional - unlikely)
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | (Relates to agriculture - unlikely)
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | (Relates to material properties - unlikely)
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | (Relates to influence - possible, but sense 4 is more precise for biological function)
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | (Relates to mechanism/channel - unlikely)
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | (Relates to making something functional - unlikely)
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | (Relates to emotional/crowd response - unlikely)
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | (Relates to social interaction - unlikely)
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | (Relates to manufacturing/shaping - unlikely)
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | (Relates to physical placement - unlikely)
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | (Relates to kneading/shaping - unlikely)
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | (Relates to exploitation - unlikely)
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | (Relates to solving puzzles - unlikely)
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | (Relates to chemical process - unlikely)
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | (Relates to spoilage - unlikely)
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | (Relates to wear/tear - unlikely)

The context clearly refers to biological proteins failing to perform their intended biological function (holding cell growth in check).
Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" (synonyms: function, operate, go, run) is the most accurate description of a biological mechanism failing.

Therefore, sense_key=work%2:35:02 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "cells" (plural of "cell") based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses cancer, genes, tumor-suppressors, and oncogenes.
Key phrases:
1. "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." (Refers to biological function)
2. "But if the genes are damaged... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant." (Refers to biological units that become cancerous)

The word "cells" clearly refers to biological units (e.g., body cells) that are undergoing changes related to cancer development.

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb (Too general, could be biological, but the context is highly specific to biology/cancer.)
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals (This perfectly matches the biological context of cancer and cell division.)
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as a result of a chemical reaction (Battery/Electrochemical cell - Incorrect.)
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (Political cell - Incorrect.)
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... (Phone cell - Incorrect.)
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives (Monastic cell - Incorrect.)
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept (Prison cell - Incorrect.)

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the only appropriate sense, as it defines the basic biological unit of life, which is what the text is discussing in relation to cancer and gene function.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'turn' in context:** The word 'turn' describes the process by which cells, which were previously controlled (normal), acquire the characteristic of being malignant (cancerous). This is a change in state or development.
3.  **Examine the candidate senses for relevance:**
    *   1. change orientation or direction (Physical movement) - No.
    *   2. undergo a transformation or a change of position or action (Change of state/action) - Plausible.
    *   3. undergo a change or development (Change/Development) - Highly plausible.
    *   4. cause to move around or rotate (Physical action) - No.
    *   5. change to the contrary (Reversal) - No.
    *   6. pass to the other side of (Movement) - No.
    *   7. pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become (Change of condition/property) - Highly plausible.
    *   8. let (something) fall or spill (Action) - No.
    *   9. move around an axis or a center (Rotation) - No.
    *   10. cause to move around a center so as to show another side of (Rotation) - No.
    *   11. to send or let go (Action) - No.
    *   12. break and turn over earth (Agriculture) - No.
    *   13. shape by rotating (Crafting) - No.
    *   14. change color (Specific change) - No (Malignant is a biological state, not just a color change).
    *   15. twist suddenly so as to sprain (Physical action) - No.
    *   16. cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics (Transformation/Change) - Highly plausible.
    *   17. accomplish by rotating (Action) - No.
    *   18. get by buying and selling (Financial) - No.
    *   19. cause to move along an axis or into a new direction (Movement) - No.
    *   20. channel one's attention (Mental action) - No.
    *   21. cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form (Deformation) - No.
    *   22. alter the functioning or setting of (Adjustment) - No.
    *   23. direct at someone (Action) - No.
    *   24. have recourse to or make an appeal (Seeking help) - No.
    *   25. go sour or spoil (Specific change) - Plausible, but less general than others.
    *   26. become officially one year older (Age) - No.

4.  **Compare the best candidates (2, 3, 7, 16):**
    *   Context: Cells *become* malignant.
    *   Sense 2: undergo a transformation or a change of position or action. (Good, but perhaps too broad).
    *   Sense 3: undergo a change or development. (Good, focuses on the process).
    *   Sense 7: pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become. (Excellent. "Malignant" is a specific condition/attribute the cell takes on).
    *   Sense 16: cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics. (Excellent. This captures the transformation from controlled to cancerous).

5.  **Select the single best fit:** Sense 7 ("pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become") perfectly describes the biological process where a cell acquires the property of malignancy. Sense 16 is also very strong, but Sense 7 emphasizes the *condition* change, which is the core meaning here.

6.  **Final check:** "cells normally under control turn malignant" -> cells acquire the malignant condition. This matches Sense 7.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "identified" (past participle of "identify") in the given context.

Context: "The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses genes (biological entities) that were recently found or characterized. The action of "identifying" these genes relates to recognizing, naming, or discovering them within the field of biology/genetics.

Analysis of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster (General recognition/identification)
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months (Naming/labeling)
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees (Empathy/self-identification)
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus (Association)
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name (Specific to biological classification/discovery)
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives (Equating/matching)

Comparison:
The context is highly scientific (genes, oncogenes, cancer).
Sense 5 explicitly covers "identify as in botany or biology" and includes synonyms like "discover," "distinguish," and "name," which perfectly matches the action of finding and characterizing new genes.
Sense 1 is too general (like identifying a person).
Sense 2 is about naming, but Sense 5 is more specific to the scientific context.
Sense 3, 4, and 6 are irrelevant to the biological discovery context.

Sense 5 is the most precise fit for "The newly identified genes."

Conclusion: Choose sense_key=identify%2:31:01.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differ
Target surface form: differ
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "differ"
    *   Context sentence: "The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Surrounding text discusses two types of genes (newly identified genes vs. oncogenes) and their functions (tumor-suppressors vs. oncogenes).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (differ%2:42:00): Definition = be different. Example: "These two tests differ in only one respect." (Focuses on physical or functional distinction).
    *   Sense 2 (differ%2:32:00): Definition = be of different opinions. Synonyms = disagree, dissent, take issue. Example: "I beg to differ!" (Focuses on disagreement/opinion).

3.  **Determine the meaning in context:**
    *   The sentence compares "newly identified genes" (tumor-suppressors) and "oncogenes."
    *   The comparison is about their nature, function, or characteristics (e.g., one is a suppressor, the other is an oncogene).
    *   This is a comparison of biological properties, not a disagreement between people.

4.  **Match the context meaning to the senses:**
    *   Sense 2 (disagreement/opinion) is clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 1 (be different/be distinct) perfectly matches the comparison of two biological entities (genes) having distinct characteristics.

5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1.

6.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, and Sense 1 is the correct choice, the index is 1. (Wait, the prompt asks for the JSON structure to be exactly like `{"sense_index": 3}`. I must ensure I use the correct index based on the provided list.)

    *   Candidate 1 -> Index 1
    *   Candidate 2 -> Index 2

    The correct sense is Candidate 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: family
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "family" in the given context.

Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

Target word: family

Analysis of the context:
The word "family" is used to describe a group of "genes" (specifically, oncogenes). The phrase is "a family of genes." This suggests a grouping based on shared characteristics or origin.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | (Incorrect - genes are not a social unit)
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | (Incorrect - genes are not a social group)
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | (Highly plausible - genes are being grouped by a common attribute/classification)
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | (Incorrect - genes are not people)
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | (Incorrect - genes are not people)
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | (Plausible, as genes are biological entities, and this sense relates to biological classification/grouping. However, sense 3 is broader and fits the general concept of 'collection of things sharing a common attribute' which is often used in scientific contexts like this.)
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | (Incorrect)
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | (Incorrect)

Comparing Sense 3 and Sense 6:
Sense 3: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" (Synonyms: class, category). This is a general definition of grouping.
Sense 6: "(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera." This is a specific biological classification term.

In the context "a family of genes," the usage is clearly taxonomic/classificatory. While Sense 6 is highly specific to biology, Sense 3 captures the essence of grouping things (genes) that share a common attribute (being oncogenes, or belonging to a specific discovered group).

However, in scientific writing, when referring to groups of genes, the concept of a "family" almost always refers to a phylogenetic or functional grouping, which aligns perfectly with the biological classification concept (Sense 6).

Let's re-examine the relationship between Sense 3 and Sense 6. Sense 6 is a specialized instance of Sense 3, but since the context is explicitly about genes (biological entities), the specialized biological sense (Sense 6) is the most precise fit.

Let's check the provided examples for Sense 6: "sharks belong to the fish family." This is a clear biological classification example.
The context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes." This is also a clear biological classification example.

Therefore, Sense 6 is the best fit.

Wait, I must return the index number corresponding to the chosen sense.
Sense 6 is `sense_key=family%1:14:03::`.

The required output format is a JSON object with `sense_index`. I need to count the senses.
1. family%1:14:02
2. family%1:14:00
3. family%1:14:04
4. family%1:14:01
5. family%1:18:00
6. family%1:14:03 <-- This is the chosen sense.
7. family%1:14:06
8. family%1:14:05

The index is 6.