[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: cell
    *   Target surface form: cells
    *   Context snippet: "An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   Surrounding text discusses: genes, tumor-suppressors, anti-cancer genes, proteins, growth, division, malignant transformation, oncogenes, cancer.

2.  **Determine the meaning of 'cells' in this context:**
    *   The context is entirely biological, dealing with genetics, cancer, and cellular division/growth.
    *   "Proliferating cells" refers to living units of an organism that are actively dividing.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `cell%1:06:03`: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb). (Incorrect - too general, not biological unit of life).
    *   2. `cell%1:03:00`: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life... (Highly relevant - this is the definition of a biological cell).
    *   3. `cell%1:06:00`: a device that delivers an electric current... (Incorrect - electrical/chemical device).
    *   4. `cell%1:14:00`: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement. (Incorrect - political/social).
    *   5. `cell%1:06:04`: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... (Incorrect - technology).
    *   6. `cell%1:06:02`: small room in which a monk or nun lives. (Incorrect - architectural/religious).
    *   7. `cell%1:06:01`: a room where a prisoner is kept. (Incorrect - architectural/legal).

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 2 (`cell%1:03:00`) perfectly matches the biological context of genes, cancer, and proliferation.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "only" in the given context.

Context: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

Target word: "only"

Let's analyze the meaning of "only" in the context.
The sentence structure is: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant [only] after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
This structure suggests a condition or a necessary timing/precondition for the action (turning cells malignant) to occur. The action happens *only* when the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but
(Focuses on limitation of scope/degree, e.g., "merely a suggestion"). This doesn't fit the temporal/conditional relationship here.

2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone
(Focuses on exclusivity). While related to limitation, the structure "only after X" is more about conditionality than exclusivity of agents/items.

3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
(Focuses on unexpected or negative outcomes, often implying a contrast or disappointment). This does not fit the conditional meaning here.

4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
(Focuses on consequence). Not applicable.

5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
(Focuses on exception). Not applicable.

6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when
(Focuses on necessary condition/timing). This perfectly matches the structure "may turn malignant only after [condition]". It means the malignant transformation will not happen unless the condition (damage to the tumor-suppressor gene) is met.

7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
(Focuses on time proximity). Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 6, which captures the meaning of "only if" or "only when," establishing a necessary condition for the action.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "damaged" (the target surface form, derived from the lemma "damage") based on the provided context.

Context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>."

Target word: damaged (past participle/adjective)

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree (Transitive: causing damage)
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily (Intransitive/Passive: receiving damage)

Analysis of the context:
The sentence structure is: "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
The gene is the entity receiving the action.
The action is "damage."
The context describes how genes can be damaged (e.g., "perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division").

If sense 1 (inflict damage upon) were used, the gene would be the object of the action, which is grammatically possible in a passive construction ("The gene was damaged by radiation"). However, the definition focuses on the *agent* inflicting the damage (The snow damaged the roof).

If sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage) is used, the gene is the entity that is suffering the damage. This aligns perfectly with the passive construction ("the gene has been damaged") and the biological context (genes are susceptible to damage from radiation/chemicals).

Let's check the examples for sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily." This example is slightly awkward (it seems to imply the cups *are* damageable, or perhaps it should be "are damaged easily"). However, the definition "suffer or be susceptible to damage" clearly matches the role of the gene in the context.

Conclusion: The gene is the recipient of the damage. Sense 2 is the correct fit.

Mapping to the required output format:
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.
Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.

I must return the JSON object with the correct index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "inherited" (the past participle of "inherit") in the given context.

Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

Target word: inherited

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents (Relates to property/wealth)
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair (Relates to position/role)
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother (Relates to genes/traits)

Analysis:
The context discusses "tumor-suppressor genes" and how they are present "in two copies, one from each parent." This clearly relates to biological transmission of genetic material.

Sense 1 (obtain after death) is incorrect.
Sense 2 (receive from a predecessor) is incorrect.
Sense 3 (receive by genetic transmission) perfectly matches the context of genes being passed down from parents.

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "copies" (target lemma: copy) in the provided context.

Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

Target word: copies (plural of copy)

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Analysis:
The context discusses genes and inheritance. "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
In genetics, when an organism inherits a gene from each parent, it possesses two versions or instances of that gene. These instances are often referred to as alleles or copies of the gene.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00 (reproduction of a written record): Irrelevant.
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00 (a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing): This sense relates to duplication or replication. In biology, a gene copy is a functional duplicate of the genetic material. This fits the concept of having two identical (or similar) versions of the gene, one from each parent.
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01 (matter to be printed): Irrelevant.
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02 (material suitable for a journalistic account): Irrelevant.

Sense 2, "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," best captures the biological meaning of a gene copy—a functional duplicate of the genetic information.

Therefore, sense_key=copy%1:06:00 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "parent"
    *   Context sentence: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   The context discusses genes, inheritance, and copies of genes being passed down.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (`parent%1:18:00`): "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian." (Focuses on human/animal biological/social parenthood).
    *   Sense 2 (`parent%1:03:00`): "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained." (Focuses on biological origin/progenitor).

3.  **Determine the meaning in context:**
    *   The sentence states that tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, "one from each parent."
    *   In genetics, "parent" refers to the biological source (the organism) from which the genetic material (the gene copy) is derived.
    *   While Sense 1 (father/mother) is a specific type of parent, Sense 2 (organism from which younger ones are obtained) is a broader, more accurate fit for the abstract concept of genetic origin in this scientific context. The "parent" here is the organism (the biological source) that contributed the gene.

4.  **Compare and select the best fit:**
    *   If the context were about human family structure, Sense 1 would be perfect.
    *   Since the context is about genetic inheritance (genes, copies, tumor-suppressor genes), the term refers to the biological source organism. Sense 2 captures this concept of origin/progenitor better than the specific human/animal guardian role of Sense 1.

5.  **Final check:** The gene copy comes from the *parent organism*. Sense 2 aligns with this.

6.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires returning a JSON object with the sense index. Sense 2 is the second candidate listed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "copy" in the provided context.

Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Target word: copy

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Analysis:
The context discusses genes, tumor-suppressor genes, inheritance, and cell biology.
The phrase is: "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
And: "Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."

In this biological context, "copy" refers to a specific version or instance of a gene (a segment of DNA) that is inherited.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00 (reproduction of a written record): Irrelevant.
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00 (a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing): This sense relates to duplication or replication. In genetics, a gene is replicated or exists in multiple copies (alleles/gene copies). This fits the biological context of inheritance and having two versions of a gene.
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01 (matter to be printed): Irrelevant.
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02 (material suitable for a journalistic account): Irrelevant.

Sense 2, "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," best captures the meaning of a genetic copy—an identical or near-identical duplicate of the original gene sequence.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "needed" (surface form of "need") in the provided context.
The context is a scientific passage about cancer genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes).

Target word: needed (in the phrase "proteins needed to control cell growth")
Context snippet: "Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Analysis:
The phrase is "proteins needed to control cell growth."
The proteins are required for the function of controlling cell growth.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. sense_key=need%2:42:00 (require as useful, just, or proper): This sense relates to necessity or requirement for a function or state. "Proteins needed to control cell growth" means the proteins are required/necessary for controlling cell growth. This fits well. Synonyms include 'require'.
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00 (have need of): This sense usually applies to a subject having a requirement (e.g., "The patient needs water"). Here, the proteins are the object that is needed, not the subject that has the need.
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01 (have or feel a need for): This is similar to sense 2, focusing on the feeling or state of needing. It doesn't fit the objective, functional requirement of a biological molecule.

Comparing 1 and 2/3:
Sense 1 ("require as useful, just, or proper") captures the functional necessity of the proteins. They are necessary components for the process of controlling cell growth.
Sense 2 and 3 focus on the state of lacking or wanting something, which is less appropriate for describing the functional requirement of a protein.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, the instructions ask me to return the JSON object with the sense index, not the sense key.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

Let me re-read the prompt instructions carefully:
"Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

I must choose the single best indexed sense. I determined Sense 1 is the best fit.

If I choose Sense 1, the output should be `{"sense_index": 1}`.

Let's double-check the provided example output format: `{"sense_index": 3}`. This implies the index starts from 1.

My choice: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "control" in the given context.

Context sentence: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

Target word: control
Contextual meaning: The proteins regulate or manage the process of cell growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | (Relates to power/authority, less about biological regulation)
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | (Relates to limiting or moderating, which is a form of regulation, but perhaps too restrictive)
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | (This fits well. Proteins *cause* or *manage* the function of cell growth.)
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | (Relates to social/personal influence, not biological function.)
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | (Specific to scientific methodology, not general biological function.)
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | (Specific to accounting/data verification.)
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | (Relates to ensuring/checking, not regulating function.)
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | (Relates to knowledge/mastery, not biological function.)

Analysis:
The proteins are responsible for regulating or managing cell growth.
Sense 3: "handle and cause to function" (synonyms: operate). This perfectly captures the idea of a biological mechanism (protein) dictating or managing a process (cell growth).

Sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits." While regulation can involve limiting growth, "handle and cause to function" (Sense 3) is a broader and more accurate description of the regulatory role of a protein in a biological system.

Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cell" based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses genes, radiation, chemical damage, cell division, growth-suppressing proteins, malignant cells, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer development.

Key phrases involving "cell":
1. "...a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant." (Here, "cells" refers to biological units.)
2. "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..." (Refers to a biological unit.)
3. "...proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." (Refers to biological units.)
4. "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..." (Refers to the biological unit.)

The context is entirely biological, focusing on genetics, cancer, and cellular processes.

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb (Too general, though biological, it doesn't capture the core meaning here.)
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals (This perfectly matches the biological context of genes, division, and malignancy.)
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (Battery/Electrochemistry - Incorrect.)
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (Political unit - Incorrect.)
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... (Telephone - Incorrect.)
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives (Monastic dwelling - Incorrect.)
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept (Prison - Incorrect.)

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the definitive match for the usage of "cell" in this biological context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
2.  **Analyze the surrounding text/topic:** The passage discusses genes, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, cancer, malignant cells, and cell division. The context is highly biological and relates to cellular processes.
3.  **Determine the meaning of 'growth' in this specific context:** The proteins control "cell growth." In biology, cell growth refers to the process of cells increasing in size, number, or undergoing division/development.
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `growth%1:22:00`: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level. (Focuses on organismal development/maturation).
    *   2. `growth%1:22:01`: a progression from simpler to more complex forms. (Too general, abstract).
    *   3. `growth%1:22:02`: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important. (Synonyms: increase, increment. This captures the idea of increasing size/number, which is central to cell growth).
    *   4. `growth%1:14:00`: vegetation that has grown. (Irrelevant; context is cellular/genetic).
    *   5. `growth%1:11:01`: the gradual beginning or coming forth. (Focuses on emergence, not necessarily size/number increase).
    *   6. `growth%1:26:00`: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). (This is related to cancer, but the sentence refers to the *control* of growth, implying the normal process, not the abnormal one, although the distinction is subtle. However, sense 3 is broader and fits the concept of controlled increase better).
    *   7. `growth%1:17:00`: something grown or growing. (A state or object, not the process of control).

5.  **Compare the best candidates (1, 3, 6):**
    *   The context is "control cell growth."
    *   Sense 1 is about *organismal* development (e.g., a child growing). While cell growth is part of organismal development, sense 3 is more precise for the *process* of cells increasing in size or number.
    *   Sense 6 is *abnormal* proliferation (tumor). The sentence discusses the proteins needed to *control* growth, implying the regulation of normal or potential growth.
    *   Sense 3 ("a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important") perfectly encapsulates the biological concept of cell growth (increasing size/number) and is the most general and accurate fit for the regulatory function described.

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The passage discusses genes, cell division, malignant cells, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and the development of disease. Key phrases include: "cells normally under control turn malignant," "oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant," "cancerous cells," "for <t>cancer</t> to arise," and "prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

2.  **Determine the meaning of 'cancer' in context:** The context clearly refers to a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth (malignancy).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `sense_key=cancer%1:26:00`: Definition is "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease." This perfectly matches the biological/medical context of the passage.
    *   2. `sense_key=cancer%1:18:00`: Definition is "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer." This is irrelevant to the biological discussion.
    *   3. `sense_key=cancer%1:17:00`: Definition is "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini." This is irrelevant to the biological discussion.
    *   4. `sense_key=cancer%1:15:00`: Definition is "the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22." This is irrelevant to the biological discussion.
    *   5. `sense_key=cancer%1:05:00`: Definition is "type genus of the family Cancridae." This is a biological classification (zoology), but not the disease being discussed.

4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is the only sense that aligns with the medical/biological topic of the passage.

5.  **Format the output:** Return the selected sense index in the required JSON format.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "arise" in the provided context.

Context:
"...so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Target word: arise

The context discusses cancer development. The phrase is "for cancer to arise". This means the condition (cancer) must come into existence or develop.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. `arise%2:42:00`: definition=come into existence; take on form or shape. Synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow. Examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship.
    * This fits perfectly. Cancer coming into existence/developing.

2. `arise%2:42:01`: definition=originate or come into being. Synonyms=come up, bob up. Examples=a question arose.
    * This is similar to sense 1, focusing on origination. It is a strong candidate.

3. `arise%2:38:00`: definition=rise to one's feet. Synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up. Examples=The audience got up and applauded.
    * Incorrect. Physical rising.

4. `arise%2:30:00`: definition=result or issue. Synonyms=come up. Examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion.
    * Possible, but sense 1/2 is more direct for a biological condition like cancer.

5. `arise%2:38:04`: definition=move upward. Synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise. Examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire.
    * Incorrect. Physical movement upward.

6. `arise%2:41:00`: definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance. Synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up.
    * Incorrect. Political/military context.

7. `arise%2:29:00`: definition=get up and out of bed. Synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise. Examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early.
    * Incorrect. Personal action of waking up.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (Synonyms: originate, rise, develop, grow).
Sense 2: "originate or come into being" (Synonyms: come up, bob up).

The context is about a biological process (cancer development). "Develop" and "take on form" (Sense 1) are highly relevant to the progression of a disease. While Sense 2 is also about origination, Sense 1 captures the idea of a condition *developing* or *coming into existence* in a complex biological system better than the simpler "originate" suggested by Sense 2's synonyms.

Sense 1 is the best fit for "cancer to arise" meaning cancer to develop or come into existence.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "copies" (target surface form), which is the plural of "copy" (target lemma).

Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

The word "copies" refers to the genetic material (genes) inherited from parents.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Analysis:
The context discusses genes, inheritance, and biological function ("tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies," "Either copy can make the proteins").
The word "copy" here refers to a specific set of genetic information or a physical segment of DNA/chromosomes.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Reproduction of a written record (transcript). Incorrect.
2. A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a duplicate). This sense relates to duplication or replication, which is relevant to genetics, but the definition is broad (e.g., a dress copy).
3. Matter to be printed (text). Incorrect.
4. Material suitable for a journalistic account (text). Incorrect.

Wait, none of the provided senses explicitly cover the biological meaning of a genetic copy (an allele or a segment of DNA).

Let's re-examine sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing."
In genetics, when we say a gene is inherited in two copies, we mean two distinct physical segments (or instances) of that gene are present. These segments are identical in function (they both code for the same protein) and are derived from the original genetic material. This sense, while perhaps not perfectly precise for "allele," is the closest fit among the options provided, as it refers to an identical or similar instance of something (the gene).

If I must choose the *best* indexed sense from the list, sense 2 is the only one that deals with duplication or identical instances, which aligns with the biological concept of having two copies of a gene.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the most appropriate fit, despite the definition being general.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: `impaired`
    *   Context: "...for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   The context discusses genes (specifically tumor-suppressor genes) and the condition required for cancer to develop. The genes must be "impaired."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight`
        *   Focus: Loss of function, quality, or strength.
    *   **Sense 2:** `impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted`
        *   Focus: Being unfit (usually referring to physical or mental condition of a person).

3.  **Match the sense to the context:**
    *   The context refers to *gene copies* being impaired, not a person's physical or mental state.
    *   The genes are tumor-suppressor genes. For cancer to arise, these genes must be non-functional or defective.
    *   "Diminished in strength, quality, or utility" (Sense 1) perfectly describes a gene copy that is damaged or defective and therefore cannot perform its function (controlling cell growth).
    *   "Mentally or physically unfit" (Sense 2) is inappropriate for describing a gene.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, and Sense 1 is the correct choice, the index is 1. (Wait, the prompt asks for the JSON structure `{"sense_index": 3}` as an example, but only provides two candidates. I must use the index corresponding to the chosen sense among the candidates provided.)

    *   Candidate 1 = Sense 1 (Correct)
    *   Candidate 2 = Sense 2 (Incorrect)

    The index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "person" in the provided context.

Context: "A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Analysis:
The sentence describes an individual ("A person") who has a genetic predisposition to cancer based on gene copies. The context is entirely biological and medical, discussing genes, cancer, and susceptibility.

1. Sense 1: "a human being". This fits perfectly. The sentence is talking about a human individual who is prone to cancer.
2. Sense 2: "a human body (usually including the clothing)". This refers to the physical body/attire, which is not the meaning here.
3. Sense 3: "a grammatical category". This is a linguistic definition and is irrelevant to the context.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The goal is to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target surface form "born" (derived from the lemma "bear") within the provided scientific context. I must choose the single best sense from the candidates and return the result as a specific JSON object.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    The relevant sentence is: "A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    The word "born" here relates to the state of existence or origin at birth.

3.  **Analyze the Target Word and Lemma:**
    *   Target surface form: "born" (past participle of "bear").
    *   Lemma: "bear".
    *   Meaning in context: Existing from birth; having been brought into existence.

4.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses (Focusing on "birth" or "origin"):**

    *   1. bear%2:42:01 (have): Incorrect.
    *   2. bear%2:29:01 (cause to be born): Synonyms include "give birth, deliver, birth, have." This sense relates directly to the act of bringing something into existence, which is the root meaning of "born."
    *   3. bear%2:31:00 (put up with): Incorrect.
    *   4. bear%2:35:00 (move while holding up): Incorrect.
    *   5. bear%2:36:00 (bring forth): Synonyms include "turn out." This is related to production/emergence, but sense 2 is more specific to human/animal birth.
    *   6. bear%2:40:02 (take on expenses): Incorrect.
    *   7. bear%2:42:14 (contain or hold): Incorrect.
    *   8. bear%2:40:01 (bring in - financial): Incorrect.
    *   9. bear%2:29:02 (have on one's person): Incorrect.
    *   10. bear%2:41:00 (behave): Incorrect.
    *   11. bear%2:40:00 (have rightfully): Incorrect.
    *   12. bear%2:35:01 (support or hold): Incorrect.
    *   13. bear%2:29:00 (be pregnant with): Incorrect (This is about gestation, not the state of being born).

5.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    The context uses "born" in the passive sense: "A person who is born with one defective copy..." This means the person was brought into existence with that condition.
    Sense 2 (bear%2:29:01) is defined as "cause to be born" and includes "birth" and "have" (in the sense of having offspring/being born) in its synonyms. This is the most accurate fit for the concept of human birth/origin.

6.  **Final Check:** The phrase "born with" is a standard idiom meaning "having been conceived/delivered with." Sense 2 covers the concept of birth.

7.  **Format Output:** Generate the required JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "copy" in the provided context.

Context:
"...Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Target word: copy

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Analysis:
The context discusses genes, tumor-suppressor genes, and inheritance.
"tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."

In this biological context, "copy" refers to a specific instance or version of a gene (or gene segment) that is present in the organism, inherited from a parent. It is a physical or functional unit of the genetic material.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Reproduction of a written record (transcript). Irrelevant to genes.
2. A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a duplicate). This sense relates to duplication or replication, which is conceptually close to genetic copies, but the definition focuses on the *result* of making something similar, not the inherited unit itself.
3. Matter to be printed. Irrelevant.
4. Material suitable for a journalistic account. Irrelevant.

Revisiting Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." While the definition is broad, in the context of genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to a duplicate or identical unit of that gene. This sense captures the idea of duplication/replication inherent in the biological meaning of a gene copy.

However, let's consider the specific usage: "two copies, one from each parent." This refers to the two homologous chromosomes/alleles carrying the gene. This is a specific biological meaning of duplication/instance.

If I must choose the best fit among the provided schematic senses, Sense 2 is the only one dealing with duplication or similarity (making an identical version). The biological concept of a gene copy is fundamentally a duplicate unit of genetic information.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate fit, despite the definition being slightly general (e.g., "she made a copy of the designer dress").

Conclusion: Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "copy" in the provided context.

Context:
"...Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Target word: "copy" (in the phrase "one copy is damaged early in life").

Analysis of the context:
The context is discussing genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes. It states that these genes are inherited in "two copies, one from each parent." It then refers to these individual units as "copy."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Evaluation:
1. Sense 1 (reproduction of a written record): Irrelevant. The context is biological/genetic, not documentation.
2. Sense 2 (a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing): This relates to duplication or replication. In genetics, a gene is present in multiple copies (alleles/gene copies). This sense is plausible, as a gene copy is a physical instance of the gene.
3. Sense 3 (matter to be printed): Irrelevant.
4. Sense 4 (material suitable for a journalistic account): Irrelevant.

Revisiting Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing."
In the context of genetics, when a gene is inherited from two parents, the organism possesses two copies of that gene. These copies are functionally identical (or highly similar) versions of the gene sequence. The context uses "copy" to refer to one of these physical units of the gene.

Let's check if there is a better fit. The term "gene copy" in biology refers to an allele or a specific physical locus of the gene. Sense 2, while perhaps slightly broad, captures the idea of a duplicated, identical unit (the gene unit).

If I consider the biological meaning of "copy" (a duplicate unit), Sense 2 is the closest available option among the provided schematic definitions, even though it focuses on physical similarity rather than genetic structure. The other senses are clearly related to text/printing.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: damage
    *   Target surface form: damaged
    *   Context sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   The context is highly technical (genetics, cancer, genes, copies). The word 'damaged' refers to a copy of a suppressor gene.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (damage%2:30:00):** Definition = inflict damage upon. Examples = The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree. (This is the transitive sense: A acts upon B).
    *   **Sense 2 (damage%2:30:01):** Definition = suffer or be susceptible to damage. Examples = These fine china cups damage easily. (This is the intransitive/passive sense: B suffers damage).

3.  **Determine the relationship between the target word and the senses:**
    *   The structure is: "one copy is damaged."
    *   The gene copy is the entity *receiving* the change/impairment.
    *   The gene copy is not *inflicting* damage (Sense 1).
    *   The gene copy is *suffering* or *being in a state of* damage/impairment (Sense 2).

4.  **Evaluate the fit:**
    *   The context describes a gene copy being impaired or defective, which aligns perfectly with the idea of suffering damage (Sense 2).
    *   Sense 1 (inflict damage) would require an agent (e.g., "a mutation damaged the copy"), but the structure "is damaged" implies the state of the copy.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the best fit.

6.  **Format the output:** Return the JSON object with the correct sense index. (Sense 2 corresponds to index 2 in the provided list).