[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "countries" (plural of "country") based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment.
The relevant sentence is: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants."

The word "countries" refers to political/geographical entities that admit immigrants, and the discussion is about the economic impact of migration flows on these entities (economic growth, wages, employment).

Candidate senses analysis:
1. `country%1:14:00`: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (synonyms: state, nation). This fits the context of economic policy and immigration laws (admitting immigrants).
2. `country%1:15:00`: "the territory occupied by a nation" (synonyms: state, land). This is geographical, but sense 1 is more encompassing when discussing political/economic systems.
3. `country%1:14:01`: "the people who live in a nation or country" (synonyms: nation, land). This refers to inhabitants, not the entities themselves where economic growth occurs.
4. `country%1:15:01`: "an area outside of cities and towns" (synonyms: rural area). This is clearly incorrect (rural setting).
5. `country%1:15:02`: "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary" (synonyms: area). This is too vague and less specific than a sovereign state/nation.

Comparison:
The context links "countries" to "economic growth, wages and employment" and the ability to "admit immigrants." This strongly points to sovereign political entities.

Sense 1 ("a politically organized body of people under a single government") is the best fit, as it captures the political and governmental nature of the entities being discussed in the context of immigration policy and economic outcomes.

The target word is "countries" (plural), and the best sense is 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "immigration" based on the provided context.

Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context: "Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Analysis of the context:
The context discusses the economic impact of "immigration," specifically mentioning "immigrants," "native workers," "downward pressure on wages," and "economic growth." The discussion revolves around the movement of people into a country and its socio-economic consequences.

Evaluation of Candidate 1:
Definition: migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there).
Synonyms: in-migration.
This definition perfectly matches the topic of the passage (the movement of people into a country and its economic effects).

Evaluation of Candidate 2:
Definition: the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval.
This sense refers to a group or quantity of arrivals, which is related, but Candidate 1 captures the fundamental *process* and *concept* being debated (the phenomenon of people moving in), which is the core meaning in this economic discussion.

Conclusion:
The context clearly refers to the phenomenon of people moving into a country for settlement and work, which is precisely defined by Candidate 1.

I must return the chosen sense index in the specified JSON format.
The best sense is Candidate 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "growth"
    *   Context sentence: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration. It mentions "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment." The sentence in question links restricted immigration to "anaemic growth" and harm to employment.

2.  **Determine the meaning of "growth" in this context:**
    *   "Anaemic growth" in an economic context means slow, weak, or insufficient economic expansion/development.
    *   The context is clearly about macroeconomics (economic impact, employment, wages, migration flows).

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses based on the determined meaning (economic expansion/increase):**

    *   1. `growth%1:22:00`: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically. (Incorrect - biological)
    *   2. `growth%1:22:01`: a progression from simpler to more complex forms. (Too abstract/general, less specific to economic increase)
    *   3. `growth%1:22:02`: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important. Synonyms: increase, increment. Examples: the increase in unemployment; the growth of population. (Highly relevant. Economic growth is fundamentally an increase in output/size/wealth.)
    *   4. `growth%1:14:00`: vegetation that has grown. (Incorrect - biological/botanical)
    *   5. `growth%1:11:01`: the gradual beginning or coming forth. (Too focused on emergence, not necessarily quantitative increase)
    *   6. `growth%1:26:00`: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue. (Incorrect - medical)
    *   7. `growth%1:17:00`: something grown or growing. (Too general/descriptive, lacks the sense of quantitative increase needed for "anaemic growth.")

4.  **Select the best fit:**
    *   Sense 3 (`growth%1:22:02`) defines growth as a process of becoming larger or more numerous, with synonyms like "increase" and "increment." This perfectly captures the meaning of economic growth (GDP growth, population growth, etc.) and fits the phrase "anaemic growth" (slow increase).

5.  **Final check:** The context is economic. Sense 3 relates to quantitative increase/expansion, which is the standard definition of economic growth.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content: {"sense_index": 26:00}

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "employment" in the given context.

Context:
"Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and **employment** in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Target word: employment (in the phrase "harms employment")

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Analysis:
The context discusses the positive impact of migration flows on "economic growth, wages and employment." It then states that restricting immigration "harms employment." The discussion revolves around labor markets, wages, and economic health.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **the state of being employed or having a job:** This refers to the condition of people having jobs (e.g., high employment rate). If immigration harms this, it means it harms the overall job market/labor force participation. This fits the economic context well.
2. **the occupation for which you are paid:** This refers to a specific job title or role (e.g., "his employment as a teacher"). While related, the context uses "employment" as a broad economic indicator alongside "wages" and "economic growth," suggesting the overall state of the labor market, not a specific job.
3. **the act of giving someone a job:** This is the action of hiring (e.g., "the act of employment"). This is an action, but the context treats "employment" as a measurable economic outcome (like growth or wages).
4. **the act of using:** This is completely irrelevant to the economic discussion of labor markets.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 ("the state of being employed or having a job") is a broader concept encompassing the overall health of the labor market (e.g., unemployment rate, employment rate).
Sense 2 ("the occupation for which you are paid") is more specific, referring to a particular job.

Given the phrase "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment," "employment" here refers to the overall level of job availability and labor market health. Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate fit.

Sense 1: definition=the state of being employed or having a job.

The index for Sense 1 is 26:00.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[Assistant] {"sense_index": 26:00}

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 4. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "employment" based on the provided context and four candidate senses. I must choose the single best sense index (1, 2, 3, or 4) and return only a specific JSON format.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration.
    *   "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and **employment** in countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>."
    *   The surrounding discussion links "employment" to "economic growth," "wages," and the negative consequences of restricting immigration (anaemic growth).

3.  **Analyze the Target Word and Candidates:**
    *   Target word: employment
    *   Contextual meaning: The state or level of jobs/work available in the economy.

    *   **Candidate 1 (employment%1:26:00):**
        *   Definition: the state of being employed or having a job.
        *   Synonyms: employ.
        *   *Fit:* This matches the idea of the overall state of jobs in the economy.

    *   **Candidate 2 (employment%1:04:00):**
        *   Definition: the occupation for which you are paid.
        *   Synonyms: work.
        *   *Fit:* This usually refers to a specific job (e.g., "my employment is as a teacher"). While related, the context ("harms employment" in a macroeconomic sense) suggests the *state* of jobs, not a specific job title.

    *   **Candidate 3 (employment%1:04:02):**
        *   Definition: the act of giving someone a job.
        *   Synonyms: engagement.
        *   *Fit:* This is the act of hiring (e.g., "the act of employment"). This is not what the context means.

    *   **Candidate 4 (employment%1:04:01):**
        *   Definition: the act of using.
        *   Synonyms: use, usage, utilization.
        *   *Fit:* This is completely irrelevant (e.g., "employment of resources").

4.  **Compare and Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The context uses "employment" in a macroeconomic sense, referring to the overall health and availability of jobs in the country.
    *   Candidate 1 ("the state of being employed or having a job") best captures this broad, systemic meaning.
    *   Candidate 2 is too specific (referring to a single job).
    *   Candidate 3 and 4 are incorrect definitions.

5.  **Final Selection:** Candidate 1 (sense_key=employment%1:26:00).

6.  **Format Output:** Ensure the output is *only* the required JSON structure, using the index number (1, 2, 3, or 4). Since Candidate 1 corresponds to index 1 in the list provided to me, I will use 1. (Wait, the prompt requires me to use the index *number* corresponding to the chosen sense, not the sense key itself. Candidate 1 is the first listed.)

    *   Candidate 1 -> Index 1
    *   Candidate 2 -> Index 2
    *   Candidate 3 -> Index 3
    *   Candidate 4 -> Index 4

    The best sense is Candidate 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fear
Target surface form: Fears
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Fears" (plural of "fear") in the given context.

Context:
"Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Target word: Fears

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Analysis:
The context states: "<t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

The "fears" here are not necessarily intense, life-threatening emotions (Sense 1), nor are they primarily general anxiety (Sense 2), although they involve worry. They are specific concerns or apprehensions related to economic consequences (replacement of workers, downward pressure on wages).

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Sense 1 (Specific pain/danger): While economic threat can be perceived as danger, the phrasing "Fears about the impact" suggests a more generalized apprehension or concern about a predicted outcome, rather than a sudden, acute fright.
2. Sense 2 (Anxious feeling/Concern): This sense aligns well with "concerns" or "apprehensions" regarding economic outcomes. The synonyms (concern, care) fit the context of worrying about job displacement and wage pressure.
3. Sense 3 (Profound respect/Awe): This sense is clearly incorrect, as the context is about negative economic predictions, not reverence.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 focuses on the physiological/emotional response to immediate danger.
Sense 2 focuses on the mental state of worry or apprehension (concern).

In the context of economic debate ("Fears about the impact... are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers"), the term functions as a synonym for "concerns" or "apprehensions." Sense 2, defined as "an anxious feeling" and associated with synonyms like "concern," is the most appropriate fit for this abstract, socio-economic worry.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target word: "impact"
    *   Context sentence: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   Surrounding text: The passage discusses the economic effects (positive/negative) of immigration on growth, wages, and employment.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (impact%1:11:00):** definition=the striking of one body against another. (Physical collision).
        *   *Relevance to context:* Low. The context is economic/social, not physical striking.

    *   **Sense 2 (impact%1:19:00):** definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop. (Effect/Consequence).
        *   *Relevance to context:* High. "Positive impact... on economic growth, wages and employment" clearly refers to a strong effect or consequence.

    *   **Sense 3 (impact%1:04:00):** definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture. (Influence/Interference).
        *   *Relevance to context:* High. The effect of migration flows *influences* economic growth. This sense is closely related to Sense 2, focusing more on the *process* of influence rather than the *result* (consequence).

    *   **Sense 4 (impact%1:04:01):** definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle. (Combat/Clash).
        *   *Relevance to context:* Very Low. The context is economic, not military.

3.  **Compare Best Candidates (Sense 2 vs. Sense 3):**

    *   Context: "...positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment..."
    *   Sense 2 (Consequence/Effect): Focuses on the *result* (e.g., the impact *is* growth).
    *   Sense 3 (Influencing Strongly): Focuses on the *action* (e.g., migration flows *influence* growth).

    In the phrase "positive impact of X on Y," "impact" functions as the *effect* or *consequence* that X has on Y. While Sense 3 (influencing) is conceptually related, Sense 2 (a strong effect/consequence) is the standard and most precise way to index this usage in academic/economic writing. The examples provided for Sense 2 ("the book had an important impact on my thinking") strongly align with the meaning of a resulting effect.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 2 is the best fit.

5.  **Format Output:** Generate the required JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence containing the target word is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."

2.  **Determine the meaning of 'notion' in context:** Here, 'notion' refers to a specific belief or idea held by people (the fears) about immigrants (that they will replace native workers). It is a generalized concept or assumption that forms the basis of the fear.

3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**

    *   **sense_key=notion%1:09:02:** definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion. (This aligns well with 'belief' or 'opinion'.)
    *   **sense_key=notion%1:09:00:** definition=a general inclusive concept. (This is very broad, but fits the idea of a generalized concept/belief.)
    *   **sense_key=notion%1:09:01:** definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey. (This suggests something strange or arbitrary, which doesn't fit the serious economic fear described.)
    *   **sense_key=notion%1:06:00:** definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items. (This is the physical object sense, clearly incorrect.)

4.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 2):**

    *   Sense 1 focuses on 'belief' or 'opinion' (a specific cognitive state).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on 'a general inclusive concept' (a broader category).

    The context ("Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers...") strongly suggests a specific, shared *belief* or *opinion* that drives the fear. Sense 1, with synonyms like 'belief' and 'opinion', captures this cognitive aspect more precisely than the general concept definition of Sense 2.

5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 1 is the most precise fit for 'a belief/opinion' that forms the basis of a fear.

6.  **Format the output:** Return the chosen sense index in the required JSON format.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target surface form: *workers* (plural of *worker*)
    *   Context sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
    *   Surrounding text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, employment, and the relationship between immigrants and local labor.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (worker%1:18:00):** | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
        *   *Relevance:* High. This refers to someone employed in a job/occupation. The context discusses replacing "native workers" (i.e., native employees/laborers).

    *   **Sense 2 (worker%1:18:01):** | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
        *   *Relevance:* Moderate. While related to labor, this sense emphasizes class identity (the proletariat). The context focuses on the *function* of the labor (being replaced, exerting pressure on wages), which aligns more closely with the occupational definition (Sense 1).

    *   **Sense 3 (worker%1:05:01):** | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
        *   *Relevance:* Zero. This is biological (e.g., ant worker).

    *   **Sense 4 (worker%1:18:02):** | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer
        *   *Relevance:* Low. This is a general term for an active person, not specifically tied to economic labor or occupation in the way the context requires.

3.  **Compare and Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The context explicitly discusses immigrants replacing "native workers" and the effect on "wages." This is a discussion of the labor market and employment.
    *   Sense 1 ("a person who works at a specific occupation") is the most precise fit for discussing native employees whose jobs might be taken by immigrants.
    *   Sense 2 is plausible but too broad (class identity vs. specific job/laborer).
    *   Sense 3 and 4 are irrelevant.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the best fit. (Note: The instruction requires returning the index number, not the definition.)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target surface form "ones" (which is the plural of "one") based on the provided context.

Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context snippet: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Analysis:
The word "ones" is used in the phrase "unskilled ones".
The context discusses immigrants, native workers, and labor markets.
"Unskilled ones" refers to a group of people (workers).

Sense 1 relates to numbers (1, unity). This is clearly incorrect in this context.
Sense 2 relates to a single person or thing. Since "ones" is plural, it refers to multiple people/things. The definition "a single person or thing" is the base form, but it applies to the concept of referring to individuals/things.

In the phrase "unskilled ones," "ones" is a pronoun standing in for "unskilled workers" or "unskilled people." This aligns perfectly with the concept of referring to people/things (Sense 2).

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "pressure" in the given context.

Context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Target word: pressure

The phrase is "exerting downward pressure on wages."

This usage refers to a negative influence or force that pushes wages down.

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=pressure%1:19:00::** | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface... | This is physical pressure (like air pressure or hydraulic pressure). Not relevant to wages.
2. **sense_key=pressure%1:07:00::** | definition=a force that compels | This relates to influence or compulsion. "Exerting downward pressure on wages" means exerting a downward force/influence on the wage level. This fits well.
3. **sense_key=pressure%1:04:00::** | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | This is the action of pressing (e.g., pressing a button). While related to the concept of force, the context refers to the *effect* or *influence* on wages, not a physical act of pressing.
4. **sense_key=pressure%1:26:00::** | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | This is insistence or urgency (e.g., media pressure). Not relevant to economic downward force on wages.
5. **sense_key=pressure%1:09:00::** | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | Physical sensation. Irrelevant.
6. **sense_key=pressure%1:26:01::** | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress | This refers to a state of distress (e.g., economic pressure). While the *result* of downward pressure on wages might be distress, the word "pressure" here describes the *mechanism* (the downward force/influence) causing the change in wages. Sense 2 is more precise for the action described ("exerting downward pressure").
7. **sense_key=pressure%1:19:01::** | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | Physical pressure. Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 2 ("a force that compels") and Sense 6 ("an oppressive condition..."):
The sentence says immigrants are "exerting downward pressure on wages." This describes the *action* or *force* they apply, which compels wages to move downward. Sense 2 captures this dynamic force/compulsion aspect perfectly. Sense 6 describes a resulting state of distress, not the mechanism of influence on wages.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "experience" in the given context.

Context: "But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Analysis:
The sentence structure is: "But <t>experience</t> shows that..."
Here, "experience" is functioning as a noun that refers to evidence, data, or accumulated knowledge derived from observation or practice, which leads to a conclusion ("shows that...").

Let's evaluate the candidates:

1. **sense_key=experience%1:09:01**: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities." This aligns well with the idea of evidence or accumulated knowledge that leads to a conclusion. "Experience shows" is a common idiomatic usage meaning "evidence/data suggests."
2. **sense_key=experience%1:09:00**: "the content of direct observation or participation in an event." While related, this often refers to a specific event or observation (e.g., "the experience of the trip"). When used as a general indicator of truth ("experience shows"), it leans more towards accumulated knowledge (Sense 1).
3. **sense_key=experience%1:11:00**: "an event as apprehended." This refers to a single, specific event (e.g., "a surprising experience"). This does not fit the context where "experience" is used generally to support a broad economic claim.

Conclusion:
Sense 1, referring to accumulated knowledge or skill derived from participation, is the best fit for "experience shows that..." in this academic/economic context. It means the collective body of knowledge or practical evidence supports the claim.

I must return the JSON object with the correct sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replacement
Target surface form: replacements
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replacement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. sense_key=replacement%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. sense_key=replacement%1:11:00:: | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. sense_key=replacement%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. sense_key=replacement%1:22:00:: | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. sense_key=replacement%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "replacements" (lemma: replacement) based on the provided context.

Context snippet: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

The target word is "replacements". It is used in the phrase "rather than replacements of, local labor".

Let's analyze the meaning in context. The fear is that immigrants will *replace* native workers. The reality is that immigrants are complementary to local labor, rather than *replacements* of local labor. This suggests that the immigrants are not simply taking the place of existing workers, but rather filling gaps or augmenting the workforce.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=replacement%1:04:00::** | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
    * This focuses on the *act* (verb form/gerund). The context uses "replacements" (noun).

2. **sense_key=replacement%1:18:02::** | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
    * This refers to a person (e.g., a substitute employee). While immigrants are people, the context is discussing the *role* or *function* they perform relative to local labor, not just their identity as a substitute person.

3. **sense_key=replacement%1:11:00::** | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
    * This refers to the *event* or *process* of substitution. In the context, "replacements of local labor" refers to the *state* or *role* of being a substitute for local labor. This sense seems too abstract (an event) for the noun phrase structure here, but the core idea of substitution is relevant.

4. **sense_key=replacement%1:09:00::** | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
    * This refers to the *thing* or *person* that serves as a substitute. This aligns well with the idea of immigrants functioning as substitutes for local labor (i.e., filling roles that local labor cannot or does not fill).

5. **sense_key=replacement%1:22:00::** | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
    * This relates to restocking or renewal (e.g., replacing fuel). This is irrelevant to labor substitution.

6. **sense_key=replacement%1:18:01::** | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor
    * This refers to a successor in sequence. Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 4:
Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" (Focus on the person/agent).
Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (Focus on the role/substitute entity).

In the phrase "replacements of local labor," the immigrants are functioning as substitutes for the labor that is lacking or unavailable locally. Sense 4, defining the *substitute entity* (person or thing) that takes the place, is the most accurate fit for describing the functional role of the immigrants in the labor market context.

Therefore, Sense 4 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "labor" in the provided context.

Context:
"But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

Target word: labor (used twice, but the meaning is consistent).

Analysis of the context:
The context discusses immigrants and their relationship with the local workforce. Specifically, it mentions that immigrants are complementary to local "labor" and fill shortages in trades where there is a shortage of local "labor." This refers to the workforce or the work itself.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours (Irrelevant)
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement (Irrelevant)
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour (Irrelevant)
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL (Irrelevant)
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task (Possible, but less specific than 1 or 2)

Comparing relevant senses (1, 2, 7):
The context uses "local labor" and "shortage of local labor."

Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages." (Refers to the people/workforce).
Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)." (Refers to the activity/output).
Sense 7: "any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted." (General task).

In the phrase "shortage of local labor," "labor" can refer to the workers (Sense 1) or the available work/manpower (Sense 2/1).

If we look at the phrase "complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor," this suggests that immigrants are filling a gap in the existing workforce/manpower.

Sense 1 (social class/workforce) fits very well: Immigrants are complementary to the local workforce.
Sense 2 (productive work) also fits: Immigrants are complementary to the local productive output/work.

However, when discussing shortages in trades, "labor" often refers to the available human resources (the workers). The example for Sense 1 ("there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field") strongly supports the interpretation of "labor" as the workforce/human capital.

Sense 1 is the most precise fit for the context of immigrants filling a shortage in the local workforce.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trade
Target surface form: trades
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trade%1:04:05:: | definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:01:: | definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. sense_key=trade%1:19:00:: | definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. sense_key=trade%1:04:03:: | definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "trades" (target lemma: trade) based on the provided context.

Context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor."

Target word: trades (plural of trade).

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses immigrants being complementary to local labor. They are "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." This suggests that "trades" refers to specific types of work or occupations that are needed and currently lacking in the local labor market.

Evaluation of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=trade%1:04:05: Commercial exchange of goods and services. (Focuses on buying/selling markets). Does not fit "exercising trades" in the context of labor shortage.
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:00: The skilled practice of a practical occupation. (Synonym: craft). This fits the idea of a specific type of work/occupation. "Exercising trades" could mean performing these skilled occupations.
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:01: The business given to a commercial establishment by its customers. (Synonym: patronage). Does not fit the context of labor shortage/occupations.
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:02: A particular instance of buying or selling. (Synonym: deal). Too narrow and transactional; doesn't fit the context of labor sectors.
5. sense_key=trade%1:14:00: People who perform a particular kind of skilled work. (Synonym: craft). This defines the *people*, not the *activities* or *sectors* they perform, although the activities are related. The context says immigrants are "exercising trades."
6. sense_key=trade%1:19:00: Steady winds. (Irrelevant).
7. sense_key=trade%1:04:03: An equal exchange. (Synonym: barter). Does not fit the context of labor sectors.

Revisiting Sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation."
If immigrants are "exercising trades," they are performing specific occupations or types of work. This sense captures the idea of a specific, practical occupation or skill set.

Revisiting Sense 5: "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work."
If the context used "craftsmen" or "workers," Sense 5 might be better. But since the context uses "exercising trades," the focus is on the *activity* or *field* of work, which aligns better with Sense 2 (the practice/occupation itself).

In the phrase "exercising trades," "trades" refers to the specific occupations or fields of labor. Sense 2, "the skilled practice of a practical occupation," is the most accurate representation of this meaning in the context of labor markets and shortages.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "shortage"
    *   Context sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." (The target word appears in the preceding sentence: "...exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor.")
    *   Full relevant context: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "shortage" in context:**
    *   The context states that immigrants work in trades where there is a "shortage of local labor."
    *   This means there is a lack, a deficiency, or an insufficiency of local workers in those specific trades.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit`
        *   This sense relates to an amount being less than expected or required (a deficit/shortfall).
        *   In the context ("shortage of local labor"), the labor supply is less than the demand/requirement. This fits the definition of a deficit/shortfall.

    *   **Sense 2:** `sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine`
        *   This sense implies a severe, often critical, lack (dearth/famine).
        *   While a labor shortage is an insufficiency, Sense 1's definition ("less than expected or required") is a more general and precise fit for a market/labor supply issue, which doesn't necessarily imply a catastrophic "famine" level of lack.

4.  **Compare and select the best fit:**
    *   The context describes a gap between the required labor and the available local labor. This is a classic definition of a deficit or shortfall (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 1 is broader and perfectly captures the idea of insufficient supply in a specific market segment, which is what the labor shortage implies.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1. (The instruction requires returning a JSON object with the sense index, which is 1 in this case, assuming the candidates are indexed 1 and 2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>."
2.  **Analyze the surrounding text/topic:** The passage discusses the economic impact of immigration, specifically focusing on how immigrants affect "economic growth, wages and employment." It contrasts the fear that immigrants replace native workers with the reality that they complement them, filling shortages.
3.  **Examine the target word's function:** "labor" here is the object of the preposition "of" (shortage of local labor). It refers to the workforce or the capacity of the workforce.
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field`
        *   *Match:* This sense refers to the workforce/workers (the resource). The context mentions a "shortage of local labor" in specific trades, which perfectly aligns with the concept of a shortage of available workers/workforce.
    *   2. `sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill`
        *   *Match:* This refers to the *activity* (the work itself). While related, the context uses "shortage of local labor," implying a shortage of *people* or *available workforce*, not necessarily a shortage of the *act* of working. Sense 1 is a better fit for "shortage of local [resource/people]."
    *   3. `sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy...`
        *   *Match:* No. (Irrelevant)
    *   4. `sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status...`
        *   *Match:* No. (Refers to unions/movements)
    *   5. `sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain...`
        *   *Match:* No. (Political entity)
    *   6. `sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions...`
        *   *Match:* No. (Government agency)
    *   7. `sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted`
        *   *Match:* No. (Refers to a task/project)

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1, defining labor as the social class or workforce, is the most accurate fit for "shortage of local labor" in an economic context discussing immigration and employment.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
6. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "sectors" in the given context.
The target lemma is "sector".
The context is: "Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

I need to evaluate the candidate senses:

1. `sense_key=sector%1:25:00`: a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle (Geometric/Mathematical).
2. `sense_key=sector%1:14:00`: a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector (Economic/Social division).
3. `sense_key=sector%1:09:00`: a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life (Abstract/Domain).
4. `sense_key=sector%1:23:00`: the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information... (Computing/Data storage).
5. `sense_key=sector%1:15:00`: a portion of a military position (Military).
6. `sense_key=sector%1:06:00`: measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end (Instrument/Gauge).

Analyzing the context:
"Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

The context discusses labor, immigrants, local labor, and employment opportunities. This clearly relates to the economy or specific areas of economic activity.

Comparing the relevant senses:

*   Sense 2 (`sector%1:14:00`): "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy." This fits the economic context (e.g., manufacturing sector, service sector).
*   Sense 3 (`sector%1:09:00`): "a particular aspect of life or activity." While "sector" can mean an area of activity, Sense 2 is much more specific to the economic/labor context implied by "immigrants," "local labor," and "employment."

The phrase "work in sectors" strongly suggests divisions of the economy (e.g., agricultural sector, industrial sector, service sector).

Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate fit.

Wait, I must check the provided instructions carefully regarding the output format.
Instruction 3: Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
Instruction 4: Return only a JSON object exactly like `{"sense_index": 3}`.

I need to map my chosen sense (Sense 2) to the index provided in the list.
Sense 1 -> Index 1
Sense 2 -> Index 2
Sense 3 -> Index 3
Sense 4 -> Index 4
Sense 5 -> Index 5
Sense 6 -> Index 6

My choice is Sense 2. The corresponding index is 2.

Let me re-read the prompt and the provided example output structure. The example output structure uses `{"sense_index": 3}`. This implies I should use the numerical index corresponding to the chosen sense in the list provided to me.

Chosen sense: `sense_key=sector%1:14:00` (Index 2).

Final check: The context is about labor markets and economic activity. Sense 2 ("a social group that forms part of the society or the economy") is the correct interpretation.