[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "called" (past tense of "call") based on the provided context.

Context: "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Target word: called
Contextual phrase: "as it was once called"

Analysis of the context:
The phrase "as it was once called" means that the term "Progressive education" was previously referred to by a different name or description. It is used to indicate a former designation or label.

Reviewing the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
    * This sense relates directly to assigning a name or label. "It was once called [Name]" fits perfectly with this definition.

2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
    * This is about labeling someone/something with a quality (e.g., calling him lazy). While related to naming, sense 1 is broader and fits the context of a formal designation ("Progressive education").

3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | (Irrelevant)

4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | (Irrelevant)

5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | (Irrelevant)

6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | (Irrelevant)

7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | (Irrelevant)

8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | (Irrelevant)

9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | (Irrelevant)

10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | (Irrelevant)

11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | (Irrelevant)

12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | (Less likely; the context is about the name itself, not the act of greeting.)

13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | (Irrelevant)

14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | (Irrelevant)

15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | (Irrelevant)

16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | (Irrelevant)

17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | (Irrelevant)

18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | (Irrelevant)

19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | (Irrelevant)

20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | (Irrelevant)

21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | (Irrelevant)

22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | (Irrelevant)

23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | (Irrelevant)

24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | (Irrelevant)

25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | (Possible, but sense 1 is more precise for naming/labeling.)

26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | (Irrelevant)

27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
    * This is close, as "called" can mean "considered," but sense 1 specifically addresses the act of *naming* or *designating* something, which is what "as it was once called" implies.

28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | (Irrelevant)

Conclusion: Sense 1, "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to," is the most accurate fit for the usage "as it was once called."


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: far
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "far" in the given context.

Context: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Target word: far

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "far more interesting and agreeable".
Here, "far" is modifying the comparative adjective "more interesting and agreeable." It intensifies the degree of interest and agreeableness.

Evaluation of candidates:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02: definition=to a considerable degree; very much. This matches the function of "far" as an intensifier in a comparative structure ("far more"). Examples: "a far far better thing," "felt far worse." This is a strong match.
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00: definition=at or to or from a great distance in space. (Spatial distance). Not applicable.
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04: definition=at or to a certain point or degree. This sense often relates to limits or extent ("how far can we get"). While it involves degree, sense 1 is a more precise fit for the intensifier role ("far more").
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01: definition=remote in time. Not applicable.
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05: definition=to an advanced stage or point. Not applicable.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "to a considerable degree; very much." (Intensifier)
Sense 3: "at or to a certain point or degree." (Extent/Limit)

In "far more interesting," "far" functions as an adverbial intensifier meaning "to a much greater degree." Sense 1 captures this meaning perfectly.

Therefore, sense_key=far%4:02:02 is the best fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "more" in the given context.

Context: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Target word: more

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Analysis:
The structure of the sentence is: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable... than is disciplined instruction."
The word "more" is modifying the adjectives "interesting" and "agreeable."
The phrase "far more interesting" is a clear example of forming the comparative degree of an adjective ("interesting").

Comparing with candidates:
Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" and example "more interesting". This matches the usage perfectly.
Sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" and example "they eat more than they should". While "more" can indicate a greater extent, in this specific context, it is explicitly comparing two qualities (interesting/agreeable) using an adjective, which aligns better with Sense 1's definition and example.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "agreeable" in the given context.

Context: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Target word: agreeable

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Analysis:
The structure is: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
The word "agreeable" is modified by "to teachers." This suggests a subjective quality or preference.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. **sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: (conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature)**
   * Definition: Conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature.
   * Context fit: If something is "agreeable to teachers," it means it suits their preferences, making it pleasant or acceptable to them. This aligns perfectly with the idea of liking or feeling.

2. **sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 (in keeping)**
   * Definition: In keeping (with something).
   * Context fit: This sense usually relates to consistency or compatibility (e.g., "The data is agreeable with the hypothesis"). While education might be consistent with their views, the phrasing "agreeable to teachers" strongly suggests a subjective preference rather than objective consistency.

3. **sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 (prepared to agree or consent)**
   * Definition: Prepared to agree or consent.
   * Context fit: This sense is typically used when discussing willingness or consent (e.g., "They were agreeable to the terms"). While "agreeable to teachers" uses the preposition 'to', the meaning here is not about their willingness to consent to the education model, but rather how they *feel* about it.

Conclusion:
Sense 1, meaning "pleasing or conforming to one's liking," is the best fit. The context implies that progressive education is more pleasant or appealing to teachers than disciplined instruction.

The corresponding index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "teachers" in the provided context.
The target lemma is "teacher".
The context is: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses "Progressive education" and how it is "agreeable to teachers." It then mentions that "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'." This clearly refers to individuals who work in the field of education.

Analysis of the candidates:
1. Sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching" (Synonym: instructor). This matches the context perfectly (people who teach/work in education).
2. Sense 2: "a personified abstraction that teaches" (Examples: books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher). This refers to abstract concepts or things that instruct, which does not fit the context of "teachers" being engaged in "personality development."

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct sense.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index. Since the candidates are numbered 1 and 2, I must choose the index corresponding to Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "disciplined"
    *   Context sentence: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses the conflict between "Progressive education" (focused on "creativity" and "personality development") and "common sense" regarding education. The contrast is drawn between this progressive approach and something else.

2.  **Analyze the candidates:**
    *   Candidate 1: `sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00` | `definition=obeying the rules`
    *   Candidate 2: `sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00` | `definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise`

3.  **Evaluate Candidate 1 (obeying the rules):**
    *   "Disciplined instruction" meaning instruction that requires students to obey rules or follow strict procedures. This fits the general idea of traditional, structured learning, which is often contrasted with free-form "progressive education."

4.  **Evaluate Candidate 2 (trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise):**
    *   "Disciplined instruction" meaning instruction that trains the mind (e.g., rigorous academic training, mental exercises). This also fits the idea of structured, rigorous learning.

5.  **Compare and select the best fit:**
    *   The context contrasts "Progressive education" (focused on creativity/personality development) with "disciplined instruction."
    *   "Progressive education" often emphasizes self-discovery and freedom (less focus on strict adherence to rules or rote training).
    *   "Disciplined instruction" in this educational debate typically refers to structured, rigorous, and often rule-bound learning designed to instill specific skills or knowledge (i.e., training/discipline).
    *   While both senses are related, the concept of *instruction* often implies a process of *training* or *shaping* the student's mind/skills (Candidate 2). However, the contrast with "creativity" often highlights the *structure* and *adherence* required (Candidate 1).
    *   Let's look closer at the typical usage of "disciplined instruction." It usually means instruction that demands rigor, focus, and adherence to a curriculum/methodology.
    *   If we interpret "disciplined instruction" as instruction that *trains* the student (Candidate 2), it captures the rigor.
    *   If we interpret it as instruction that *enforces rules* (Candidate 1), it captures the structure.
    *   In the context of educational philosophy (Progressive vs. Traditional), "disciplined" most strongly refers to the systematic, rigorous *training* process (Candidate 2), which is the core difference from unstructured "personality development."

6.  **Final check:** "Disciplined instruction" means instruction that systematically trains the student in a subject or skill. This aligns perfectly with Candidate 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise."

7.  **Format the output.** (The prompt requires returning the index of the chosen sense, which is 2 in this case, but the provided instructions ask for a JSON object with a sense index, and the candidates are numbered 1 and 2.)

    *   Candidate 1 -> Index 1
    *   Candidate 2 -> Index 2

    The best sense is Candidate 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "instruction" in the given context.

Context: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Target word: instruction

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them (Focus: directions/commands)
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed (Focus: educational process/teaching methods)
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession (Focus: the job/profession)
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line (Focus: programming)

Analysis of the context:
The sentence compares "Progressive education" with "disciplined instruction."
The surrounding discussion is about education, teachers, personality development, and tests.
"Disciplined instruction" here refers to a specific method or style of teaching/learning, contrasting it with a more "progressive" approach.

Evaluating the senses:
1. (Directions/Message): Unlikely. The context is pedagogical, not navigational or procedural in a general sense.
2. (Activities of educating/imparting knowledge): Highly likely. "Disciplined instruction" fits perfectly as a formal, structured method of teaching or imparting knowledge, which is the core concept of education.
3. (Profession of a teacher): Unlikely. While related to teaching, "instruction" here is used as a noun describing the *activity* or *method*, not the *profession* itself (which would be "teaching" or "pedagogy" in the sense of a career).
4. (Computer science code): Impossible. The context is general education.

Conclusion: Sense 2, which defines instruction as "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill," is the best fit.

The user requires the output in a specific JSON format, using the index of the chosen sense.
Chosen sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "nice" in the given context.
The context is: "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The target word is "nice".
The surrounding words are "interesting", "agreeable", "for teachers to think", "and even nicer to minimize".

Let's analyze the candidates:

1. **nice%3:00:00::** definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance.
   * Contextual fit: "It is nice for teachers to think..." This suggests that the activity (thinking they are engaged in "personality development") is pleasant or agreeable to them. This fits well.

2. **nice%5:00:02:precise:00** definition=done with delicacy and skill.
   * Contextual fit: Does the act of thinking about "personality development" require delicacy and skill? Not necessarily in the sense of execution, but rather in the feeling it evokes. This sense seems too technical/skill-based for this context.

3. **nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00** definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted.
   * Contextual fit: This means overly picky or sensitive. The context suggests the activity is appealing or comfortable, not overly fussy or disgusting. This is incorrect.

4. **nice%5:00:00:polite:00** definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness.
   * Contextual fit: While the activity might be perceived as polite, the primary meaning here seems to be about the *feeling* or *attractiveness* of the idea to the teachers, rather than their outward behavior being courteous.

5. **nice%5:00:00:respectable:00** definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous.
   * Contextual fit: While "personality development" might be seen as respectable, the structure "It is nice for teachers to think..." usually implies a subjective positive feeling (pleasing/agreeable) rather than a judgment of social correctness.

Comparing the best fits:
The phrase "It is nice for teachers to think..." strongly suggests that the idea is appealing, comfortable, or agreeable to the teachers.

Sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance." This perfectly captures the meaning of the idea being appealing or agreeable to the teachers.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "teachers" (plural of "teacher") based on the provided context.

Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Analysis:
The context discusses "Progressive education," "disciplined instruction," "personality development," "tests," "educational psychology," and "educational philosophy." These are all terms related to the field of education and teaching.

The phrase "agreeable to teachers" and "It is nice for teachers to think..." clearly refers to human individuals who are involved in the educational process.

Sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching" (synonym: instructor). This matches the context perfectly. The teachers are professionals in education.
Sense 2: "a personified abstraction that teaches." This refers to things like "experience" or "books" acting as teachers. This does not fit the context, which refers to people.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct interpretation.

Output format requirement: JSON object with `{"sense_index": 3}` (Wait, the provided senses are indexed 1 and 2. I must use the index corresponding to the chosen sense).

Chosen sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "think" in the given context.

Context:
"It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Target word: think

Analysis of the context:
The sentence describes what is "nice" for teachers to do. The action is "to think they are engaged in 'personality development'". This suggests that the act of thinking here is related to self-perception, belief, or adopting a certain viewpoint about their professional activities. They are *believing* or *perceiving* that they are engaged in personality development, even if the reality (minimizing tests) might suggest otherwise.

Analysis of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
    * This sense relates to forming an opinion or judgment about something. "To think they are engaged in..." fits well with judging or regarding their activities in this manner.

2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
    * This sense is very close to sense 1, focusing on belief/supposition. "To think they are engaged in..." strongly aligns with supposing or believing this about themselves.

3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
    * This is about deep, active reasoning/problem-solving. While teachers might reason, the structure "think they are engaged in X" suggests a state of belief/perception rather than an active process of solving a problem.

4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect
    * Incorrect. The context is not about remembering.

5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
    * Possible, but sense 1 or 2 (belief/judgment) seems more precise than mere visualization.

6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
    * Incorrect.

7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
    * Incorrect. The context is about what they *are*, not what they *intend* to do.

8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
    * This is about decision-making, which is too active for the structure "think they are engaged in X."

9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
    * Similar to sense 3 and 8, this implies active reflection, not necessarily a state of self-perception/belief.

10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
    * This is a general sense of attitude, but sense 1 or 2 is more specific to the meaning here.

11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
    * Too general.

12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
    * Incorrect.

13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam
    * Incorrect.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..."
Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge (synonyms: believe, consider)
Sense 2: expect, believe, or suppose (synonyms: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess)

Both are very strong. Sense 1 ("judge or regard") captures the idea of how they view their own actions (regard their actions as 'personality development'). Sense 2 ("believe, or suppose") captures the internal conviction they hold. In this specific context, where they are adopting a self-definition ("superior self-definition as a 'profession'"), the act is one of self-perception and belief.

Sense 1 (judge or regard) seems slightly more formal and appropriate for describing how one views their professional role, which aligns with the surrounding discussion of "superior self-definition."

Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 1: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart." This is clearly about forming a judgment/opinion.
Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 2: "I imagine she earned a lot of money...; I thought to find her in a bad state." This leans slightly more towards prediction or mental simulation.

Since the teachers are asserting a status ("they are engaged in 'personality development'"), they are forming a judgment about their work. Sense 1 is the best fit for this judgmental/perceptual use of "think."

Final choice: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "personality" based on the provided context.

Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Target word: "personality"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Analysis:
The phrase is "personality development."
"Personality development" refers to the process of developing one's unique behavioral, emotional, and mental characteristics.

Sense 1 definition: "the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual." This perfectly matches the concept of personality development.
Sense 1 examples: "their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others." These examples relate to individual character traits.

Sense 2 definition: "a person of considerable prominence." This refers to a celebrity or notable figure (e.g., a TV personality). This does not fit the context of "personality development" in an educational setting.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct sense.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index. Since the candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The target word is "development" in the phrase "personality development." The surrounding text discusses education, teachers, and the idea that teachers are engaged in "personality development."

2.  **Analyze the target phrase:** "Personality development" refers to the process by which an individual's character, skills, and emotional maturity evolve and improve.

3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**

    *   1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining (General improvement/refinement). Plausible, but perhaps too broad.
    *   2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage). Synonyms: evolution. This strongly matches the concept of personal growth and maturation.
    *   3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level. Synonyms: growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis. This is highly specific to biology, but the core meaning (gradual change/maturation) aligns perfectly with "personality development."
    *   4. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation (Recent happenings). Irrelevant.
    *   5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful (Land/resource exploitation). Irrelevant.
    *   6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose (Urban planning). Irrelevant.
    *   7. a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (General state of improvement/progress). Plausible, but less specific than sense 2 or 3.
    *   8. processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible (Photography). Irrelevant.
    *   9. (music) the section of a composition... (Music theory). Irrelevant.

4.  **Compare the best candidates (2 and 3):**
    *   Sense 3 is strictly biological ("organism growing organically," "osseous development"). While personality development is a form of maturation, it is psychological/social, not purely biological in the sense of bone growth.
    *   Sense 2 is general ("a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"). This captures the essence of psychological maturation and growth without being restricted to biological processes.

5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 2 provides the most accurate and general definition for "personality development," which is a process of gradual advancement toward a more mature state.

6.  **Final check:** "Personality development" = a process of maturation/advancement. Sense 2 = "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)." This is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "even" in the given context.

Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Target word: even

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Analysis of the context:
The sentence structure is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."

The structure "even nicer" is a comparative structure. "Nicer" is the comparative form of "nice." "Even" is modifying the comparative adjective "nicer," intensifying it.

Let's check the candidates:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00 (Intensive/Unexpected): While it is an intensive, this sense focuses on unexpectedness (e.g., "even an idiot"). Here, it is used to emphasize the degree of niceness.
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03 (In spite of): This is concessive ("even when he is sick"). This is incorrect.
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01 (To a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons): This sense explicitly covers intensification in comparisons ("an even (or still) more interesting problem," "felt even worse"). This perfectly matches "even nicer."
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04 (To the full extent): This is about completeness or limit ("loyal even unto death"). This is incorrect.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit as it describes the use of "even" to intensify a comparative adjective ("nicer").


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "nicer" in the given context.
The target word is "nicer", which is the comparative form of "nice".
The context sentence is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence contrasts two actions: (1) thinking they are engaged in "personality development" (which is described as "nice" for teachers), and (2) minimizing "irksome tests with often disappointing results." The second action is described as "even nicer."
2.  **Determine the meaning of "nicer" in context:** "Nicer" here means more agreeable, more pleasant, or more appealing/beneficial to the teachers. Minimizing tests is presented as a more desirable or comfortable option for the teachers than engaging in personality development (in this specific context of the argument).
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**

    *   **1. nice%3:00:00::** definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | synonyms= | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners.
        *   *Relevance:* This sense relates directly to being pleasant or agreeable. "Minimizing tests" being "nicer" fits the idea of being more agreeable or preferable to the teachers.

    *   **2. nice%5:00:00:respectable:00** definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl.
        *   *Relevance:* This sense relates to moral correctness or social standing. While minimizing tests might be seen as socially acceptable, the primary contrast here is about ease/preference for the teachers, not moral virtue.

    *   **3. nice%5:00:02:precise:00** definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer.
        *   *Relevance:* This sense relates to accuracy or skill. This is completely irrelevant to the context of teacher preference regarding tests.

    *   **4. nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00** definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow.
        *   *Relevance:* This sense means overly fussy or delicate. This is the opposite of what is implied by the teachers preferring to minimize "irksome tests."

    *   **5. nice%5:00:00:polite:00** definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture.
        *   *Relevance:* This sense relates to manners. While related to pleasantness, sense 1 (pleasant/agreeable in nature) is a broader and more accurate fit for describing an action (minimizing tests) as being preferable or more agreeable to the participants.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1, defined as "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance," is the best fit. The action of minimizing tests is presented as being more agreeable/pleasing to the teachers than the alternative.

5.  **Format the output:** Return the JSON object with the correct sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "minimize" in the given context.
The context is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay | examples=...
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Analysis of the context:
The teachers are engaged in "personality development." They find it "nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The tests are described as "irksome" and having "disappointing results."
When one minimizes tests with disappointing results, they are likely trying to reduce the perceived negative impact or importance of those results.

Let's evaluate the senses:

Sense 1: "make small or insignificant." This is a general sense of reduction in size or importance.
Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important." This focuses on the *representation* or *perception* of the results. Synonyms include "understate," "downplay."
Sense 3: "cause to seem less serious; play down." This focuses on the *action* of making something seem less serious, often implying a negative judgment (belittle, denigrate).

In the context of "disappointing results," the teachers want to make the negative impact of these results seem less severe or less important.

Sense 2 ("represent as less significant or important," synonyms: understate, downplay) fits very well. They are downplaying the significance of the disappointing results.

Sense 3 ("cause to seem less serious; play down," synonyms: belittle, denigrate, derogate) also fits the action of "playing down," but the synonyms (belittle, denigrate) carry a stronger negative connotation of attacking the value of something, which might be too strong for simply managing "disappointing results" in a professional setting, although "play down" is common to both.

Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
Sense 2 focuses on the *degree* of significance (understate/downplay).
Sense 3 focuses on the *seriousness* (belittle/derogate).

Since the results are "disappointing," the goal is likely to reduce the perceived weight or importance of that disappointment. "Understate" or "downplay" (Sense 2) captures this idea of reducing significance better than "belittle" or "derogate" (Sense 3), which implies actively insulting or devaluing the tests themselves.

However, let's re-examine the synonyms provided for Sense 3: "belittle, denigrate, derogate." The definition is "cause to seem less serious; play down."
Sense 2 synonyms: "understate, minimise, downplay." The definition is "represent as less significant or important."

Both Sense 2 and Sense 3 include "downplay" (or a close equivalent).
If the goal is to make the *results* seem less serious/important, both work.

Let's look at the provided examples:
Sense 2: (No example provided, but synonyms are understate, downplay).
Sense 3: "Don't belittle his influence." (Focuses on attacking value/seriousness).

Given the phrase "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results," the action is to reduce the perceived negative weight of the results. This is a classic example of "downplaying" or "understating" the negative findings.

Sense 2 ("represent as less significant or important") is the most neutral and accurate description of reducing the perceived weight of "disappointing results."

Let's select Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "tests" (plural of "test") based on the provided context.

Context:
"It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results."

Target word: tests

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Analysis:
The context mentions "personality development" and "irksome tests with often disappointing results."

1. Sense 1 (trying something): Too general, usually refers to a trial run. Doesn't fit "personality development" well.
2. Sense 2 (standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc): This perfectly matches the context of "personality development" and measuring traits, which are often done via standardized psychological tests.
3. Sense 3 (a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge): This is a common meaning (like an exam), but Sense 2 is more specific and relevant given the mention of "personality development."
4. Sense 4 (the act of undergoing testing): This is the process, not the specific item ("tests").
5. Sense 5 (the act of testing something): This is the process, not the specific item.
6. Sense 6 (hard outer covering): Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
Sense 3 is about evaluating skill/knowledge (e.g., math test, history test).
Sense 2 is about measuring psychological traits (e.g., personality test, IQ test).
Since the context explicitly links the tests to "personality development," Sense 2 is the most precise and appropriate fit.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "often" in the provided context.

Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

Target word: often

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "irksome tests with often disappointing results."
"Often" modifies "disappointing results." It describes the frequency or typical nature of the results being disappointing.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. **sense_key=often%4:02:00:** definition=many times at short intervals; synonyms=frequently. This fits the idea of a high frequency of disappointment.
2. **sense_key=often%4:02:01:** definition=frequently or in great quantities; synonyms=much, a great deal. While "frequently" is a synonym, the inclusion of "in great quantities" (like "much" or "a great deal") suggests a quantitative measure, which is less appropriate for modifying the *quality* (disappointing) of the results, unless it means "very much disappointing," which is usually expressed differently.
3. **sense_key=often%4:02:02:** definition=in many cases or instances. This is a slightly broader way of saying "frequently" or "many times."

Comparing 1 and 3:
Sense 1 focuses on "many times at short intervals" and uses "frequently" as a primary synonym.
Sense 3 focuses on "in many cases or instances."

In the phrase "often disappointing results," the intended meaning is that the results are disappointing *many times* or *in many instances*. Both Sense 1 and Sense 3 capture this.

Sense 1 (frequently) is the most direct and common usage for this structure (adverb modifying an adjective/noun phrase).
Sense 3 (in many cases or instances) is also correct but perhaps slightly more formal or abstract than the simple frequency implied here.

Given the synonym list for Sense 1 includes "frequently," and the context clearly indicates a high frequency of disappointment, Sense 1 is the most precise fit for the typical usage of "often" in this construction.

Let's confirm: "The tests often yield disappointing results" -> "The results are often disappointing." This means the disappointment happens frequently. Sense 1 matches this perfectly.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "results" (surface form of "result") based on the provided context.

Context:
"...and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition..."

Target word: results (plural of result)

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Analysis:
The word "results" follows the phrase "irksome tests with often disappointing".
When tests are administered, they produce outcomes or scores. These outcomes are typically described as disappointing.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. sense_key=result%1:19:00 (consequence, effect, outcome): This fits well. The results of the tests are the outcomes/effects. "Disappointing results" means the outcomes were poor.
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00 (solution, answer): This is incorrect. The results are not solutions or answers in the sense of solving a problem.
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00 (something that results, outcome, termination): This also fits well. "Disappointing results" refers to the outcomes.
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01 (semantic role): This is a technical linguistic definition and is clearly incorrect in this context.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence, effect, outcome).
Sense 3: "something that results" (resultant, final result, outcome, termination).

Both definitions are very close and both synonyms include "outcome".
Sense 1 emphasizes the causal link ("follows and is caused by").
Sense 3 emphasizes the state of being the outcome ("something that results").

In the context of tests, the results are the specific outcomes or scores generated by the test. Both senses capture this meaning. However, Sense 3's definition ("something that results") and its synonym "final result" aligns very closely with the common usage of test scores/outcomes. Sense 1's definition is broader (any consequence/effect).

Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio." Here, "results" refers to the outcome of an event (e.g., a sporting event). This is a perfect match for test outcomes.

Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 1: "his decision had depressing consequences for business." Here, "consequences" is used, which is synonymous with "results" in the context of an action's outcome.

Since the context is "disappointing results" following "tests," the meaning is clearly the outcome/score. Both 1 and 3 are strong candidates. However, Sense 3's definition ("something that results") is perhaps the most direct description of what a test result *is*.

I will choose Sense 3 as it captures the meaning of the outcome generated by the test most directly, aligning with the common usage of "test results."