[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "difference" in the given context.

Context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Analysis:
The sentence discusses how early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but this improvement ("the difference") is quickly lost ("washed away") afterward.

*   If "difference" means a quality of being unlike (Sense 1), it refers to the disparity in performance between those who received early exposure and those who didn't. This is plausible.
*   If "difference" means a variation/deviation (Sense 2), it refers to the gap or divergence in performance. This is also plausible.
*   If "difference" means a disagreement (Sense 3), it makes no sense in this context of educational outcomes. (Reject 3)
*   If "difference" means a significant change (Sense 4), it refers to the magnitude of the improvement/gap. "The difference is quickly washed away" suggests the *effect* or *gap* disappears. This fits well.
*   If "difference" means a mathematical remainder (Sense 5), it is irrelevant to the context. (Reject 5)

Comparing Sense 1, 2, and 4:
The context is about the *effect* of early schooling on performance. The improvement creates a measurable gap or disparity.

Sense 1 (quality of being unlike/dissimilar): Focuses on the state of being different.
Sense 2 (variation/deviation): Focuses on the measurable gap or departure from a baseline.
Sense 4 (significant change): Focuses on the magnitude of the change or the resulting disparity.

In the phrase "the difference is quickly washed away," "difference" refers to the measurable positive impact or the resulting gap in performance. Sense 4, "a significant change," captures the idea of the magnitude of the effect (the improvement/gap) that is diminishing. Sense 2, "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm," is also very close, but Sense 4 often encompasses the idea of a noticeable, impactful disparity, which fits the tone of the discussion about educational reforms.

Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 4: "the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference." Here, "difference" refers to the noticeable impact or change. This aligns perfectly with the idea that the performance gap/improvement ("the difference") is disappearing.

Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit.

Wait, the instructions require me to return the JSON object using the index provided in the prompt, not the sense key.

Sense 4 corresponds to `sense_key=difference%1:24:00::`.
The required output format is `{"sense_index": 3}` (where 3 is the index of the chosen sense).

Let's map the chosen sense (Sense 4) to its index:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00 <-- This is the chosen sense.
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00

The index is 4.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: quickly
Target surface form: quickly
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "quickly" in the given context.

Context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away."

Target word: quickly

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses the persistence of educational performance differences. "The difference is quickly washed away."
"Washed away" implies a process of diminishing or disappearing.
If the difference is "quickly washed away," it means the process of diminishing happens rapidly, in a short amount of time.

Evaluating the senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00 (with rapid movements): While "washed away" is a movement, the primary meaning here is the speed of the *process* of diminishing, not necessarily the physical speed of the washing action itself, but the rate at which the difference disappears. Synonyms like "rapidly" fit the idea of a fast process.
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02 (with little or no delay): This sense focuses on promptness or immediacy (e.g., arriving promptly). While related to speed, it usually applies to actions or responses (like arriving or answering), not necessarily the rate of a gradual process like fading or diminishing.
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03 (without taking pains): This means hastily or superficially (cursorily). This doesn't fit the context of a difference being erased by time/process.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 (rapid movements/speed) aligns best with the idea that the difference disappears *fast*. "The difference is rapidly washed away."
Sense 2 (promptness/no delay) is too focused on initiation or response time.

The phrase "quickly washed away" strongly suggests a rapid rate of change or dissipation. Sense 1, defined as "with rapid movements" and associated with synonyms like "rapidly" and "speedily," captures this sense of high speed/rate of action best.

Let's re-examine the provided sense definitions and synonyms carefully.
Sense 1: definition=with rapid movements; synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace. (Focus on speed/rapidity)
Sense 2: definition=with little or no delay; synonyms=promptly, quick. (Focus on immediacy/punctuality)
Sense 3: definition=without taking pains; synonyms=cursorily. (Focus on lack of care/thoroughness)

The context requires the meaning of "rapidly" or "speedily." Sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I must choose the single best indexed sense. Let me check if there is any ambiguity in the provided sense keys or if I misinterpreted the intent of the provided options.

If the intended meaning is "rapidly," Sense 1 is the correct choice.

Let's confirm the mapping:
Context: difference is quickly washed away (meaning: rapidly washed away).
Sense 1: with rapid movements / rapidly, speedily. -> Match.

I will select Sense 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wash_away
Target surface form: washed away
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the phrase "washed away" in the given context.
The target lemma is `wash_away`.
The context is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>."

Candidate senses:
1. `wash_away%2:30:01`: definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. `wash_away%2:30:00`: definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses educational performance differences ("the difference") that appear early on but are subsequently lost or negated ("quickly washed away").

Evaluation of senses:
Sense 2 (`wash_away%2:30:00`) relates to physical cleaning (water, soap, dirt, blood). This is clearly not the meaning here.
Sense 1 (`wash_away%2:30:01`) means to eliminate or remove (abstractly). The example provided is "wash away all the differences."

The phrase "the difference is quickly washed away" means the difference is quickly eliminated or negated. This aligns perfectly with Sense 1 (eliminate).

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sum_up
Target surface form: sum up
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the phrase "sum up" in the given context.

Context: "Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

Target phrase: "sum up"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Analysis:
The phrase "Let us sum up what we do know about education..." clearly indicates the action of condensing or summarizing the preceding discussion points (or the knowledge derived from them).

Sense 1: "give a summary (of)". This matches the meaning perfectly. "Let us give a summary of what we know."
Sense 2: "be a summary of". This is intransitive or used as a noun/description, which doesn't fit the structure "Let us sum up [something]".
Sense 3: "determine the sum of". This relates to arithmetic addition, which is irrelevant to the context of educational policy discussion.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "know" in the given context.

Context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

The phrase is "what we do know about education". This structure ("do know") emphasizes the extent of the knowledge or awareness regarding the topic (education and educational reforms).

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=know%2:31:01:** be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (Synonyms: cognize, cognise).
   * *Fit:* "what we do know about education" perfectly aligns with possessing information or being aware of facts about education.

2. **sense_key=know%2:31:03:** know how to do or perform something.
   * *Fit:* Incorrect. The context is about facts/information, not skills.

3. **sense_key=know%2:31:02:** be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt.
   * *Fit:* Plausible, as knowing facts implies believing them to be true. However, sense 1 is broader and more directly addresses "possessing information about X."

4. **sense_key=know%2:31:00:** be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object.
   * *Fit:* Incorrect. The object is "education," an abstract concept/field of study, not a person or specific object one is acquainted with in a social sense.

5. **sense_key=know%2:31:04:** have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. (Synonyms: experience, live).
   * *Fit:* Incorrect. The context is academic/policy knowledge, not personal experience.

6. **sense_key=know%2:31:06:** accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority.
   * *Fit:* Incorrect.

7. **sense_key=know%2:31:15:** have fixed in the mind.
   * *Fit:* Too narrow. While knowledge is fixed in the mind, sense 1 captures the semantic meaning of possessing the information itself.

8. **sense_key=know%2:35:00:** have sexual intercourse with.
   * *Fit:* Incorrect.

9. **sense_key=know%2:31:11:** know the nature or character of.
   * *Fit:* Possible, but sense 1 is more general and fits the scope of "what we know about education."

10. **sense_key=know%2:31:12:** be able to distinguish, recognize as being different.
    * *Fit:* Incorrect.

11. **sense_key=know%2:31:14:** perceive as familiar.
    * *Fit:* Incorrect.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: Possess knowledge or information about. (General awareness of facts).
Sense 3: Be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something. (Focus on veracity/belief).

The phrase "what we do know about education" refers to the body of information, data, and findings available regarding education reforms. This is a classic case of possessing factual knowledge, which is best captured by Sense 1.

Therefore, sense_key=know%2:31:01 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "education" based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Context analysis:
The text discusses policies regarding children's development and schooling.
Key phrases:
1. "recent governors' conference on education" (General topic)
2. "comprehensive child-development policy for children under five"
3. "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years."
4. "this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
5. "very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade"
6. "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"
7. "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

The usage of "education" here refers to the system, process, or activities related to schooling and learning, particularly in the context of policy and development programs.

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | *Matches the idea of the process/activities of schooling.*
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | *Refers to the outcome (knowledge), not the process/system.*
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | *Matches the idea of the process of learning/development.*
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university) | *Refers to the job/profession, not the system or process.*
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | *Too narrow, relates to social refinement/breeding.*
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education... | *Refers to the specific government agency (Department of Education).*

Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" (Focus on the action/activity).
Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" (Focus on the developmental journey/process).

The context uses "education" in phrases like "educational system," "educational program," and "education reforms." These phrases strongly suggest the organized system or the process of learning itself.

Sense 1 ("activities of educating or instructing") is very broad and covers the systemic nature implied by "educational system" and "educational program."
Sense 3 ("the gradual process of acquiring knowledge") is also highly relevant, focusing on the developmental aspect mentioned (child-development policy).

Let's look at the specific usage:
"extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years." (System/Activity)
"this is a child-care program, not an educational program." (Activity/Program)
"Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms..." (The field/process of learning).

Sense 1, defined as "the activities of educating or instructing," best captures the scope of "educational system" and "educational program" as organized activities designed to impart knowledge or skill. While Sense 3 is close, Sense 1 is slightly more encompassing of the institutional/programmatic context presented in the text.

However, let's re-examine the provided options and the typical distinction in WordNet. Often, the "process" sense (Sense 3) is used when discussing development and learning trajectories, while the "activity/instruction" sense (Sense 1) is used when discussing the methods or the formal teaching act.

The context heavily emphasizes the *process* of development and learning ("child-development policy," "very early exposure to schooling improves performance").

Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"
Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill"

If I choose Sense 3, I emphasize the developmental journey. If I choose Sense 1, I emphasize the organized actions (the system/program). Given the discussion of "reforms" and "policies," the organized *activities* (Sense 1) seem slightly more appropriate for the overall discourse, although Sense 3 is also very strong.

Let's check the examples for Sense 3: "education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's." This focuses on the outcome/preparation derived from the process.
Let's check the examples for Sense 1: "he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed." This focuses on the reception of instruction/activity.

The phrase "educational system" points strongly towards the organized activities (Sense 1).

I will select Sense 1 as it best covers the institutional and programmatic nature of "education" discussed in the context (educational system, educational program, education reforms).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those <t>education</t> reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: education
    *   Target surface form: education
    *   Context snippet: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those <t>education</t> reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

2.  **Examine the usage in the context:**
    *   The first instance ("what we do know about education") refers to the general subject matter of learning, schooling, and policy (as seen in the preceding sentences discussing "child-development policy," "educational system," and "educational program").
    *   The second instance ("those education reforms") refers to changes or improvements made to the system of learning/teaching.
    *   The third instance ("educational limitations of their children") refers to deficiencies in knowledge or skills.
    *   The overall theme is the *process* and *system* of learning and instruction.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **1. sense_key=education%1:04:00::** | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | *Fit:* High. This covers the activities, the system, and the process of imparting knowledge, which aligns perfectly with "education reforms" and the general discussion of schooling.
    *   **2. sense_key=education%1:09:00::** | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education | *Fit:* Moderate. This focuses on the *result* (knowledge), but the context is discussing the *system* and *reforms*.
    *   **3. sense_key=education%1:09:01::** | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's | *Fit:* High. This captures the idea of the ongoing process ("reforms that do work and do not work") and the system of learning.
    *   **4. sense_key=education%1:04:01::** | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university) | *Fit:* Low. This is too narrow (the profession, not the system/process).
    *   **5. sense_key=education%1:07:01::** | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | *Fit:* Low. This is related to social refinement/breeding, which is not the primary focus here.
    *   **6. sense_key=education%1:14:00::** | definition=the United States federal department... | *Fit:* Very Low. This is a specific institutional reference, not the general concept used in the text.

4.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 3):**
    *   Sense 1: Focuses on the *activities* (instruction, teaching).
    *   Sense 3: Focuses on the *process* (gradual acquisition of knowledge).

    The context uses "education reforms." Reforms are changes to the *system* or *process* of learning. While Sense 1 (activities) is very strong, Sense 3 (the gradual process of acquiring knowledge) often encompasses the systemic nature of "education" when discussing policy and reforms.

    Let's re-examine the surrounding text: "a comprehensive child-development policy," "extending the educational system," "educational program," "education reforms." These terms collectively point to the entire structured process of learning.

    Sense 3 ("the gradual process of acquiring knowledge") is the most encompassing definition for the abstract concept of "education" when discussing its systemic implementation and changes (reforms). Sense 1 is also excellent, but Sense 3 captures the holistic nature of the subject matter being discussed (the journey of learning).

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 3 provides the best fit for the abstract, systemic concept of "education" being discussed in relation to "reforms."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reforms
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "reforms" (plural of "reform") based on the provided context.

Context:
"Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

Target word: reforms (plural noun)
Lemma: reform

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Analysis:
The context discusses "education" and "those education reforms that do work and do not work."
This refers to changes or improvements within the educational system.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses:** This fits the idea of systemic changes in education (e.g., curriculum changes, policy changes, structural improvements).
2. **a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices:** While reforms can be campaigns, here "reforms" refers to the resulting changes themselves ("those education reforms"). This sense is slightly more focused on the *process* of campaigning rather than the *outcome* (the change).
3. **self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice:** This sense relates to personal moral change (e.g., a drunkard's reform) and is completely irrelevant to educational policy.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 ("a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses") is the most general and accurate description of educational reforms—they are changes intended to improve the system.
Sense 2 ("a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices") is also plausible, but Sense 1 captures the essence of the *result* (the change itself) which is what the sentence is evaluating ("that do work and do not work").

In the context of "education reforms," the meaning is clearly systemic changes or policy changes aimed at improvement. Sense 1 is the best fit for this general concept of positive, corrective change.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "work" in the given context.
The context is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

The target word is "work" in the phrase "reforms that do work and do not work".

I need to examine the candidate senses and find the one that best fits the meaning of "work" when referring to reforms having an effect or outcome.

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | (Relates to effort, not effectiveness of reforms)
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | (Relates to employment status)
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice? (This perfectly matches the context: reforms having an effect/outcome.)
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well? (This is very close, meaning functionality/effectiveness. It is a strong candidate.)
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | (Relates to physical shaping)
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | (Relates to exercise)
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | (Relates to movement)
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | (Relates to location/field of operation)
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | (Relates to progression)
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | (Relates to physical movement)
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | (Relates to causation, but sense 3 and 4 are more direct for effectiveness.)
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | (Relates to making something functional)
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | (Relates to agriculture)
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | (Relates to material properties)
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | (Relates to influence, similar to sense 3.)
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | (Relates to mechanism/channel)
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | (Relates to making something functional)
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | (Relates to emotional response)
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | (Relates to social interaction/flattery)
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | (Relates to manufacturing/shaping)
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | (Relates to physical placement)
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | (Relates to kneading/shaping)
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | (Relates to exploitation)
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | (Relates to solving problems)
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | (Relates to chemistry/food)
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | (Relates to spoilage)
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | (Relates to wear and tear)

Comparing the strongest candidates:
Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" (reforms that have an effect)
Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied" (reforms that function/operate as expected)
Sense 15: "have and exert influence or effect" (reforms that exert influence)

In the phrase "reforms that do work and do not work," the meaning is whether the reforms are effective or successful.
Sense 3 ("have an effect or outcome") is a very general and accurate fit for effectiveness.
Sense 4 ("perform as expected when applied") is also excellent, focusing on functionality.

However, Sense 3 explicitly uses the concept of "effect or outcome," which is the core meaning of success or failure in policy/reforms. Sense 4 focuses more on mechanical operation ("function," "run").

Let's check the examples for Sense 3: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" This usage clearly refers to effectiveness/outcome.

Let's check the examples for Sense 4: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?" This usage clearly refers to mechanical functionality.

Since the context is about educational reforms (abstract concepts), the meaning relates to effectiveness/impact (Sense 3) rather than mechanical operation (Sense 4).

Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "work" in the given context.

Context: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

The target word is "work" (the second instance, which is the one being analyzed, but both instances refer to the same concept).

The phrase is "education reforms that do work and do not work". This structure implies that the reforms either achieve a desired result or they do not.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | (Relates to effort, not effectiveness of a reform.)
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | (Relates to employment status.)
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice? (This perfectly matches the idea of a reform having an effect or outcome.)
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well? (This is very close, focusing on functionality/performance, which is often synonymous with having the desired effect.)
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | (Physical manipulation.)
... (Skipping irrelevant senses)
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate (This is also a strong candidate, focusing on influence.)
...

Comparing Sense 3 and Sense 4:
Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected." (Focuses on the result/impact of the reform.)
Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied." (Focuses on the operational success/functionality.)

In the context of "education reforms that do work and do not work," the meaning is whether the reforms are effective or successful in achieving their goals.

Sense 3 ("have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected") captures the evaluative nature of the statement ("do work" = successful/effective) better than Sense 4, which leans more towards mechanical functioning (like a machine).

Sense 15 ("have and exert influence or effect") is also very strong, but Sense 3 is slightly more general and fits the common idiomatic usage of "work" when discussing policies or ideas.

Let's choose Sense 3 as the best fit for "effectiveness/outcome."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parental
Target surface form: Parental
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "<t>Parental</t> involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "Parental" based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Target word: Parental
Context: "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance

Analysis:
The context discusses "Parental involvement" and then clarifies that "Parents are too likely to blame schools...". This clearly refers to the role, actions, or characteristics of parents.

Sense 1: "designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced." This relates to biology/genetics (e.g., parental generation). This does not fit the context of "Parental involvement" and "Parents."

Sense 2: "relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance." This perfectly matches the context, where "Parental involvement" refers to the actions of parents.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involvement
Target surface form: involvement
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is: "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."
2.  **Determine the Meaning of 'involvement' in context:** The context discusses education, schools, and parents. "Parental involvement" here refers to the degree to which parents participate in or are concerned with their children's education.
3.  **Examine Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (involvement%1:04:00):** definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities.
        *   *Relevance:* High. Parental participation in educational activities fits this definition perfectly.
    *   **Sense 2 (involvement%1:24:00):** definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen.
        *   *Relevance:* Low. This relates to physical or circumstantial connection, not educational participation.
    *   **Sense 3 (involvement%1:09:00):** definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music.
        *   *Relevance:* High. Parental involvement can mean parental *interest* or concern regarding their child's learning.
    *   **Sense 4 (involvement%1:26:00):** definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour.
        *   *Relevance:* None.
    *   **Sense 5 (involvement%1:26:01):** definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation.
        *   *Relevance:* High. This is very similar to Sense 1, focusing on shared participation.

4.  **Compare Highly Relevant Senses (1, 3, 5):**

    *   Sense 1 (Engagement/Participation): Focuses on the *act* of sharing in activities.
    *   Sense 3 (Concern/Curiosity/Interest): Focuses on the *mental state* of caring or being curious.
    *   Sense 5 (Sharing in common/Participation): Focuses on the *state* of being a participant.

    In the phrase "Parental involvement," both participation (Sense 1/5) and concern/interest (Sense 3) are valid interpretations. However, when discussing educational policy and the impact of parents on children's learning, "involvement" most commonly refers to the active participation (attending meetings, helping with homework, etc.) or the degree of engagement.

    Let's re-examine the provided examples and definitions.
    *   Sense 1 uses "engagement in class activities." This is a very strong fit for the educational context.
    *   Sense 3 uses "an interest in music." This is a general interest, which is slightly less specific to the active role implied by "parental involvement" in a policy discussion.
    *   Sense 5 is essentially a synonym for Sense 1 (participation).

    Sense 1 captures the active, participatory nature of "involvement" in a group activity (the child's education), which is the most common and precise meaning in this socio-educational context.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1 is the best fit. (Wait, the instructions require returning the index number, but the prompt asks me to return the JSON object with the index number).

    *Self-Correction/Review:* The prompt asks me to choose the single best indexed sense and return a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 3}`. I chose Sense 1.

    *Wait, I must ensure I am using the index provided in the prompt, not just the definition.*
    Sense 1: `sense_key=involvement%1:04:00`
    Sense 3: `sense_key=involvement%1:09:00`

    I selected Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bad
Target surface form: bad
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | examples=so-called bad grammar
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | examples=led a very bad life
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "bad" in the given context.

Context: "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

Target word: bad
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | examples=so-called bad grammar
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | examples=led a very bad life
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Analysis:
The phrase is "Parental involvement is a bad idea."
The word "bad" modifies "idea."
The context suggests that the idea is negative, undesirable, or flawed, leading to negative consequences (blaming schools for limitations).

Let's evaluate the candidates:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: (having undesirable or negative qualities). This fits perfectly. An "idea" having undesirable or negative qualities means it is a bad idea.
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 (very intense). Does not fit "idea."
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 (physical discomfort). Does not fit "idea."
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 (foodstuffs). Irrelevant.
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: (regret/sorrow). Does not fit "idea."
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 (uncollectible). Does not fit "idea."
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 (below average in quality or performance). While an idea can be inferior, sense 1 is broader and more direct for general negative judgment ("bad idea").
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard (grammar). Irrelevant.
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 (financially unsafe). Too specific.
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 (physically unsound). Too specific.
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 (capable of harming). This is close, but sense 1 ("having undesirable or negative qualities") is the general semantic category that encompasses being harmful, but is more appropriate for judging the quality of an abstract concept like an "idea."
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 (wickedness). Too strong for a policy idea.
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 (fraudulent). Irrelevant.
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 (not working properly). Too specific (usually for machines/systems).

Sense 1, "having undesirable or negative qualities," is the most accurate and general fit for describing an "idea" as "bad."

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "idea" in the given context.

Context: "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

Target word: idea

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Analysis:
The phrase is "is a bad idea." This structure typically refers to a suggestion, plan, or concept that is judged negatively.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about." This fits well. "A bad idea" means a bad thought/concept. Example: "it was not a good idea."
2. "your intention; what you intend to do." While related to plans, "a bad idea" usually refers to the concept itself, not the act of intending.
3. "a personal view." This is close, as an idea can be a view, but "a bad idea" usually refers to the feasibility or wisdom of the concept, not just the subjective opinion.
4. "an approximate calculation." This is clearly incorrect in this context.
5. "melodic subject of a musical composition." This is clearly incorrect.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about." (Focuses on the concept/thought itself).
Sense 3: "a personal view." (Focuses on the subjective judgment).

In the context "Parental involvement is a bad idea," the phrase functions as a judgment on the proposed concept (the policy/approach of parental involvement). Both Sense 1 and Sense 3 are plausible. However, Sense 1, defined as "the content of cognition," is the most general and accurate fit for a concept that can be judged as "bad." The example provided for Sense 1 ("it was not a good idea") perfectly matches the usage here.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I need to check the provided indices carefully.
Sense 1: idea%1:09:00
Sense 2: idea%1:09:01
Sense 3: idea%1:09:03
Sense 4: idea%1:09:02
Sense 5: idea%1:10:00

The best sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: Parents
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. <t>Parents</t> are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target and Context:**
    *   Target Lemma: `parent`
    *   Target Surface Form: `Parents`
    *   Context Sentence: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school."
    *   Surrounding Context (Theme): The passage discusses educational policies, pre-kindergarten, child-care programs, and the role of "Parental involvement."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (`parent%1:18:00`): "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian." (Focus: Human caregivers/relatives).
    *   Sense 2 (`parent%1:03:00`): "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained." (Focus: Biological reproduction/botany/zoology).

3.  **Determine the Best Fit:**
    *   The context explicitly discusses "children's education," "Parental involvement," and the relationship between adults and their offspring in an educational setting.
    *   Sense 1 perfectly matches the concept of human caregivers (fathers, mothers, guardians) involved in raising and educating children.
    *   Sense 2 (biological parentage of organisms) is irrelevant to the discussion of school policies and child education.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.

5.  **Format the Output:** The instruction requires a JSON object with the sense index (which is 1 in this case, as it is the first candidate listed).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are <t>too</t> likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "too" in the given context.

Context: "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are <t>too</t> likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school."

Target word: too

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Analysis:
The phrase is "Parents are too likely to blame schools...".
If "too" meant "in addition" (Sense 2), the sentence would mean: "Parents are likely to blame schools, also." This makes no grammatical or semantic sense in this structure.
If "too" means "to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits" (Sense 1), the sentence means: "Parents are excessively likely to blame schools..." This fits perfectly. It suggests that the likelihood of blaming schools is disproportionately high or excessive.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: likely
Target surface form: likely
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too <t>likely</t> to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "likely" in the given context.

Context: "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too <t>likely</t> to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school."

Target word: likely

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Analysis of the context:
"Parents are too likely to blame schools..."
Here, "likely" modifies the tendency or propensity of parents to perform the action ("blame schools"). It means that parents have a high probability or tendency to blame schools.

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: (has a good chance of being the case or of coming about). This fits the idea of high probability or tendency.
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: (likely but not certain to be or become true or real; synonyms=probable). This also fits the idea of probability, which is what "too likely to blame" implies (a strong tendency/probability).
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 (expected to become or be; in prospect; synonyms=potential). This sense relates to future potential or expectation (e.g., potential clients), which doesn't fit the immediate tendency described here.
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 (within the realm of credibility). This sense relates to believability (e.g., a likely excuse), which is not the meaning here.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about."
Sense 2: "likely but not certain to be or become true or real; synonyms=probable."

In the phrase "too likely to blame," the meaning is that the tendency or probability of them blaming schools is high. Both Sense 1 and Sense 2 capture this probabilistic meaning. Sense 1 ("has a good chance of being the case") is a very direct match for expressing a high probability or tendency. Sense 2 is also correct but emphasizes the lack of certainty, which is inherent in probability anyway. Given the options, Sense 1 seems slightly broader and more encompassing of the high probability/tendency implied by "too likely to blame."

Let's re-examine the usage: "Parents are too likely to blame schools." This means their propensity/probability to blame is high.

Sense 1: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about." (High chance/probability)
Sense 2: "likely but not certain to be or become true or real." (Probable, but not guaranteed)

Since the context is about a strong tendency ("too likely"), Sense 1 captures the strength of the probability well. I will choose Sense 1.