[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: provide
Target surface form: provides
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon
7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "provides" in the given context.
The target lemma is "provide".
The context sentence is: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

I need to analyze the meaning of "provides" in this context.
"It" refers to the situation described previously: teachers minimizing irksome tests and thinking they are engaged in "personality development."
The action is that this situation "provides teachers with a superior self-definition."
This means the situation *gives* or *offers* teachers this self-definition.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=provide%2:40:00::** | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater.
   * This fits well. The situation (It) gives (provides) teachers (to) a superior self-definition.

2. **sense_key=provide%2:34:00::** | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests.
   * This is also a strong fit, focusing on giving something needed/desired. "Superior self-definition" is something desired/beneficial.

3. **sense_key=provide%2:32:00::** | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech.
   * This means 'stipulates' or 'foresees'. This does not fit the context ("provides teachers with a superior self-definition").

4. **sense_key=provide%2:41:00::** | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance.
   * This is about physical mounting or offering resistance, which is irrelevant here.

5. **sense_key=provide%2:42:00::** | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion.
   * This means 'allows' or 'enables'. While related to giving opportunity, the structure "provides teachers with X" suggests a direct transfer or granting of X, rather than merely enabling them to attain it. Sense 1 or 2 seems more direct.

6. **sense_key=provide%2:40:08::** | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs.
   * This is specifically about financial support/livelihood, which is not the case here.

7. **sense_key=provide%2:30:05::** | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship.
   * This means 'make provisions for'. This does not fit the context.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: give something useful or necessary to (supply, render, furnish).
Sense 2: give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance (supply, ply, cater).

The "superior self-definition" is a benefit, something useful and desired. Both 1 and 2 are very close. Sense 1 ("give something useful or necessary to") is slightly broader and fits the abstract concept of a "self-definition" being furnished by the educational environment. Sense 2 leans heavily towards physical sustenance or direct support.

Let's re-read the context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition..."
The situation *furnishes* or *renders* this definition to them.

Sense 1: "give something useful or necessary to." This is the most accurate abstract fit.

I will choose Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "teachers" (plural of "teacher") based on the provided context.

Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

Target word: teachers (in the third sentence: "It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession...")

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Analysis:
The context discusses "Progressive education," "disciplined instruction," "personality development," "tests," "educational psychology," and "educational philosophy." These are all terms related to the profession of education.
The sentence containing the target word states that the education system provides "teachers" with a superior self-definition as a "profession." This clearly refers to human individuals who hold the job of teaching.

Sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching" (Synonym: instructor). This matches the context perfectly (people in the profession of teaching).
Sense 2: "a personified abstraction that teaches" (e.g., experience, books). This does not fit the context, as the context refers to human professionals.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: profession
Target surface form: profession
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "profession" in the given context.

Context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

Analysis:
The sentence states that passing courses in educational psychology and philosophy gives teachers a "superior self-definition as a 'profession'". This refers to the status or type of work they do.

*   Sense 1: "the body of people in a learned occupation." This refers to the group (e.g., "the medical profession"). While related to the concept of a profession, the context uses it as a descriptor of the *individual's* status ("as a profession").
*   Sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)." This fits well. It defines the type of occupation (teaching/education) that requires specialized knowledge (psychology, philosophy).
*   Sense 3: "an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion." This is related to the verb 'profess' (e.g., "a profession of disagreement"). This is clearly incorrect in this context.
*   Sense 4: "affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith." This is also related to the verb 'profess' (e.g., "a profession of Christianity"). This is clearly incorrect in this context.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
The context is about teachers gaining a "superior self-definition as a profession."
If we use Sense 1, it means they are part of a learned body of people.
If we use Sense 2, it means their occupation is one that requires special education.

In common usage, when someone says they are a "profession," they are referring to the *type* of occupation they hold, which is typically a learned one (Sense 2). Sense 2 captures the essence of a specialized, educated occupation, which is what the preceding clause (passing courses in educational psychology and philosophy) supports.

Sense 2 ("an occupation requiring special education") is the most precise fit for describing the status of a teacher whose self-definition is enhanced by specialized academic study.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
2.  **Identify the target word and its form:** Target lemma is 'pass', target surface form is 'passed'.
3.  **Determine the grammatical role and meaning in context:** 'Passed' is the past participle used here, likely in the structure "have passed courses." This structure typically means successfully completing or achieving something (like a test or a course).
4.  **Examine the candidate senses for relevance:**
    *   1. go across or through (Movement) - Unlikely.
    *   2. move past (Movement) - Unlikely.
    *   3. make laws (Legislation) - Irrelevant.
    *   4. pass by (Time lapse) - Irrelevant.
    *   5. place into the hands (Transfer) - Unlikely.
    *   6. stretch out over (Scope/Distance) - Irrelevant.
    *   7. travel past (Movement) - Unlikely.
    *   8. come to pass (Occurrence) - Unlikely.
    *   9. go unchallenged; be approved (Approval/Legislation) - Possible, but usually for bills/ideas.
    *   10. pass time (Spending time) - Irrelevant.
    *   11. pass over, across, or through (Movement/Guidance) - Unlikely.
    *   12. transmit information (Communication) - Unlikely.
    *   13. disappear gradually (Fading) - Irrelevant.
    *   14. go successfully through a test or a selection process (Success/Completion) - Highly relevant. "Passed courses" means successfully completed them.
    *   15. be superior or better than some standard (Exceeding) - Less likely than successful completion.
    *   16. accept or judge as acceptable (Judging) - Possible, but sense 14 is more specific to academic achievement.
    *   17. allow to go without comment (Ignoring) - Irrelevant.
    *   18. transfer to another (Transfer of property) - Irrelevant.
    *   19. pass into a specified state (Condition change) - Unlikely.
    *   20. throw (Sports) - Irrelevant.
    *   21. be inherited by (Inheritance) - Irrelevant.
    *   22. cause to pass (Making something pass) - Grammatically possible, but doesn't fit the meaning of the student completing the course.
    *   23. grant authorization or clearance for (Authorizing) - Possible, but sense 14 is better for the student's action.
    *   24. pass from physical life (Dying) - Irrelevant.
    *   25. eliminate from the body (Excretion) - Irrelevant.
5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 14 ("go successfully through a test or a selection process") perfectly matches the meaning of "passed courses."
6.  **Format the output:** Create the required JSON object.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "courses" (plural of "course") based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Context:
"It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

Target word: courses

Analysis of the context:
The word "courses" appears in the context of academic subjects ("educational psychology and educational philosophy") that one passes in college.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Matching the context to the senses:
The context refers to academic subjects ("educational psychology and educational philosophy") that are "passed." This strongly aligns with the definition of a structured unit of learning.

Sense 1: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" and synonyms like "course of study" and "class." This perfectly matches the usage in the sentence ("passed courses in educational psychology").

Sense 6: "a body of students who are taught together" (a class). While related to education, the context refers to the *subject* or *unit of study* (e.g., "a course in psychology"), not the group of students.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target word: "educational"
    *   Context sentence: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Surrounding context clues: "psychology," "philosophy," "courses," "teachers," "education establishment."

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:**
        *   `sense_key=educational%3:01:00::`
        *   `definition=relating to the process of education`
        *   `examples=educational psychology`
        *   *Relevance Check:* The context mentions "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy." This sense directly relates to the *process* or *field* of education.

    *   **Sense 2:**
        *   `sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00`
        *   `definition=providing knowledge`
        *   `examples=an educational film`
        *   *Relevance Check:* While education *provides* knowledge, this sense focuses on the *function* (instructive/informative). The context is referring to the *academic field* or *type* of course (e.g., "courses in educational psychology"), not the content of the course itself being designed to teach a specific fact (like an educational film).

3.  **Compare and Select the Best Sense:**
    *   The phrase "educational psychology" refers to the branch of psychology concerned with how people learn, which is fundamentally *related to the process of education*.
    *   Sense 1 ("relating to the process of education") is a perfect fit for describing the academic discipline (psychology/philosophy) that deals with teaching and learning.
    *   Sense 2 ("providing knowledge") is too narrow and focuses on the output/function, whereas the context requires the classification of the field of study.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Format the Output:** (The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index, which is 1 in this case, based on the provided list structure.)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "educational"
    *   Context sentence: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy."
    *   Surrounding text: Discusses "Progressive education," "disciplined instruction," "personality development," and "schoolteacher."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology`
    *   Sense 2: `sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film`

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 against the context:**
    *   Definition: "relating to the process of education."
    *   Context usage: "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy."
    *   Fit: Psychology and philosophy, when used in this context (related to teaching/schooling), are inherently related to the *process* of education. The example provided (`educational psychology`) matches the context perfectly.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2 against the context:**
    *   Definition: "providing knowledge."
    *   Context usage: "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy."
    *   Fit: While these fields *do* provide knowledge, the primary meaning of "educational" here is defining the *field* or *domain* (psychology *of* education), not merely describing something that is instructive (like a textbook or a film). Sense 1 captures the scope of the field better.

5.  **Determine the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 ("relating to the process of education") is the most precise fit for "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy" in the context of teacher training and schooling.

6.  **Format the output:**
    *   The chosen sense is Sense 1.
    *   The required output format is a JSON object with `{"sense_index": N}`. (Note: The prompt uses 1-based indexing for the candidates, so Sense 1 corresponds to index 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: philosophy
Target surface form: philosophy
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational <t>philosophy</t>. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "philosophy" in the given context.

Context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational <t>philosophy</t>."

Target word: philosophy (in "educational philosophy")

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Analysis:
The phrase is "educational philosophy." This refers to a field of study or a body of thought within education.

Sense 1: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school." This aligns well with a structured field of thought (like "educational philosophy") that is taught in courses. Synonyms like "doctrine" and "school of thought" fit the academic context.

Sense 2: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics." This is the classical, broad definition of philosophy. While "educational philosophy" is a branch of this, Sense 1 captures the practical, systemic nature implied when it is listed alongside "educational psychology" as a course subject.

Sense 3: "any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation." This is too narrow and personal (like a life motto) for an academic course subject.

Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 2 is the general definition of philosophy.
Sense 1 focuses on the *system* or *doctrine* accepted by a group (in this case, the educational community/system).

In the context of "educational philosophy" as a course, it refers to the underlying principles, beliefs, and systems that guide educational practice. Sense 1 ("a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school") is the most precise fit for an academic discipline that defines a professional practice.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: took
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself <t>took</t> such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "took" (past tense of "take") based on the provided context.

Context: "I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

Target word: took (take)

Analysis of the context:
The speaker participated in "such courses" (educational psychology and educational philosophy) in college. The action of "taking courses" means enrolling in, attending, or studying them.

Reviewing the candidate senses:
1. carry out (Action) - Unlikely.
2. require (time or space) - Unlikely.
3. take somebody somewhere (Lead) - Unlikely.
4. get into one's hands, take physically (Grasp) - Unlikely.
5. take on a certain form (Assume) - Unlikely.
6. interpret something (Convey meaning) - Unlikely.
7. take something or somebody with oneself somewhere (Convey) - Unlikely.
8. take into one's possession (Acquire) - Possible, but usually physical.
9. travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation (Route) - Unlikely.
10. pick out, select, or choose (Select) - Possible, but usually applies to items.
11. receive willingly something given or offered (Accept) - Possible, but usually applies to objects/offers.
12. assume, as of positions or roles (Fill) - Unlikely (courses are not positions).
13. take into consideration for exemplifying purposes (Consider) - Unlikely.
14. require as useful, just, or proper (Necessitate) - Unlikely.
15. experience or feel or submit to (Undergo) - Highly relevant. Taking a test, taking a plunge. Taking a course is an experience/submission to a curriculum.
16. make a film or photograph of something (Film) - Unlikely.
17. remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract (Remove) - Unlikely.
18. serve oneself to, or consume regularly (Consume) - Unlikely (courses are not food).
19. accept or undergo, often unwillingly (Submit) - Highly relevant.
20. make use of or accept for some purpose (Utilize) - Possible.
21. take by force (Seize) - Unlikely.
22. occupy or take on (Assume position) - Unlikely.
23. admit into a group or community (Admit) - Unlikely.
24. ascertain or determine by measuring (Measure) - Unlikely.
25. be a student of a certain subject (Study) - Highly relevant. This sense is about the activity of studying/being enrolled.
26. take as an undesirable consequence (Claim toll) - Unlikely.
27. head into a specified direction (Move) - Unlikely.
28. point or cause to go (Aim) - Unlikely.
29. be seized or affected in a specified way (Become sick) - Unlikely.
30. have with oneself; have on one's person (Carry) - Unlikely.
31. engage for service under a term of contract (Hire) - Unlikely.
32. receive or obtain regularly (Subscribe) - Unlikely.
33. buy, select (Purchase) - Unlikely.
34. to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort (Shelter) - Unlikely.
35. have sex with (Archaic) - Unlikely.
36. lay claim to; as of an idea (Claim) - Unlikely.
37. be designed to hold or take (Accept material) - Unlikely.
38. be capable of holding or containing (Contain) - Unlikely.
39. develop a habit (Develop habit) - Unlikely.
40. proceed along in a vehicle (Drive) - Unlikely.
41. obtain by winning (Win) - Unlikely.
42. be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness (Contract illness) - Unlikely.

Comparing the best candidates:
Sense 15: experience or feel or submit to (Take a test)
Sense 19: accept or undergo, often unwillingly (We took a pay cut)
Sense 25: be a student of a certain subject (She is reading for the bar exam)

When referring to academic study, "taking courses" most closely aligns with the idea of engaging in the study of a subject or undergoing the curriculum.

Sense 25: "be a student of a certain subject." While the example given is "She is reading for the bar exam," the core meaning is engaging in academic study. "Taking courses" is the standard idiomatic way to express this engagement.

Sense 15: "experience or feel or submit to." This is also very close, as taking a course is an experience.
Sense 19: "accept or undergo." This is also close, as one undergoes the course.

However, Sense 25 specifically relates to the academic context ("subject," "reading for the bar exam"), making it the most precise fit for "taking courses in college."

I will choose Sense 25.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such <t>courses</t> in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "courses" (plural of "course") based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Context: "I myself took such <t>courses</t> in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses."

Target word: courses (plural)

Analysis of the context:
1. The speaker "took" these courses.
2. The setting is "college."
3. The speaker was thinking about becoming a "schoolteacher."
4. The courses are described as "pap courses," implying they are academic subjects or classes.

Evaluation of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
    * This matches perfectly. Taking courses in college refers to academic subjects/classes.

2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
    * Incorrect. This refers to a trajectory or sequence of events, not academic classes.

3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
    * Incorrect. This refers to direction or trend.

4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
    * Incorrect. This refers to a plan or method of proceeding.

5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
    * Incorrect. This refers to a physical path.

6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
    * Incorrect. This refers to the group of students (a class/cohort), not the subject/instruction itself.

7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
    * Incorrect. This refers to dining.

8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
    * Incorrect. This refers to building construction.

9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile
    * Incorrect. This refers to a sports venue (e.g., golf course).

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the definitive match, as the context involves taking academic subjects in college.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: college
Target surface form: college
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in <t>college</t>, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=college%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of faculty and students of a college
2. sense_key=college%1:14:01:: | definition=an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university
3. sense_key=college%1:06:00:: | definition=a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target word: "college"
    *   Context sentence: "I myself took such courses in <t>college</t>, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses "Progressive education," "disciplined instruction," "personality development," "educational psychology," and "educational philosophy." These are all academic/higher education topics.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (college%1:14:00): "the body of faculty and students of a college." (Focuses on the *group* of people.)
    *   Sense 2 (college%1:14:01): "an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university." (Focuses on the *institution* itself.)
    *   Sense 3 (college%1:06:00): "a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed." (Focuses on the *physical structure*.)

3.  **Determine the Best Fit:**
    *   The phrase is "took such courses in college."
    *   When one "takes courses," they are attending an educational institution.
    *   Sense 1 (the body of people) is too abstract for the prepositional phrase "in college" in this context.
    *   Sense 3 (the complex of buildings) is too narrow; while courses happen in buildings, the reference is to the educational setting/institution.
    *   Sense 2 (an institution of higher education) perfectly matches the activity ("took courses") and the subject matter (educational psychology, philosophy).

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the best fit.

5.  **Format the Output:** Return the JSON object with the correct sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: thinking
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, <t>thinking</t> I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "thinking" in the given context.
The target lemma is "think".
The target surface form is "thinking".
The context is: "I myself took such courses in college, <t>thinking</t> I might end up a schoolteacher."

I need to analyze how "thinking" is used here.
The structure is: "I took courses... thinking [that] I might end up a schoolteacher."
This structure indicates the mental state or assumption that accompanied the action (taking courses). The speaker was operating under the assumption or belief that these courses would lead to becoming a schoolteacher.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
    * This sense relates to forming an opinion or judgment. "Thinking I might end up a schoolteacher" aligns well with holding a belief or expectation about the future outcome.

2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
    * This sense is very close to sense 1 and perfectly captures the meaning of holding an expectation or supposition about a future possibility ("I might end up a schoolteacher").

3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
    * This implies deep, active mental processing (like problem-solving). The context suggests a simple assumption, not deep deliberation.

4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect
    * This is about memory retrieval. Not relevant here.

5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
    * While related to imagination, sense 2 (expect/suppose) is more precise for the context of future career planning.

6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
    * This is usually an imperative or idiomatic usage. Not relevant.

7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
    * This relates to intention. While the speaker might have intended to become a teacher, the structure "thinking I might end up" suggests a belief/expectation about the *outcome* of the courses, rather than the initial purpose of taking them. Sense 2 is a better fit for the subordinate clause structure.

8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
    * This implies a process of decision-making. The context suggests the mental state *while* taking the courses, which was based on a pre-existing belief/hope.

9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
    * Similar to sense 3 and 8, implying active, deep reflection.

10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
    * This is often used in rhetorical questions or expressing doubt/opinion. Less fitting for the narrative context.

11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
    * Too general.

12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
    * This is a philosophical definition of cognition. Not relevant.

13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam
    * This describes causing a state through mental focus. Not relevant.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge (synonyms: believe, consider)
Sense 2: expect, believe, or suppose (synonyms: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess)

The phrase "thinking I might end up a schoolteacher" is a statement of expectation or supposition about a future possibility. Sense 2, which explicitly includes "expect, believe, or suppose," is the most precise fit for this meaning.

I will choose sense_key=think%2:31:03.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fairly
Target surface form: fairly
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all <t>fairly</t> be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fairly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a moderately sufficient extent or degree | synonyms=reasonably, moderately, pretty, jolly, somewhat, middling | examples=pretty big; pretty bad
2. sense_key=fairly%4:02:00:: | definition=without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner | synonyms=fair, evenhandedly | examples=deal fairly with one another
3. sense_key=fairly%4:02:03:: | definition=in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating | synonyms=fair, clean | examples=they played fairly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "fairly" in the given context.

Context: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all <t>fairly</t> be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment."

Target word: fairly

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fairly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a moderately sufficient extent or degree | synonyms=reasonably, moderately, pretty, jolly, somewhat, middling | examples=pretty big; pretty bad
2. sense_key=fairly%4:02:00:: | definition=without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner | synonyms=fair, evenhandedly | examples=deal fairly with one another
3. sense_key=fairly%4:02:03:: | definition=in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating | synonyms=fair, clean | examples=they played fairly

Analysis of the context:
The sentence containing "fairly" is: "They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses."

Here, "fairly" modifies the verb phrase "be described as". It suggests that the description ("pap courses") is not an extreme or absolute judgment, but rather a moderate or reasonable one.

Let's test the senses:

1. **sense_key=fairly%4:02:02 (moderately sufficient extent/degree):** If "fairly" means "reasonably" or "somewhat," the sentence reads: "They could all reasonably be described as 'pap' courses." This fits the context perfectly, indicating a moderate degree of agreement with the description.
2. **sense_key=fairly%4:02:00 (without favoring one party/evenhanded manner):** If "fairly" means "impartially," the sentence reads: "They could all impartially be described as 'pap' courses." While grammatically possible, this meaning doesn't fit the nuance of describing the *quality* of the courses; it usually relates to judgment or treatment between parties.
3. **sense_key=fairly%4:02:03 (in conformity with rules/without fraud):** This sense relates to adherence to rules (e.g., playing fairly). This is completely irrelevant to describing the quality of academic courses.

Conclusion: Sense 1, meaning "reasonably" or "somewhat," is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: describe
Target surface form: described
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be <t>described</t> as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
2. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "They could all fairly be <t>described</t> as "pap "courses."
2.  **Analyze the target word and its form:** Target lemma is 'describe', surface form is 'described'.
3.  **Analyze the surrounding text/meaning:** The speaker is referring to "courses" (educational courses taken in college). The speaker is assigning a label or characterization to these courses ("pap courses").
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (describe%2:32:00):** definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw. *This relates to visual depiction or detailed description.*
    *   **Sense 2 (describe%2:32:01):** definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account. *This relates to verbal reporting or summarizing.*
    *   **Sense 3 (describe%2:35:00):** definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate. *This is physical marking.*
    *   **Sense 4 (describe%2:31:00):** definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name. *This relates to classification or identification.*

5.  **Match the context to the senses:**
    *   The phrase "described as 'pap' courses" means that the courses are being characterized or labeled as low quality ("pap").
    *   Sense 3 (making marks) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4 (identifying/classifying) is plausible, but usually implies a formal, objective classification (e.g., "The specimen was described as *Quercus alba*"). Here, the description is subjective ("pap").
    *   Sense 1 and Sense 2 both involve giving a representation or account.
    *   Sense 2 ("to give an account or representation of in words") fits well when assigning a label or characterization (e.g., "The situation was described as chaotic").
    *   Sense 1 ("give a description of") is also very close.

6.  **Refine the choice between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   The action here is assigning a *label* ("pap"). This is a form of representation or account.
    *   Sense 2 (report, account) often fits when the description is a summary or characterization.
    *   Sense 1 (depict, draw) often fits when the description is vivid or detailed.
    *   In the context of labeling something as "pap," the speaker is providing a characterization or account of its quality. Sense 2 seems slightly more appropriate for assigning a qualitative label than Sense 1, although both are close.

7.  **Re-evaluating the provided options and common usage:** When we say "X is described as Y," we are giving a representation of X's nature. Both 1 and 2 cover this. However, if I must choose the *single best* fit, Sense 2 (to give an account or representation of in words) is the most general and accurate fit for assigning a qualitative label like "pap."

8.  **Wait, let me check the provided solution structure.** The prompt requires me to return the index number. I must ensure I select the best fit based on the provided definitions.

    *   Context: Courses are labeled/characterized as "pap."
    *   Sense 1: give a description of (depict, draw).
    *   Sense 2: to give an account or representation of in words (report, account).
    *   Sense 3: make a mark on a surface. (No)
    *   Sense 4: identify/classify. (Possible, but less likely than characterization).

    Sense 2 captures the idea of providing a characterization or account (a negative one, in this case).

9.  **Final check:** The courses are being *accounted for* or *represented* by the label "pap." Sense 2 is the strongest fit.

10. **Wait, I misread the instructions/output format.** The instructions state: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}." This implies I must select the index number corresponding to the best sense.

    *   Sense 1 Index: 32:00
    *   Sense 2 Index: 32:01
    *   Sense 3 Index: 35:00
    *   Sense 4 Index: 31:00

    Since Sense 2 is the best fit, I should use its index. However, the provided example output uses a simple integer index (e.g., 3). I will assume the candidate senses are implicitly numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 based on the list order.

    *   Sense 1 = Index 1
    *   Sense 2 = Index 2 (Best fit)
    *   Sense 3 = Index 3
    *   Sense 4 = Index 4

    I will select Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pap
Target surface form: pap
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "<t>pap</t> "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pap%1:10:00:: | definition=worthless or oversimplified ideas | synonyms=pablum
2. sense_key=pap%1:13:00:: | definition=a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders | synonyms=soft diet, spoon food
3. sense_key=pap%1:08:00:: | definition=the small projection of a mammary gland | synonyms=nipple, mammilla, mamilla, teat, tit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "pap" based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Context: "I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "<t>pap</t> "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment."

Target word: pap

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=pap%1:10:00:: | definition=worthless or oversimplified ideas | synonyms=pablum
2. sense_key=pap%1:13:00:: | definition=a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders | synonyms=soft diet, spoon food
3. sense_key=pap%1:08:00:: | definition=the small projection of a mammary gland | synonyms=nipple, mammilla, mamilla, teat, tit

Analysis:
The word "pap" is used to describe "courses" (educational subjects).
The context suggests that these courses are perhaps trivial, unchallenging, or of low intellectual value, given the preceding discussion about "personality development" and minimizing "irksome tests."
The phrase "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses" implies a negative judgment about the quality or substance of the courses.

Evaluating the senses:
1. Sense 1: definition=worthless or oversimplified ideas; synonyms=pablum. This fits perfectly with describing courses as intellectually trivial or worthless.
2. Sense 2: definition=a diet that does not require chewing. This is a food item and makes no sense when modifying "courses."
3. Sense 3: definition=the small projection of a mammary gland. This is anatomical and makes no sense when modifying "courses."

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "<t>courses</t>. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "courses" (plural of "course") based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Context:
"It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "<t>courses</t>."

Target word: courses

Analysis of the context:
1. "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." -> This strongly suggests academic subjects or classes taken for credit.
2. "I myself took such courses in college..." -> Reinforces the academic/educational setting.
3. "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses." -> Refers to the quality of the academic subjects/classes.

Evaluation of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
    * Matches perfectly. "Passed courses in educational psychology" fits the definition of education imparted in lessons/meetings (academic courses).

2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
    * Incorrect. Not referring to a sequence of events.

3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
    * Incorrect. Not referring to geographical or abstract orientation.

4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
    * Incorrect. Not referring to a plan or method of action.

5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
    * Incorrect. Not referring to a physical path.

6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
    * Incorrect. The context refers to the *subject* or *unit of study* ("courses in educational psychology"), not the group of students.

7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
    * Incorrect. Not related to dining.

8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
    * Incorrect. Not related to building.

9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile
    * Incorrect. Not related to sports facilities.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the definitive match. It refers to academic subjects/units of study taken in college.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on <t>teachers</t>, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target surface form: "teachers" (plural of "teacher").
    *   Context: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'... It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

2.  **Determine the Meaning in Context:**
    *   The context discusses "Progressive education," "disciplined instruction," "personality development," "profession," "schoolteacher," and "conscientious teaching."
    *   The word "teachers" refers to people who perform the occupation of teaching in a school or educational setting.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Candidate 1:**
        *   `sense_key=teacher%1:18:00`
        *   `definition=a person whose occupation is teaching`
        *   `synonyms=instructor`
        *   *Match:* This perfectly matches the usage in the context (people who teach in schools/educational settings).

    *   **Candidate 2:**
        *   `sense_key=teacher%1:09:00`
        *   `definition=a personified abstraction that teaches`
        *   `examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher`
        *   *Match:* This refers to abstract concepts (like experience or books) acting as instructors. This does not match the human agents discussed in the text.

4.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Candidate 1 is the definitive match.

5.  **Format the Output:**
    *   The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index. Since the candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the chosen sense is 1. (Wait, the prompt structure implies the final output should be based on the provided list, but the instruction asks for a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 3}`. I must assume the provided candidates are indexed 1 and 2, and I must select the index corresponding to the chosen sense.)

    *   Chosen sense: Candidate 1.
    *   Index: 1.