[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "certain" in the provided context.

Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Target word: certain

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses breast cancer striking "multiple members of certain families."
Here, "certain" is used to refer to specific, but unspecified, groups of families. It means some families, not all families, but specific ones that are known or implied in the context of genetic predisposition.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | (Relates to certainty of belief/feeling)
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus | (Relates to factual certainty)
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | (Relates to inevitability)
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | (Relates to finality)
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | (Relates to dependability)
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | (Relates to caution)

Matching the context to the senses:
In "multiple members of certain families," "certain" functions as a determiner meaning 'specific but unnamed' or 'some particular'.

Sense 1: definition=definite but not specified or identified. This perfectly matches the usage of "certain families" (i.e., specific families, but we don't know which ones).

Senses 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 all relate to the adjective meaning 'sure' or 'undoubted' (e.g., "It is certain that..."). This is not the meaning used here.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "families" (plural of "family") in the provided context.

Context sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Target word: families

Analysis of the context:
The context discusses breast cancer, a gene (p53), and how the cancer "strikes multiple members of certain families." The subsequent clause explains that the gene, when "inherited in a damaged form," may predispose women to the cancer. This strongly suggests a biological or genetic inheritance pattern across related individuals.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage. (Focuses on living arrangement/household.) - Less likely, as the focus is on genetic predisposition across related individuals, not just cohabitation.
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit. (Focuses on the immediate social unit.) - Possible, but less precise than a genetic/lineage sense.
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category. (Abstract grouping.) - Incorrect.
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry. (Focuses on lineage/descent.) - Highly relevant. Genetic inheritance patterns are tied to descent from common ancestors.
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson. (Refers to an individual relative.) - Incorrect (the context refers to groups/members).
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera. (Biological classification.) - Incorrect (this refers to biological classification, not human kinship/inheritance).
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities. (Criminal group.) - Incorrect.
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities. (Group/fellowship.) - Incorrect.

Conclusion:
The context explicitly links the cancer incidence in "families" to a gene that is "inherited in a damaged form." This points directly to the concept of descent and shared ancestry, which is captured by sense 4: "people descended from a common ancestor."

The best fit is sense_key=family%1:14:01.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "inherited" (the past participle of "inherit") in the given context.

Context snippet: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Target word: inherited.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents (Focus: death/estate)
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair (Focus: position/role)
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother (Focus: genetics/biological traits)

Analysis:
The context discusses a gene (p53) and how it is passed down within families ("breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families"). The phrase is "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form."

This clearly relates to biological inheritance, specifically genetic transmission.

Comparing with candidates:
1. Sense 1 (obtain after death): Irrelevant.
2. Sense 2 (receive from predecessor): Irrelevant (this is about roles/objects, not genes).
3. Sense 3 (receive by genetic transmission): Highly relevant. The context is about a gene being passed down through generations, which is genetic transmission.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a <t>damaged</t> form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "damaged" in the provided context.

Context snippet: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a <t>damaged</t> form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Target word: damaged

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Analysis:
The word "damaged" modifies "gene" ("the gene, when inherited in a damaged form").
The context is about cancer, genetics, and mutations.
A gene being "damaged" in this context refers to a physical or functional alteration in the gene sequence (a mutation), which leads to a predisposition to cancer.

Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled". This sense relates to physical or functional impairment. A mutated gene is functionally impaired or altered/spoiled compared to its normal form. This fits the biological context.
Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute". This sense relates to reputation or social standing. This is completely irrelevant to a gene's inherited form.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct fit. The gene is functionally or structurally impaired/altered due to mutation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "form" in the given context.

Context sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer."

Target word: form

Analysis of the context:
The context discusses a gene (p53) and how it is inherited. The gene is described as being "damaged" and inherited in a "damaged form." This suggests that "form" refers to the specific state, structure, or configuration of the gene (or the resulting biological entity) when it is passed down or exists within the organism.

Reviewing the candidate senses:

1. form%1:10:00: phonological/orthographic sound/appearance (Irrelevant)
2. form%1:09:01: a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality (Too broad, usually refers to types/kinds)
3. form%1:09:00: a perceptual structure (Shape/pattern - possible, but maybe too general)
4. form%1:07:01: any spatial attributes (outline/shape) (Focuses on physical shape, less on genetic state)
5. form%1:08:00: alternative names for the body (Irrelevant)
6. form%1:03:00: the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance (Shape - similar to 4, focuses on arrangement)
7. form%1:07:00: the visual appearance of something or someone (Appearance - less about internal genetic structure)
8. form%1:10:01: a printed document (Irrelevant)
9. form%1:14:02: (biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways (Strain/variant - refers to populations, not the state of a single gene)
10. form%1:10:02: an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse (Structure/arrangement - usually abstract, like an essay)
11. form%1:07:03: a particular mode in which something is manifested (Mode/manifestation - This fits well. The gene is manifested in a specific, damaged mode/form.)
12. form%1:26:00: (physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter (Phase - Irrelevant)
13. form%1:14:00: a body of students (Irrelevant)
14. form%1:07:02: an ability to perform well (Condition/state of fitness - Irrelevant)
15. form%1:06:00: a life-size dummy (Irrelevant)
16. form%1:06:01: a mold for setting concrete (Irrelevant)

Comparing the best candidates:
Sense 11 (form%1:07:03): "a particular mode in which something is manifested."
Context: "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form"
If the gene is inherited in a "damaged form," it means it is manifested in a damaged mode or state. This aligns perfectly with the biological context of a gene's state or configuration.

Sense 3 (form%1:09:00): "a perceptual structure."
Sense 6 (form%1:03:00): "the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance."
These are too focused on physical shape/geometry, whereas the context refers to a genetic/biological state (damaged vs. functional).

Sense 11 is the most appropriate fit for describing the specific state or configuration of a biological entity (a gene) that is inherited.

Conclusion: Sense 11 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose <t>women</t> to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: woman
    *   Target surface form: women
    *   Context sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose <t>women</t> to the cancer."
    *   The context is a scientific discussion about genetic predisposition (p53 gene) to breast cancer, specifically noting that the cancer often affects "multiple members of certain families."

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1 (woman%1:18:00):** "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted. (Refers to an individual female.)
    *   **Sense 2 (woman%1:18:01):** "a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man" | examples=he was faithful to his woman. (Refers to a specific relational role.)
    *   **Sense 3 (woman%1:18:02):** "a human female employed to do housework" | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write. (Refers to a domestic worker.)
    *   **Sense 4 (woman%1:14:00):** "women as a class" | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation. (Refers to females generally, as a group.)

3.  **Match the context to the senses:**
    *   The sentence states the gene "may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   The preceding clause mentions "multiple members of certain families."
    *   The usage here is not referring to a specific individual (Sense 1), nor a specific romantic role (Sense 2), nor a domestic worker (Sense 3).
    *   The usage refers to females in general, or a group of females within a family/population who share this genetic risk. This aligns best with the concept of "women as a class" (Sense 4).

4.  **Refine the choice (Sense 4 vs. Sense 1):**
    *   While Sense 1 (individual adult female) is technically possible, the phrasing "predispose women to the cancer" in a scientific context discussing genetic risk across families strongly implies a general population group or category, which is the definition of Sense 4 ("women as a class"). Sense 4 captures the scope of the statement better than Sense 1.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the <t>cancer</t>. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses p53 gene, growth promotion/suppression, human cancer cells, cancer studies, cancer-suppressing gene, cancer formation, breast tumors, breast cancer, and lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease (Relates to disease/tumor)
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab (Astrology)
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini | synonyms= (Astrology/Astronomy)
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab (Astrology)
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer (Biology/Zoology)

Evaluation:
The context is entirely focused on genetics, tumors, cell division, and disease (e.g., "human cancer cells," "cancer-suppressing gene," "breast cancer," "lung cancer," "malignant growth").

Senses 2, 3, 4, and 5 are clearly irrelevant (astrology, zoology).
Sense 1 defines cancer as a "malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division." This perfectly matches the scientific discussion in the text.

The target word "cancer" appears multiple times, always referring to the disease.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: implicate
Target surface form: implicated
Context:
Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been <t>implicated</t> in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=implicate%2:42:01:: | definition=bring into intimate and incriminating connection | examples=He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government
2. sense_key=implicate%2:42:00:: | definition=impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result | synonyms=entail | examples=What does this move entail?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: implicate
    *   Target surface form: implicated
    *   Context sentence: "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses cancer research, specifically the p53 gene, its role as a cancer-suppressing gene, and evidence showing it is involved in various cancers (breast tumors, lung cancer).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (implicate%2:42:01):**
        *   Definition: bring into intimate and incriminating connection.
        *   Example: "He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government."
        *   *Fit check:* This sense relates to criminal involvement or blame. While cancer can be seen as a "blame" or "cause," the context is scientific/biological involvement, not criminal accusation.

    *   **Sense 2 (implicate%2:42:00):**
        *   Definition: impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result.
        *   Synonyms: entail.
        *   Example: "What does this move entail?"
        *   *Fit check:* This sense means to be involved in or associated with something as a consequence or part of a process. In the sentence, "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer," it means the gene is involved in the process or development of lung cancer. This aligns perfectly with the scientific context.

3.  **Compare and select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is too focused on criminal guilt.
    *   Sense 2 focuses on involvement, association, or consequence, which is the precise meaning when a gene is found to be associated with a disease.

4.  **Final decision:** Sense 2 is the best fit.

5.  **Format the output:** The instructions require a JSON object with the sense index. (Note: The provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, so the index is 2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a <t>report</t> out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "In a <t>report</t> out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
2.  **Analyze the surrounding text/topic:** The passage is highly scientific, discussing cancer genes (p53), tumors, and research findings from various institutes (Whitehead Institute, National Cancer Institute).
3.  **Determine the function of 'report' in the context:** 'Report' here refers to a communication or document presenting the findings of the researchers (John Minna and colleagues).
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `report%1:10:03`: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (synonyms: study, written report). This fits perfectly with scientific findings being communicated.
    *   2. `report%1:10:01`: "the act of informing by verbal report" (synonyms: account). This is usually an action, not a document/publication ("In a report out last week").
    *   3. `report%1:10:00`: "a short account of the news" (synonyms: news report, story, account, write up). This is also a strong candidate, especially since the findings are being presented to the public/scientific community.
    *   4. `report%1:11:00`: "a sharp explosive sound." (Irrelevant).
    *   5. `report%1:10:04`: "a written evaluation of a student's scholarship." (Irrelevant).
    *   6. `report%1:10:02`: "an essay (especially one written as an assignment)." (Too narrow; this is a scientific finding, not a school assignment).
    *   7. `report%1:09:00`: "the general estimation that the public has for a person." (Irrelevant).
5.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 3):**
    *   Sense 1 (10:03): Focuses on describing *findings* (study, written report).
    *   Sense 3 (10:00): Focuses on being a *short account of the news* (news report, story).
    *   Since the context is highly technical (cancer research, gene mutation), the document is primarily a presentation of scientific *findings* (Sense 1: "a written document describing the findings"). While it is also a "news report" (Sense 3), Sense 1 captures the formal, research-based nature of the document better.
6.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1 (report%1:10:03) is the most precise fit for a scientific publication detailing research results.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out <t>last</t> week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "last" in the given context.

Context: "In a report out <t>last</t> week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Target word: last
Collocation: "last week"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Analysis:
The phrase "last week" refers to the week immediately preceding the current time. This fits the definition of "immediately past."

Comparing with candidates:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read. This is a perfect match for "last week."
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining. While "last week" is chronologically past, this sense is broader (e.g., "the last day of the month"). Sense 1 is more specific to the temporal usage here.
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00. Incorrect.
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00. Incorrect.
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00. Incorrect.
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00. Incorrect.
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02. Incorrect.
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00. Incorrect.
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00. Incorrect.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last <t>week</t>, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "week" in the given context.

Context: "In a report out last <t>week</t>, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Analysis:
The phrase is "last week". This refers to a specific, recent period of time when the report was released.

Sense 1: "any period of seven consecutive days". This is a general definition of a week and fits the temporal reference "last week".
Sense 2: "hours or days of work in a calendar week". This relates to employment/work schedules, which is irrelevant here.
Sense 3: "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday". This is a specific type of week (calendar week). While "last week" is a period of seven days, the context does not specify that it must start on Sunday, and Sense 1 is a more general and accurate fit for a simple temporal reference like "last week".

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1 (any period of seven consecutive days) is the most general and appropriate definition for a time marker like "last week" when no specific starting day is implied.
Sense 3 (starting on Sunday) is too restrictive.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I need to check the provided sense keys and map them to the required output format.

Sense 1: week%1:28:00
Sense 2: week%1:28:01
Sense 3: week%1:28:02

The best sense is Sense 1. I must return the index corresponding to Sense 1.

Index mapping:
1 -> sense_key=week%1:28:00
2 -> sense_key=week%1:28:01
3 -> sense_key=week%1:28:02

The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "say" in the given context.

Context: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Target word: say

Analysis of the context:
The sentence attributes a statement ("that about half the cells... are missing this gene") to "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute" based on "a report out last week." This indicates that the word "say" is being used to introduce or report findings/claims made by researchers.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you (This fits reporting information.)
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war (This also fits reporting claims, often used in formal/scientific contexts.)
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do? (Does not fit; they are reporting findings, not supposing.)
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say? (Does not fit.)
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping (Does not fit; they are reporting facts, not giving orders.)
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire' (Does not fit.)
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt? (Does not fit.)
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office (Too literal; the context is reporting a written/published report.)
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business (Possible, but sense 1 or 2 is more precise for reporting scientific findings.)
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary' (Does not fit.)
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon (Does not fit.)

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: express in words (state, tell). This is a general reporting sense.
Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver). This is often used when reporting claims or findings, especially in formal or scientific contexts.

The context is a scientific report ("In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues... say that..."). They are reporting findings. Both Sense 1 and Sense 2 are strong candidates.

Sense 1 (state, tell) is the most general and accurate description of reporting information derived from a report.
Sense 2 (allege, aver) often carries a slight connotation of assertion or claim, which is also true, but Sense 1 is broader and perfectly covers the act of reporting scientific data.

Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you." (Reporting speech/thoughts).
Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war." (Reporting claims/assertions).

Since the context is reporting factual findings from a scientific institute, Sense 1 (express in words/state) is the most neutral and appropriate fit for reporting the content of the report.

I will choose Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that <t>about</t> half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "about" in the given context.

Context:
"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that <t>about</t> half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Target word: "about"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Analysis:
The phrase is "about half the cells".
"Half" is a quantity.
"About" modifies this quantity.
The meaning is that the number of cells missing the gene is close to half, but perhaps not exactly half.

Let's check the candidates:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00: Definition is "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct". Synonyms include "approximately", "roughly". This perfectly matches "about half".
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06: Relates to location ("all around or on all sides"). Incorrect.
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01: Relates to location ("in the area or vicinity"). Incorrect.
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04: Relates to movement ("used of movement to or among many different places"). Incorrect.
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02: Relates to direction/position ("in or to a reversed position or direction"). Incorrect.
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03: Relates to rotation/succession. Incorrect.
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05: Relates to completion ("slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but"). While related to approximation, this sense usually applies to actions or states (e.g., "about done"), whereas here it modifies a numerical quantity ("half"). Sense 1 is the precise fit for quantifying approximation.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the <t>cells</t> taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the <t>cells</t> taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
2.  **Identify the target word and its usage:** The target word is "cells" (plural of "cell"). It refers to samples taken from "lung cancer tissue."
3.  **Determine the domain:** The context is highly biological (cancer, gene, tissue, p53, tumors, breast cancer, lung cancer).
4.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `cell%1:06:03`: any small compartment (Too general, usually physical/architectural).
    *   2. `cell%1:03:00`: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms... (This matches the biological context of tissue and cancer).
    *   3. `cell%1:06:00`: a device that delivers an electric current... (Electrical/chemical context - irrelevant).
    *   4. `cell%1:14:00`: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (Political context - irrelevant).
    *   5. `cell%1:06:04`: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone... (Technology context - irrelevant).
    *   6. `cell%1:06:02`: small room in which a monk or nun lives (Architectural/religious context - irrelevant).
    *   7. `cell%1:06:01`: a room where a prisoner is kept (Architectural/legal context - irrelevant).
5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 2, which defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of organisms, is the only sense appropriate for cells taken from cancer tissue.
6.  **Format the output:** Return the index of Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "taken" (past participle of "take") based on the provided context.

Context: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

The word "taken" is used twice:
1. "cells taken from lung cancer tissue"
2. "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers"

In both instances, "taken" functions as a past participle modifying a noun ("cells" and "tissue"). It describes the origin or the action performed on the cells/tissue.

The action is "taking" (removing/sampling) the cells/tissue *from* the cancer site.

Let's examine the candidate senses for "take" (and their past participle forms):

1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space)
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness

The action is sampling/removing tissue/cells.

Sense 17: definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw. This fits perfectly with "cells taken from lung cancer tissue."

Sense 4: definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of. This is related, but Sense 17 is more precise regarding the action of removal/sampling.

Sense 7: definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey. This implies transport, but the core action here is extraction/removal for testing.

Sense 35: definition=have sex with; archaic use. Irrelevant.

Sense 17 (remove/take away/withdraw) is the best fit for the context of biological sampling.

I will select sense 17.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer <t>tissue</t> they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "tissue" in the provided context.

Context: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer <t>tissue</t> they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Analysis:
The context discusses cancer, genes (p53), cells, and samples taken from organs (lung, kidney, brain, skin).
The phrase is "lung cancer tissue" and "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."
This clearly refers to biological material derived from the body, specifically the cellular structure of the affected organs.

Sense 1: "part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function." This perfectly matches the biological context of cancer research and cell samples.
Sense 2: "a soft thin (usually translucent) paper." This refers to paper products and is irrelevant to the context.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tested
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they <t>tested</t> are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%2:41:00:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=prove, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
2. sense_key=test%2:41:01:: | definition=test or examine for the presence of disease or infection | synonyms=screen | examples=screen the blood for the HIV virus
3. sense_key=test%2:32:00:: | definition=examine someone's knowledge of something | synonyms=quiz | examples=The teacher tests us every week; We got quizzed on French irregular verbs
4. sense_key=test%2:42:00:: | definition=show a certain characteristic when tested | examples=He tested positive for HIV
5. sense_key=test%2:33:00:: | definition=achieve a certain score or rating on a test | examples=She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools
6. sense_key=test%2:32:08:: | definition=determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
7. sense_key=test%2:31:06:: | definition=undergo a test | examples=She doesn't test well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they <t>tested</t> are missing this gene."
2.  **Identify the target word and its role:** The target word is "tested" (past participle, used as a verb modifying "cells"). The action is performed on "cells taken from lung cancer tissue."
3.  **Determine the meaning of "tested" in this context:** The researchers are examining the cells to see if they possess a specific gene (p53). This is a biological/medical examination.
4.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `test%2:41:00`: put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to (General experimentation/trying out). Less specific to biological screening.
    *   2. `test%2:41:01`: test or examine for the presence of disease or infection (Screening for biological conditions). Highly relevant, as they are looking for a gene mutation related to cancer.
    *   3. `test%2:32:00`: examine someone's knowledge of something (Academic testing). Irrelevant.
    *   4. `test%2:42:00`: show a certain characteristic when tested (The result, not the action of testing the cells). Irrelevant.
    *   5. `test%2:33:00`: achieve a certain score or rating on a test (Academic scoring). Irrelevant.
    *   6. `test%2:32:08`: determine the presence or properties of (a substance) (Chemical/biological analysis). Very relevant.
    *   7. `test%2:31:06`: undergo a test (The subject is tested, not the action performed on the subject). Irrelevant.
5.  **Compare the best candidates (2 and 6):**
    *   Sense 2 (`test%2:41:01`): "test or examine for the presence of disease or infection." This fits the context of cancer research and looking for a gene mutation (a marker of disease/abnormality).
    *   Sense 6 (`test%2:32:08`): "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)." This is a very accurate description of molecular biology testing (determining the presence of a gene).
6.  **Select the single best fit:** Both 2 and 6 are strong. However, Sense 2 specifically frames the testing in the context of biological health/disease ("disease or infection"), which aligns perfectly with the surrounding text about cancer and gene mutations. Sense 6 is more general ("substance"), while Sense 2 is more specific to the medical/biological application implied by the context (cancer tissue, gene presence). Given the focus on cancer and gene presence, Sense 2 is the most contextually precise choice.

7.  **Final check:** The cells were tested to see if they had the p53 gene mutation, which is related to cancer. This is examining for a biological marker/disease characteristic. Sense 2 fits this perfectly.