[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the <t>once</t> male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "once" in the given context.

Context:
"Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the <t>once</t> male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however."

Target word: once

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "the <t>once</t> male-dominated field".
The context discusses the changing demographics of bellringers (ringers).
The sentence states: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the [once] male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

The word "once" modifies "male-dominated field." It describes the state of that field in the past, before the growing number of women entered it.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. sense_key=once%4:02:00 (on one occasion): This means 'at some point in the past'. If used here, it would imply that the field was male-dominated on one occasion, which doesn't fit the narrative of a historical state change.
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02 (as soon as): This is temporal sequencing (e.g., "Once I finish, I will call"). This clearly does not fit the structure "once male-dominated field."
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01 (at a previous time): This means 'formerly' or 'in the past'. This perfectly describes the state of the field before the current trend of women entering it. "The formerly male-dominated field."

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: field
Target surface form: field
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed | examples=he planted a field of wheat
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought | synonyms=battlefield, battleground, field of battle, field of honor | examples=they made a tour of Civil War battlefields
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected | examples=anthropologists do much of their work in the field
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it | synonyms=field of force, force field
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise | synonyms=field of operation, line of business | examples=they are outstanding in their field
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples=his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game | synonyms=playing field, athletic field, playing area | examples=the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land | synonyms=plain, champaign | examples=they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1 | examples=the set of all rational numbers is a field
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress | synonyms=field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations | examples=the army was in the field awaiting action; he served in the Vietnam theater for three years
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found | examples=the diamond fields of South Africa
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) | synonyms=field of view
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land | synonyms=airfield, landing field, flying field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "field" in the given context.

Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated <t>field</t>; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however."

Target word: field

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses women entering a "once male-dominated field." This implies that "field" refers to an area of activity, profession, or domain that was traditionally dominated by men. The surrounding text is about bellringers (a specific activity/profession).

Reviewing the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed (Physical land) -> Unlikely.
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought (Military location) -> Unlikely.
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected (Location of work) -> Possible, but usually refers to fieldwork, not a domain of activity.
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge (Academic/Professional domain) -> Highly likely. Synonyms: discipline, subject, subject area.
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body... (Physics concept) -> Unlikely.
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise (Business area) -> Possible, but sense 4 is broader and fits "male-dominated" better in a general sense. Synonyms: field of operation, line of business.
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life (Social/Activity domain) -> Highly likely. Synonyms: sphere, domain, area, arena.
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game (Sports ground) -> Unlikely.
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land (Physical land) -> Unlikely.
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements... (Math concept) -> Unlikely.
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress (Military location) -> Unlikely.
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race (Racing) -> Unlikely.
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event (Competition) -> Unlikely.
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found (Mining/Resource area) -> Unlikely.
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters... (CS concept) -> Unlikely.
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (Optics) -> Unlikely.
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land (Airport) -> Unlikely.

Comparing the best candidates:
Sense 4 (branch of knowledge/subject area): Fits well when discussing professional domains.
Sense 7 (particular environment or walk of life/sphere/domain): Also fits very well, emphasizing the social/activity aspect of the domain.

In the context "once male-dominated field," both Sense 4 and Sense 7 are strong. However, Sense 7, defined as "a particular environment or walk of life" and synonymous with "sphere" or "domain," captures the social and occupational nature of the change (women entering a specific social/professional sphere) perhaps slightly better than the purely academic focus of Sense 4 ("branch of knowledge").

Let's re-examine the usage: "male-dominated field." This refers to the profession/activity of bellringing, which is a specific domain or sphere of life/work.

Sense 7: definition=a particular environment or walk of life; synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena. This is the most idiomatic fit for describing a professional or social domain that is being changed by demographic shifts.

I will choose Sense 7.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: third
Target surface form: third
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=third%1:23:00:: | definition=one of three equal parts of a divisible whole | synonyms=one-third, tierce | examples=it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement
2. sense_key=third%1:04:00:: | definition=the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the third of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate) | synonyms=third base | examples=he is playing third
3. sense_key=third%1:24:00:: | definition=following the second position in an ordering or series | examples=a distant third; he answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly, and the third with resentment
4. sense_key=third%1:10:00:: | definition=the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it | examples=a simple harmony written in major thirds
5. sense_key=third%1:06:00:: | definition=the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle | synonyms=third gear | examples=you shouldn't try to start in third gear
6. sense_key=third%1:06:01:: | definition=the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball | synonyms=third base | examples=he was cut down on a close play at third

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "third" in the given context.

Context: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a <t>third</t> of the ringers today are women."

Target word: "third" (as part of "a third")

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=third%1:23:00:: | definition=one of three equal parts of a divisible whole | synonyms=one-third, tierce | examples=it contains approximately a third of the minimum daily requirement
2. sense_key=third%1:04:00:: | definition=the fielding position of the player on a baseball team who is stationed near the third of the bases in the infield (counting counterclockwise from home plate) | synonyms=third base | examples=he is playing third
3. sense_key=third%1:24:00:: | definition=following the second position in an ordering or series | examples=a distant third; he answered the first question willingly, the second reluctantly, and the third with resentment
4. sense_key=third%1:10:00:: | definition=the musical interval between one note and another three notes away from it | examples=a simple harmony written in major thirds
5. sense_key=third%1:06:00:: | definition=the third from the lowest forward ratio gear in the gear box of a motor vehicle | synonyms=third gear | examples=you shouldn't try to start in third gear
6. sense_key=third%1:06:01:: | definition=the base that must be touched third by a base runner in baseball | synonyms=third base | examples=he was cut down on a close play at third

Analysis:
The phrase is "more than a third of the ringers today are women."
This structure ("a [fraction] of [a group]") indicates a proportion or part of a whole.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=third%1:23:00: Definition is "one of three equal parts of a divisible whole." This perfectly matches the meaning of "a third of the ringers."
2. sense_key=third%1:04:00: Relates to baseball fielding position. Irrelevant.
3. sense_key=third%1:24:00: Relates to ordinal position (third in a series). Irrelevant.
4. sense_key=third%1:10:00: Relates to music. Irrelevant.
5. sense_key=third%1:06:00: Relates to gears/vehicles. Irrelevant.
6. sense_key=third%1:06:01: Relates to baseball base. Irrelevant.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the <t>ringers</t> today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "ringers" in the provided context.
The target lemma is "ringer".
The target surface form is "ringers".

Context analysis:
"Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. 'Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10,' he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

Key clues in the context:
1. "trained bellringers in England" (This strongly suggests the context is about bell ringing).
2. "only 40,000 of them still ring."
3. "bells need to be rung."
4. "program to attract and train ringers."
5. "women have entered the once male-dominated field." (The field is bell ringing).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Matching the context clues to the senses:
The context explicitly discusses "trained bellringers," "bells need to be rung," and "attract and train ringers." This perfectly matches Sense 1.

Sense 1: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "today"
    *   Context sentence: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers <t>today</t> are women."
    *   The context is discussing the current composition of the group of "ringers" (bellringers).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers` (Focuses on the general era/age).
    *   Sense 2: `today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?` (Focuses specifically on the calendar day).

3.  **Determine the best fit:**
    *   The phrase is "more than a third of the ringers today are women."
    *   This refers to the current state or composition of the group *at this time*.
    *   While Sense 1 (present time/age) is broad, Sense 2 (the specific day) is too narrow.
    *   However, in this specific usage ("ringers today"), "today" functions as an adverbial modifier indicating the current period or time frame being observed, which aligns well with the concept of "the present time" (Sense 1). It refers to the current demographic reality of the ringers.
    *   Let's re-evaluate the nuance. Is it about the specific calendar day, or the current state of affairs? It's the current state of affairs (the present time).
    *   Sense 1: "the present time or age." This captures the idea of the current demographic reality of the ringers.
    *   Sense 2: "the day that includes the present moment." This would imply "on this specific day," which is not the intended meaning (they are women *in the current population*, not just on this specific day).

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1, referring to the general present time or age/era, is the most appropriate fit for describing the current composition of the group.

5.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index. (Assuming the provided list is indexed starting from 1). Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are <t>women</t>. They are not accepted everywhere, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "women" (plural of "woman") based on the provided context.

Context:
"Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are <t>women</t>. They are not accepted everywhere, however."

Target word: women (referring to bellringers).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Analysis:
The context discusses "ringers" (bellringers). The sentence states: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
The "women" here are individuals who are bellringers.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **an adult female person (as opposed to a man)**: This fits perfectly. The women are adult females who are participating in the field of bellringing.
2. **a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend)**: This is incorrect. They are not defined by their relationship status to a man, but by their activity (ringing bells).
3. **a human female employed to do housework**: This is incorrect. They are bellringers, not domestic workers.
4. **women as a class**: While they are part of a group, the definition focuses on the abstract concept of "womanhood" or "the fair sex" (e.g., "American womanhood"). Sense 1 describes the specific type of person they are (an adult female individual), which is more precise than the abstract class definition, especially when referring to a specific group of individuals (ringers).

Conclusion: Sense 1, defining an adult female person, is the most accurate fit for women who are bellringers.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accept
Target surface form: accepted
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not <t>accepted</t> everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accept%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or hold as true | examples=I cannot accept the dogma of this church; accept an argument
2. sense_key=accept%2:40:00:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=take, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
3. sense_key=accept%2:32:00:: | definition=give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to | synonyms=consent, go for | examples=I cannot accept your invitation; I go for this resolution
4. sense_key=accept%2:31:01:: | definition=react favorably to; consider right and proper | examples=People did not accept atonal music at that time; We accept the idea of universal health care
5. sense_key=accept%2:40:03:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=admit, take, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
6. sense_key=accept%2:40:01:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=bear, take over, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=accept%2:31:03:: | definition=tolerate or accommodate oneself to | synonyms=live with, swallow | examples=I shall have to accept these unpleasant working conditions; I swallowed the insult
8. sense_key=accept%2:42:00:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=take | examples=This surface will not take the dye
9. sense_key=accept%2:40:07:: | definition=receive (a report) officially, as from a committee
10. sense_key=accept%2:40:12:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=take | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
11. sense_key=accept%2:31:08:: | definition=be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal | examples=The cow accepted the bull

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "accepted" (the past participle of "accept") based on the provided context.

Context: "They are not <t>accepted</t> everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

The sentence states that women (who are now a growing number of ringers) are "not accepted everywhere." The contrast is drawn with the Ancient Society of College Youths, which "remains male-only."

This implies that the women are not welcomed or admitted into certain groups or places where only men are allowed.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=accept%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or hold as true | (Relates to ideas/dogma, not social inclusion in a group.)
2. sense_key=accept%2:40:00:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | (Relates to objects/gifts, not social status.)
3. sense_key=accept%2:32:00:: | definition=give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to | (Relates to invitations/resolutions, not general group inclusion.)
4. sense_key=accept%2:31:01:: | definition=react favorably to; consider right and proper | (Relates to ideas/music, not social inclusion.)
5. sense_key=accept%2:40:03:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=admit, take, take on | (This fits perfectly. The women are not being admitted/allowed into all groups, specifically the male-only one mentioned next.)
6. sense_key=accept%2:40:01:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | (Relates to finance/responsibility.)
7. sense_key=accept%2:31:03:: | definition=tolerate or accommodate oneself to | (Relates to conditions/insults, not being excluded from a group.)
8. sense_key=accept%2:42:00:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | (Relates to physical objects/dye.)
9. sense_key=accept%2:40:07:: | definition=receive (a report) officially, as from a committee | (Relates to formal documents.)
10. sense_key=accept%2:40:12:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | (Relates to opportunities/risks.)
11. sense_key=accept%2:31:08:: | definition=be sexually responsive to, used of a female domesticated mammal | (Biological sense.)

Sense 5, "admit into a group or community," is the best fit, as the context explicitly contrasts the inclusion of women with the existence of a "male-only" group.

The corresponding index is 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "however" in the given context.

Context:
"One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

Target word: however

The sentence containing the target word is: "They are not accepted everywhere, however."

Let's analyze the relationship between the preceding clause ("They are not accepted everywhere") and the following context (the description of the Ancient Society of College Youths, which "remains male-only").

The preceding clause states that women (the subject of the previous sentence) are not accepted everywhere.
The following context provides a specific example of this lack of acceptance: the Ancient Society of College Youths is male-only.

The word "however" here functions as a conjunctive adverb, introducing a contrasting or concessive idea, or perhaps emphasizing the extent of the problem.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed**
   * This sense fits the function of introducing a contrast or concession. The fact that women are not accepted everywhere is elaborated upon by the example of the male-only society. "They are not accepted everywhere; however, [this is shown by the existence of] the Ancient Society..." (Although the punctuation in the original text is a comma, the function is clearly concessive/contrastive).

2. **sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours**
   * This is very similar to sense 1, focusing on contrast. It fits well.

3. **sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns**
   * This sense is used adverbially to modify a clause, meaning "no matter how much/little." This does not fit the context ("They are not accepted everywhere, however.").

4. **sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever**
   * This sense is also used adverbially ("in whatever way"). This does not fit the context.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)"
Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand"

In the context, "They are not accepted everywhere, however." The lack of acceptance is the main point. The following text provides a specific example illustrating this lack of acceptance (the male-only society).

If we treat "however" as a transition linking the general statement (not accepted everywhere) to the specific evidence (male-only society), both Sense 1 and Sense 2 are plausible. However, Sense 1 ("despite anything to the contrary") captures the concessive nature inherent in the statement: *Despite* the trend of women entering the field, they still face resistance (not accepted everywhere).

Let's re-read the flow:
1. Women are entering the field (positive trend).
2. They are not accepted everywhere, however. (Concession/Contrast: Despite the trend, resistance exists).
3. [Evidence of resistance]: The Ancient Society... remains male-only.

Sense 1, "despite anything to the contrary," perfectly captures this concessive relationship.

Let's check the provided examples for Sense 1: "while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed." This structure (concession followed by a contrasting outcome) matches the function here.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell_ringing
Target surface form: bell-ringing
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of someone playing a set of bells
2. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:10:00:: | definition=persuasion of voters in a political campaign | synonyms=electioneering, canvassing
3. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:04:00:: | definition=playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target surface form "bell-ringing" in the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses "ringers," "churches," "parishes," "tower," "Ancient Society of College Youths," "St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey," and "prestigious churches."
The discussion revolves around the practice of people (ringers) playing bells in these settings.

Target phrase: "The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of someone playing a set of bells
2. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:10:00:: | definition=persuasion of voters in a political campaign | synonyms=electioneering, canvassing
3. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:04:00:: | definition=playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing

Evaluation:
Sense 2 (political campaign) is clearly irrelevant.
Sense 1 (the sound of someone playing a set of bells) refers to the auditory result.
Sense 3 (playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower) refers to the activity or practice itself.

The context refers to "the oldest bell-ringing group." A "group" is composed of people who *do* the activity. While the activity produces a sound (Sense 1), the group itself is defined by the *practice* of playing the bells (Sense 3). The term "bell-ringing group" refers to the organization of people who perform the action of playing the bells in a tower.

Therefore, Sense 3, which defines the activity of playing bells in a tower, is the most appropriate fit for describing the nature of the "group."

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "group" in the provided context.

Context snippet: "The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Analysis:
1. **Contextual usage:** "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths..."
2. **Referent:** The Ancient Society of College Youths is an organization/society of people (ringers).
3. **Sense 1 (any number of entities (members) considered as a unit):** This fits perfectly. A society of people (ringers) is a group of entities considered as a unit.
4. **Sense 2 (chemistry):** Irrelevant. The context is about bell-ringing societies.
5. **Sense 3 (mathematics):** Irrelevant. The context is about a social/organizational entity.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the <t>country</t>, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "country" in the given context.

Context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the <t>country</t>, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

Target word: country

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations (Refers to a nation/state)
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries (Refers to physical territory)
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation (Refers to inhabitants)
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country (Refers to countryside/rural area)
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country (Refers to a general region)

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country".
The context discusses bell-ringing groups, churches (St. Paul's, Westminster Abbey), and the location of these groups.
The group is the "Ancient Society of College Youths," founded in 1637.
The discussion is about the scope of this group's influence or existence.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Nation/State: While the group might be *in* a country (Britain), using "in the country" here doesn't typically mean "in the nation-state" in this specific context, especially when discussing local/regional groups like bell-ringers.
2. Territory: Similar to (1), this is too broad.
3. People: "In the people" makes no sense.
4. Rural area/Countryside: This is a very common usage of "country" when referring to a geographical setting, often contrasting with urban areas (like "inner-city churches" mentioned earlier in the passage). The context mentions "small, rural parishes and inner-city churches." The group is described as the "oldest bell-ringing group in the country." This strongly suggests a geographical scope, likely meaning the general area or the nation/region itself, but given the options, the rural/geographical sense is strong.
5. General geographical region: This is also possible, but sense 4 is more specific and aligns well with the theme of rural vs. urban settings present in the surrounding text.

Revisiting the usage: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country."
If it meant "rural area" (Sense 4), it would imply the group is located in the countryside.
If it meant "nation" (Sense 1 or 2), it would mean the group is the oldest in the nation.

However, the passage starts by contrasting "small, rural parishes and inner-city churches." The phrase "in the country" often functions as a general descriptor for the geographical scope, encompassing both rural and urban areas within a nation, or specifically referring to the general area/nation.

Let's look closely at the candidates again.
Sense 4: "an area outside of cities and towns" (rural area). This is a specific type of geographical area.
Sense 1/2: Nation/Territory. This is the broadest geographical/political scope.

If the author meant "in the nation," Sense 1 or 2 would fit.
If the author meant "in the countryside," Sense 4 would fit.

Given the preceding sentence mentions "small, rural parishes and inner-city churches," the use of "in the country" here is likely a general reference to the geographical scope of bell-ringing activity across the nation/region, but often in English, when discussing a national phenomenon, "the country" is used as a shorthand for the entire nation/territory (Sense 2).

However, if we consider the common idiomatic usage in British English, especially when discussing traditional institutions, "in the country" often refers to the general geographical area, which can include both rural and urban settings, but Sense 4 is the only one explicitly defining a geographical area outside of cities.

Let's re-examine the relationship between the senses. Sense 4 (rural area) is a subset of Sense 2 (territory/geographical region).

If the group is the "oldest bell-ringing group in the country," and the context is about the scope of bell-ringing, it is most likely referring to the entire geographical scope of the UK (the nation/territory).

Let's check the examples for Sense 2: "he visited several European countries." This fits the idea of a large geographical area/nation.
Let's check the examples for Sense 4: "his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country." This is strictly rural.

Since the group is described as the "oldest," the scope is likely national or regional, making Sense 2 (the territory occupied by a nation) the most robust fit for the general geographical scope implied by "the country" when discussing a national institution.

If I choose Sense 4, I am limiting the scope to only rural areas, which might be too narrow if the group operates nationally.
If I choose Sense 2, I am referring to the entire territory/nation, which encompasses all possible locations of the group.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit for the general geographical scope of the group's existence.

Sense 2: definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: found
Target surface form: founded
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, <t>founded</t> in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=found%2:41:00:: | definition=set up or found | synonyms=establish, set up, launch | examples=She set up a literacy program
2. sense_key=found%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, plant, constitute, institute | examples=establish a new department
3. sense_key=found%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, base, ground | examples=base a claim on some observation
4. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=find, happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
5. sense_key=detect%2:39:00:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
6. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=find, regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
8. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=find, feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
9. sense_key=witness%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
10. sense_key=line_up%2:40:00:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up, find | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
11. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover, find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
12. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover, find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
13. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | synonyms=find | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
14. sense_key=rule%2:32:00:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule, find | examples=find someone guilty
15. sense_key=receive%2:30:01:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
16. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | synonyms=find | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
17. sense_key=recover%2:40:00:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, find, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
18. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | synonyms=find | examples=The arrow found its mark
19. sense_key=find_oneself%2:30:00:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself, find | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "founded" in the given context.
The target word is "founded".
The context sentence is: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, <t>founded</t> in 1637, remains male-only..."

1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence refers to "the Ancient Society of College Youths" and specifies a date: "in 1637". This indicates the action of starting or establishing the society.
2.  **Analyze the target word form:** The target surface form is "founded," which is the past tense of "found."
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:** I need to look for senses related to 'establishing' or 'setting up' an organization or institution.

*   sense_key=found%2:41:00:: | definition=set up or found | synonyms=establish, set up, launch | examples=She set up a literacy program (Matches establishing an organization)
*   sense_key=found%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, plant, constitute, institute | examples=establish a new department (Matches establishing/founding)
*   sense_key=found%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, base, ground | examples=base a claim on some observation (Relates to basing something, not founding an organization)
*   Other senses (find, detect, determine, etc.) are clearly irrelevant as they relate to discovery or location, not creation.

4.  **Compare the best candidates (found%2:41:00 and found%2:36:00):**
    *   sense_key=found%2:41:00: "set up or found" (e.g., setting up a program).
    *   sense_key=found%2:36:00: "set up or lay the groundwork for" (e.g., establishing a department).

Both senses relate to the act of creation/establishment. Sense 3600 ("lay the groundwork for," "institute") often fits the formal establishment of a long-standing institution like a "Society." Sense 4100 ("set up") is also very appropriate.

In the context of a historical society being established in 1637, the meaning is definitively "to establish." Both 4100 and 3600 capture this. Sense 3600, with synonyms like "institute" and "constitute," often carries a slightly more formal weight suitable for founding a historical society, but 4100 is also perfectly valid.

Let's re-evaluate the definitions:
*   4100: set up or found.
*   3600: set up or lay the groundwork for.

Since the society *is* the entity being created, "set up" (4100) is perhaps the most direct and common usage for founding an organization. However, 3600 emphasizes the formal process of creation ("institute," "constitute"). Given the options, both are strong. I will choose the sense that most broadly covers the act of creation of an entity. Sense 3600 seems slightly more robust for the formal establishment of a historical society.

Let's check common usage: "The society was founded in 1637." This means it was established.

If I must choose the *single best* indexed sense:
Sense 3600: "set up or lay the groundwork for" -> This perfectly describes the act of founding an institution.

I will select sense_key=found%2:36:00.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remain
Target surface form: remains
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, <t>remains</t> male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remain%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=stay, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=remain%2:42:03:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay, stay on, continue | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
3. sense_key=remain%2:42:05:: | definition=be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. | examples=There remains the question of who pulled the trigger; Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war
4. sense_key=remain%2:42:01:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, stay | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "remains" (target lemma: remain) in the given context.

Context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, <t>remains</t> male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

Target word: remains (third person singular present tense of remain).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remain%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=stay, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=remain%2:42:03:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay, stay on, continue | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
3. sense_key=remain%2:42:05:: | definition=be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. | examples=There remains the question of who pulled the trigger; Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war
4. sense_key=remain%2:42:01:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, stay | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up

Analysis of the context:
The sentence states that "the Ancient Society of College Youths... remains male-only."
"Male-only" describes the current state or characteristic of the group.

Evaluation of senses:
1. **stay the same; remain in a certain state**: This fits perfectly. The group *is* male-only, and it *continues* to be male-only.
2. **continue in a place, position, or situation**: While it continues in a situation (being a society), the core meaning here is about its *state* (being male-only), not necessarily its physical location or ongoing activity in a general sense. Sense 1 is more precise regarding the state.
3. **be left**: This sense implies something is leftover or unaddressed (e.g., a question remains). This does not fit the context of describing the group's composition.
4. **stay behind**: This implies physical persistence or delay (e.g., a smell staying in the room). This does not fit the context.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "stay the same; remain in a certain state" (e.g., wet, male-only).
Sense 2: "continue in a place, position, or situation" (e.g., staying on in Cambridge).

The phrase "remains male-only" is a statement about the group's persistent characteristic or state. Sense 1 ("remain in a certain state") is the most accurate description of this meaning.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a <t>fact</t> that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "fact" in the given context.
The context is: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a <t>fact</t> that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

The candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Analysis of the context:
The sentence states that the Ancient Society of College Youths "remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women..."
Here, "a fact" refers to the state of affairs—the existence of this male-only policy. It is a piece of information about the current circumstances.

Comparing with candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred." This aligns perfectly with the idea that the male-only status is a piece of information about the current circumstances.
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01: "a statement or assertion of verified information..." While the male-only status is verified information, this sense often implies a formal assertion used in an argument (e.g., "He used facts to support his argument"). Sense 1 is broader and fits the descriptive nature of the statement better.
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." This is very close to Sense 1. The male-only status is a state of existence. The example provided ("how much of the story is fact and how much fiction") suggests a focus on truth/reality, which fits.
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02: "a concept whose truth can be proved." This relates to philosophical or scientific concepts, which is too narrow and formal for describing a social policy status.

Distinguishing between Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred."
Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed."

The phrase "remains male-only, a fact" describes a persistent state or circumstance. Both senses capture this. However, Sense 1, using the phrase "piece of information about circumstances that exist," is a very general and accurate description of how "fact" is used here—it is a piece of information describing the current circumstance (the policy). Sense 3 leans slightly more towards discrete events ("an event known to have happened"), whereas the male-only status is a continuous state.

Given the options, Sense 1 provides the most encompassing and accurate definition for a piece of information describing a current state of affairs.

I will choose Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: particularly
Target surface form: particularly
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's <t>particularly</t> galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=particularly%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=peculiarly, especially, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=particularly%4:02:02:: | definition=specifically or especially distinguished from others | synonyms=in particular | examples=loves Bach, particularly his partitas; recommended one book in particular
3. sense_key=particularly%4:02:01:: | definition=uniquely or characteristically; ; ; - John Knowles | synonyms=peculiarly | examples=these peculiarly cinematic elements; a peculiarly French phenomenon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "particularly" in the given context.

Context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's <t>particularly</t> galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

Target word: particularly

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=particularly%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=peculiarly, especially, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=particularly%4:02:02:: | definition=specifically or especially distinguished from others | synonyms=in particular | examples=loves Bach, particularly his partitas; recommended one book in particular
3. sense_key=particularly%4:02:01:: | definition=uniquely or characteristically; ; ; - John Knowles | synonyms=peculiarly | examples=these peculiarly cinematic elements; a peculiarly French phenomenon

Analysis:
The sentence describes a fact (the Ancient Society being male-only) and states that this fact is "particularly galling to women."

"Particularly galling" means that the galling nature of this fact is heightened or emphasized due to the specific circumstances mentioned immediately after (it is the sole source of ringers for prestigious churches).

Let's evaluate the senses:

Sense 1 (to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common): This fits the idea of emphasis or heightened degree. If something is "particularly galling," it is galling *to a greater extent* than might be expected or than other similar issues. Synonyms include "especially" and "specially." This seems highly relevant.

Sense 2 (specifically or especially distinguished from others): This suggests selection or focus (e.g., "I like apples, particularly Granny Smith"). While "especially" is a synonym, the usage here is modifying the adjective "galling," indicating intensity, not selection.

Sense 3 (uniquely or characteristically): This suggests a unique quality (e.g., "a peculiarly British tradition"). While "peculiarly" is listed as a synonym, the context is about the *degree* of the negative feeling (galling), not the unique nature of the fact itself (though the fact is unique, the word modifies the *feeling*).

Conclusion: The usage "particularly galling" functions as an intensifier, meaning "especially galling" or "to a greater degree of galling." Sense 1 captures this meaning best ("to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common").

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to <t>women</t> because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "women" (plural of "woman") based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses the field of bell-ringing.
"One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."
"The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to <t>women</t> because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches..."
The context refers to women who are ringers or who are affected by the male-only nature of the ringers' groups.

Target word: "women" (plural of woman).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Evaluation:
The women mentioned in the context are participants in the bell-ringing community ("more than a third of the ringers today are women"). They are individuals who are members of a specific group (ringers).

Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)". This is the general sense of an individual adult female. This fits the description of the ringers.
Sense 2: "a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man". This is relational and does not fit the context of bell-ringers.
Sense 3: "a human female employed to do housework". This is occupational and does not fit the context.
Sense 4: "women as a class". This refers to womanhood or the concept of women collectively (e.g., "American womanhood"). While the context discusses the issue affecting women generally (the exclusion from the Ancient Society), the phrase "galling to women" here refers to the group of women who are part of the ringers' community and are being excluded or marginalized by the male-only group.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 4:
Sense 1 (individual adult female) is the most precise description of the people being discussed (the ringers).
Sense 4 (women as a class) is also plausible, as the exclusion affects the group of women ringers. However, Sense 1 captures the fundamental identity of the individuals (adult females) who are the subject of the discussion, which is more direct than treating them purely as a conceptual class.

In the phrase "a fact that's particularly galling to women," the women are the affected individuals. Since the context is highly specific (ringers), Sense 1 (adult female person) is the most accurate base sense, even if the plural usage implies a collective group (Sense 4). However, Sense 1 is the core definition of the individuals involved.

Let's re-examine the usage. If the text said, "The issue is an insult to womanhood," Sense 4 would be perfect. But here, the focus is on the individuals who are ringers and are being excluded.

Therefore, Sense 1, defining the individual adult female person, is the best fit for the individuals being discussed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the <t>group</t> is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "group" in the provided context.

Context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the <t>group</t> is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

Target word: "group"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Analysis:
1. **Contextual clues:** The sentence discusses "bell-ringing," "ringers," "Ancient Society of College Youths," and the fact that the entity is the "sole source of ringers." This clearly refers to a collection of people (ringers/members) organized together.
2. **Sense 2 (Chemistry):** This is irrelevant. The context is about people and bell-ringing, not atoms or molecules.
3. **Sense 3 (Mathematics):** This is irrelevant. The context is social/organizational, not abstract algebra.
4. **Sense 1 (General collection/unit):** This sense defines "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit." This perfectly matches the context. The "group" is an organization of people (ringers) that functions as a unit/source.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of <t>ringers</t> for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "ringers" based on the provided context.
The target lemma is "ringer".
The target surface form is "ringers".

Context analysis:
The text discusses "bells," "church bells," "parishes," "churches," "bell-ringing group," "St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey," and "The Ringing World, a weekly newspaper for ringers."
The context repeatedly links "ringers" to the activity of ringing bells in churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Evaluation:
Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)". This perfectly matches the context (bells, churches, bell-ringing group).
Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another". No evidence of resemblance in the text.
Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses". No evidence of cheating or competitions in the text.
Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg". This refers to a physical throw, not people, and is unrelated to the church context.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct and best fit.