[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: govern
Target surface form: governed
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are <t>governed</t> by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=govern%2:41:02:: | definition=bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations | synonyms=regulate, regularize, regularise, order | examples=We cannot regulate the way people dress; This town likes to regulate
2. sense_key=govern%2:41:01:: | definition=direct or strongly influence the behavior of | examples=His belief in God governs his conduct
3. sense_key=govern%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authority over; as of nations | synonyms=rule | examples=Who is governing the country now?
4. sense_key=govern%2:42:00:: | definition=require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood | examples=most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "governed" (the past participle of "govern") based on the provided context.

Context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are <t>governed</t> by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

Target word: governed (meaning the schools are governed by a powerful head).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=govern%2:41:02:: | definition=bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations | synonyms=regulate, regularize, regularise, order | examples=We cannot regulate the way people dress; This town likes to regulate
2. sense_key=govern%2:41:01:: | definition=direct or strongly influence the behavior of | examples=His belief in God governs his conduct
3. sense_key=govern%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authority over; as of nations | synonyms=rule | examples=Who is governing the country now?
4. sense_key=govern%2:42:00:: | definition=require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood | examples=most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German

Analysis:
The sentence states that the best schools are "governed by a powerful head." This implies that the powerful head holds authority and directs the operation of the school.

*   Sense 1 (regulate/impose regulations): While a head might regulate, the core meaning here is about overall authority and control, not just adherence to specific rules.
*   Sense 2 (direct or strongly influence the behavior of): This is plausible, as a head directs the school's operations.
*   Sense 3 (exercise authority over; as of nations): This perfectly matches the idea of a "powerful head" exercising control over an institution (the school). The synonym "rule" is highly relevant.
*   Sense 4 (grammatical case): Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
Sense 3 ("exercise authority over; as of nations") is the most formal and comprehensive description of what a "powerful head" does to an institution like a school. It encompasses the idea of direction (Sense 2) but focuses specifically on the exercise of power/authority, which is the key concept in the context ("powerful head," "authority," "accountability").

Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: powerful
Target surface form: powerful
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a <t>powerful</t> head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=powerful%3:00:00:: | definition=having great power or force or potency or effect | examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms
2. sense_key=powerful%5:00:02:strong:00 | definition=strong enough to knock down or overwhelm | synonyms=knock-down | examples=a knock-down blow
3. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having great influence | synonyms=potent
4. sense_key=powerful%5:00:01:strong:00 | definition=(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful | synonyms=brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy | examples=a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer
5. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:superhuman:00 | definition=displaying superhuman strength or power | synonyms=herculean | examples=herculean exertions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "powerful" in the given context.

Context:
"...Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a <t>powerful</t> head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

The word "powerful" modifies "head" (referring to a school principal/leader).

Let's analyze the candidates:

1. **sense_key=powerful%3:00:00:: | definition=having great power or force or potency or effect | examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms**
   * This is a general sense of great power or effect. A "powerful head" could mean a leader with great authority or influence.

2. **sense_key=powerful%5:00:02:strong:00 | definition=strong enough to knock down or overwhelm | synonyms=knock-down | examples=a knock-down blow**
   * This relates to physical strength/force used in combat. Unlikely for a school principal's authority.

3. **sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having great influence | synonyms=potent**
   * This sense specifically relates to having great influence. A "powerful head" (principal) having great influence over the faculty, curriculum, and discipline fits perfectly with the context ("With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability").

4. **sense_key=powerful%5:00:01:strong:00 | definition=(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful | synonyms=brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy | examples=a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer**
   * This refers to physical build. Unlikely for a school principal's authority.

5. **sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:superhuman:00 | definition=displaying superhuman strength or power | synonyms=herculean | examples=herculean exertions**
   * This refers to extraordinary, non-human strength. Unlikely.

Comparison:
The context emphasizes the leader's *authority* over the faculty, curriculum, and discipline. This is an abstract, organizational power, not physical force (2, 4, 5) or general force/potency (1, though 1 is broad). Sense 3, "having great influence," directly captures the meaning of having significant authority and control in an institutional setting.

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: head
Target surface form: head
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=head%1:08:00:: | definition=the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains | synonyms=caput | examples=he stuck his head out the window
2. sense_key=head%1:05:00:: | definition=a single domestic animal | examples=200 head of cattle
3. sense_key=head%1:09:00:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, brain, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=head%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who is in charge | synonyms=chief, top dog | examples=the head of the whole operation
5. sense_key=head%1:14:00:: | definition=the front of a military formation or procession | examples=the head of the column advanced boldly; they were at the head of the attack
6. sense_key=head%1:19:00:: | definition=the pressure exerted by a fluid | examples=a head of steam
7. sense_key=head%1:15:00:: | definition=the top of something | examples=the head of the stairs; the head of the page
8. sense_key=head%1:15:01:: | definition=the source of water from which a stream arises | synonyms=fountainhead, headspring | examples=they tracked him back toward the head of the stream
9. sense_key=head%1:10:03:: | definition=(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent | synonyms=head word
10. sense_key=head%1:26:00:: | definition=the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
11. sense_key=head%1:23:00:: | definition=the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head | examples=he is two heads taller than his little sister; his horse won by a head
12. sense_key=head%1:20:00:: | definition=a dense cluster of flowers or foliage | synonyms=capitulum | examples=a head of cauliflower; a head of lettuce
13. sense_key=head%1:18:01:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=principal, school principal, head teacher | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
14. sense_key=head%1:18:03:: | definition=an individual person | examples=tickets are $5 per head
15. sense_key=head%1:18:02:: | definition=a user of (usually soft) drugs | examples=the office was full of secret heads
16. sense_key=head%1:17:02:: | definition=a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea) | synonyms=promontory, headland, foreland
17. sense_key=head%1:17:01:: | definition=a rounded compact mass | examples=the head of a comet
18. sense_key=head%1:17:00:: | definition=the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container | examples=the beer had a large head of foam
19. sense_key=head%1:15:02:: | definition=the part in the front or nearest the viewer | synonyms=forefront | examples=he was in the forefront; he was at the head of the column
20. sense_key=head%1:11:01:: | definition=a difficult juncture | synonyms=pass, straits | examples=a pretty pass; matters came to a head yesterday
21. sense_key=head%1:11:00:: | definition=forward movement | synonyms=headway | examples=the ship made little headway against the gale
22. sense_key=head%1:10:01:: | definition=a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer | synonyms=point | examples=the point of the arrow was due north
23. sense_key=head%1:10:02:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=question | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
24. sense_key=head%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about | synonyms=heading, header | examples=the heading seemed to have little to do with the text
25. sense_key=head%1:08:01:: | definition=the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint | examples=the head of the humerus
26. sense_key=head%1:08:02:: | definition=that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
27. sense_key=head%1:06:05:: | definition=(computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk | synonyms=read/write head
28. sense_key=head%1:06:04:: | definition=(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head | examples=call heads or tails!
29. sense_key=head%1:06:03:: | definition=the striking part of a tool | examples=the head of the hammer
30. sense_key=head%1:06:02:: | definition=(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
31. sense_key=head%1:06:00:: | definition=a projection out from one end; , | examples=the head of the nail; a pinhead is the head of a pin
32. sense_key=head%1:06:01:: | definition=a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum | synonyms=drumhead
33. sense_key=head%1:04:00:: | definition=oral stimulation of the genitals | synonyms=oral sex | examples=they say he gives good head

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'head' in this context:** The 'head' is described as governing the schools, having "authority," and being a powerful figure in an educational institution.
3.  **Examine the candidate senses for relevance:**
    *   1. Upper part of the body (Physical head) - No.
    *   2. Domestic animal - No.
    *   3. Seat of reason/thoughts (Mind) - No.
    *   4. A person who is in charge (chief, top dog) - Yes. This matches the idea of governing and having authority.
    *   5. Front of a military formation - No.
    *   6. Fluid pressure - No.
    *   7. Top of something (physical location) - No.
    *   8. Source of water - No.
    *   9. Grammar term - No.
    *   10. Abscess tip - No.
    *   11. Height/size measurement - No.
    *   12. Flower cluster - No.
    *   13. The educator who has executive authority for a school (principal, head teacher) - Yes. This is a specific application of 'a person who is in charge' within the educational setting, which is the topic of the surrounding text (schools, curriculum, faculty).
    *   14. Individual person (per head) - No.
    *   15. Drug user - No.
    *   16. Natural elevation - No.
    *   17. Rounded mass - No.
    *   18. Foam/froth - No.
    *   19. Forefront/front part - No.
    *   20. Difficult juncture - No.
    *   21. Forward movement - No.
    *   22. Arrow point - No.
    *   23. Subject matter - No.
    *   24. Heading (text) - No.
    *   25. Bone joint end - No.
    *   26. Muscle part - No.
    *   27. Computer science head - No.
    *   28. Coin side - No.
    *   29. Tool striking part - No.
    *   30. Nautical toilet - No.
    *   31. Projection (nail head) - No.
    *   32. Drum membrane - No.
    *   33. Oral stimulation - No.

4.  **Compare the best candidates (4 and 13):**
    *   Sense 4: "a person who is in charge" (General definition).
    *   Sense 13: "the educator who has executive authority for a school" (Specific definition, synonyms include "principal, school principal, head teacher").
5.  **Select the best fit:** Since the context is explicitly about "schools," "faculty," and "curriculum," Sense 13 is the most precise and contextually appropriate choice, even though Sense 4 is technically correct. Sense 13 captures the specific role implied by the surrounding text.

6.  **Final check:** The text discusses schools being "governed by a powerful head." Sense 13 defines this specific type of powerful head in a school setting.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "authority" in the provided context.

Context snippet: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

The target word is "authority".

Let's analyze the usage in the context:
"schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
Here, "authority" refers to the power or right of the principal to make decisions and give orders regarding the school's operations (faculty, curriculum, discipline).

Now let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=authority%1:07:00::** | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
    * This matches perfectly. The principal has the "power or right to give orders or make decisions" over the faculty and curriculum.

2. **sense_key=authority%1:18:01::** | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
    * This refers to the people (e.g., police/authorities), not the power itself. Incorrect.

3. **sense_key=authority%1:18:00::** | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
    * This refers to expertise/knowledge. Incorrect.

4. **sense_key=authority%1:09:00::** | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
    * This refers to confidence. Incorrect.

5. **sense_key=authority%1:14:00::** | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
    * This refers to a governmental body. Incorrect.

6. **sense_key=authority%1:07:02::** | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
    * While related to power, this sense focuses specifically on *permission* (a grant), whereas the context describes the *power* to govern and make decisions (the capacity to command). Sense 1 is broader and fits the context of a principal's overall control better.

7. **sense_key=authority%1:10:00::** | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton
    * This refers to a text. Incorrect.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit, as it defines the power or right to give orders and make decisions, which is exactly what the principal possesses over the school operations.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_with
Target surface form: goes
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue
2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "goes" (from the lemma "go_with") in the provided context.

Context:
"...With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Target word: "goes" (third person singular present of "go").
Lemma: go_with.

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue
2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

Analysis of the context:
"With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

The structure is: [Subject/Circumstance] + [Verb] + [Object].
The subject is implied or the structure is inverted.
If we rephrase it: "An unambiguous accountability goes with that authority." or "An unambiguous accountability accompanies that authority."

The accountability is inherently linked to or associated with the authority.

Evaluation of senses:
Sense 1: definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with.
This fits perfectly. Accountability is associated with (comes with/accompanies) the authority.

Sense 2: definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with.
While "associated with" (Sense 1) is a form of "occurring together" (Sense 2), Sense 1 is much more precise for the relationship between an abstract concept (accountability) and a power structure (authority). "Accompany" or "be associated with" captures the necessary dependency relationship better than the general idea of co-occurrence.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unambiguous
Target surface form: unambiguous
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an <t>unambiguous</t> accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "unambiguous"
    *   Context sentence: "With that authority, of course, goes an <t>unambiguous</t> accountability."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses educational reform, the need for schools to be free of outside interference, and being governed by a powerful head (principal). The structure described is one where the head has "a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

2.  **Analyze the meaning required by the context:**
    *   "Accountability" refers to the obligation to account for one's actions, or the state of being responsible.
    *   If the authority is strong and the structure is clear (free of outside interference), the resulting accountability must be clear, definite, and not open to dispute.
    *   "Unambiguous accountability" means that the responsibilities and consequences are perfectly clear and defined.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** `sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00`
        *   Definition: "having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning."
        *   Synonyms/Examples: Focuses on linguistic meaning (e.g., "apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous").
        *   *Fit:* While "accountability" can be a concept, the primary meaning here relates to the clarity of the *system* or *responsibility*, not just the linguistic definition of the word "accountability."

    *   **Sense 2:** `sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04`
        *   Definition: "admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion."
        *   Synonyms: "unequivocal, univocal."
        *   Examples: "unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position."
        *   *Fit:* This sense perfectly captures the idea of clarity, certainty, and lack of doubt. If the accountability is "unambiguous," it means there is no doubt about who is responsible or what the consequences are. This aligns strongly with the context of a clearly defined, powerful, and non-interfered-with structure.

4.  **Compare and select the best fit:**
    *   Sense 2 ("admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding") is a stronger fit than Sense 1 ("having a single clearly defined meaning") because the context is about the *certainty* and *clarity of responsibility* (accountability), which is synonymous with being unequivocal.

5.  **Final check:** "With that authority, of course, goes an unequivocal/unambiguous accountability." This means the responsibilities are crystal clear and cannot be disputed. Sense 2 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: Schools
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. <t>Schools</t> that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Schools" (plural of "school") based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The passage discusses educational issues, specifically comparing American and British/French/German/Japanese students' performance in math.
Key phrases:
1. "American students do so poorly in math tests..."
2. "...the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods."
3. "...students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory..."
4. "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
5. "Study after study... tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."
6. "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The word "Schools" is used in the context of institutions that have principals, faculty, curricula, and students, and whose structure affects academic performance.

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution. (Matches the context: schools having principals, faculty, curriculum, etc.)
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education. (A specific type of institution, but sense 1 is broader and fits the discussion of governance/curriculum better.)
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school. (This is 'schooling', not the institution itself.)
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers. (Irrelevant.)
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session. (This is 'school time', not the institution.)
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students. (This is the *contents* of the institution, not the institution itself.)
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish. (Irrelevant.)

Comparison:
Sense 1 ("an educational institution") is the most accurate and encompassing definition for "schools" in this context, as the text discusses the organizational structure (principals, faculty, curriculum) of these institutions.
Sense 2 ("a building where young people receive education") is also plausible, but Sense 1 is the standard, abstract definition used when discussing educational policy and structure, which is what the text is doing.

I choose Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "way" in the given context.
The context is: "Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The target word is "way".
The surrounding text discusses how schools should be structured (governed by a powerful head, free of outside interference) to achieve better academic performance. The word "way" refers to the manner or structure of these schools.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion**
   * This sense relates to the method or manner of doing something. "Structured in this way" means structured in this manner/style. This fits perfectly with the context of describing a successful organizational structure.

2. **sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency**
   * While structure is a means to an end, sense 1 (manner/mode) is a more direct fit for describing *how* the schools are structured.

3. **sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction**
   * This is a physical path/direction. Not applicable here.

4. **sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally**
   * This is a general state ("that's the way it is"). While related to structure, sense 1 is more specific to the *method* of structuring.

5. **sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life**
   * This refers to moral or behavioral paths. Less appropriate for institutional structure.

6. **sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another**
   * Physical road/path. Not applicable.

7. **sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage**
   * Travel. Not applicable.

8. **sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room**
   * Physical space. Not applicable.

9. **sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general**
   * Measurement of distance. Not applicable.

10. **sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses**
    * Personal freedom/will. Not applicable to institutional structure.

11. **sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of'`**
    * Classification. Not applicable.

12. **sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares**
    * Division/share. Not applicable.

The phrase "structured in this way" clearly means "structured in this manner/mode/style." This aligns perfectly with sense 1.

Sense 1: definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion.

I will select sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produce
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way <t>produce</t> students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "produce" in the given context.

Context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Target word: produce

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Analysis:
The sentence states: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."
Here, "produce" means that the structure of the schools results in or generates students who possess these qualities (higher morale and superior academic performance).

Let's evaluate the candidates:
1. bring forth or yield (e.g., fruit). This is too physical/natural.
2. create or manufacture a man-made product (e.g., cars). The output here (students) is not a manufactured product in the industrial sense.
3. cause to happen, occur or exist (synonyms: bring about, give rise). This fits perfectly. The school structure *causes* or *brings about* students with better performance.
4. bring out for display (e.g., pictures). Incorrect.
5. cultivate by growing (e.g., wines). Incorrect.
6. bring onto the market or release (e.g., a movie). Incorrect.
7. come to have or undergo a change of (e.g., growing a beard). This describes a state change in an individual, not the action of the school generating the outcome.

Sense 3, "cause to happen, occur or exist," is the best fit, as the school structure is the agent causing the outcome (students with high morale/performance).

The corresponding sense index is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "students" (plural of "student") based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses educational issues, specifically comparing American and British/French/German/Japanese students' performance in math tests. It mentions "New Math," textbooks, teaching methods, and school structure (principals, faculty, curriculum, student discipline).
The relevant sentence is: "Schools that are structured in this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Evaluation:
The context is entirely about formal education, academic performance, and learning outcomes ("poorly in math tests," "teaching methods," "academic performance").
Sense 1 defines a student as "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution." This perfectly matches the context of school performance and academic achievement.
Sense 2 defines a student as a "learned person" or "scholar." While students *become* learned people, the immediate context refers to them as participants in the learning process within a structured educational setting (schools).

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: higher
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "higher" (the comparative form of "high") based on the provided context.

Context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance."

Target word: higher (comparative of high)

Candidate senses for 'high':
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Analysis:
The phrase is "higher morale and superior academic performance."
"Morale" refers to the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group. "Academic performance" refers to how well students do in school.
The word "higher" modifies "morale." It means a greater degree of morale.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount**: This fits perfectly. "Higher morale" means a greater amount/intensity of morale.
2. **elevation/upward extension**: Irrelevant (not about physical height).
3. **standing above others in quality or position**: This relates to superiority. While "superior academic performance" aligns with this, "higher morale" primarily means *more* morale, which is a quantitative increase in degree/intensity, rather than necessarily being of a higher *quality* than something else (though it implies it). However, this sense also captures the idea of being better/superior.
4. **pitch or frequency**: Irrelevant (not about sound).
5. **elated**: This refers to being happy/excited, which is related to morale, but "higher morale" is a general increase in the state, not necessarily a specific emotional state of elation.
6. **malodorous**: Irrelevant (smell).
7. **intoxicated**: Irrelevant (drugs/alcohol).

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount." (e.g., higher temperature, higher price). This is the most direct fit for "higher morale" (more morale).
Sense 3: "standing above others in quality or position." (e.g., superior, eminent). This fits "superior academic performance" well, and "higher" can imply this, but Sense 1 captures the comparative increase in the abstract concept (morale) more accurately.

Since "higher" is used to quantify the level of morale (a state/intensity), Sense 1 is the best fit.

Final choice: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morale
Target surface form: morale
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher <t>morale</t> and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morale%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
2. sense_key=morale%1:07:00:: | definition=the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed | synonyms=esprit de corps, team spirit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "morale" in the given context.
I must choose the single best sense from the two provided candidates.

Context:
"Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher <t>morale</t> and superior academic performance."

Candidate 1:
sense_key=morale%1:26:00
definition=a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose

Candidate 2:
sense_key=morale%1:07:00
definition=the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed
synonyms=esprit de corps, team spirit

Analysis:
The context links "morale" to "students" and "superior academic performance."
"Students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

1. If I choose Candidate 1 (individual psychological well-being): This fits well. High individual confidence and purpose often lead to better academic performance.
2. If I choose Candidate 2 (group spirit/team spirit): While students are part of a group, the phrase "students with higher morale" usually refers to their general disposition and attitude towards learning, which is an individual state, even if influenced by the group environment. However, "esprit de corps" can apply to a class or school.

Comparing the fit:
The relationship between "morale" and "academic performance" is strongly tied to the individual student's motivation, confidence, and willingness to engage (Candidate 1). While group spirit (Candidate 2) contributes, the outcome (superior academic performance) is measured at the individual level.

Let's re-examine the definitions:
Candidate 1: Individual psychological well-being (confidence, usefulness, purpose).
Candidate 2: Spirit of a group (makes members want the group to succeed).

In the context of education and performance, "student morale" most commonly refers to the student's internal state—their motivation and confidence—which aligns perfectly with Candidate 1.

Therefore, Candidate 1 is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Candidate 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: superior
Target surface form: superior
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and <t>superior</t> academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02:: | definition=of high or superior quality or performance | examples=superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students
2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01:: | definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance | examples=a superior ruler
3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 | definition=(sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by | examples=overcome by a superior opponent; trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law
4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00:: | definition=written or printed above and to one side of another character | synonyms=superscript
5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03:: | definition=having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit | examples=Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets
6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=having a higher rank | synonyms=ranking, higher-ranking | examples=superior officer
7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by | examples=he is superior to fear; an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "superior" in the given context.

Context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and <t>superior</t> academic performance."

Target word: superior
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02:: | definition=of high or superior quality or performance | examples=superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students
2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01:: | definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance | examples=a superior ruler
3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 | definition=(sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by | examples=overcome by a superior opponent; trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law
4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00:: | definition=written or printed above and to one side of another character | synonyms=superscript
5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03:: | definition=having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit | examples=Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets
6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=having a higher rank | synonyms=ranking, higher-ranking | examples=superior officer
7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by | examples=he is superior to fear; an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades

Analysis:
The phrase is "superior academic performance."
"Academic performance" refers to how well students do in their studies.
"Superior" here modifies "academic performance," indicating a high level or quality of that performance.

Let's evaluate the candidates:
1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02: definition=of high or superior quality or performance. This perfectly matches "superior academic performance."
2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01: definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance. While performance can be important, the core meaning here is about the *quality* (high level) of the performance, not just its rank.
3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01: definition=not subject to or influenced by. This is the meaning of being independent or unaffected, which does not fit the context.
4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00: definition=written or printed above... (Superscript). Irrelevant.
5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03: definition=having an orbit farther from the sun... (Astronomy). Irrelevant.
6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00: definition=having a higher rank. While related to high quality, sense 1 is more precise as it explicitly covers "quality or performance."
7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00: definition=above being affected or influenced by. Irrelevant.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit, as it directly relates to "high or superior quality or performance."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior <t>academic</t> performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "academic" in the provided context.

Context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior <t>academic</t> performance."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Analysis:
The word "academic" modifies "performance." The context is about schools, students, and their performance in math tests (mentioned earlier in the passage).

1. Sense 1: "associated with academia or an academy." This fits well. Student performance in a school setting relates directly to academic achievement.
2. Sense 2: "hypothetical or theoretical." This doesn't fit the context of "performance" in a school setting. Performance is usually measured practically.
3. Sense 3: "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects." While related to learning, this sense often carries a negative connotation (pedantic, trivial). While student performance *can* be scholarly, in the context of "superior performance" in a general educational setting, Sense 1 (associated with the field of study/education) is a broader and more appropriate fit than Sense 3 (overly focused/trivial learning).

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1 (associated with academia) is the standard way to describe educational achievement (e.g., academic performance, academic year).
Sense 3 (scholarly/pedantic) implies a specific *style* or *quality* of learning, often implying excessive detail or lack of practicality.

Given the phrase "superior academic performance" in a discussion about improving school structure and student results, Sense 1 is the most natural and general interpretation, meaning performance related to the educational curriculum and standards.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic <t>performance</t>. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "performance" in the given context.

Context:
"Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic <t>performance</t>. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

Target word: performance (academic performance)

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances (Relates to arts/entertainment)
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto (Relates to arts/entertainment)
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance (Relates to execution/achievement/skill)
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe (Relates to achievement/result)
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds (Relates to function/operation)

Analysis:
The phrase is "superior academic performance."
"Academic" strongly suggests achievement in learning, studying, or testing.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Entertainment: Irrelevant.
2. Entertainment (act of presenting): Irrelevant.
3. Act of performing/doing something successfully/using knowledge: Highly relevant. Academic performance is fundamentally about applying knowledge and executing tasks successfully. The synonym "execution" fits well.
4. Recognized accomplishment: Relevant, as performance is an accomplishment, but sense 3 is more specific to the *process* of doing well academically (using knowledge).
5. Functioning/Operating: Less relevant. While learning is a process, "academic performance" refers to the *output* or *result* of that process, not the mechanical functioning of a system.

Comparing 3 and 4:
Sense 3: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it." (Focuses on the action/execution of knowledge).
Sense 4: "any recognized accomplishment." (Focuses on the resulting achievement).

In the context of education ("academic performance"), the term usually refers to the quality of the student's output or achievement, which is a successful execution of learned material. Sense 3 captures both the successful execution ("doing something successfully") and the application of knowledge ("using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it"), which is the core meaning of academic success. Sense 4 is a broader category (any accomplishment), while Sense 3 is tailored to skill and execution, fitting the educational context perfectly.

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a <t>fact</t> -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "fact" in the given context.

Context: "This is a <t>fact</t> -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Analysis:
The sentence states: "This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

The preceding text discusses findings from studies (Brookings Institution) about the structure of successful schools: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The "fact" being referred to is the conclusion derived from these studies—the established reality or finding.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **sense_key=fact%1:09:01**: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred." This is broad and fits.
2. **sense_key=fact%1:10:01**: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened." This emphasizes the *assertion* aspect, which fits well when referring to a conclusion from studies.
3. **sense_key=fact%1:26:01**: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." This focuses more on the existence/occurrence of something, rather than the established truth of a claim (which is what the studies provided).
4. **sense_key=fact%1:09:02**: "a concept whose truth can be proved." This is too academic and specific (like a theorem or hypothesis), and doesn't capture the common usage of a proven finding in social science/policy context.

Comparing 1, 2, and 3:
The context is a conclusion drawn from research ("Study after study... tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference..."). When a conclusion from research is presented as a "fact," it is usually presented as a verified statement or assertion.

Sense 2 ("a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened") is the most precise fit for a conclusion derived from empirical studies that is being presented as an undeniable truth ("This is a fact").

Sense 1 is also plausible but less specific about the *verified* nature of the information.
Sense 3 focuses too much on the event itself rather than the established truth of the claim.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ruffle
Target surface form: ruffled
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are <t>ruffled</t> by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:00:: | definition=stir up (water) so as to form ripples | synonyms=ripple, riffle, cockle, undulate
2. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:00:: | definition=trouble or vex | examples=ruffle somebody's composure
3. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:01:: | definition=to walk with a lofty proud gait, often in an attempt to impress others | synonyms=tittup, swagger, prance, strut, sashay, cock | examples=He struts around like a rooster in a hen house
4. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:01:: | definition=discompose | examples=This play is going to ruffle some people; She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues
5. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:03:: | definition=twitch or flutter | synonyms=flick, riffle | examples=the paper flicked
6. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:04:: | definition=mix so as to make a random order or arrangement | synonyms=shuffle, mix | examples=shuffle the cards
7. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:01:: | definition=erect or fluff up | synonyms=fluff | examples=the bird ruffled its feathers
8. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:02:: | definition=disturb the smoothness of | synonyms=ruffle up, rumple, mess up | examples=ruffle the surface of the water
9. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:00:: | definition=pleat or gather into a ruffle | synonyms=pleat | examples=ruffle the curtain fabric

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "ruffled" in the given context.
The target lemma is "ruffle".
The target surface form is "ruffled".
The context is: "This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are <t>ruffled</t> by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

I need to analyze the context clue: "feathers that are ruffled by this fact."

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:00:: | definition=stir up (water) so as to form ripples | synonyms=ripple, riffle, cockle, undulate (Physical action on water) -> Unlikely for feathers.
2. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:00:: | definition=trouble or vex | examples=ruffle somebody's composure (Emotional/mental state) -> Possible, as "feathers" can be a metaphor for feelings, but let's check others.
3. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:01:: | definition=to walk with a lofty proud gait, often in an attempt to impress others | synonyms=tittup, swagger, prance, strut, sashay, cock (Movement) -> Irrelevant.
4. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:01:: | definition=discompose | examples=This play is going to ruffle some people; She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues (To upset/disturb feelings) -> Highly relevant, especially given the example "ruffling feathers."
5. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:03:: | definition=twitch or flutter | synonyms=flick, riffle (Small, rapid movement) -> Possible, but usually implies movement, not necessarily the metaphorical meaning suggested by the context.
6. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:04:: | definition=mix so as to make a random order or arrangement | synonyms=shuffle, mix (Mixing things) -> Irrelevant.
7. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:01:: | definition=erect or fluff up | synonyms=fluff | examples=the bird ruffled its feathers (Physical action on feathers) -> Very strong candidate, as the context explicitly mentions "feathers."
8. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:02:: | definition=disturb the smoothness of | synonyms=ruffle up, rumple, mess up (General disturbance) -> Less specific than 7 or 4.
9. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:00:: | definition=pleat or gather into a ruffle | synonyms=pleat (Fabric folding) -> Irrelevant.

The context is: "feathers that are ruffled by this fact."

If we consider the literal meaning (Sense 7: erect or fluff up), feathers are physically ruffled when they are fluffed up. This is a very common idiom/image ("ruffling one's feathers").

If we consider the metaphorical meaning (Sense 4: discompose), "ruffling feathers" is a well-known idiom meaning to upset or annoy people.

Both Sense 4 and Sense 7 are plausible because the phrase "ruffling feathers" is used both literally (a bird fluffing its feathers) and idiomatically (annoying people).

However, when the context explicitly mentions "feathers," the physical sense (Sense 7: erect or fluff up) is the most direct and literal interpretation of the image, even if the overall sentence is discussing abstract concepts (academic performance, facts). The phrase "feathers that are ruffled" is often used to mean that people are upset, but the physical description of the feathers being ruffled is the mechanism of that idiom.

Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 4 and Sense 7.
Sense 4 example: "She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues." (Metaphorical: annoying people)
Sense 7 example: "the bird ruffled its feathers." (Literal: fluffing up)

Since the context uses the literal object ("feathers"), Sense 7 (erect or fluff up) is the most precise fit for the physical state described.

Let's confirm the relationship between the senses. Sense 7 describes the physical action that leads to the metaphorical meaning in Sense 4. Given the explicit mention of "feathers," Sense 7 is the best fit for the *physical* state of the feathers.

I will choose Sense 7.