[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "people" in the given context.

Context: "Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

Target word: people

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Analysis:
The sentence reads: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

The context is scientific (cancer research, genetics, chromosomes). The word "people" refers to individuals who possess a specific genetic trait (inheriting a defective gene) and are therefore susceptible to lung cancer.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **sense_key=people%1:14:00**: (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. This fits perfectly. It refers to human beings (individuals) who meet a certain criteria (inheriting the gene).
2. **sense_key=people%1:14:01**: the body of citizens of a state or country. This is too specific (citizenship) and doesn't match the genetic context.
3. **sense_key=people%1:14:02**: members of a family line. While the gene might be inherited within a family, the sentence refers to the general group of humans who have this condition, not specifically a lineage.
4. **sense_key=people%1:14:03**: the common people generally. This implies a general populace or masses, which is too broad and doesn't capture the specific group defined by the genetic condition.

Sense 1 is the most accurate fit, referring to human beings collectively, defined by their genetic status.

The instruction requires returning the JSON object with the sense index. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "inherit" in the given context.

Context: "Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Target word: inherit

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents (Focus: property/wealth, post-mortem)
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair (Focus: position/role, succession)
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother (Focus: biological/genetic traits)

Analysis:
The context discusses "a defective gene" and "chromosome 3." The relationship between the people and the gene is biological and hereditary.

*   Sense 1 (obtain after death): Irrelevant. Genes are not typically obtained after death in this context.
*   Sense 2 (receive from a predecessor): Irrelevant. This refers to roles or possessions, not genes.
*   Sense 3 (receive by genetic transmission): Highly relevant. Genes are passed down genetically. The example ("I inherited my good eyesight from my mother") perfectly matches the biological nature of the context.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "copies" (target surface form) which is a plural form of "copy" (target lemma).
The context is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

The candidate senses for 'copy' are:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "two copies of chromosome 3".
In genetics, chromosomes exist in pairs (homologous chromosomes). Each chromosome is inherited from one parent. The term "copy" here refers to one of the two homologous structures (chromosomes) that make up the pair.

Evaluation of candidate senses:
1. Reproduction of a written record (transcript). Irrelevant.
2. A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. This sense relates to duplication or replication. In biology, a chromosome is a physical structure, and having two copies (homologs) means having two similar structures. This fits the biological context of genetic inheritance and pairs of chromosomes.
3. Matter to be printed (text). Irrelevant.
4. Material suitable for a journalistic account. Irrelevant.

Sense 2, "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," is the best fit, as it describes the paired, homologous nature of chromosomes in genetics.

The instruction requires returning the JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "especially" in the given context.

Context: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer."

Target word: especially

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Analysis:
The sentence states that people with a defective gene on chromosome 3 are "especially prone to lung cancer."
"Prone to lung cancer" means having a higher likelihood or tendency to develop lung cancer.
The word "especially" here modifies "prone," indicating a heightened degree of proneness compared to other groups or compared to the general risk.

Let's evaluate the senses:
Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" (synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially). This fits the idea of a heightened degree of risk. If they are *especially* prone, they are prone to a *greater extent* than others.
Sense 2: "in a special manner" (synonyms: specially). This usually refers to how something is done or designed (e.g., a specially made car). This does not fit the context of degree of risk.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct fit. It conveys the meaning of "to a greater degree."

I need to return the JSON object with the index of the chosen sense.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target surface form: "reported" (past tense/past participle of "report").
    *   Context sentence: "Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
    *   The context is scientific research (genes, cancers, discoveries). The action is making a finding or conclusion public.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **1. sense_key=report%2:32:00::** | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | *Relevance:* High. Scientific findings are accounts/descriptions.
    *   **2. sense_key=report%2:32:04::** | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research | *Relevance:* Very High. This perfectly matches announcing a research finding ("that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved...").
    *   **3. sense_key=report%2:32:03::** | definition=announce one's presence | *Relevance:* Low. Not about presence.
    *   **4. sense_key=report%2:32:01::** | definition=make known to the authorities | *Relevance:* Low. Not about authorities/crime.
    *   **5. sense_key=report%2:32:13::** | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | *Relevance:* Medium/Low. While related to communication, the context is scientific discovery, not journalistic coverage.
    *   **6. sense_key=report%2:32:02::** | definition=complain about; make a charge against | *Relevance:* Low. Not complaining or charging someone.

3.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 2):**
    *   Sense 1 (give an account/describe): Broad.
    *   Sense 2 (announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding): Specific to the context of scientific research and discovery.

    The phrase "reported that [finding]" strongly aligns with Sense 2, which specifically covers announcing findings from research/investigation.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the most precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "involved" in the given context.

Context: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

Target word: involved

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Analysis:
The sentence discusses a gene ("retinoblastoma suppressor gene") and its relationship to diseases ("lung cancers," "other more common cancers"). The gene is said to be "involved in" these cancers.

1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: (connected by participation or association or use). This fits perfectly. A gene is associated with or participates in the development of cancer.
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 (entangled or hindered). This suggests difficulty or being stuck, which doesn't fit the biological relationship described.
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 (emotionally involved). This is clearly incorrect in a scientific context about genes and cancer.
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 (highly complex or intricate). This describes complexity, not the relationship between the gene and the cancer.
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 (enveloped). This is a spatial sense and is incorrect.

Conclusion: Sense 1, meaning "connected by participation or association or use," is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index. Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "other" in the provided context.

Context:
"Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

Target word: "other"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
3. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening

Analysis of the context:
The sentence reads: "...as well as several other more common cancers, too."
"Other" here refers to cancers that are not the specific lung cancers mentioned previously, but are related (more common). It functions as a quantifier/modifier indicating additional, different items in the same category (cancers).

Evaluation of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied. This perfectly matches the usage. The cancers are "other" (different from the lung cancers) and "more common."
2. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 (Distant past). Irrelevant.
3. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 (Unusual). Irrelevant.
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 (Recently past). Irrelevant.

The best fit is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "more" in the given context.

Context: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

Target word: "more"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "several other more common cancers".
"Common" is an adjective.
"More common" is the comparative form of the adjective "common".

Comparing with candidate senses:
Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" (e.g., more interesting, more beautiful). This perfectly matches the structure "more common".
Sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" (e.g., he works more now, they eat more than they should). This sense relates more to quantity or degree (like "more food" or "more effort"), not specifically the comparative form of an adjective like "common".

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'common' in this context:** 'Common' is modifying 'cancers'. It suggests that these other cancers are not rare or unique, but rather frequent, widespread, or typical.
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. public (belonging to a community as a whole) -> Not relevant to cancer frequency.
    *   2. having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual -> This aligns well with 'frequent' or 'typical' cancers.
    *   3. common to or shared by two or more parties (mutual) -> Not relevant.
    *   4. commonly encountered (synonyms: usual) -> This is a strong candidate, focusing on frequency/typicality.
    *   5. informal (everyday language) -> Not relevant.
    *   6. lowborn (associated with great masses of people) -> Not relevant.
    *   7. inferior (low quality) -> Not relevant.
    *   8. unrefined (lacking refinement) -> Not relevant.
    *   9. ordinary (to be expected; standard) -> This also aligns with typicality/frequency.
4.  **Compare the best candidates (2, 4, 9):**
    *   Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual." (Very broad, covers frequency and typicality).
    *   Sense 4: "commonly encountered" (Focuses specifically on frequency/encounter rate).
    *   Sense 9: "to be expected; standard" (Focuses on predictability/normality).
5.  **Select the best fit:** When describing types of diseases (cancers), 'common' usually refers to how frequently they occur in the population. Sense 2 captures this idea most comprehensively ("widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual"). Sense 4 is a subset of Sense 2, and Sense 9 focuses more on expectation rather than prevalence. Sense 2 is the most robust fit for describing a high prevalence of cancers.

6.  **Final check:** "several other more common cancers" means several other cancers that are more frequent or typical than the lung cancers mentioned. Sense 2 fits this meaning perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target surface form "cancers" (plural of "cancer") based on the provided context.

Context: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

Target word: cancers

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Analysis:
The context discusses "retinoblastoma suppressor gene," "lung cancers," "suppressor genes," and "tumor-suppressor genes" earlier in the passage. This entire discussion is highly medical and biological, focusing on diseases and genetics.

The target word "cancers" appears in the phrase "several other more common cancers."

1. Sense 1 (Malignant growth/tumor): This fits perfectly with the medical context (genes, tumors, lung cancer).
2. Sense 2 (Astrology person): Irrelevant.
3. Sense 3 (Zodiac constellation): Irrelevant.
4. Sense 4 (Zodiac sign): Irrelevant.
5. Sense 5 (Genus): Irrelevant.

The best fit is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "discoveries" (plural of "discovery") based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses scientific research, specifically gene hunting related to various cancers (colon cancer, lung cancer, retinoblastoma).
Key phrases: "pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes," "close to finding another gene," "retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved," "gene hunters," "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

The word "discoveries" refers to the results or findings of the scientific research efforts (finding genes, understanding their roles).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering (This is the process/action.)
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered (This is the resulting thing/finding.)
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find (This emphasizes the significance/impact.)
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case (Legal context - irrelevant here.)

Evaluation:
The phrase is "cascade of discoveries." These discoveries are the findings (genes, relationships, mechanisms) that the scientists are anticipating.

Sense 1 (the act of discovering): While the discoveries *result* from the act of discovering, the word itself refers to the findings, not the action.
Sense 2 (something that is discovered): This fits well. The discoveries are the things found (genes, insights).
Sense 3 (a productive insight/breakthrough): This also fits very well, especially given the context of scientific advancement ("cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies"). "Breakthrough" is a strong synonym for a significant scientific finding.

Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
Sense 2 is general ("something that is discovered").
Sense 3 is specific to the *quality* of the discovery ("productive insight," "breakthrough"). In a high-stakes scientific context leading to new therapies, the findings are inherently viewed as significant breakthroughs.

Let's look at the synonyms provided for Sense 3: "breakthrough, find." "Breakthrough" strongly captures the meaning of major scientific findings that lead to new therapies, which is the context here.

Therefore, Sense 3 is the most precise fit for "discoveries" in the context of major scientific research leading to medical applications.

Final check: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." This implies significant, impactful findings (breakthroughs).

I will choose Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "only" in the given context.
The context is: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate."

Target word: only
Contextual meaning: The scientists are limited to speculating; they cannot do anything else (like definitively state the outcome).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Analysis:
The phrase is "scientists can only speculate."
This structure (can only X) means that X is the sole possibility or action available to them. They are restricted to speculating.

Let's evaluate the candidates:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02 (merely, simply, just, but): This fits the idea of limitation or restriction to a single action. "They can merely speculate" means they can do nothing else.
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01 (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone): This emphasizes exclusivity. "They can solely speculate" means speculation is the only thing they can do. This is a very strong fit.
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00 (with nevertheless the final result): This implies a negative outcome following a positive one (e.g., winning only to lose). This does not fit the context.
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04 (in the final outcome): This implies a result or consequence (e.g., news will only make you upset). This does not fit the context.
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06 (except that): This is a concessive clause (e.g., only this time). This does not fit the context.
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03 (never except when): This is a conditional restriction (e.g., only if). This does not fit the context.
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05 (as recently as): This is temporal. This does not fit the context.

Comparing 1 and 2:
Sense 1 (merely, simply, just): Focuses on the nature of the action (it is just speculation).
Sense 2 (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone): Focuses on the scope of the action (speculation is the only thing they can do).

In the construction "can only X," the meaning is strongly restrictive, indicating that X is the sole possibility. "Solely" (Sense 2) captures this restrictive, exclusive nature perfectly. "Merely" (Sense 1) is also close, but "solely" or "exclusively" better captures the sense of limitation of possibility inherent in "can only."

Therefore, sense_key=only%4:02:01 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speculate
Target surface form: speculate
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
4. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "speculate" in the given context.

Context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
4. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating

Analysis:
The context is scientific research ("Johns Hopkins team," "tumor-suppressor genes," "discoveries," "scientists"). The phrase is "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

1. Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" (synonyms: theorize, conjecture, hypothesize). This fits perfectly with scientific prediction based on incomplete data.
2. Sense 2: "talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way." This implies conversation or casual discussion, which is unlikely for a formal scientific statement about future outcomes.
3. Sense 3: "reflect deeply on a subject" (synonyms: ponder, contemplate). While scientists reflect, the context "Where these discoveries will lead" suggests making a prediction or hypothesis about the future, not just deep internal thought about the current state.
4. Sense 4: "invest at a risk." This is clearly irrelevant to the scientific context.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1 (theorize/hypothesize) is about forming a belief or prediction based on uncertainty.
Sense 3 (ponder/contemplate) is about deep thought or consideration.

In the sentence "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate," the meaning is that they cannot know the future outcome, so they can only *hypothesize* or *theorize* about it. This aligns precisely with Sense 1.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
6. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
7. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age
8. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "major" based on the provided context.

Context: "Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

Target word: major
Candidates:
1. of greater importance or stature or rank (e.g., a major artist, a major role)
2. greater in scope or effect (e.g., a major contribution, a major improvement)
3. greater in number or size or amount (e.g., a major portion (a majority) of the population, Ursa Major)
4. of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes (e.g., his major field was mathematics)
5. of a scale or mode (e.g., major scales, the key of D major)
6. of greater seriousness or danger (e.g., a major earthquake, a major hurricane)
7. of full legal age
8. of the elder of two boys with the same family name

Analysis:
The word "major" modifies "pharmaceutical companies."
The context is discussing scientific discoveries, cancer, and the involvement of pharmaceutical companies in developing tests and therapies.
When describing companies, "major" typically refers to their size, influence, or importance in the industry.

Let's evaluate the candidates:
1. "of greater importance or stature or rank": This fits well. These are large, important companies in the field.
2. "greater in scope or effect": This also fits, referring to their large impact or scope in the industry.
3. "greater in number or size or amount": This relates to size, which is often implied by "major" when referring to companies.
4. "of the field of academic study...": Irrelevant.
5. "of a scale or mode": Irrelevant.
6. "of greater seriousness or danger": Irrelevant (unless referring to a crisis, which is not the case here).
7. "of full legal age": Irrelevant.
8. "of the elder of two boys...": Irrelevant.

Comparing 1, 2, and 3:
*   If "major" means "large in size/amount" (3), it works.
*   If "major" means "of greater importance/stature" (1), it works.
*   If "major" means "greater in scope/effect" (2), it works.

In the context of business and industry, "major companies" usually signifies large, influential, or leading companies. Both (1) and (2) capture this sense of significance or importance better than just raw size (3), although size is often the underlying reason for the importance.

Sense 1: "of greater importance or stature or rank" seems the most precise fit for describing leading corporations in a scientific/medical field. They hold a high rank/stature in the industry.

Sense 2: "greater in scope or effect" is also very close, but "importance/stature" (Sense 1) is a slightly more direct descriptor of a company's standing.

I will choose Sense 1 as the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unit
Target surface form: unit
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: | definition=any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange | synonyms=unit of measurement | examples=the dollar is the United States unit of currency; a unit of wheat is a bushel
2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: | definition=an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole | examples=the reduced the number of units and installations; the word is a basic linguistic unit
3. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization regarded as part of a larger social group | synonyms=social unit | examples=the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit
4. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: | definition=a single undivided whole | examples=an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another
5. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: | definition=a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else | synonyms=building block | examples=units of nucleic acids
6. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: | definition=an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity | synonyms=whole | examples=how big is that part compared to the whole?; the team is a unit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "unit" in the given context.

Context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

Target word: unit

The phrase is "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co."

This structure suggests that "unit" is being used to denote a specific part, division, or branch of the larger company, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **unit%1:23:00:** any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange. (Relates to measurement, e.g., dollar, bushel). *Does not fit.*
2. **unit%1:24:00:** an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole. (Relates to components, e.g., linguistic unit, installation). *Possible, but perhaps too general.*
3. **unit%1:14:00:** an organization regarded as part of a larger social group. (Synonyms: social unit. Examples: offensive unit, military unit). *This strongly suggests a division or branch of a larger corporate entity.*
4. **unit%1:09:00:** a single undivided whole. (Relates to singularity, e.g., an idea). *Does not fit.*
5. **unit%1:17:00:** a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else. (Relates to natural building blocks, e.g., nucleic acids). *Does not fit.*
6. **unit%1:03:00:** an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity. (Relates to a cohesive group, e.g., a team). *Possible, but sense 3 is more specific to organizational structure.*

The context refers to "Squibb unit" within a large corporation (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.). This usage typically refers to a division, subsidiary, or operational branch of the parent company.

Sense 3: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group." This perfectly captures the meaning of a corporate division or branch (a part of the larger company).

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: collaborate
Target surface form: collaborating
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "collaborating" (target lemma: collaborate) based on the provided context.

Context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris

Analysis:
The context describes two pharmaceutical companies working with "gene hunters" (researchers) to achieve a common goal: turning discoveries into predictive tests and new therapies. This is a professional, cooperative effort.

Sense 1: "work together on a common enterprise of project." This perfectly matches the context of companies and researchers working together on scientific development.
Sense 2: "cooperate as a traitor." This sense implies betrayal or working against one's own group, which is completely irrelevant to the context of scientific partnership.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
3. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target surface form: "hunters" (plural of "hunter")
    *   Context: "...Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
    *   The word "hunters" is used in the context of collaborating with a "gene."

2.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `hunter%1:18:00`: someone who hunts game (huntsman). (Relates to animals/hunting.)
    *   2. `hunter%1:18:01`: a person who searches for something (e.g., a treasure hunter). (Relates to searching/discovery.)
    *   3. `hunter%1:17:00`: a constellation (Orion). (Relates to astronomy.)
    *   4. `hunter%1:06:00`: a watch. (Relates to timekeeping/objects.)

3.  **Evaluate senses against the context:**
    *   The context explicitly states that the companies are collaborating with "gene hunters."
    *   Genes are biological entities that are *searched for* or *discovered*.
    *   Sense 1 (game hunter) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3 (constellation) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4 (watch) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 2 (a person who searches for something) fits perfectly. In scientific contexts, "gene hunters" refers to researchers who search for specific genes.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 2 (`hunter%1:18:01`) is the best fit.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index. (The provided candidate list uses numerical indices 1, 2, 3, 4, corresponding to the order they were listed.)
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'turn' in this context:** The companies are taking a sequence of scientific discoveries (a "cascade of discoveries") and transforming them into practical applications (predictive tests and new therapies). This implies a change, conversion, or development of the discoveries into something usable.
3.  **Examine the candidate senses for relevance:**

    *   1. change orientation or direction (Physical movement) - Unlikely.
    *   2. undergo a transformation or a change of position or action (Change state/action) - Plausible, but usually applies to the subject undergoing the change (e.g., "We turned from Socialism"). Here, the discoveries are being acted upon.
    *   3. undergo a change or development (Change/become) - Again, usually passive.
    *   4. cause to move around or rotate (Physical rotation) - Irrelevant.
    *   5. change to the contrary (Reversal) - Irrelevant.
    *   6. pass to the other side of (Physical movement) - Irrelevant.
    *   7. pass into a condition gradually; become (Gradual change) - Less fitting than a deliberate conversion.
    *   8. let (something) fall or spill (Release) - Irrelevant.
    *   9. move around an axis or a center (Rotation) - Irrelevant.
    *   10. cause to move around a center so as to show another side of (Rotation) - Irrelevant.
    *   11. to send or let go (Release) - Too general, doesn't capture the transformation aspect.
    *   12. break and turn over earth (Agriculture) - Irrelevant.
    *   13. shape by rotating (Manufacturing) - Irrelevant.
    *   14. change color (Color change) - Irrelevant.
    *   15. twist suddenly so as to sprain (Injury) - Irrelevant.
    *   16. cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics (Transformation/Conversion) - Highly relevant. The discoveries are being *caused* to change into tests/therapies.
    *   17. accomplish by rotating (Physical action) - Irrelevant.
    *   18. get by buying and selling (Profit) - Irrelevant.
    *   19. cause to move along an axis or into a new direction (Direction change) - Less precise than transformation.
    *   20. channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something (Focus) - Possible, but "turn into" suggests a fundamental change in nature, not just focus.
    *   21. cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form (Deformation) - Irrelevant.
    *   22. alter the functioning or setting of (Adjustment) - Possible, but "turn into" suggests a complete conversion, not just an adjustment.
    *   23. direct at someone (Aiming) - Irrelevant.
    *   24. have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to (Appeal) - Irrelevant.
    *   25. go sour or spoil (Spoilage) - Irrelevant.
    *   26. become officially one year older (Age) - Irrelevant.

4.  **Compare the best candidates (16, 2, 3, 22):**
    *   The phrase is "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries *into* predictive tests and... therapies." The preposition 'into' strongly suggests a transformation or conversion.
    *   Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics." This perfectly matches the idea of converting abstract discoveries into concrete, functional tools (tests/therapies).
    *   Sense 2/3: These focus on the subject *undergoing* the change, which is grammatically incorrect here (the discoveries are the object of the action).
    *   Sense 22: "alter the functioning or setting of." This is too limited; the discoveries are not just being adjusted; they are being converted into entirely new things.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 16 is the most accurate fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 3
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 3
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: discovery
    *   Target surface form: discoveries
    *   Context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
    *   Surrounding text discusses gene hunting, cancer, chromosomes, and potential new therapies based on genetic findings.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `discovery%1:04:00`: the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering. (Focuses on the *process* or *event* of finding.)
    *   2. `discovery%1:10:00`: something that is discovered. (Focuses on the *thing* that is found.)
    *   3. `discovery%1:09:00`: a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find. (Focuses on a significant, often intellectual, finding.)
    *   4. `discovery%1:10:01`: (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure... (Legal term, irrelevant here.)

3.  **Evaluate the fit:**
    *   The context refers to "gene hunters" and the anticipation of findings that will lead to "predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
    *   The "discoveries" here are not just random findings (Sense 2), nor are they merely the act of finding (Sense 1). They are significant, impactful findings (like identifying a specific gene or mechanism) that constitute a major step forward in scientific research.
    *   Sense 3, "a productive insight" or "breakthrough," best captures the nature of scientific discoveries that lead directly to new medical applications (tests and therapies). A "cascade of discoveries" in this context means a series of major scientific breakthroughs.

4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 3 is the most appropriate fit for scientific/medical breakthroughs leading to practical applications.

5.  **Format the output:** Return the JSON object with the correct sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "new" based on the provided context.

Context snippet:
"Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

The target word is "new" in the phrase "new therapies" and "new cancer drugs".

1.  **Analyze "new therapies" and "new cancer drugs":**
    *   "Therapies" and "drugs" are medical treatments.
    *   When referring to medical treatments, "new" usually means recently developed, recently discovered, or of a novel type/kind.

2.  **Examine Candidate Senses:**

    *   1. `sense_key=new%3:00:00`: definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. (Examples: a new law; new cars) -> This fits well. Therapies and drugs are often "new" in the sense of being recently developed or discovered.
    *   2. `sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00`: definition=original and of a kind not seen before. (Synonyms: fresh, novel) -> This also fits well, emphasizing novelty/uniqueness.
    *   3. `sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00`: definition=lacking training or experience. (Synonyms: raw) -> Does not fit (therapies/drugs are not inexperienced).
    *   4. `sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00`: definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel. (Synonyms: unexampled) -> Possible, but perhaps too strong. "New" often just means "recently developed" (Sense 1), not necessarily "never before conceived" (Sense 4).
    *   5. `sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00`: definition=other than the former one(s); different. -> Does not fit the context of medical innovation.
    *   6. `sense_key=new%3:00:09`: definition=unaffected by use or exposure. (Examples: it looks like new) -> Does not fit.
    *   7. `sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00`: definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new. (Synonyms: newfangled) -> Implies a potentially negative or overly fashionable sense, which is unlikely for medical breakthroughs.
    *   8. `sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01`: definition=in use after medieval times. -> Historical/temporal, irrelevant here.
    *   9. `sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01`: definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development. -> Irrelevant.
    *   10. `sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02`: definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development. -> Irrelevant.
    *   11. `sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00`: definition=unfamiliar. -> Does not fit (therapies/drugs are not unfamiliar, they are *new*).

3.  **Compare best candidates (1 and 2):**
    *   Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." (Focus on recency/development).
    *   Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before." (Focus on novelty/uniqueness).

    In the context of scientific discovery ("cascade of discoveries," "gene hunters," "predictive tests"), "new therapies" most strongly implies therapies that are *recently developed* or *just discovered* (Sense 1), although they are also novel (Sense 2). Sense 1 captures the temporal aspect of scientific progress better than Sense 2, which emphasizes absolute originality.

    Let's re-read the context: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." The therapies are the *result* of the discoveries. This strongly points to them being recently created or identified.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the most precise fit.

4.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.