[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "altering" in the given context.
The target lemma is "alter".
The target surface form is "altering".

Context:
"Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

The word "altering" is used in the phrase "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
    * This sense means to cause a significant change or transformation.
    * In the context, the ringers are changing the *order* of the bells, but they must do so *without* changing the *steady rhythm*. This suggests that "altering" here means changing something specific (the order/pattern of the bells) while maintaining a core characteristic (the rhythm).

2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
    * This sense focuses on the state of becoming different, often gradually or partially, while retaining essence.
    * The context involves the ringers actively changing the order ("varying the order in which the bells sound") but must not change the rhythm. This sense fits the idea of making variations while preserving the core structure (the rhythm).

3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
    * This sense usually refers to making a specific modification, often physical or minor (like tailoring).
    * While the ringers are making modifications, the phrasing "without altering the steady rhythm" suggests preventing a fundamental change to the rhythm itself, which is a more abstract concept than tailoring a dress.

4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
    * This is clearly incorrect (textual manipulation).

5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?
    * This is clearly incorrect (biological procedure).

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 (cause to change/transform): Focuses on the result being a major change.
Sense 2 (become different/vary): Focuses on the act of variation or change while maintaining essence.

The context states: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
The rhythm is the essential characteristic that must be preserved. The change (altering) must not affect this essence.

Sense 2, defined as "become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence," perfectly captures the constraint: the ringers are making changes (varying the order) but must not lose the essential characteristic (the steady rhythm).

Sense 1 is too strong; "altering" here is not about a massive transformation, but about maintaining a specific structural integrity (the rhythm) during variation.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "steady" in the given context.
The context is about change-ringing on church bells.
The relevant sentence is: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking."

Target word: steady
Contextual meaning: The rhythm of the striking is not being changed or varied.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Analysis:
The word "steady" modifies "rhythm of the striking."
The phrase is "without altering the steady rhythm."
This implies that the rhythm maintains a consistent, unchanging pace or beat.

Let's evaluate the candidates:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: (not subject to change or variation) - This fits perfectly with maintaining a consistent rhythm. "A steady beat" is given as an example.
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 (not liable to fluctuate) - This is also a very strong fit, especially when applied to a rhythm (a stable rhythm).
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 (securely in position; not shaky) - This usually applies to physical objects (e.g., a steady hand). While rhythm can be shaky, the primary meaning here is consistency, not physical stability.
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 (firm determination) - This is an abstract, psychological state and does not apply to a rhythm.
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 (regularly) - While a steady rhythm is regular, "steady" here emphasizes the *lack of change* in the pace, not just the regularity of occurrence.
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 (not easily excited) - This is psychological and irrelevant to rhythm.

Comparing 1 and 2:
Sense 1: "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" (Example: a steady beat).
Sense 2: "not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall" (Synonym: unfluctuating).

In the context of rhythm, "steady" means consistent, uniform, and unchanging in pace. Both Sense 1 and Sense 2 capture this. However, Sense 1 explicitly includes the example "a steady beat," which is the most direct semantic match for "steady rhythm." Sense 1's definition ("not subject to change or variation") is the most precise description of maintaining a constant rhythm.

I choose Sense 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "rhythm" in the provided context.

Context:
"Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Target word: rhythm

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Analysis:
The context describes the process of change-ringing bells. The ringers vary the *order* in which the bells sound, but they do not alter the "steady rhythm of the striking."

1. Sense 1 (basic rhythmic unit in music/beat): This fits well. The striking of bells is a musical/percussive event, and "steady rhythm" refers to the consistent beat or tempo of the striking.
2. Sense 2 (recurring at regular intervals): This is too general. While the striking is regular, the term "rhythm" here specifically refers to the pattern of the striking, not just the fact that it happens regularly.
3. Sense 3 (interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs/cycle): This relates more to cycles (like seasons or rounds), but the context is about the *consistency* of the striking pattern, not the duration of a cycle.
4. Sense 4 (speech rhythm): Irrelevant. This is about bells, not speech.
5. Sense 5 (family planning): Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 focuses on the *pattern* and *beat* of the striking ("steady rhythm of the striking").
Sense 2 focuses on the *regularity* of the recurrence.

Since the text contrasts the variation in the *order* of the bells with the constancy of the *rhythm*, it is referring to the underlying, consistent beat or tempo of the striking action, which aligns perfectly with Sense 1 (the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music/beat).

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "striking" in the given context.
The context is about change-ringing of church bells.
The specific phrase is: "...without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>."

Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Analysis of the context:
The text describes the process of change-ringing. Ringers vary the order in which the bells sound, but they must maintain a steady rhythm of the "striking."
In the context of bells, "striking" refers to the action of the bell making sound, which is caused by the clapper hitting the bell body.

Evaluation of senses:
Sense 1: "the physical coming together of two or more things" (synonyms: contact, impinging). This is very close to the physical action of the clapper hitting the bell.
Sense 2: "the act of contacting one thing with another" (synonyms: hit, hitting). This is also very close, focusing on the action/event of contact.

Distinguishing between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 emphasizes the state or event of coming together (contact, impinging).
Sense 2 emphasizes the action (hit, hitting).

In the phrase "rhythm of the striking," "striking" functions as a gerund or a noun referring to the action of the bells being struck (i.e., the sound-producing impact).

If we consider the physical mechanism: the clapper *strikes* the bell. The resulting sound is the *striking* (the act of being struck/the impact).

Sense 2 ("the act of contacting one thing with another," synonyms: hit, hitting) aligns perfectly with the dynamic action required to produce the rhythm. The rhythm is maintained by the steady *act* of the bells being hit/struck.

Sense 1 ("the physical coming together of two or more things," synonyms: contact, impinging) is more descriptive of the physical state of contact, but Sense 2 captures the active, rhythmic nature implied by "rhythm of the striking" better.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the better fit as it emphasizes the action/event of impact, which is what defines the rhythm in this context.

The user requires the output in a specific JSON format, but the provided instructions state: "Do not answer with a WordNet sense key. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}."

Wait, the candidate senses are numbered 1 and 2. If I choose Sense 2, the index is 2. I must ensure I follow the required output format strictly.

Chosen sense index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variation
Target surface form: variation
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: | definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. sense_key=variation%1:19:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. sense_key=variation%1:18:00:: | definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. sense_key=variation%1:04:02:: | definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The text describes "change-ringing," a complex activity involving bells. The process starts with a simple descending scale ("rounds"). Then, "at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." The key sentence is: "Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

2.  **Analyze the target word and its usage:** The target word is "variation." It is explicitly equated with "change" in the context of altering the sequence/order of bells.

3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `variation%1:11:01`: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change." (Synonym: fluctuation). This fits the idea of a specific instance of a change in the sequence.
    *   2. `variation%1:04:00`: "an activity that varies from a norm or standard." (Synonym: variance). This is too broad; the context refers to a specific event/instance.
    *   3. `variation%1:10:00`: "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished." This relates to music, but the context is about changing the *order* of striking bells, not modifying a theme.
    *   4. `variation%1:09:01`: "something a little different from others of the same type." (Synonyms: version, variant, edition). This is possible, but "instance of change" (Sense 1) is more precise for a single event.
    *   5. `variation%1:06:00`: "an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard." (Too specific/technical).
    *   6. `variation%1:25:00`: "the angle... between magnetic north and true north." (Geographical/Scientific - irrelevant).
    *   7. `variation%1:22:00`: "the process of varying or being varied." (The context refers to "Each variation," implying a discrete instance, not the continuous process).
    *   8. `variation%1:19:00`: "(astronomy) any perturbation..." (Scientific - irrelevant).
    *   9. `variation%1:18:00`: "(biology) an organism that has characteristics..." (Biological - irrelevant).
    *   10. `variation%1:04:02`: "(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure." (Irrelevant).
    *   11. `variation%1:04:01`: "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard." (This is closer to the *act* or *process*, but Sense 1 focuses on the *instance* of the change, which matches "Each variation... can occur only once").

4.  **Compare the best candidates (Sense 1 vs. Sense 11):**
    *   Context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once." This strongly suggests a discrete event or instance.
    *   Sense 1: "an instance of change." (Perfect match for "Each variation").
    *   Sense 11: "the act of changing or altering something..." (Focuses on the action/process, not the discrete result/instance).

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the most accurate fit, as the text treats "variation" as a countable, discrete event ("Each variation").


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occur
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "occur" in the given context.

Context: "Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Analysis:
The sentence discusses "variations" or "changes" in bell ringing. The phrase is "Each variation, or change, can occur only once."
This means that each specific change/variation must happen or take place only one time.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: (come to pass / happen)**: This fits perfectly. A change/variation *happens* or *comes to pass*. "Each variation... can happen only once."
2. **sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: (come to one's mind / suggest itself)**: This is irrelevant. The context is about physical/procedural changes, not thoughts.
3. **sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: (to be found to exist)**: While related to existence, the context is about the temporal occurrence of an event (a change happening), not the general existence of the change type. Sense 1 is a much closer fit for the dynamic action described.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "only" in the provided context.

Context: "Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state."

Target word: only

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Analysis of the context:
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
This sentence sets a strict limit on the frequency of the occurrence. It means that the occurrence must happen exactly one time, and no more.

Evaluating the senses:
1. (merely, simply, just): This sense relates to degree or manner (e.g., "It was only a small mistake"). While "only once" implies a limitation, this sense usually focuses on minimizing the scope of the action/object, not setting a strict limit on quantity/frequency.
2. (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone): This sense relates to exclusivity. "Only once" means it happens exclusively one time, excluding zero times, two times, three times, etc. This fits well.
3. (with nevertheless the final result): This sense implies a disappointing or unexpected outcome (e.g., "He arrived only to find..."). This does not fit the context of frequency limitation.
4. (in the final outcome): This sense relates to consequence (e.g., "These news will only make you more upset"). This does not fit.
5. (except that): This sense introduces a qualification (e.g., "It was the same story; only this time..."). This does not fit.
6. (never except when / only if, only when): This sense is conditional. While "only once" is a condition, the structure here is a statement of limitation ("can occur [limit] once"), not a conditional clause ("it can occur only if X happens"). However, the meaning of restriction is present.
7. (as recently as): This sense relates to time proximity. This does not fit.

Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 6:
Sense 2 (exclusively, solely): "It can occur solely one time." This perfectly captures the meaning of restriction to a single instance.
Sense 6 (only if, only when): This is typically used to introduce a necessary condition (e.g., "It will happen only if the conditions are met"). While "only once" is a restriction, Sense 2 captures the sense of *exclusivity* of the quantity (one) more accurately than the conditional nature of Sense 6.

The phrase "only once" functions as an adverbial modifier restricting the quantity of occurrences. Sense 2, defined by synonyms like "exclusively" and "solely," best captures this restrictive, exclusive meaning.

Therefore, sense_key=only%4:02:01 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "once" in the given context.

Context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Analysis of the context:
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
The phrase "only once" restricts the frequency of the occurrence of a variation/change. It means it can happen a maximum of one time.

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00 (on one occasion): This fits perfectly. "Only once" means "on one occasion."
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02 (as soon as): This implies immediacy (e.g., "Once I arrive, I will call"). This does not fit the context of frequency restriction.
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01 (at a previous time): This implies a past state or time (e.g., "Once upon a time"). This does not fit the context of frequency restriction.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rule
Target surface form: rules
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "rules" (lemma: "rule") based on the provided context.

Context:
"Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."

The word "rules" here refers to constraints or guidelines governing how the bell changes (variations/changes) can happen. The context immediately links this to "patterns of changes" and "methods."

Candidate senses analysis:
1. rule%1:09:00: a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior (regulation). Plausible, but perhaps too general.
2. rule%1:09:01: something regarded as a normative example (convention, pattern, formula). Less likely, as it implies an example, not a constraint.
3. rule%1:10:00: prescribed guide for conduct or action (prescript). This fits well. The rules dictate how the changes must occur.
4. rule%1:10:01: (linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice. Not relevant (bells/music).
5. rule%1:09:03: a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct (principle). Plausible, but "prescribed guide" (sense 3) is more specific to operational constraints.
6. rule%1:28:00: duration of power. Irrelevant.
7. rule%1:26:00: dominance or power. Irrelevant.
8. rule%1:10:02: directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted. This is highly relevant. Change-ringing is a structured activity, like a game or sport, and the "rules" define how the variations can occur.
9. rule%1:10:03: systematic body of regulations (religious order). Irrelevant.
10. rule%1:09:02: a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system (principle). Less likely than operational constraints.
11. rule%1:09:04: (mathematics) a standard procedure for solving problems (formula). Not mathematical in this context.
12. rule%1:06:00: measuring stick. Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 3 (prescribed guide for conduct or action) and Sense 8 (directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted):
The context describes a structured activity (change-ringing) where specific actions (variations/changes) are constrained ("Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state").
Sense 8, "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted," perfectly captures the nature of these constraints within a structured performance art.
Sense 3, "prescribed guide for conduct or action," is also accurate, but Sense 8 is more specific to the domain (structured activity/game/sport) implied by the description of "methods" and "patterns of changes."

I choose Sense 8 as the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 3
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 3
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: state
    *   Target surface form: state
    *   Context sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>."
    *   The word 'state' follows a description of rules/patterns ("Each variation, or change, can occur only once"). The structure suggests that the rules *define* or *express* the allowed variations.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (state%2:32:00): definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell. (Focuses on verbal communication.)
    *   Sense 2 (state%2:32:01): definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit. (Focuses on formal presentation or submission.)
    *   Sense 3 (state%2:32:02): definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express. (Focuses on representation, often abstract or symbolic.)

3.  **Evaluate the senses against the context:**
    *   The context is about musical/bell-ringing patterns and rules. The rules themselves are the constraints or definitions of the allowed changes.
    *   *Sense 1 (say/tell):* While rules can be stated (said), the context implies the rules *are* the definition or the formal expression of the constraints, not just a verbal utterance.
    *   *Sense 2 (submit/put forward):* This doesn't fit well. The rules aren't being submitted to an authority; they are the governing principles.
    *   *Sense 3 (indicate through a symbol, formula, etc.):* This fits very well. Rules, especially in a technical or patterned context (like music or mathematics), are often expressed or indicated formally, whether through written notation, patterns, or defined constraints. The rules *state* (indicate) what is permissible.

4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 3, meaning to indicate or express formally/symbolically, is the most appropriate fit for "the rules state" in this technical context.

5.  **Format the output:** Return the JSON object with the correct index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: Ringers
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. <t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Ringers" in the provided context.

Context:
"Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. <t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours."

Target word: Ringers (plural of ringer)

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Analysis:
The context discusses "Change-ringing," "bells," "physical dexterity," "intense mental concentration," "bells sound," and "methods" (like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters).
The sentence containing the target word is: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

This clearly indicates that "ringers" are people who operate or play the bells.

Comparing with candidates:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer. This matches the context perfectly (people who vary the order in which bells sound).
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another. Irrelevant.
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses. Irrelevant.
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit... Irrelevant.

The best sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: method
Target surface form: methods
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "<t>methods</t>, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=method%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
2. sense_key=method%1:04:00:: | definition=an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "methods" (plural of "method") based on the provided context.

Target lemma: method
Target surface form: methods
Context: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "<t>methods</t>, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=method%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
2. sense_key=method%1:04:00:: | definition=an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting

Analysis:
The context describes "methods" in the context of change-ringing (playing tunes on bells).
The sentence states: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods', which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."
These "methods" are specific, memorized patterns or procedures for varying the order of bells.

Sense 1: "a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)". This aligns perfectly with memorized patterns or procedures for playing bells (a systematic way of performing the change-ringing).
Sense 2: "an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky...". This is clearly related to theater/acting and is irrelevant to bell ringing.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: names
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding <t>names</t> like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%1:10:00:: | definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing
2. sense_key=name%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's reputation | examples=he wanted to protect his good name
3. sense_key=name%1:14:00:: | definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens | examples=he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name
4. sense_key=name%1:18:00:: | definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure, public figure | examples=they studied all the great names in the history of France; she is an important figure in modern music
5. sense_key=name%1:04:00:: | definition=by the sanction or authority of | examples=halt in the name of the law
6. sense_key=name%1:10:01:: | definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "names" (plural of "name") in the given context.
The context is about change-ringing, a form of playing bells.
The specific sentence is: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods,' which have odd-sounding <t>names</t> like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."

The target word "names" refers to the titles or identifiers of specific patterns of changes (methods) used in change-ringing.

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=name%1:10:00:: | definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing**
   * This sense refers to proper names or labels used to identify things (like a person, place, or concept). The "names" here (Kent Treble Bob Major, Grandsire Caters) are labels/titles for specific patterns/methods. This fits well.

2. **sense_key=name%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's reputation | examples=he wanted to protect his good name**
   * This refers to reputation. Not applicable here.

3. **sense_key=name%1:14:00:: | definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens | examples=he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name**
   * This refers to lineage/surname. Not applicable here.

4. **sense_key=name%1:18:00:: | definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure, public figure | examples=they studied all the great names in the history of France; she is an important figure in modern music**
   * This refers to famous people. Not applicable here.

5. **sense_key=name%1:04:00:: | definition=by the sanction or authority of | examples=halt in the name of the law**
   * This is a prepositional usage ("in the name of"). Not applicable here.

6. **sense_key=name%1:10:01:: | definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet**
   * This refers to insults or slurs. Not applicable here.

The context clearly indicates that "names" are identifiers or labels for specific musical patterns ("methods"). Sense 1, "a language unit by which a person or thing is known," is the most appropriate fit for labels/titles.

Therefore, sense_key=name%1:10:00 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: series
Target surface form: series
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A <t>series</t> of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other | examples=the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection | examples=the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers; his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "series" in the given context.

Context: "A <t>series</t> of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours."

Target word: series

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other | examples=the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection | examples=the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers; his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Analysis:
The context describes "changes" (patterns of bell ringing variations) that occur sequentially. "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal'".
This indicates that "series" refers to a sequence or collection of related events/items (the changes).

Let's evaluate the candidates:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another. This perfectly matches the idea of a sequence of changes.
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs. (Irrelevant - not about TV/programs).
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical. (Irrelevant - not a publication).
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests. (Irrelevant - not sports).
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components. (Irrelevant - not electronics).
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps/coins. (Irrelevant - not collectibles).
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) sequence of expressions. (Too specific; the context is physical/musical changes, not mathematical expressions).

Sense 1 is the best fit: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another." The 5,000 changes are placed in order and happen one after another to constitute a "peal."

The corresponding sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: takes
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and <t>takes</t> about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "takes" (the third-person singular present tense of "take") based on the provided context.

Context: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and <t>takes</t> about three hours."

Target word: takes
Contextual meaning: The duration of a "peal" (a series of changes) is approximately three hours.

I need to examine the candidate senses to find the one that matches "takes about three hours."

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | (Action/execution) - No.
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time - This matches perfectly. The peal requires/takes three hours.
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | (Transporting a person) - No.
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | (Receiving physically) - No.
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | (Adopting a form) - No.
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | (Interpreting) - No.
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | (Conveying) - No.
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | (Acquiring) - No.
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | (Traveling) - No.
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | (Selecting) - No.
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | (Accepting) - No.
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | (Assuming a role) - No.
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | (Considering) - No.
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | (Necessitating) - While related to requirement, sense 2 is more specific to duration/space.
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | (Experiencing) - No.
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | (Filming) - No.
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | (Removing) - No.
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | (Consuming) - No.
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | (Undergoing) - No.
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | (Utilizing) - No.
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | (Seizing) - No.
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | (Occupying/Assuming) - No.
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | (Admitting) - No.
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | (Measuring) - No.
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | (Studying) - No.
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | (Resulting in) - No.
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | (Moving towards) - No.
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | (Aiming) - No.
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | (Becoming ill) - No.
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | (Carrying) - No.
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | (Hiring) - No.
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | (Subscribing) - No.
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | (Purchasing) - No.
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | (Sheltering) - No.
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | (Sexual intercourse) - No.
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | (Claiming) - No.
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | (Accepting a substance) - No.
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | (Containing) - No.
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | (Habit formation) - No.
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | (Driving) - No.
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | (Winning) - No.
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | (Contracting illness) - No.

Sense 2, "require (time or space)," is the correct fit. The peal takes three hours.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes <t>about</t> three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "about" in the given context.
The context is: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes <t>about</t> three hours."

The target word "about" is modifying the duration "three hours."

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=about%4:02:00::** | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
   * This sense relates to approximation of quantity or time. "about three hours" means approximately three hours. This fits perfectly.

2. **sense_key=about%4:02:06::** | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
   * This is locational/spatial. Does not fit the time context.

3. **sense_key=about%4:02:01::** | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
   * This is locational/spatial. Does not fit the time context.

4. **sense_key=about%4:02:04::** | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
   * This is directional/movement. Does not fit the time context.

5. **sense_key=about%4:02:02::** | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
   * This is directional/positional. Does not fit the time context.

6. **sense_key=about%4:02:03::** | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
   * This relates to rotation/sequence. Does not fit the time context.

7. **sense_key=about%4:02:05::** | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded
   * This relates to near completion (e.g., "about finished"). While "about three hours" is an approximation, sense 1 specifically covers "imprecise but fairly close to correct" for quantities/time, which is the standard meaning of "about" when used as an adverb of approximation. Sense 7 is more about near completion/insufficiency.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit because "about three hours" means approximately three hours, matching the definition and synonyms of sense 1.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hour
Target surface form: hours
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three <t>hours</t>. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hour%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day | synonyms=hr, 60 minutes | examples=the job will take more than an hour
2. sense_key=hour%1:28:01:: | definition=clock time | synonyms=time of day | examples=the hour is getting late
3. sense_key=hour%1:28:02:: | definition=a special and memorable period | examples=it was their finest hour
4. sense_key=hour%1:07:00:: | definition=distance measured by the time taken to cover it | synonyms=minute | examples=we live an hour from the airport; its just 10 minutes away

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "hours" (lemma: hour) based on the provided context.

Context: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three <t>hours</t>."

Candidate Senses:
1. `hour%1:28:00`: a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day (60 minutes). (General duration)
2. `hour%1:28:01`: clock time (time of day).
3. `hour%1:28:02`: a special and memorable period. (Figurative/special moment)
4. `hour%1:07:00`: distance measured by the time taken to cover it. (Rate/speed context)

Analysis of the context:
The sentence states that a "peal" (a series of changes) "takes about three hours." This refers to the duration required to complete the activity.

Evaluation of senses:
1. `hour%1:28:00`: "a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day." This perfectly matches the concept of duration ("takes about three hours").
2. `hour%1:28:01`: "clock time." This is incorrect; the context is about how long the activity lasts, not what time of day it is.
3. `hour%1:28:02`: "a special and memorable period." This is figurative and does not fit the literal description of the time taken for the practice.
4. `hour%1:07:00`: "distance measured by the time taken to cover it." This relates to travel or speed, which is not the case here.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit as it refers to a measurable period of time (duration).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look
Target surface form: look
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A <t>look</t> at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look%1:07:01:: | definition=the feelings expressed on a person's face | synonyms=expression, aspect, facial expression, face | examples=a sad expression; a look of triumph
2. sense_key=look%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually | synonyms=looking, looking at | examples=he went out to have a look; his look was fixed on her eyes
3. sense_key=look%1:07:00:: | definition=physical appearance | examples=I don't like the looks of this place
4. sense_key=look%1:26:00:: | definition=the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people | synonyms=spirit, tone, feel, feeling, flavor, flavour | examples=the feel of the city excited him; a clergyman improved the tone of the meeting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "look" in the given context.

Context: "A <t>look</t> at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

Target word: look (used as a noun here, "A look at...")

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look%1:07:01:: | definition=the feelings expressed on a person's face | synonyms=expression, aspect, facial expression, face | examples=a sad expression; a look of triumph
2. sense_key=look%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually | synonyms=looking, looking at | examples=he went out to have a look; his look was fixed on her eyes
3. sense_key=look%1:07:00:: | definition=physical appearance | examples=I don't like the looks of this place
4. sense_key=look%1:26:00:: | definition=the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people | synonyms=spirit, tone, feel, feeling, flavor, flavour | examples=the feel of the city excited him; a clergyman improved the tone of the meeting

Analysis:
The phrase is "A look at [something]". This construction typically means an examination, observation, or view of something.

1. Sense 1 (Facial expression): "A look of triumph." This refers to a specific facial expression, not an examination of an event. (Mismatch)
2. Sense 2 (Act of directing eyes/perceiving visually): This sense relates to observation or viewing. "A look at..." fits perfectly with the idea of observing the practice. (Strong match)
3. Sense 3 (Physical appearance): "The looks of this place." This refers to the general appearance/vibe, not an act of observation of a specific event. (Mismatch)
4. Sense 4 (General atmosphere/tone): "The look of the situation." This refers to the overall feeling or impression. While related to observation, the context ("A look at a Thursday night practice...") implies a direct viewing/examination of the activity, not just the general atmosphere. (Weaker match than Sense 2)

Conclusion: The context "A look at a Thursday night practice..." clearly indicates observation or viewing, which aligns best with Sense 2.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.