[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: skin
Target surface form: skin
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=skin%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
2. sense_key=skin%1:06:01:: | definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
3. sense_key=skin%1:05:01:: | definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
4. sense_key=skin%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
5. sense_key=skin%1:13:00:: | definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02:: | definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
2.  **Identify the target word:** "skin".
3.  **Analyze the surrounding text/domain:** The text is about cancer, genes, and various organs (brain, kidney, prostate, cervix). "Skin" is listed alongside these organs as a site where cancer develops.
4.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `skin%1:08:00`: a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch (Synonyms: tegument, cutis). *This matches the biological/anatomical context.*
    *   2. `skin%1:06:01`: an outer surface (usually thin) (Example: the skin of an airplane). *Too general; doesn't fit the biological organ context.*
    *   3. `skin%1:05:01`: body covering of a living animal (Synonyms: hide, pelt). *This is a type of covering, but sense 1 is more specific to the human organ context implied by the list (brain, kidney, etc.).*
    *   4. `skin%1:26:00`: a person's skin regarded as their life (Example: he tried to save his skin). *Idiomatic/metaphorical; incorrect.*
    *   5. `skin%1:13:00`: the rind of a fruit or vegetable (Synonyms: peel). *Incorrect.*
    *   6. `skin%1:06:02`: a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal. *Incorrect.*
5.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 3):**
    *   Sense 1: "a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch." This is the standard anatomical definition of human skin, which is exactly what is meant when listing organs affected by cancer (e.g., skin cancer).
    *   Sense 3: "body covering of a living animal." While technically correct, Sense 1 is more precise and aligns perfectly with the medical/anatomical register of the passage.
6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit.

7.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index. (Sense 1 corresponds to index 1).


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cervix
Target surface form: cervix
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cervix%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body | synonyms=neck | examples=he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck
2. sense_key=cervix%1:08:02:: | definition=necklike opening to the uterus | synonyms=uterine cervix, cervix uteri

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: `cervix`
    *   Context: "...scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   The context lists various organs/body parts (brain, skin, kidney, prostate) and then `cervix` as a site where cancer can develop, linked to inherited defective genes.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `cervix%1:08:01` | definition=the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body | synonyms=neck | examples=he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to the neck. While the cervix is a part of the body, the context is listing specific organs prone to cancer (prostate, kidney, etc.). The neck is not typically listed alongside prostate and kidney in this manner when discussing specific cancer types.
    *   **Sense 2:** `cervix%1:08:02` | definition=necklike opening to the uterus | synonyms=uterine cervix, cervix uteri.
        *   *Evaluation:* This refers to the anatomical part of the female reproductive system (the cervix). Cancer of the cervix is a well-known medical condition, fitting perfectly with the list of cancers (prostate, kidney, etc.) and the discussion of inherited genes and cancer susceptibility.

3.  **Determine the best fit:**
    *   The context is highly medical, discussing cancer types and genetic predisposition.
    *   Sense 2 (necklike opening to the uterus) is the specific anatomical term for the organ/part that develops cancer in this context.
    *   Sense 1 (neck) is too general and refers to a different body part.

4.  **Select the final sense:** Sense 2 is the best fit.

5.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires a JSON object with the sense index. (Sense 2 corresponds to index 2 in the provided list).

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "evidence" in the given context.

Context: "There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Analysis:
The sentence discusses scientific findings ("defective versions of these genes," "prone to cancer," "explaining... why some cancers seem to haunt certain families"). The word "evidence" here refers to the data or findings that support the claim (that inheriting defective genes makes one prone to cancer).

Let's evaluate the candidates:

1. **sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: (basis for belief/knowledge)**: This fits well. The scientific findings serve as the "basis for belief" regarding the link between genes and cancer susceptibility.
2. **sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: (an indication that makes something evident)**: This also fits. The findings are "indications" that make the genetic link "evident."
3. **sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: (legal means of proof)**: This is clearly incorrect as the context is biological/genetic research, not a judicial trial.

Distinguishing between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 focuses on the *weight* or *foundation* of the belief ("grounds").
Sense 2 focuses on the *nature* of the finding ("indication").

In the context "There is evidence that...", when discussing scientific hypotheses or conclusions, "evidence" often functions as the supporting data or knowledge base (Sense 1). However, Sense 2 ("an indication that makes something evident") is also very strong, especially when the evidence is presented as a finding that *shows* something (e.g., "The data is evidence of a correlation").

Let's look at the surrounding text. The preceding text discusses research teams "uncovering evidence" and researchers saying the inactivation of genes "appears crucial." This entire passage is about scientific discovery and establishing facts.

If I use Sense 1 (basis for belief), the sentence means: "There is a body of knowledge/grounds that supports the belief that inheriting defective genes makes one prone to cancer."
If I use Sense 2 (indication), the sentence means: "There is a finding/sign that makes it clear that inheriting defective genes makes one prone to cancer."

In scientific discourse, these two senses often overlap. However, Sense 1, "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief," captures the comprehensive nature of the scientific findings being presented as support for a theory, which seems slightly more precise for a summary statement like this.

Let's re-examine the examples provided:
Sense 1 example: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" (Focuses on the strength/basis of the claim).
Sense 2 example: "his trembling was evidence of his fear" (Focuses on the physical sign/indication).

The context ("There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions...") is presenting a conclusion derived from research. The research findings are the *basis* for the conclusion. Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Target Sense: sense_key=evidence%1:09:00


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "people" in the given context.

Context: "There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Target word: people

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Analysis:
The sentence discusses genetic inheritance and susceptibility to cancer. "if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."

1. Sense 1: "any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively." This fits perfectly. The context is discussing human subjects (people) who carry specific genes.
2. Sense 2: "the body of citizens of a state or country." This is too specific (citizenship) and doesn't fit the general biological/genetic discussion.
3. Sense 3: "members of a family line." While the context mentions "certain families," the pronoun "people" here refers to the general population group that might inherit the genes, not specifically members of a single lineage (though the inheritance mechanism is familial, the subject is the general group).
4. Sense 4: "the common people generally." While the general population is involved, this sense often carries a connotation of the masses or lower classes, which is not implied here. The focus is on biological susceptibility.

Conclusion: Sense 1, which refers to human beings collectively, is the most accurate and general fit for the context of genetic predisposition.

Wait, I need to check the provided sense indices carefully.
Sense 1: any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively. (Matches my conclusion)
Sense 2: the body of citizens of a state or country.
Sense 3: members of a family line.
Sense 4: the common people generally.

The best fit is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people <t>inherit</t> defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "inherit" in the given context.

Context: "There is evidence that if people <t>inherit</t> defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Target word: inherit

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents (Relates to property/wealth, not genes)
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair (Relates to roles/positions, not genes)
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother (Relates to biological traits/genes)

Analysis:
The context discusses "defective versions of these genes" and their link to cancer susceptibility in families. This is a biological/genetic context.

Sense 1 (obtain after death) is incorrect.
Sense 2 (receive from a predecessor/role) is incorrect.
Sense 3 (receive by genetic transmission) perfectly matches the context of genes and biological traits.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: version
Target surface form: versions
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective <t>versions</t> of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "versions" (lemma: "version") in the given context.

Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective <t>versions</t> of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Target word: versions (plural of version)
Lemma: version

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine (Relates to viewpoint/account)
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word (Relates to difference/type)
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel (Relates to adaptation/recasting)
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering (Relates to translation)
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading (Relates to mental concept/understanding)
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery) (Relates to medical procedure)

Analysis:
The context discusses "genes" and "defective versions of these genes." Genes are biological entities. When referring to genes, a "version" usually refers to a specific form or variant of that gene (e.g., a mutated form, a specific allele).

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Interpretation/viewpoint: Irrelevant to genes.
2. Something a little different from others of the same type (variant, variation): Highly relevant. A defective gene is a variant of the normal gene.
3. Written work/adaptation: Irrelevant to genes.
4. Translation: Irrelevant to genes.
5. Mental representation/interpretation: Irrelevant to genes.
6. Fetal turning: Irrelevant to genes.

Sense 2, defined as "something a little different from others of the same type" and associated with synonyms like "variant," is the correct fit for a biological context involving genes.

Therefore, sense_key=version%1:09:01 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "especially" in the given context.

Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Target word: especially

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Analysis:
The sentence structure is: "they are especially prone to cancer".
"Prone to cancer" means having a tendency or likelihood of developing cancer.
The word "especially" modifies "prone to cancer," indicating a higher degree of proneness compared to the general population or compared to those without the defective genes.

Let's evaluate the senses:
Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" (synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially). This fits the meaning of having a *greater degree* of proneness.
Sense 2: "in a special manner" (synonyms: specially). This suggests a unique way of being prone, which is less precise than indicating a higher degree of likelihood.

In the context of genetic predisposition, "especially prone" means *more* prone, or prone to a *greater extent*.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Final output must be a JSON object with the sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
2.  **Analyze the surrounding text/topic:** The passage discusses "damaged p53 gene," "lung and breast cancers," "Colon, lung and breast cancers," "tumor-suppressing genes," "retinoblastoma," and "malignant growth/tumor." The overall theme is genetics and diseases.
3.  **Analyze the target word's usage:** "prone to cancer" and "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families." This usage refers to a disease or condition that is hereditary.
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `cancer%1:26:00`: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body..." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease." This perfectly matches the medical/disease context established by the surrounding text (p53 gene, lung/breast cancers, tumor-suppressing genes).
    *   2. `cancer%1:18:00`: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer." (Astrological sign/person). Irrelevant.
    *   3. `cancer%1:17:00`: "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini." (Astrological constellation). Irrelevant.
    *   4. `cancer%1:15:00`: "the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22." (Astrological sign). Irrelevant.
    *   5. `cancer%1:05:00`: "type genus of the family Cancridae." (Biological classification, unrelated to the disease context). Irrelevant.
5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is the only medically relevant definition and aligns perfectly with the context of genetics and disease.
6.  **Format the output:** Return the JSON object with the correct sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explaining
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps <t>explaining</t>, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "explaining" (a present participle of "explain") based on the provided context.

Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps <t>explaining</t>, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Target word: explaining

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Analysis of the context:
The sentence structure is: "...they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps [explaining], finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The phrase "explaining, finally, why..." suggests that the preceding fact (being prone to cancer due to defective genes) provides the reason or cause for the subsequent observation (why some cancers haunt certain families).

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00 (make plain and comprehensible): This sense relates to clarification or description. While the genes *explain* the phenomenon in a sense of making it clear, the grammatical and semantic function here is causal.
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01 (define): This sense relates to giving a definition. This is not the function here.
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02 (serve as a reason or cause or justification of): This sense directly matches the causal relationship implied by the structure "X, explaining Y" (where X is the cause and Y is the effect/phenomenon being accounted for). The defective genes are the reason *explaining* why some families are prone to cancer.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finally
Target surface form: finally
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finally%4:02:02:: | definition=after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually
2. sense_key=finally%4:02:00:: | definition=as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over
3. sense_key=finally%4:02:03:: | definition=the item at the end | synonyms=last, lastly, in conclusion | examples=last, I'll discuss family values

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "finally" in the given context.

Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Target word: finally

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finally%4:02:02:: | definition=after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually
2. sense_key=finally%4:02:00:: | definition=as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over
3. sense_key=finally%4:02:03:: | definition=the item at the end | synonyms=last, lastly, in conclusion | examples=last, I'll discuss family values

Analysis:
The phrase is "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
The structure suggests that the explanation (the reason why some cancers haunt certain families) is presented as a conclusion or a final point derived from the preceding evidence (the link between inherited defective genes and cancer proneness).

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=finally%4:02:02 (after an unspecified period of time/delay): This implies time passing. While the discovery might have taken time, the usage here ("explaining, finally, why...") is not about the timing of the explanation, but the logical placement of the explanation.
2. sense_key=finally%4:02:00 (as the end result of a succession or process): This means "ultimately" or "in the end." This fits well, as the explanation is the logical conclusion drawn from the scientific process described.
3. sense_key=finally%4:02:03 (the item at the end/in conclusion): This means "lastly" or "in conclusion." This also fits well, as it signals the final point or summary of the argument.

Distinguishing between 2 and 3:
Sense 2 (ultimately/in the end) focuses on the *result* of the process.
Sense 3 (lastly/in conclusion) focuses on the *sequence* of points being made.

In the sentence, the evidence (inherited genes -> prone to cancer) is presented, and then the phrase "perhaps explaining, finally, why..." introduces the specific conclusion (why some cancers haunt certain families). This functions as a concluding statement or a final point in the line of reasoning.

Both 2 and 3 are strong candidates. However, when used parenthetically or as a transition to summarize the implication of preceding evidence, "in conclusion" (Sense 3) or "ultimately" (Sense 2) are used.

If I read it as "This evidence explains, as a final point, why...", Sense 3 is appropriate.
If I read it as "This evidence ultimately leads to the conclusion that...", Sense 2 is appropriate.

Given the context of presenting a scientific argument and drawing a final implication ("why some cancers seem to haunt certain families"), Sense 2 ("as the end result of a succession or process," synonyms: ultimately, in the end) captures the logical culmination of the evidence presented better than Sense 3, which often signals a list item ("Lastly, we discuss X").

Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 2: "ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over." These examples emphasize the final outcome after a struggle or process.
Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 3: "last, I'll discuss family values." This is clearly a structural marker for a list.

Since the text is building a scientific argument leading to a final implication, Sense 2 (ultimately/in the end) is the most precise fit for the logical conclusion drawn from the preceding facts.

Therefore, sense_key=finally%4:02:00 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some <t>cancers</t> seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: cancer
    *   Target surface form: cancers
    *   Context: "Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

2.  **Determine the meaning of 'cancers' in context:**
    *   The context discusses "damaged p53 gene," "lung and breast cancers," "lethal forms of the disease," "tumor-suppressing genes," "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix," and "retinoblastoma."
    *   The overall theme is medical, genetic, and related to malignant growths/diseases.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease` (Relates directly to malignant disease/tumors.)
    *   2. `sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab` (Astrology/birth sign.)
    *   3. `sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini` (Astrology/constellation.)
    *   4. `sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab` (Astrology/zodiac sign.)
    *   5. `sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer` (Biology/zoology.)

4.  **Select the best fit:**
    *   The context is entirely about biological diseases (lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, etc.).
    *   Sense 1 perfectly matches the medical/pathological meaning of cancer discussed throughout the passage.
    *   Senses 2, 3, and 4 are related to astrology and are irrelevant.
    *   Sense 5 is a biological genus name, but the context refers to the disease state, not the genus.

5.  **Final decision:** Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seem
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers <t>seem</t> to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "seem" in the given context.

Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers <t>seem</t> to haunt certain families."

Target word: seem

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Analysis of the context:
"...why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Here, "seem" is used to express a perceived characteristic or pattern of the cancers (haunting certain families). It suggests that based on the evidence (the genetic predisposition), it appears that these cancers are linked to specific families.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. **sense_key=seem%2:39:00 (give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect):** This relates to appearance or impression. "Cancers seem to haunt" fits this well, suggesting an outward pattern or impression derived from the evidence.
2. **sense_key=seem%2:39:01 (seem to be true, probable, or apparent):** This relates to probability or truthfulness. "Cancers seem to haunt" could imply that the haunting is a probable outcome or a true pattern.
3. **sense_key=seem%2:42:00 (appear to exist):** This is clearly incorrect. The cancers are already known to exist.
4. **sense_key=seem%2:39:02 (appear to one's own mind or opinion):** This implies subjective feeling or personal perception ("I seem to be misunderstood"). While the observation is based on evidence, the phrasing here is more objective (describing the nature of the cancers) rather than purely subjective opinion.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
* Sense 1 focuses on the *outward aspect* or *impression* (how they present themselves in relation to families).
* Sense 2 focuses on *probability* or *apparent truth* (that the haunting is a likely or evident pattern).

In the phrase "cancers seem to haunt certain families," the meaning is that the observed pattern suggests or gives the impression that they are linked to specific families. Both senses are close, but Sense 1 ("give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect") captures the idea of the observed pattern or characteristic better than Sense 2, which often relates to abstract truths (e.g., "It seems that the economy is improving"). Here, the "haunting" is a descriptive characteristic being observed.

Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping" (outward appearance). "This appears to be a very difficult problem" (outward aspect/impression).
Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 2: "It seems that he is very gifted" (judgment of truth/ability). "It appears that the weather... is very bad" (judgment of apparent state).

The context uses "seem" to describe the *nature* of the cancers as observed in the data ("haunt certain families"). This is an impression or outward aspect derived from the evidence. Sense 1 is the most precise fit for describing this observed pattern.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt <t>certain</t> families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt <t>certain</t> families."
2.  **Analyze the target word:** "certain"
3.  **Determine the meaning in context:** The phrase "certain families" refers to specific, identifiable groups of families who are prone to cancer due to genetic inheritance. It doesn't mean "sure" (like sense 2 or 3), nor does it mean "definite but unspecified" (like sense 1, e.g., "a certain sum"). It implies a specific, though perhaps not named, group.
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   *sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified* (e.g., "a certain sum"). This fits the idea of a specific group that is not explicitly named, which aligns well with "certain families."
    *   *sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured* (e.g., "felt certain of success"). This is an adjective of certainty/belief, which doesn't fit the context of identifying a group of families.
    *   *sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known* (e.g., "it is certain that they were on the bus"). This refers to facts, not groups of people.
    *   *sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable*. This refers to inevitability, not a specific group.
    *   *sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably*. Similar to 3:00:03, referring to fate/outcome.
    *   *sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect*. Irrelevant.
    *   *sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance*. Irrelevant.

5.  **Select the best fit:** The usage "certain families" functions as a determiner meaning "specific" or "particular," even if those families are not named. This aligns perfectly with the definition of `certain%5:00:00:definite:00`: "definite but not specified or identified."

6.  **Final Check:** "Why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" means "why some cancers seem to haunt specific, particular families." This is the meaning captured by sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain <t>families</t>. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "families" (plural of "family") based on the provided context.

Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain <t>families</t>."

Target word: families

Analysis of the context:
The discussion is about genetic defects, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer susceptibility. The phrase "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" suggests a pattern of disease transmission or predisposition within a group of related individuals.

Evaluation of candidate senses:

1. `family%1:14:02`: a social unit living together (household). (Less likely, focuses on living arrangement, not genetic inheritance pattern.)
2. `family%1:14:00`: primary social group; parents and children (family unit). (Possible, but doesn't capture the specific genetic/lineage implication.)
3. `family%1:14:04`: a collection of things sharing a common attribute (category). (Incorrect, refers to people.)
4. `family%1:14:01`: people descended from a common ancestor (family line, kinfolk). (Highly likely. Genetic predisposition and inheritance strongly relate to descent from a common ancestor.)
5. `family%1:18:00`: a person having kinship with another or others (kin). (Incorrect, the target word is plural 'families', referring to groups.)
6. `family%1:14:03`: (biology) a taxonomic group. (Incorrect, refers to biological classification, not human lineage.)
7. `family%1:14:06`: a loose affiliation of gangsters. (Incorrect, context is medical/genetic.)
8. `family%1:14:05`: an association of people who share common beliefs or activities (fellowship). (Incorrect, context is genetic inheritance, not shared beliefs/activities.)

Conclusion: The context links cancer susceptibility to inherited defective genes, which points directly to a pattern observed within a lineage or group descended from a common ancestor. Sense 4, "people descended from a common ancestor," is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: story
Target surface form: story
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The <t>story</t> of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=story%1:10:03:: | definition=a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program | synonyms=narrative, narration, tale | examples=his narrative was interesting; Disney's stories entertain adults as well as children
2. sense_key=story%1:10:00:: | definition=a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events | examples=he writes stories for the magazines
3. sense_key=story%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, level, storey | examples=what level is the office on?
4. sense_key=story%1:10:04:: | definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=history, account, chronicle | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president
5. sense_key=story%1:10:01:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=report, news report, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
6. sense_key=story%1:10:02:: | definition=a trivial lie | synonyms=fib, tale, tarradiddle, taradiddle | examples=he told a fib about eating his spinach; how can I stop my child from telling stories?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "story" in the given context.

Context: "The <t>story</t> of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Target word: story

Let's analyze the context surrounding "story":
"The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s..."
Here, "story" refers to the history, development, or account of how the knowledge about tumor-suppressor genes came to be.

Now let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=story%1:10:03:: | definition=a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program | synonyms=narrative, narration, tale | (Focuses on presentation/telling, like a plot or broadcast.)
2. sense_key=story%1:10:00:: | definition=a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events | examples=he writes stories for the magazines | (Focuses on fiction.)
3. sense_key=story%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, level, storey | (Physical structure - irrelevant.)
4. sense_key=story%1:10:04:: | definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=history, account, chronicle | (Focuses on documenting past events/development. This matches "The story of X goes back to Y.")
5. sense_key=story%1:10:01:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=report, news report, account, write up | (Focuses on current news reporting.)
6. sense_key=story%1:10:02:: | definition=a trivial lie | synonyms=fib, tale, tarradiddle, taradiddle | (Focuses on falsehoods.)

The phrase "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s" clearly indicates a historical account or the development timeline of this scientific knowledge.

Sense 4: "a record or narrative description of past events" (synonyms: history, account, chronicle) is the best fit. The "story" here is the history/account of the gene discovery.

Therefore, sense_key=story%1:10:04 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_back
Target surface form: goes back
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes <t>goes back</t> to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_back%2:42:00:: | definition=belong to an earlier time | synonyms=date back, date from | examples=This story dates back 200 years
2. sense_key=go_back%2:32:00:: | definition=return in thought or speech to something | synonyms=recur
3. sense_key=go_back%2:30:00:: | definition=regain a former condition after a financial loss | synonyms=recover, recuperate | examples=We expect the stocks to recover to $2.90; The company managed to recuperate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target phrase "goes back" in the given context.
The target lemma is `go_back`.
The context is: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes <t>goes back</t> to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

Candidate senses:
1. `go_back%2:42:00`: definition=belong to an earlier time | synonyms=date back, date from | examples=This story dates back 200 years
2. `go_back%2:32:00`: definition=return in thought or speech to something | synonyms=recur
3. `go_back%2:30:00`: definition=regain a former condition after a financial loss | synonyms=recover, recuperate | examples=We expect the stocks to recover to $2.90; The company managed to recuperate

Analysis of the context:
"The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s..."
The phrase links the "story" (a narrative/history) to a specific time period ("the 1970s").

Evaluation of senses:
1. `go_back%2:42:00`: definition=belong to an earlier time. This perfectly matches the structure "X goes back to [a time period]". The synonym "date back" confirms this meaning.
2. `go_back%2:32:00`: definition=return in thought or speech. This doesn't fit the context of dating a historical narrative.
3. `go_back%2:30:00`: definition=regain a former condition after a financial loss. This is clearly about recovery/finance and is irrelevant to the context.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician <t>named</t> Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target surface form "named" (past participle of "name") within the given context.

Context snippet: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician <t>named</t> Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

Target word: named
Grammatical role: Participle modifying "pediatrician".

Meaning in context: The pediatrician's name is Alfred G. Knudson Jr.

Let's examine the candidate senses for 'name' (and how they relate to 'named'):

1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
    * This sense means to give a name to someone or something. If a pediatrician is "named Alfred G. Knudson Jr.", it means that name was assigned to him. This fits perfectly.

2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
    * This is about identifying or referring to something by name, not assigning the name to the person. (e.g., "The suspect was named in the report.")

3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
    * This means to appoint or designate someone to a role. While "named" can sometimes imply designation, the context here is simply stating his identity (his name is Alfred G. Knudson Jr.), not that he was appointed *as* Alfred G. Knudson Jr.

4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
    * Similar to sense 3, focusing on the act of appointing/constituting.

5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
    * This is an imperative (command) to mention names.

6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
    * This is about referencing someone's name, not assigning it.

7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
    * Specific to scientific classification.

8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
    * This is about enumeration/listing.

9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose
    * This is the verb 'diagnose'.

Conclusion: The context "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." means that Alfred G. Knudson Jr. is the proper name assigned to the pediatrician. Sense 1, "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to," is the most accurate fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propose
Target surface form: proposed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. <t>proposed</t> that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propose%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=suggest, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=propose%2:31:00:: | definition=present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. | synonyms=project | examples=He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity
3. sense_key=propose%2:31:01:: | definition=propose or intend | synonyms=aim, purpose, purport | examples=I aim to arrive at noon
4. sense_key=propose%2:41:00:: | definition=put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position | synonyms=nominate | examples=The President nominated her as head of the Civil Rights Commission
5. sense_key=propose%2:32:01:: | definition=ask (someone) to marry you | synonyms=declare oneself, offer, pop the question | examples=he popped the question on Sunday night; she proposed marriage to the man she had known for only two months

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "proposed" (past tense of "propose") based on the provided context.

Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Target word: proposed

Analysis of the context:
Knudson Jr. "proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
This action (proposing) is immediately followed by "He theorized that..." and a detailed explanation of his hypothesis (inheritance of damaged/normal copies).

Evaluation of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=propose%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=suggest, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
    * This fits well. Knudson suggested/declared a theory/plan (that retinoblastoma stemmed from two defects).

2. sense_key=propose%2:31:00:: | definition=present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. | synonyms=project | examples=He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity
    * This also fits very well. He presented his theory for consideration.

3. sense_key=propose%2:31:01:: | definition=propose or intend | synonyms=aim, purpose, purport | examples=I aim to arrive at noon
    * This sense focuses on internal intention ("I intend to arrive"). While a theory is an intention, the structure "proposed that X stemmed from Y" usually implies presenting the idea externally for consideration, making senses 1 and 2 stronger.

4. sense_key=propose%2:41:00:: | definition=put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position | synonyms=nominate | examples=The President nominated her as head of the Civil Rights Commission
    * This is incorrect. He was not nominating someone for a position.

5. sense_key=propose%2:32:01:: | definition=ask (someone) to marry you | synonyms=declare oneself, offer, pop the question | examples=he popped the question on Sunday night; she proposed marriage to the man she had known for only two months
    * This is incorrect.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "make a proposal, declare a plan for something" (Synonyms: suggest, advise).
Sense 2: "present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc." (Synonyms: project).

In scientific/academic contexts, when someone puts forward a hypothesis or theory, they are essentially *presenting it for consideration* (Sense 2). However, "suggest" (Sense 1) is often the most natural synonym for introducing a hypothesis.

The phrase "proposed that [X is true]" is a classic way of stating a hypothesis or theory. Both senses 1 and 2 capture this. Sense 2 ("present for consideration") is perhaps slightly more formal and accurate for presenting a scientific theory to the community. Sense 1 ("suggest") is also highly accurate.

Let's re-examine the examples:
Sense 1 example: "the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax" (Suggesting a policy change).
Sense 2 example: "She proposed a new theory of relativity" (Presenting a theory for examination).

Since Knudson is presenting a scientific theory ("retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects"), Sense 2, which explicitly includes "present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc.," aligns perfectly with the nature of scientific hypothesis formation.

I will choose Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "stemmed" in the given context.
The target lemma is "stem".
The target surface form is "stemmed".
The context is: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

I need to evaluate the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=stem%2:42:00::** | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. **sense_key=stem%2:42:03::** | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. **sense_key=stem%2:30:00::** | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. **sense_key=stem%2:30:01::** | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

**Analysis of the context:**
"...Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
Here, "stemmed from" means that retinoblastoma originated from or arose due to those genetic defects.

**Evaluation of senses:**

1. **sense_key=stem%2:42:00::** | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | This perfectly matches the meaning of "stemmed from" in the context (originating from genetic defects).
2. **sense_key=stem%2:42:03::** | definition=cause to point inward | This is irrelevant.
3. **sense_key=stem%2:30:00::** | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | This is irrelevant.
4. **sense_key=stem%2:30:01::** | definition=remove the stem from | This is irrelevant.

Sense 1 is the clear and correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: separate
Target surface form: separate
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=separate%3:00:00:: | definition=independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways
2. sense_key=separate%5:00:00:detached:00 | definition=standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | synonyms=freestanding | examples=a freestanding bell tower; a house with a separate garage
3. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:segregated:00 | definition=separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | examples=separate but equal; girls and boys in separate classes
4. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:unconnected:00 | definition=have the connection undone; having become separate | synonyms=disjoined

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "separate" in the given context.

Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Target word: separate

Analysis of the context:
The context discusses genetic defects and inheritance. Knudson proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from "two separate genetic defects." The subsequent sentence clarifies this: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

This implies that the two defects are distinct, independent, or not connected/united in a single event, but rather originating from different sources (one from each parent, as described later).

Evaluation of candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=separate%3:00:00:: | definition=independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways**
   * This sense means distinct or independent. This fits perfectly with "two separate genetic defects," especially when contrasted with the later explanation of inheriting one damaged copy and one normal copy (implying two distinct events/sources of defect).

2. **sense_key=separate%5:00:02:detached:00 | definition=standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | synonyms=freestanding | examples=a freestanding bell tower; a house with a separate garage**
   * This relates to physical detachment or being freestanding. Not applicable to genetic defects.

3. **sense_key=separate%5:00:02:segregated:00 | definition=separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | examples=separate but equal; girls and boys in separate classes**
   * This relates to social separation. Not applicable.

4. **sense_key=separate%5:00:02:unconnected:00 | definition=have the connection undone; having become separate | synonyms=disjoined**
   * This means having the connection undone. While related to independence, sense 1 ("independent; not united or joint") is a more direct and precise fit for describing two distinct genetic defects that are not part of a single, unified defect. The concept of "two separate defects" emphasizes their independent nature.

Conclusion: Sense 1, defined as "independent; not united or joint," is the best fit for "two separate genetic defects."

Mapping to the required output format. The index for sense 1 is 1.