[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "genetic" based on the provided context.

Context:
"The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Target word: genetic

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Analysis of the context:
The context discusses retinoblastoma stemming from "two separate genetic defects." It immediately follows up by explaining that "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

This strongly links "genetic defects" to inheritance and genes.

Evaluating the senses:
1. **sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00**: Definition is "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity." Synonyms include "hereditary," "inherited." The context explicitly mentions inheritance ("an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent"). This is a very strong match.
2. **sense_key=genetic%3:01:02::**: Definition is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene." This is also highly relevant, as the defects *are* in genes. However, the specific focus of the sentence ("stemmed from two separate genetic defects") and the subsequent explanation (inheritance) leans more towards the *hereditary nature* of the defect rather than just the biological component of the gene itself.
3. **sense_key=genetic%3:01:01::**: Definition is "pertaining to or referring to origin." This is too broad and doesn't capture the specific meaning related to heredity or genes in this medical context.
4. **sense_key=genetic%3:01:00::**: Definition is "of or relating to the science of genetics." The context is about a specific biological event (a defect), not the field of study.

Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 2 ("of or relating to a gene") is technically correct, as a defect is related to a gene.
Sense 1 ("occurring... by heredity") captures the *mechanism* described in the context (inheritance from parents) and the implication of the defect being passed down, which is the core concept Knudson was proposing.

Given the phrase "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent," Sense 1 (hereditary/inheritable) is the most precise and encompassing interpretation of "genetic defects" in this specific narrative.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defect
Target surface form: defects
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information
3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer
4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: defect
    *   Target surface form: defects
    *   Context sentence: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>."
    *   Surrounding text discusses cancer, tumor-suppressor genes, inheritance, and damaged copies of genes.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (defect%1:26:01):** Definition: an imperfection in a bodily system. Examples: visual defects; detection of defects in the lungs.
        *   *Relevance:* High. The context is about genetic issues leading to cancer (a bodily system failure/imperfection).
    *   **Sense 2 (defect%1:07:01):** Definition: a failing or deficiency. Synonyms: shortcoming. Examples: unfortunate defect of our lack of information.
        *   *Relevance:* Moderate. While a genetic defect is a deficiency, this sense is more abstract (e.g., a failing in an argument or system design).
    *   **Sense 3 (defect%1:26:00):** Definition: an imperfection in an object or machine. Synonyms: fault, flaw. Examples: crystal to shatter; send it back to the manufacturer.
        *   *Relevance:* Low. The context is biological/genetic, not mechanical or manufactured objects.
    *   **Sense 4 (defect%1:07:00):** Definition: a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body). Synonyms: blemish, mar. Examples: facial blemish.
        *   *Relevance:* Low. This refers to cosmetic or visible flaws, not underlying genetic/functional errors.

3.  **Compare the best candidates (Sense 1 vs. Sense 2):**
    *   The context specifies "genetic defects" related to "retinoblastoma" (an eye cancer) and "tumor-suppressor genes." This points to a functional or structural flaw within the biological system (the gene/body).
    *   Sense 1 ("an imperfection in a bodily system") perfectly captures the biological nature of a genetic defect.
    *   Sense 2 ("a failing or deficiency") is too general and abstract for this specific biological context.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the most precise fit for "genetic defects" in the context of cancer and tumor-suppressor genes.

5.  **Format the output:** Ensure the output is a JSON object with the correct index. (Sense 1 corresponds to index 1 in the provided list).

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theorize
Target surface form: theorized
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theorize%2:31:00:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=speculate, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=theorize%2:31:02:: | definition=construct a theory about | examples=Galileo theorized the motion of the stars
3. sense_key=theorize%2:31:01:: | definition=form or construct theories | examples=he thinks and theorizes all day

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: theorized (past tense of theorize).
    *   Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   The context describes a scientific hypothesis (Knudson's idea about retinoblastoma and genetic defects) that was proposed/suggested.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (theorize%2:31:00):** Definition: to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds. Synonyms: speculate, conjecture, hypothesize. Example: Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps.
        *   *Fit:* Knudson was proposing an idea based on limited knowledge (a hypothesis). This sense aligns well with the idea of making a tentative belief or conjecture.

    *   **Sense 2 (theorize%2:31:02):** Definition: construct a theory about. Example: Galileo theorized the motion of the stars.
        *   *Fit:* Knudson was constructing a specific model/theory about how the cancer developed (the two-hit hypothesis). This sense also fits, emphasizing the construction of the explanatory framework.

    *   **Sense 3 (theorize%2:31:01):** Definition: form or construct theories. Example: he thinks and theorizes all day.
        *   *Fit:* This is a general sense of forming theories. It is very broad.

3.  **Compare and select the best fit:**
    *   The context is highly scientific and involves proposing a specific mechanism (the two-hit hypothesis).
    *   Sense 2 ("construct a theory about") is very strong because it implies building a structured explanation (a theory) regarding a specific phenomenon (retinoblastoma).
    *   Sense 1 ("believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds") is also strong, as proposing a hypothesis is inherently tentative.
    *   Sense 3 is too general.

    *   *Refining the choice:* When scientists "theorize" about a specific biological mechanism, they are not just *speculating* (Sense 1), but they are *constructing* a model or explanation (Sense 2). Knudson didn't just guess; he proposed a specific model of genetic inheritance and tumor development. Sense 2 captures this act of scientific construction more precisely than Sense 1's focus on mere uncertainty/speculation.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 2 is the most precise fit for a scientist proposing a specific, structured explanation (a theory) regarding a biological process.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "eye" in the given context.

Context: "He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Target word: eye

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Analysis:
The context mentions "eye cancer" and discusses genetic defects related to cancer development (retinoblastoma). Retinoblastoma is a type of eye cancer.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **the organ of sight**: This directly relates to the anatomical structure that can develop cancer (eye cancer). This is a very strong candidate.
2. **good discernment**: This is metaphorical and unrelated to anatomical cancer.
3. **attention to what is seen**: This is metaphorical and unrelated to anatomical cancer.
4. **central area**: This is spatial and unrelated to anatomical cancer.
5. **small hole or loop**: This is a physical feature (like in a needle) and unrelated to anatomical cancer.

The phrase "eye cancer" in a medical/biological context overwhelmingly refers to cancer of the eye organ.

Therefore, sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, I need to check the provided instructions and output format.
Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense.
2. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
3. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

The best sense is 1. I must return the JSON structure using the index of the chosen sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the provided context.

Context: "He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease (Medical/Disease)
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab (Astrology)
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini (Astronomy/Astrology)
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab (Astrology)
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer (Biology/Zoology)

Analysis of the context:
The surrounding text discusses "tumor-suppressing genes," "tumor," "genetic defects," and "retinoblastoma."
The specific phrase is "in the eye cancer."
Retinoblastoma is a type of eye cancer.
The context is clearly medical and genetic.

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00: This sense refers to malignant growth/tumor/disease. This perfectly matches the medical context (retinoblastoma, tumor-suppressing genes).
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00: Astrology (person). Incorrect.
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00: Constellation. Incorrect.
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00: Zodiac sign. Incorrect.
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00: Genus (crabs). Incorrect.

The best fit is sense 1.

Final check: The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "inherited" (the past participle of "inherit") in the given context.

Context snippet: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents (Focus: property/wealth after death)
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair (Focus: position/role)
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother (Focus: biological/genetic traits)

Analysis:
The context discusses "tumor-suppressing genes," "genetic defects," "damaged copy of a gene," and receiving these copies "from one parent and a normal copy from the other." This clearly relates to biological inheritance or genetic transmission.

Comparing the senses:
1. Sense 1 (obtain after death): Irrelevant. The context is about genes/parents, not property after death.
2. Sense 2 (receive from predecessor): Irrelevant. The context is biological, not about roles or positions.
3. Sense 3 (receive by genetic transmission): Highly relevant. The context explicitly mentions genes, copies of genes, and parents, which aligns perfectly with genetic inheritance.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "damaged" in the given context.

Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

Target word: damaged

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Analysis:
The word "damaged" is used in the context of a "copy of a gene."
"He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent..."
In genetics, a "damaged copy of a gene" refers to a mutation or defect in the gene sequence, which impairs its function.

Sense 1: definition=harmed or injured or spoiled. This sense relates to physical or functional impairment. A defective gene copy fits this definition perfectly (it is functionally harmed/injured).
Sense 2: definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute. This sense relates to reputation or social standing. This is completely irrelevant to genes.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "copy" in the given context.

Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

Target word: copy (referring to a gene)

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Analysis:
The context discusses genetics, genes, and inheritance. The word "copy" refers to a version of a gene that is inherited.

1. Sense 1 (reproduction of a written record): Irrelevant.
2. Sense 2 (a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing): This sense relates to duplication or similarity. In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to an identical or similar segment of genetic material (an allele or a specific gene instance). The examples provided (designer dress, clone) illustrate duplication, which aligns with the biological concept of genetic copies.
3. Sense 3 (matter to be printed): Irrelevant.
4. Sense 4 (material suitable for a journalistic account): Irrelevant.

The most appropriate sense is Sense 2, where "copy" means an identical or similar instance of something (in this case, a gene).

I need to return the JSON object with the correct sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "parent"
    *   Context sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Surrounding text discusses genetic defects, inheritance, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer in families.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1 (`parent%1:18:00`): "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian." (Focuses on human/biological reproduction and guardianship).
    *   Sense 2 (`parent%1:03:00`): "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained." (Focuses on biological origin/progenitor, often used in botany/zoology).

3.  **Determine the meaning in context:**
    *   The context is about genetic inheritance ("inherited a damaged copy of a gene").
    *   The "parent" is the source from which the infant received the gene.
    *   While Sense 1 refers to human parents, the context is discussing genes and inheritance, which is a broader biological concept.
    *   Sense 2 ("an organism... from which younger ones are obtained") is the most accurate biological definition for the source of a gene/organism, encompassing both human and non-human reproduction/genetic lineage.
    *   However, the phrasing "one parent and the other" strongly implies the biological entities that gave birth or contributed the genetic material to the infant. Both senses relate to this.

4.  **Refine the choice (Sense 1 vs. Sense 2):**
    *   If the context were about a plant, Sense 2 would be perfect.
    *   Since the context is about an "infant" and "eye cancer" (human subjects), the biological parents (Sense 1) are the specific entities being referenced.
    *   However, the *function* described (providing genetic material) aligns perfectly with the general biological concept of a progenitor (Sense 2).
    *   Let's re-examine the scope. Sense 1 is specific to human/guardian roles. Sense 2 is general biological origin. In genetics, the term "parent" refers to the genetic source, which is best captured by the general biological definition (Sense 2), even if the specific organisms are human.

5.  **Re-evaluating the provided senses and context:**
    *   The context is highly specific to human genetics (infant, eye cancer).
    *   Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child..." This directly covers the human biological parents who provide the genes.
    *   Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained." This is too broad and less specific to the human context provided.

6.  **Conclusion:** Although the concept is genetic, the entities referred to are the biological progenitors of the infant, making Sense 1 (human/biological parent) the most precise fit for the specific scenario described.

7.  **Final check:** The infant inherited a gene from one *parent* (father or mother). This matches Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "normal" in the given context.

Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

Target word: normal

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Analysis:
The context discusses genetics, specifically gene copies. The infant inherited a "damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
In this biological context, "normal copy" refers to a gene copy that is functional, standard, or not mutated/damaged, in contrast to the "damaged copy."

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal". This sense covers the idea of being standard or not abnormal, which fits the biological context (a standard, functional gene copy).
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02: "in accordance with scientific laws". Too specific and unlikely for describing a gene copy's state.
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03: "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development". This is typically used for human traits (intelligence, development) and is less precise for describing the functional state of a gene copy, although it relates to 'not abnormal'.
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00: Geometric sense. Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1 ("conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal") is broader and better captures the idea of a gene copy being standard or functional (i.e., conforming to the expected genetic norm), which is the opposite of being "damaged."
Sense 3 focuses heavily on average human development/intelligence.

In genetics, a "normal copy" means a copy that is wild-type or functional, adhering to the standard genetic blueprint. Sense 1, with its focus on "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal," is the most accurate fit for describing a functional, non-mutated gene copy.

Therefore, sense_key=normal%3:00:01 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "copy" in the provided context.

Context:
"He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

Target word: "copy" (in the phrase "normal copy from the other").

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Analysis:
The context discusses genetics, genes, and inheritance. The phrase is "a damaged copy of a gene" and "a normal copy from the other."
In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to a specific version or instance of that gene present in the organism's genome.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Reproduction of a written record (transcript). Irrelevant to genes.
2. A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. This sense relates to replication or duplication, which is highly relevant to biological copies (like DNA copies or gene copies). The examples (designer dress, clone) illustrate similarity/identity, which fits the concept of genetic copies.
3. Matter to be printed. Irrelevant.
4. Material suitable for a journalistic account. Irrelevant.

Sense 2, "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," best captures the meaning of a genetic copy—an identical or similar version of the original gene.

Therefore, sense_key=copy%1:06:00 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   The subject is "The tumor."
    *   The action is "developed."
    *   The context is biological/medical (tumor, genes, cancer, genetic defects).
    *   The meaning must relate to the tumor changing, growing, or becoming malignant/active due to a second genetic defect.

2.  **Analyze the target word and its meaning in context:** A tumor *developing* means it started growing, forming, or progressing into a cancerous state.

3.  **Examine the candidate senses for relevance:**

    *   1. make something new (product/creation) -> Unlikely for a tumor's internal process.
    *   2. work out (theory/plan) -> Incorrect.
    *   3. gain through experience -> Incorrect.
    *   4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) [synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire] -> Highly relevant. A tumor changing/growing is a physical change.
    *   5. come into existence; take on form or shape [synonyms=originate, arise] -> Relevant, but perhaps too broad.
    *   6. change the use of and make available or usable -> Incorrect (e.g., develop land).
    *   7. elaborate (theories) -> Incorrect.
    *   8. create by training and teaching -> Incorrect.
    *   9. be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest -> Possible, but usually used for abstract things (plots, secrets).
    *   10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment -> Very relevant. This covers biological growth/progression.
    *   11. become technologically advanced -> Incorrect.
    *   12. cause to grow and differentiate -> Incorrect (the tumor is doing the developing, not being caused to develop by an external factor like climate).
    *   13. generate gradually -> Possible, but less specific than growth/change.
    *   14. grow emotionally or mature -> Incorrect (tumor is not emotional).
    *   15. make visible (film) -> Incorrect.
    *   16. superimpose (geometry) -> Incorrect.
    *   17. move one's pieces (chess) -> Incorrect.
    *   18. move into a strategically more advantageous position (chess) -> Incorrect.
    *   19. elaborate (music) -> Incorrect.
    *   20. happen -> Too general.
    *   21. expand in the form of a series -> Incorrect.

4.  **Compare the best candidates (4 and 10):**

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" [synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire]. This fits the physical change of the tumor.
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment." This is a broader, more process-oriented definition, strongly emphasizing biological growth and progression.

5.  **Select the best fit:** Since the context is specifically about a tumor (a biological entity) undergoing a change due to genetic damage, Sense 10, which explicitly includes "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve" and mentions "natural growth, differentiation," is the most precise and comprehensive fit for biological progression. Sense 4 is accurate but less specific to the *process* of biological growth/evolution implied by the genetic context.

6.  **Final Check:** "The tumor... developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged." This means the tumor progressed/grew/evolved into a cancerous state. Sense 10 captures this perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "second" in the given context.

Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory."

Target word: "second"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Analysis:
The sentence is: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
The word "second" is modifying "copy".
The context discusses a "two-hit" theory, where an infant inherits one damaged copy and one normal copy. The tumor develops when the *second* copy (which was normal) is also damaged.

Sense 1 is an ordinal sense ("coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude"). This fits perfectly with the concept of the "second" copy in a pair (first copy, second copy).
Sense 2 refers to musical or hierarchical parts (e.g., second violin). This is irrelevant to genetic copies.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged."
2.  **Identify the target word and its role:** The target word is "normal." It modifies "copy" (specifically, a copy of a gene).
3.  **Determine the meaning of "normal" in this context:** The context discusses genetic defects and copies of genes. One copy is "damaged," and the other is "normal." In genetics, "normal" refers to the standard, functional, or non-mutated version of a gene.
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   **sense_key=normal%3:00:01:** conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal. (This is a general definition of standard/typical.)
    *   **sense_key=normal%3:00:02:** in accordance with scientific laws. (Too specific, usually applied to physical phenomena.)
    *   **sense_key=normal%3:00:03:** being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development. (Relates to average human traits, like intelligence, not necessarily the functional state of a gene copy.)
    *   **sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00:** forming a right angle. (Irrelevant.)
5.  **Refine the choice based on the specific domain (Genetics):** While the context is biological, the core meaning of "normal copy" here is that it is the standard, non-defective version.
    *   Sense 1 ("conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal") is the broadest definition of standard/non-abnormal.
    *   Sense 3 ("being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development") is too narrow (focusing on human development/intelligence).
6.  **Re-evaluating Sense 1 vs. Sense 3:** In the context of genetics, "normal" means "not mutated" or "standard/wild-type." Sense 1 captures the idea of "not abnormal" or "conforming with a standard." Sense 3 focuses on *average* performance, which is less precise than the functional standard required for a gene copy.
7.  **Re-examining the provided options and typical WordNet indexing:** Often, when dealing with biological/genetic standards, the sense related to "standard/not abnormal" (Sense 1) is the most appropriate general fit, even if the specific application is molecular. However, let's look closely at the provided examples for Sense 3: "a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence." This sense is clearly focused on human metrics.
8.  **Conclusion based on best fit:** The concept of a "normal copy" is fundamentally about it being the standard, non-defective version. Sense 1 ("conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal") is the best fit for the general concept of "standard/non-abnormal" when applied to a biological component like a gene copy, as it encompasses the idea of conforming to the expected standard state.

*Self-Correction/Double Check:* If the options were more granular (e.g., "wild-type" vs. "average"), the choice would be easier. Given the options, Sense 1 is the most robust definition of "standard/non-abnormal" applicable to a gene copy, whereas Sense 3 is too restricted to human development.

*Wait, let's check the provided solution structure again.* The prompt requires choosing the single best indexed sense. If the provided options are fixed, I must choose the one that best maps to the concept of "standard/non-mutated."

Sense 1: Standard/Not Abnormal. (Fits "non-mutated/standard gene copy.")
Sense 3: Average/Within limits (Intelligence/Development). (Does not fit gene copy status.)

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

*Final check of the required output format.* Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}. (Wait, the prompt asks me to return the index of the chosen sense, but the example uses '3'. I must ensure I use the index corresponding to Sense 1.)

Sense 1 corresponds to index 1 in the list provided.
Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.
Sense 3 corresponds to index 3.
Sense 4 corresponds to index 4.

I chose Sense 1. The index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "copy" in the given context.

Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged."

Target word: copy (the second instance in the context).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Analysis:
The context discusses genetics, genes, and inheritance.
"an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
Here, "copy" refers to a specific version or instance of a gene (a segment of DNA).

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Reproduction of a written record (transcript). Incorrect.
2. A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. This fits the biological concept of a genetic copy (a replica or version of the original gene). The examples (designer dress, clone) support the idea of similarity/identity.
3. Matter to be printed (text). Incorrect.
4. Material suitable for a journalistic account. Incorrect.

The best fit is sense 2, where "copy" means a replica or version of something (in this case, a gene).

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "damaged" in the given context.

Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>."

Target word: damaged (referring to a copy of a gene).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Analysis:
The word "damaged" modifies "copy of a gene." Genes are biological entities.
Sense 1 relates to physical harm, injury, or spoiling (e.g., damaged goods, damaged buildings). A gene copy being "damaged" in a biological context means it is defective or mutated.
Sense 2 relates to reputation or social standing (disreputable, discredited). This is clearly irrelevant to a gene copy.

The context strongly suggests a biological/physical defect. The gene copy is not spoiled in the sense of food, but it is functionally impaired or defective, which aligns best with the definition of "harmed or injured or spoiled" (Sense 1), especially when applied metaphorically to biological function (i.e., genetically damaged/mutated).

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "way" in the given context.

Context: "But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

The phrase is "no way to prove" and "no way of ferreting out".

1.  **Analyze the meaning in context:** "No way to prove" means there was no method, mechanism, or means by which they could establish the theory. "No way of ferreting out" means they lacked the method or means to isolate the genes.
2.  **Examine candidate senses:**

    *   1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion. (Fits "how something is done/achieved").
    *   2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency. (Fits "means/method to obtain a result").
    *   3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction. (Physical path/direction - unlikely).
    *   4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | (General state - unlikely).
    *   5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | (Behavioral path - unlikely).
    *   6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | (Physical road - unlikely).
    *   7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | (Travel - unlikely).
    *   8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | (Physical space - unlikely).
    *   9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | (Distance - unlikely).
    *   10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | (Personal choice - unlikely).
    *   11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | (Category - unlikely).
    *   12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | (Division - unlikely).

3.  **Compare best candidates (1 and 2):**
    *   Sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" (manner/mode).
    *   Sense 2: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" (means/agency).

    In the context "no way to prove" or "no way of ferreting out," the focus is on the *method* or *means* required to achieve the goal (proving the theory/ferreting out genes). Sense 2, emphasizing "means" and "how a result is obtained," is a slightly stronger fit for the instrumental nature of the lack of ability described here, although Sense 1 is also very close.

    Let's re-evaluate the common usage of "way" in this context. "A way to do X" almost always means "a method/means to do X." Sense 2 captures this instrumental meaning ("means") perfectly.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the most precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prove
Target surface form: prove
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prove%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=turn out, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=prove%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=demonstrate, establish, show, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=prove%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, evidence, show | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=prove%2:31:02:: | definition=prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof
5. sense_key=prove%2:41:03:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
6. sense_key=prove%2:38:01:: | definition=increase in volume | synonyms=rise | examples=the dough rose slowly in the warm room
7. sense_key=prove%2:38:00:: | definition=cause to puff up with a leaven | synonyms=raise, leaven | examples=unleavened bread
8. sense_key=prove%2:36:00:: | definition=take a trial impression of
9. sense_key=prove%2:31:01:: | definition=obtain probate of | examples=prove a will

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "prove" in the given context.

Context: "But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

Target word: prove
Contextual meaning: The sentence discusses a scientific theory ("two-hit theory") proposed by Dr. Knudson. The lack of ability to "prove" it means they lacked the means to establish its validity or provide evidence for it.

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=prove%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=turn out, turn up | Examples relate to outcomes (She proved to be right). Less fitting for establishing a scientific theory.
2. sense_key=prove%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=demonstrate, establish, show, shew | Examples relate to demonstrating instability or showing validity of a conjecture. This fits the context of establishing a scientific theory.
3. sense_key=prove%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, evidence, show | Examples relate to evidence (blood test showed father). This is also a strong candidate, closely related to sense 2.
4. sense_key=prove%2:31:02:: | definition=prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof | Too specific (mathematical proof). The context is biological/genetic theory.
5. sense_key=prove%2:41:03:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, try, try out, examine, essay | This relates to testing, which is part of proving, but sense 2 or 3 captures the goal (establishing validity/providing evidence) better.
6. sense_key=prove%2:38:01:: | definition=increase in volume | Irrelevant.
7. sense_key=prove%2:38:00:: | definition=cause to puff up with a leaven | Irrelevant.
8. sense_key=prove%2:36:00:: | definition=take a trial impression of | Irrelevant.
9. sense_key=prove%2:31:01:: | definition=obtain probate of | Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (Synonyms: demonstrate, establish, show).
Sense 3: "provide evidence for" (Synonyms: testify, bear witness, evidence, show).

In the context "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory," the goal is to establish the theory's validity. Both senses fit, but Sense 2, which explicitly includes "establish the validity of something," seems slightly more precise for the act of validating a scientific hypothesis/theory. Sense 3 focuses on the mechanism (providing evidence), while Sense 2 focuses on the outcome (establishing validity). Since the context is about the lack of means to confirm the theory, establishing validity is the core meaning.

I choose Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theory
Target surface form: theory
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "<t>theory</t>. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theory%1:09:00:: | definition=a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena | examples=theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses; true in fact and theory
2. sense_key=theory%1:09:01:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, possibility | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
3. sense_key=theory%1:09:02:: | definition=a belief that can guide behavior | examples=the architect has a theory that more is less; they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "theory" in the given context.

Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "<t>theory</t>. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

Target word: "theory" (in quotes: "two-hit theory")

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=theory%1:09:00:: | definition=a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena | examples=theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses; true in fact and theory
2. sense_key=theory%1:09:01:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, possibility | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
3. sense_key=theory%1:09:02:: | definition=a belief that can guide behavior | examples=the architect has a theory that more is less; they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales

Analysis:
The context discusses a scientific proposal by Dr. Knudson regarding the development of retinoblastoma (a type of cancer) based on genetic defects. He proposed a mechanism ("two-hit"). The text then states, "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."

This "two-hit theory" is a scientific concept/explanation being proposed and needing verification.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Sense 1 (Well-substantiated explanation/organized system of accepted knowledge): This implies the theory is already established or highly robust. The context says there was "no way to prove" it, suggesting it was not yet fully substantiated or accepted knowledge.
2. Sense 2 (Tentative insight/concept not yet verified; synonyms=hypothesis, possibility): This perfectly matches the situation. Knudson *proposed* the idea, and the text immediately follows by saying it needed to be *proven*. This aligns with the definition of a hypothesis or tentative insight.
3. Sense 3 (A belief that can guide behavior): This sense is irrelevant to the scientific context of genetics and cancer development.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit because the "two-hit theory" is presented as a scientific concept that was proposed but not yet proven.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: back
Target surface form: Back
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. <t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Back" in the given context.

Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. <t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible."

Target word: "Back" (in the phrase "Back then")

Let's analyze the context surrounding "Back then":
The preceding sentence discusses the "two-hit theory" proposed by Dr. Knudson.
The sentence containing "Back then" describes the state of scientific knowledge *at that time* (when the theory was proposed/developed).
"Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..."

This usage clearly refers to a past time period.

Now let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house (Relates to place)
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward (Relates to physical direction/location)
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep (Relates to state/condition)
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back (Relates to time)
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later (Relates to response)
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back (Relates to reciprocity/retaliation)

The phrase "Back then" means "In the past" or "At that time." This matches sense 4: "in or to or toward a past time."

Therefore, sense 4 is the best fit.