[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the <t>impact</t> of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "impact" in the provided context.

Context snippet: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the <t>impact</t> of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation."

Target word: impact

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another (Physical collision)
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop (Strong effect/consequence)
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture (Influence/intrusion)
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle (Combat/clash)

Analysis:
The phrase is "adapt to the impact of climate change".
Climate change is a large-scale environmental phenomenon. The consequences of climate change are effects or consequences.
The listed examples for sense 2 ("the book had an important impact on my thinking") clearly relate to effects/consequences.
The listed examples for sense 3 ("impingement of American values") relate to influence or intrusion, which is related but less direct than the resulting consequence.
Sense 1 (physical striking) is clearly incorrect.
Sense 4 (combat) is clearly incorrect.

Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect." This perfectly matches the idea of adapting to the *effects* of climate change (e.g., floods, droughts).
Sense 3: "influencing strongly." While climate change influences, when we talk about adapting *to* the impact, we are usually referring to the resulting state or consequence (the damage, the change, the effect).

Therefore, Sense 2, defined as "a forceful consequence; a strong effect," is the best fit.

Final check:
Context: adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought...
Sense 2: a forceful consequence; a strong effect. (Matches)

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index. Sense 2 corresponds to index 2 in the list provided.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flood
Target surface form: flood
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with <t>flood</t> and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flood%1:19:00:: | definition=the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land | synonyms=inundation, deluge, alluvion | examples=plains fertilized by annual inundations
2. sense_key=flood%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=inundation, deluge, torrent | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse
3. sense_key=flood%1:06:00:: | definition=light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam; used in photography | synonyms=floodlight, flood lamp, photoflood
4. sense_key=flood%1:04:01:: | definition=a large flow | synonyms=overflow, outpouring
5. sense_key=flood%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flooding; filling to overflowing | synonyms=flowage
6. sense_key=flood%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide);  -Shakespeare | synonyms=flood tide, rising tide | examples=a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "flood" in the given context.

Context snippet:
"...The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with <t>flood</t> and drought to avoiding deforestation."

Target word: "flood"
Collocates: "coping with", "drought"
Theme: Climate change impact, adaptation, environmental issues.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flood%1:19:00:: | definition=the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land | synonyms=inundation, deluge, alluvion | examples=plains fertilized by annual inundations
2. sense_key=flood%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=inundation, deluge, torrent | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse
3. sense_key=flood%1:06:00:: | definition=light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam; used in photography | synonyms=floodlight, flood lamp, photoflood
4. sense_key=flood%1:04:01:: | definition=a large flow | synonyms=overflow, outpouring
5. sense_key=flood%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flooding; filling to overflowing | synonyms=flowage
6. sense_key=flood%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide); -Shakespeare | synonyms=flood tide, rising tide | examples=a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune

Analysis:
The context mentions "coping with flood and drought" in the context of climate change impacts. Drought is a lack of water. Flood is typically an excess of water.

Sense 1: "the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land." This perfectly matches the concept of a natural disaster related to excess water, which is a common climate change impact alongside drought.
Sense 2: "an overwhelming number or amount." This is metaphorical (e.g., flood of requests) and does not fit the environmental context alongside drought.
Sense 3: "light that is a source of artificial illumination." This is irrelevant.
Sense 4: "a large flow." While a flood is a large flow, Sense 1 is more specific to the *event* of overflowing onto dry land, which is the standard definition used when discussing climate disasters.
Sense 5: "the act of flooding; filling to overflowing." This is close to Sense 1, but Sense 1 provides the full definition of the event (rising and overflowing onto dry land), making it more comprehensive for the disaster context.
Sense 6: "the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide)." This is specific to tidal movements and is not the general meaning of a climate-related flood disaster.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the most accurate and specific definition for "flood" when paired with "drought" in the context of climate change adaptation.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drought
Target surface form: drought
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and <t>drought</t> to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drought%1:26:00:: | definition=a shortage of rainfall | synonyms=drouth | examples=farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season
2. sense_key=drought%1:28:00:: | definition=a prolonged shortage | synonyms=drouth | examples=when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "drought" based on the provided context.

Context snippet:
"The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and <t>drought</t> to avoiding deforestation."

Target word: drought

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drought%1:26:00:: | definition=a shortage of rainfall | synonyms=drouth | examples=farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season
2. sense_key=drought%1:28:00:: | definition=a prolonged shortage | synonyms=drouth | examples=when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought

Analysis:
The context mentions "coping with flood and drought" as impacts of climate change that poorer countries need help adapting to.
Drought, in this context, is listed alongside "flood," which is a specific weather/climate event related to water availability.
Sense 1 defines drought as "a shortage of rainfall." This aligns perfectly with the concept of climate impacts like floods and droughts. The example also focuses on rain shortage ("farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain").
Sense 2 defines drought as "a prolonged shortage." While a drought is a prolonged shortage, Sense 1 provides the specific nature of the shortage (rainfall), which is more precise and relevant when paired with "flood" in a climate change discussion. The example for Sense 2 ("ten-year drought" related to a sporting event) is less relevant to the environmental context.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit because it specifies the nature of the shortage (rainfall), which is the standard definition used when discussing climate impacts alongside flooding.

I need to return the output in the specified JSON format, using the index of the chosen sense.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sort
Target surface form: sort
Context:
It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same <t>sort</t> of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sort%1:09:00:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, form, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
2. sense_key=sort%1:07:00:: | definition=an approximate definition or example | examples=she wore a sort of magenta dress; she served a creamy sort of dessert thing
3. sense_key=sort%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a particular character or nature | examples=what sort of person is he?; he's a good sort
4. sense_key=sort%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion | synonyms=sorting | examples=the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "sort" in the given context.

Context: "Still, Friday featured the same <t>sort</t> of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week."

Target word: sort

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sort%1:09:00:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, form, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
2. sense_key=sort%1:07:00:: | definition=an approximate definition or example | examples=she wore a sort of magenta dress; she served a creamy sort of dessert thing
3. sense_key=sort%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a particular character or nature | examples=what sort of person is he?; he's a good sort
4. sense_key=sort%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion | synonyms=sorting | examples=the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting

Analysis:
The phrase is "the same sort of verbal fireworks".
"Verbal fireworks" refers to dramatic, intense, or highly expressive verbal exchanges (arguments, speeches, etc.).
The structure "sort of X" here means "a type of X" or "a kind of X".

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **sense_key=sort%1:09:00**: definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality; synonyms=kind, form, variety. This matches the usage "a kind of verbal fireworks."
2. **sense_key=sort%1:07:00**: definition=an approximate definition or example. This is usually used when the noun is vague (e.g., "a sort of dessert thing"). While possible, sense 1 is a much stronger fit for classifying "verbal fireworks."
3. **sense_key=sort%1:18:00**: definition=a person of a particular character or nature. This is clearly incorrect as "verbal fireworks" is not a person.
4. **sense_key=sort%1:22:00**: definition=an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion. This is the transitive verb sense (sorting items), which is incorrect here.

Conclusion: Sense 1, meaning "kind" or "type," is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past <t>week</t>. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "week" in the given context.

Context: "Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past <t>week</t>."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Analysis:
The phrase is "for the past week." This refers to a duration of time during which the "verbal fireworks" (disputes/talks) have been happening.

Sense 2 relates to work schedules (e.g., "a 40-hour week"). This is clearly incorrect as the context is about diplomatic talks, not employment.

Sense 1 defines "any period of seven consecutive days." This is a general definition of a week used to denote a duration.
Sense 3 defines "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday." This is a specific type of week (calendar week).

In the phrase "for the past week," the speaker is referring to the duration of the events, which is a period of time. Both Sense 1 and Sense 3 fit the general concept of a duration of seven days.

Sense 1 ("any period of seven consecutive days") is the most general and appropriate fit for describing an unspecified duration of time ("the past week"). Sense 3 is too specific (requiring it to start on Sunday), which is not implied by the context.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, the instructions require me to return the JSON object with the sense index. Let me re-check the numbering provided in the prompt.

1. sense_key=week%1:28:00
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02

My chosen sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special <t>climate</t> envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "climate" based on the provided context.
I have two candidate senses:
1. `climate%1:26:00`: The weather in some location averaged over some long period of time. (Relates to physical weather patterns).
2. `climate%1:26:01`: The prevailing psychological state. (Relates to mood/atmosphere).

Context analysis:
The text discusses international negotiations, U.N. officials, "cutting their emissions," "greenhouse-gas emissions," "climate change," "flood and drought," and "deforestation."

Key phrases involving "climate":
1. "...help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation." (This clearly refers to environmental/weather patterns).
2. "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions..." (This links "climate" to emissions and environmental policy).

The usage of "climate" here is entirely related to global environmental issues, specifically the long-term patterns of weather and atmospheric conditions (i.e., global climate change).

Comparing the senses:
Sense 1: "the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time." This perfectly matches the context of "climate change," "emissions," "flood and drought."
Sense 2: "the prevailing psychological state." This is irrelevant to the context.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.

The instructions require me to return a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, I must select the index corresponding to Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: envoy
Target surface form: envoy
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate <t>envoy</t> Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=envoy%1:18:00:: | definition=a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador | synonyms=envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary
2. sense_key=envoy%1:18:01:: | definition=someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else | synonyms=emissary
3. sense_key=envoy%1:10:00:: | definition=a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry | synonyms=envoi

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "envoy" based on the provided context.

Context: "U.S. special climate <t>envoy</t> Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=envoy%1:18:00:: | definition=a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador | synonyms=envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary
2. sense_key=envoy%1:18:01:: | definition=someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else | synonyms=emissary
3. sense_key=envoy%1:10:00:: | definition=a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry | synonyms=envoi

Analysis:
The word "envoy" is used in the context of international climate negotiations ("U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language..."). Todd Stern is a person representing the U.S. administration's interests in these talks.

Sense 3 (poetry stanza) is clearly incorrect.

Sense 1 (diplomat having less authority than an ambassador) and Sense 2 (someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else) both relate to diplomatic roles.

Sense 2, "someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else," is a very broad and accurate definition for a diplomat or representative.
Sense 1, "a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador," is a more specific definition, focusing on the hierarchy of authority.

In the context of a "special climate envoy," the primary function is representation and mission execution (representing the U.S. interests in climate talks). While Sense 1 might be technically true (a special envoy might not be a full ambassador), Sense 2 captures the core function described by the role in the context (representing interests in negotiations).

Let's check the synonyms.
Sense 1 synonyms: envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary (these are high-level diplomatic titles).
Sense 2 synonyms: emissary (a general term for a representative sent on a mission).

Given the context of a "special climate envoy" participating in high-level international talks, both senses are plausible. However, Sense 2 provides the most fundamental and encompassing definition of the role: being sent to represent interests.

I will choose Sense 2 as the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cut
Target surface form: cuts
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding <t>cuts</t> of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cut%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of the profits | examples=everyone got a cut of the earnings
2. sense_key=cut%1:10:00:: | definition=(film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next | examples=the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt
3. sense_key=cut%1:06:00:: | definition=a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation | synonyms=gash
4. sense_key=cut%1:26:01:: | definition=a step on some scale | examples=he is a cut above the rest
5. sense_key=cut%1:26:00:: | definition=a wound made by cutting | synonyms=gash, slash, slice | examples=he put a bandage over the cut
6. sense_key=cut%1:13:00:: | definition=a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass | synonyms=cut of meat
7. sense_key=cut%1:10:02:: | definition=a remark capable of wounding mentally | synonyms=stinger | examples=the unkindest cut of all
8. sense_key=cut%1:10:04:: | definition=a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc | synonyms=track | examples=he played the first cut on the cd; the title track of the album
9. sense_key=cut%1:10:01:: | definition=the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage | synonyms=deletion, excision | examples=an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors; both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause
10. sense_key=cut%1:09:00:: | definition=the style in which a garment is cut | examples=a dress of traditional cut
11. sense_key=cut%1:06:01:: | definition=a canal made by erosion or excavation
12. sense_key=cut%1:04:03:: | definition=a refusal to recognize someone you know | synonyms=snub, cold shoulder | examples=the snub was clearly intentional
13. sense_key=cut%1:04:07:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, swing | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
14. sense_key=cut%1:04:08:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball | synonyms=undercut | examples=cuts do not bother a good tennis player
15. sense_key=cut%1:04:09:: | definition=the division of a deck of cards before dealing | synonyms=cutting | examples=he insisted that we give him the last cut before every deal; the cutting of the cards soon became a ritual
16. sense_key=cut%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cut in the lining revealed the hidden jewels
17. sense_key=cut%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of cutting something into parts | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cuts were skillful; his cutting of the cake made a terrible mess
18. sense_key=cut%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends | synonyms=cutting, cutting off | examples=the barber gave him a good cut
19. sense_key=cut%1:04:05:: | definition=the act of reducing the amount or number | examples=the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget
20. sense_key=cut%1:04:06:: | definition=an unexcused absence from class | examples=he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cuts" (plural form of "cut") based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses climate change negotiations. Key phrases include:
1. "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels"
2. "major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent."
3. "Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050."
4. "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding <t>cuts</t> of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries..."

The word "cuts" here refers to a reduction in the amount of greenhouse-gas emissions.

Candidate sense analysis:
I need to find a sense related to reduction or decrease in quantity.

1. cut%1:21:00: share of profits (Incorrect)
2. cut%1:10:00: film transition (Incorrect)
3. cut%1:06:00: trench (Incorrect)
4. cut%1:26:01: step on a scale (Incorrect)
5. cut%1:26:00: wound (Incorrect)
6. cut%1:13:00: piece of meat (Incorrect)
7. cut%1:10:02: remark (Incorrect)
8. cut%1:10:04: music selection (Incorrect)
9. cut%1:10:01: editorial omission (Incorrect)
10. cut%1:09:00: garment style (Incorrect)
11. cut%1:06:01: canal (Incorrect)
12. cut%1:04:03: refusal to recognize (Incorrect)
13. cut%1:04:07: baseball attempt (Incorrect)
14. cut%1:04:08: sports stroke (Incorrect)
15. cut%1:04:09: card division (Incorrect)
16. cut%1:04:02: act of penetrating (Incorrect)
17. cut%1:04:01: act of cutting into parts (Incorrect)
18. cut%1:04:00: act of shortening by chopping off ends (Incorrect, though related to reduction, it usually implies physical shortening)
19. cut%1:04:05: the act of reducing the amount or number (Definition: "the act of reducing the amount or number"; Example: "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget"). This matches the meaning of reducing emissions.
20. cut%1:04:06: unexcused absence (Incorrect)

Sense 19, "the act of reducing the amount or number," is the perfect match for "cut emissions."

The best indexed sense is 19.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas <t>emissions</t> for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "emissions" (plural of "emission") based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses climate change negotiations, industrial nations cutting their "emissions," and greenhouse-gas "emissions."
Key phrases:
1. "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels"
2. "major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent."
3. "Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050."
4. "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas <t>emissions</t> for industrialized countries..."

The context clearly refers to the release of gases (greenhouse gases) into the atmosphere, which is a scientific/environmental concept related to pollution or output.

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation. (This is the process/act.)
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge. (This refers to the released material/substance.)
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms. (Physics/atomic context.)
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling. (Biological context.)
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe). (Plumbing/fluid context.)

Matching the context ("greenhouse-gas emissions," "cut their emissions," "climate change") to the senses:
* Sense 3 (electrons) is incorrect.
* Sense 4 (bodily processes) is incorrect.
* Sense 5 (water flow) is incorrect.
* Sense 1 (the act of emitting) is possible, but the context refers to the *amount* of gases being cut, suggesting the substance or the resulting output.
* Sense 2 (a substance that is emitted or released) fits perfectly, especially when combined with the mention of "greenhouse-gas emissions." The emissions *are* the substances (gases) being released.

Therefore, sense_key=emission%1:27:00 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary <t>ones</t> by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target surface form: "ones" (plural of "one").
    *   Context sentence: "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary <t>ones</t> by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world."
    *   The phrase is "voluntary ones by major emerging economies."

2.  **Analyze the candidates:**
    *   **Candidate 1 (one%1:23:00):** Definition: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number. Synonyms: 1, I, ace, single, unity.
    *   **Candidate 2 (one%1:09:00):** Definition: a single person or thing. Examples: he is the best one; this is the one I ordered.

3.  **Determine the meaning in context:**
    *   The sentence discusses "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary [ones] by major emerging economies."
    *   "Cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" is the noun phrase being modified/compared.
    *   Therefore, "ones" refers back to "cuts" (or perhaps "emissions reductions"). It is a pronoun substituting for a plural noun (cuts/reductions).
    *   The meaning is "voluntary cuts" or "voluntary reductions."

4.  **Evaluate candidates against the context:**
    *   Candidate 1 (Numeral/Number): Does "voluntary numbers" make sense? No.
    *   Candidate 2 (Single person or thing): Does "voluntary single persons or things" make sense? No, because the antecedent is "cuts" (an action/measure), not a person or a singular object.

5.  **Re-evaluate the candidates and the nature of the target word:**
    *   The target word "ones" is functioning as a pronoun referring to a plural concept (cuts/reductions).
    *   Neither provided sense perfectly captures the function of a pronoun substituting for a specific type of measure or action.
    *   However, I must choose the *best* fit among the given options.
    *   Sense 2 ("a single person or thing") is the general sense of "one" when used as a pronoun substitute (e.g., "I like the red ones"). While the antecedent here is abstract ("cuts"), the function is still that of a general substitute pronoun for a plural entity/concept.
    *   Sense 1 is strictly numerical and is clearly incorrect.

6.  **Conclusion:** Although the context requires a sense related to "measures" or "reductions," Candidate 2 represents the general pronominal function of "one/ones" (substituting for a thing/concept), which is closer than the purely numerical sense of Candidate 1.

7.  **Final Selection:** Candidate 2. (Note: The provided candidates are weak for this specific context, but Candidate 2 is the only plausible choice.)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: move
Target surface form: move
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The <t>move</t> signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=move%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deciding to do something | examples=he didn't make a move to help; his first move was to hire a lawyer
2. sense_key=move%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing your residence or place of business | synonyms=relocation | examples=they say that three moves equal one fire
3. sense_key=move%1:04:03:: | definition=a change of position that does not entail a change of location | synonyms=motion, movement, motility | examples=the reflex motion of his eyebrows revealed his surprise; movement is a sign of life
4. sense_key=move%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of changing location from one place to another | synonyms=motion, movement | examples=police controlled the motion of the crowd; the movement of people from the farms to the cities
5. sense_key=move%1:04:02:: | definition=(game) a player's turn to take some action permitted by the rules of the game

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "move" in the given context.

Context:
"The <t>move</t> signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=move%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deciding to do something | examples=he didn't make a move to help; his first move was to hire a lawyer
2. sense_key=move%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing your residence or place of business | synonyms=relocation | examples=they say that three moves equal one fire
3. sense_key=move%1:04:03:: | definition=a change of position that does not entail a change of location | synonyms=motion, movement, motility | examples=the reflex motion of his eyebrows revealed his surprise; movement is a sign of life
4. sense_key=move%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of changing location from one place to another | synonyms=motion, movement | examples=police controlled the motion of the crowd; the movement of people from the farms to the cities
5. sense_key=move%1:04:02:: | definition=(game) a player's turn to take some action permitted by the rules of the game

Analysis:
The context is political/diplomatic: "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China..."
The word "move" here refers to a strategic action, a policy shift, or a diplomatic maneuver.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **sense_key=move%1:04:00**: "the act of deciding to do something." This fits perfectly. A political "move" is a strategic decision or action. (e.g., "a strategic move," "a diplomatic move").
2. **sense_key=move%1:04:01**: Changing residence/place of business. Irrelevant.
3. **sense_key=move%1:04:03**: Change of position without changing location. This is physical movement, not a political action. Irrelevant.
4. **sense_key=move%1:04:04**: Changing location from one place to another. This is physical movement, not a political action. Irrelevant.
5. **sense_key=move%1:04:02**: A player's turn in a game. Irrelevant.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the only appropriate sense, referring to a strategic or decisive action/decision.

Wait, the instructions require me to return the sense index number, not the key.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with <t>China</t> than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "China" based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses international climate change talks, emissions cuts, industrial nations, developing countries, the European Union, the Obama administration, and the US stance on climate action.
The relevant sentence is: "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with <t>China</t> than Bush administration officials did just two years ago."
The surrounding discussion focuses on "major developing countries" and their role in climate agreements.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Evaluation:
The context clearly refers to a geopolitical entity ("major developing countries," "Obama administration is taking a harder line with China"). This rules out senses 2 and 4 (porcelain/dishware).
The remaining options are Sense 1 (PRC/mainland China) and Sense 3 (Taiwan/ROC).
Since the discussion is about global climate negotiations involving "major developing countries" and the US administration's policy towards a specific large nation, Sense 1 (the People's Republic of China) is the most appropriate fit.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bush_administration
Target surface form: Bush administration
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than <t>Bush administration</t> officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive under President George H. W. Bush
2. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:01:: | definition=the executive under President George W. Bush

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the phrase "Bush administration" based on the provided context.

Target surface form: Bush administration
Context snippet: "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than <t>Bush administration</t> officials did just two years ago."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive under President George H. W. Bush
2. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:01:: | definition=the executive under President George W. Bush

Analysis:
The context discusses climate change negotiations, U.S. policy, and comparisons between the Obama administration and the administration that preceded it ("just two years ago").

The Obama administration took office in 2009. If the comparison is made "just two years ago" relative to the time of the article (which is likely around 2011, given the context of climate talks and the Obama administration's tenure), the preceding administration would be the one of George W. Bush (2001-2009).

If the context implied a much earlier time, George H.W. Bush might be relevant, but the reference to the Obama administration makes the George W. Bush administration the most logical antecedent.

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: officials
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration <t>officials</t> did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "officials" in the given context.
The target lemma is "official".
The context is: "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration <t>officials</t> did just two years ago."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses the Obama administration's stance compared to the Bush administration's stance regarding climate change negotiations (mentioned earlier in the text).
"Bush administration officials" refers to people who were part of the Bush administration, likely high-ranking government representatives or negotiators involved in these policies/talks.

Evaluation of senses:
Sense 1: "a worker who holds or is invested with an office" (synonyms=functionary). This fits the idea of high-ranking government workers or representatives (functionaries) from the administration.
Sense 2: "someone who administers the rules of a game or sport." This is clearly irrelevant to political administration and climate talks.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct sense.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two <t>years</t> ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target surface form: "years" (plural of "year").
    *   Context sentence: "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two <t>years</t> ago."
    *   The context discusses political actions, administrations (Obama, Bush), and a specific time frame ("two years ago").

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **sense_key=year%1:28:01:** | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920.
        *   *Relevance:* This is the standard definition of a calendar year, a unit of time. "Two years ago" fits perfectly here.

    *   **sense_key=year%1:28:02:** | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year.
        *   *Relevance:* This refers to specific functional periods (e.g., academic year, fiscal year). While "two years" could potentially refer to a fiscal period, the context (political administrations) strongly suggests the standard calendar/chronological year.

    *   **sense_key=year%1:28:00:** | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days.
        *   *Relevance:* Astronomical year. Completely irrelevant to the political context.

    *   **sense_key=year%1:14:00:** | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High.
        *   *Relevance:* Cohort/grade level. Irrelevant to the political context.

3.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   The phrase "two years ago" refers to a span of time measured in standard calendar years, marking a point in history relative to the present.
    *   Sense 1 (a period of time containing 365/366 days) is the precise definition for this usage.

4.  **Final check:** The usage is chronological time measurement, matching sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: united_states
Target surface form: United States
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The <t>United States</t> is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=united_states%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=united_states%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target surface form "United States" based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses international climate change talks, emissions cuts, financial aid, and negotiations between developed and developing countries (e.g., European Union, China, Obama administration, Bush administration).
The specific sentence containing the target is: "The <t>United States</t> is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers."

The context refers to the United States' stance and actions in international climate negotiations. Stern, the U.S. special climate envoy, is making statements about what the country (United States) will or will not do regarding a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. `united_states%1`: North American republic containing 50 states... (The country itself). Synonyms: United States of America, America, the States, US, USA.
2. `united_states%1`: The executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States (The government/institutions). Synonyms: United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

Evaluation:
In the sentence, "The United States is not going to do a deal...", the subject "United States" is acting as a political entity making a commitment or refusal to participate in an agreement. While the government (Sense 2) is the entity that *does* the dealing, when referring to the nation's overall policy or participation in international affairs, the name of the country (Sense 1) is typically used.

The context is about the nation's diplomatic position ("The United States is not going to do a deal..."). This refers to the country as a whole, not specifically its governmental branches in a structural sense.

Therefore, Sense 1 (the country/republic) is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a <t>deal</t> without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "deal" in the provided context.

Context sentence: "The United States is not going to do a <t>deal</t> without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers."

Target word: deal

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses international climate talks, negotiations, and commitments ("The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action"). The context is highly political and related to achieving an agreement or outcome in negotiations.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | (Relates to commerce/transaction)
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | (Relates to negotiation/agreement)
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | (Relates to quantity)
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board) | (Relates to wood)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | (Relates to wood)
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | (Relates to cards)
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | (Relates to treatment/outcome)
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | (Relates to cards)
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | (Relates to distribution)

Matching the context to the senses:
The phrase "do a deal" in the context of international negotiations strongly suggests reaching an agreement.

Sense 2: "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each" matches perfectly with the context of climate negotiations where the US is demanding commitments from developing countries before agreeing to anything.

Sense 1 (buying/selling) is too narrow, although an agreement can be a business deal, the context is geopolitical/environmental policy.
Sense 3 (quantity) is irrelevant.
Senses 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 are clearly related to physical objects or card games and are irrelevant.
Sense 7 (treatment received) is possible, but Sense 2 (the agreement itself) is the primary meaning when discussing what needs to be achieved in talks.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: text
Target surface form: text
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the <t>text</t> did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=text%1:10:00:: | definition=the words of something written | synonyms=textual matter | examples=there were more than a thousand words of text; they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech
2. sense_key=text%1:10:03:: | definition=a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon | examples=the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon
3. sense_key=text%1:10:02:: | definition=a book prepared for use in schools or colleges | synonyms=textbook, text edition, schoolbook, school text | examples=his economics textbook is in its tenth edition; the professor wrote the text that he assigned students to buy
4. sense_key=text%1:10:01:: | definition=the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.) | examples=pictures made the text easier to understand

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "text" in the given context.

Context:
"Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the <t>text</t> did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming."

Target word: "text"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=text%1:10:00:: | definition=the words of something written | synonyms=textual matter | examples=there were more than a thousand words of text; they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech
2. sense_key=text%1:10:03:: | definition=a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon | examples=the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon
3. sense_key=text%1:10:02:: | definition=a book prepared for use in schools or colleges | synonyms=textbook, text edition, schoolbook, school text | examples=his economics textbook is in its tenth edition; the professor wrote the text that he assigned students to buy
4. sense_key=text%1:10:01:: | definition=the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.) | examples=pictures made the text easier to understand

Analysis of the context surrounding "text":
"...said Stern, who also complained that the <t>text</t> did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers."

The context is a high-level diplomatic/climate change negotiation. Stern is complaining about a "text" related to the talks, specifically regarding verification of emission cuts. This "text" must be a document, agreement, or set of negotiated language.

Evaluating the senses:
1. **sense_key=text%1:10:00 (the words of something written / textual matter):** This fits perfectly. The "text" refers to the language or wording of the agreement/negotiations (e.g., the language regarding verification).
2. **sense_key=text%1:10:03 (Bible passage):** Highly unlikely in a climate negotiation context.
3. **sense_key=text%1:10:02 (schoolbook):** Completely irrelevant to international climate talks.
4. **sense_key=text%1:10:01 (main body of a written work):** While a document has a main body, sense 1 (the words/textual matter) is a more precise fit when discussing the *content* or *language* of an agreement that needs verification. The complaint is about what the text *does* (or doesn't do) regarding verification, which relates to its content/wording.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit. The "text" refers to the specific language or wording of the agreement being negotiated.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cut
Target surface form: cuts
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the <t>cuts</t> could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cut%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of the profits | examples=everyone got a cut of the earnings
2. sense_key=cut%1:10:00:: | definition=(film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next | examples=the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt
3. sense_key=cut%1:06:00:: | definition=a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation | synonyms=gash
4. sense_key=cut%1:26:01:: | definition=a step on some scale | examples=he is a cut above the rest
5. sense_key=cut%1:26:00:: | definition=a wound made by cutting | synonyms=gash, slash, slice | examples=he put a bandage over the cut
6. sense_key=cut%1:13:00:: | definition=a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass | synonyms=cut of meat
7. sense_key=cut%1:10:02:: | definition=a remark capable of wounding mentally | synonyms=stinger | examples=the unkindest cut of all
8. sense_key=cut%1:10:04:: | definition=a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc | synonyms=track | examples=he played the first cut on the cd; the title track of the album
9. sense_key=cut%1:10:01:: | definition=the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage | synonyms=deletion, excision | examples=an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors; both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause
10. sense_key=cut%1:09:00:: | definition=the style in which a garment is cut | examples=a dress of traditional cut
11. sense_key=cut%1:06:01:: | definition=a canal made by erosion or excavation
12. sense_key=cut%1:04:03:: | definition=a refusal to recognize someone you know | synonyms=snub, cold shoulder | examples=the snub was clearly intentional
13. sense_key=cut%1:04:07:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, swing | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
14. sense_key=cut%1:04:08:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball | synonyms=undercut | examples=cuts do not bother a good tennis player
15. sense_key=cut%1:04:09:: | definition=the division of a deck of cards before dealing | synonyms=cutting | examples=he insisted that we give him the last cut before every deal; the cutting of the cards soon became a ritual
16. sense_key=cut%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cut in the lining revealed the hidden jewels
17. sense_key=cut%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of cutting something into parts | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cuts were skillful; his cutting of the cake made a terrible mess
18. sense_key=cut%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends | synonyms=cutting, cutting off | examples=the barber gave him a good cut
19. sense_key=cut%1:04:05:: | definition=the act of reducing the amount or number | examples=the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget
20. sense_key=cut%1:04:06:: | definition=an unexcused absence from class | examples=he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cuts" (plural form of "cut") based on the provided context.

Context:
"Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the <t>cuts</t> could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming."

The target word is "cuts" (in the phrase "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions").

Analysis of the context:
The discussion revolves around international climate change talks, emissions, and pledges.
The phrase "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" clearly refers to a reduction or decrease in the amount of emissions.

Reviewing the candidate senses:
1. a share of the profits (Irrelevant)
2. (film) an immediate transition (Irrelevant)
3. a trench resembling a furrow (Irrelevant)
4. a step on some scale (Irrelevant)
5. a wound made by cutting (Irrelevant)
6. a piece of meat (Irrelevant)
7. a remark capable of wounding mentally (Irrelevant)
8. a distinct selection of music (Irrelevant)
9. the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage (Irrelevant)
10. the style in which a garment is cut (Irrelevant)
11. a canal made by erosion or excavation (Irrelevant)
12. a refusal to recognize someone you know (Irrelevant)
13. in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball (Irrelevant)
14. (sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball (Irrelevant)
15. the division of a deck of cards (Irrelevant)
16. the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge (Irrelevant)
17. the act of cutting something into parts (Irrelevant)
18. the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends (Irrelevant)
19. the act of reducing the amount or number (Examples: "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget") (Highly relevant)
20. an unexcused absence from class (Irrelevant)

Sense 19, "the act of reducing the amount or number," perfectly matches the meaning of "cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" (i.e., reductions in the amount of emissions).

The best indexed sense is 19.