[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: miss
Target surface form: missing
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are <t>missing</t> this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=miss%2:39:00:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=lose | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
2. sense_key=miss%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or suffer from the lack of | examples=He misses his mother
3. sense_key=miss%2:42:01:: | definition=fail to attend an event or activity | examples=I missed the concert; He missed school for a week
4. sense_key=miss%2:31:00:: | definition=leave undone or leave out | synonyms=neglect, pretermit, omit, drop, leave out, overlook | examples=How could I miss that typo?; The workers on the conveyor belt miss one out of ten
5. sense_key=miss%2:38:00:: | definition=fail to reach or get to | examples=She missed her train
6. sense_key=miss%2:42:00:: | definition=be without | synonyms=lack | examples=This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!
7. sense_key=miss%2:35:00:: | definition=fail to reach | examples=The arrow missed the target
8. sense_key=miss%2:42:02:: | definition=be absent | examples=The child had been missing for a week
9. sense_key=miss%2:32:00:: | definition=fail to experience | synonyms=escape | examples=Fortunately, I missed the hurricane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "missing" (the present participle of "miss") based on the provided context.

Context: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are <t>missing</t> this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

Target word: missing (adjective/participle)
Lemma: miss

The context refers to cells and tissue, and specifically states that these cells/tissue are "missing this gene." This implies an absence or lack of the gene within the biological sample.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=miss%2:39:00:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=lose | (Relates to perception/missing something visually or mentally) - Unlikely.
2. sense_key=miss%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or suffer from the lack of | examples=He misses his mother | (Emotional longing) - Unlikely.
3. sense_key=miss%2:42:01:: | definition=fail to attend an event or activity | examples=I missed the concert; He missed school for a week | (Absence from an event) - Unlikely.
4. sense_key=miss%2:31:00:: | definition=leave undone or leave out | synonyms=neglect, pretermit, omit, drop, leave out, overlook | (Omission/failure to include) - Possible, but usually applied to actions or items in a sequence.
5. sense_key=miss%2:38:00:: | definition=fail to reach or get to | examples=She missed her train | (Failure to arrive) - Unlikely.
6. sense_key=miss%2:42:00:: | definition=be without | synonyms=lack | examples=This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box! | (Absence/lack of a component) - Highly relevant. "Cells... are missing this gene" means they are without this gene.
7. sense_key=miss%2:35:00:: | definition=fail to reach | examples=The arrow missed the target | (Failure to hit) - Unlikely.
8. sense_key=miss%2:42:02:: | definition=be absent | examples=The child had been missing for a week | (Physical absence of a person/thing) - Possible, but sense 6 is more precise for a component (a gene).
9. sense_key=miss%2:32:00:: | definition=fail to experience | synonyms=escape | (Failure to encounter) - Unlikely.

The phrase "are missing this gene" clearly indicates that the gene is absent or lacking in the cells.

Sense 6: definition=be without; synonyms=lack. This perfectly matches the meaning of biological absence ("missing this gene" = "without this gene" = "lacking this gene").

Sense 4 (leave out) is related to omission, but Sense 6 (be without/lack) is the direct description of the state of the cells.

Therefore, sense 6 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reports
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are <t>reports</t> from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "reports" in the given context.
The target word is "reports" (plural form of report).
The context sentence is: "There also are <t>reports</t> from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

I need to analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=report%1:10:03**: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (synonyms: study, written report).
2. **sense_key=report%1:10:01**: the act of informing by verbal report (synonyms: account).
3. **sense_key=report%1:10:00**: a short account of the news (synonyms: news report, story, account, write up).
4. **sense_key=report%1:11:00**: a sharp explosive sound (examples: they heard a violent report...).
5. **sense_key=report%1:10:04**: a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment (synonyms: report card).
6. **sense_key=report%1:10:02**: an essay (synonyms: composition, paper, theme).
7. **sense_key=report%1:09:00**: the general estimation that the public has for a person (synonyms: reputation).

**Context analysis:**
The context discusses scientific findings regarding p53 genes in various cancers.
The sentence states: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."
These "reports" are coming "from several labs" and concern scientific findings ("missing p53 genes in tissue"). They are "unpublished," suggesting they are preliminary findings or data summaries.

**Evaluating senses:**

*   **Sense 4 (Explosive sound):** Irrelevant. The context is scientific data, not sound.
*   **Sense 5 (Report card):** Irrelevant. The context is cancer research, not student evaluation.
*   **Sense 6 (Essay):** Possible, as scientific findings can be written as papers/essays, but the phrasing "reports from several labs" suggests a summary of findings or data, not necessarily a formal academic essay structure.
*   **Sense 7 (Reputation):** Irrelevant. The context is scientific data, not public opinion.
*   **Sense 2 (Act of informing/verbal report):** While reports can be accounts, the phrase "reports from several labs" usually refers to the documented findings or data summaries, not just the act of telling.
*   **Sense 1 (Written document describing findings):** This fits very well. The labs are producing written documents/findings describing the mutation status of p53 genes. Synonyms like "study" or "written report" align perfectly with scientific data coming from labs.
*   **Sense 3 (Short account of the news):** This is often used for journalistic summaries. While scientific findings are news, the context emphasizes the source ("from several labs") and the nature of the content (specific genetic data), making Sense 1 (a formal description of findings/study) a more precise fit than a general "news story."

**Conclusion:**
Sense 1, "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group," is the most accurate description for "reports from several labs" detailing genetic findings.

The corresponding index is 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as <t>yet</t> unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "yet" in the given context.

Context: "There also are reports from several labs, as <t>yet</t> unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

Target word: yet

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Analysis of the context:
"There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes..."

Here, "yet" modifies "unpublished." It means that these reports have not been published up to the present time.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02: "up to the present time." This fits the meaning of "as yet unpublished."
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04: "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time." This sense is typically used with negative constructions (e.g., "haven't called yet"). While the context implies a lack of publication (a negative state), the structure "as yet unpublished" is a common way to express this temporal limitation. The synonym "as yet" strongly aligns with this sense.
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03: Comparative/extent. Incorrect.
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00: Future time. Incorrect (it refers to the present state of publication).
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05: Superlative. Incorrect.
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06: Concession/contrast. Incorrect.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "up to the present time."
Sense 2: "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time."

The phrase "as yet unpublished" is a classic usage of "yet" meaning "up to this point in time." Sense 2 explicitly includes the idea of describing a situation that has existed up to the present time, often in a negative or incomplete state (like being unpublished). Sense 2's synonyms (so far, thus far, as yet) are highly relevant.

The structure "as yet [adjective/participle]" is a strong indicator of Sense 2.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in <t>tissue</t> taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "tissue"
    *   Context sentence: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in <t>tissue</t> taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."
    *   The context discusses cancer, tumors, cells, and specific organs (lung, kidney, brain, skin). The word "tissue" is used in relation to samples taken from these cancerous organs.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function` (Biological/Anatomical tissue).
    *   Sense 2: `tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper` (Paper product).

3.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   The context explicitly mentions "lung cancer tissue," "kidney... cancers," "brain and skin cancers," and refers to "cells taken from" these samples. This is a biological/medical context.
    *   Sense 1 perfectly matches this meaning (aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function, i.e., biological tissue).
    *   Sense 2 (paper) is completely irrelevant to the discussion of cancer and cells.

4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is the clear and unambiguous choice.

5.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index. (Sense 1 corresponds to index 1 in the provided list).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue <t>taken</t> from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The goal is to perform fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "taken" (past participle of "take") using the provided context and candidate senses. The output must be a JSON object containing only the single best sense index.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The text is a scientific report about cancer research (p53 gene, breast tumors, lung cancer, kidney/brain/skin cancers).
    *   Key sentence: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."
    *   Key sentence: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue <t>taken</t> from kidney, brain and skin cancers."
    *   The word "taken" refers to tissue samples (biological material) that were removed from various types of tumors (lung, kidney, brain, skin).

3.  **Determine the Meaning of "taken" in Context:**
    *   The tissue was *removed* or *collected* from the tumors for testing.
    *   The action is one of extraction or collection.

4.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses (Focusing on removal/collection):**

    *   1. carry out (Action) - No.
    *   2. require (Time/Space) - No.
    *   3. take somebody somewhere (Lead) - No.
    *   4. get into one's hands, take physically (Synonyms: get hold of) - Plausible, relates to physical acquisition.
    *   5. take on a certain form (Assume) - No.
    *   6. interpret something (Convey meaning) - No.
    *   7. take something or somebody with oneself somewhere (Synonyms: bring, convey) - Plausible, relates to transport/removal.
    *   8. take into one's possession (Acquire) - Plausible, relates to acquisition.
    *   9. travel or go by means of transportation - No.
    *   10. pick out, select, or choose - No.
    *   11. receive willingly - No.
    *   12. assume, as of positions or roles - No.
    *   13. take into consideration - No.
    *   14. require as useful - No.
    *   15. experience or feel or submit to - No.
    *   16. make a film or photograph - No.
    *   17. remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract (Synonyms: remove, take away, withdraw) - **Highly Plausible.** This perfectly matches the idea of surgically or medically removing tissue samples.
    *   18. serve oneself to, or consume regularly - No.
    *   19. accept or undergo, often unwillingly - No.
    *   20. make use of or accept for some purpose - No.
    *   21. take by force - No (The removal is clinical, not forceful in a violent sense).
    *   22. occupy or take on - No.
    *   23. admit into a group or community - No.
    *   24. ascertain or determine by measuring - No.
    *   25. be a student of a certain subject - No.
    *   26. take as an undesirable consequence - No.
    *   27. head into a specified direction - No.
    *   28. point or cause to go towards - No.
    *   29. be seized or affected in a specified way - No.
    *   30. have with oneself; have on one's person - No.
    *   31. engage for service under a term of contract - No.
    *   32. receive or obtain regularly - No.
    *   33. buy, select - No.
    *   34. to get into a position of having - No.
    *   35. have sex with - No.
    *   36. lay claim to - No.
    *   37. be designed to hold or take - No.
    *   38. be capable of holding or containing - No.
    *   39. develop a habit - No.
    *   40. proceed along in a vehicle - No.
    *   41. obtain by winning - No.
    *   42. be stricken by an illness - No.

5.  **Select the Best Sense:** Sense 17 ("remove something concrete... synonyms: remove, take away, withdraw") is the most precise fit for "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Format the chosen index (17) into the required JSON structure.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, <t>brain</t> and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "brain" in the given context.

Context: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, <t>brain</t> and skin cancers."

Target word: brain

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Analysis:
The context lists types of cancers: "kidney, <t>brain</t> and skin cancers."
When listing tissues or organs affected by cancer, "brain" refers to the physical organ, the tissue of the central nervous system.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00: Refers to the physical part of the central nervous system (encephalon). This fits perfectly with listing organs affected by cancer.
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00: Refers to mental ability. This is abstract and cannot be a tissue type listed alongside kidney and skin. (Eliminate)
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01: Refers to the seat of thoughts/feelings (mind/psyche). This is abstract and not a tissue type. (Eliminate)
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00: Refers to a genius (person). This is a person, not a tissue. (Eliminate)
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00: Refers to animal meat. This is irrelevant to human cancer types. (Eliminate)

Sense 1 is the only appropriate sense, referring to the physical organ/tissue.

The instruction asks me to return the JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: at_the_same_time
Target surface form: At the same time
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. <t>At the same time</t>, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:03:: | definition=at the same instant | synonyms=simultaneously | examples=they spoke simultaneously
2. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:05:: | definition=overlapping in duration | synonyms=concurrently | examples=concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held; going to school and holding a job at the same time

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the phrase "At the same time" in the given context.

Context:
"Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. <t>At the same time</t>, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

Target phrase: "At the same time"

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:03:: | definition=at the same instant | synonyms=simultaneously | examples=they spoke simultaneously
2. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:05:: | definition=overlapping in duration | synonyms=concurrently | examples=concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held; going to school and holding a job at the same time

Analysis of the context around the target phrase:
"...of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

The preceding sentence lists various findings (missing p53 genes in kidney, brain, and skin cancers). The following clause introduces a separate, but related, ongoing activity: "the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

This structure suggests that while the previous findings are being reported/observed, this new research effort is happening concurrently or simultaneously.

Comparing the senses:
Sense 1: "at the same instant" / "simultaneously". This fits the idea of two events happening at the same time.
Sense 2: "overlapping in duration" / "concurrently". This also fits the idea of two ongoing processes happening at the same time.

In this specific context, the transition ("At the same time") is used to introduce a parallel line of research that is happening alongside the findings just described. Both senses capture this meaning.

However, Sense 1 ("at the same instant" / "simultaneously") is often used for immediate temporal overlap, while Sense 2 ("overlapping in duration" / "concurrently") is often used for longer-term parallel activities. Since the research efforts (reporting findings vs. rushing to pinpoint genes) are ongoing processes, Sense 2 might be slightly more precise for the *duration* of the research effort.

Let's re-examine the usage. "At the same time" is a common discourse marker used to introduce a related, parallel point.

If I use Sense 1 (simultaneously/at the same instant), it means the act of reporting the findings and the act of rushing to pinpoint genes are happening at the same instant.
If I use Sense 2 (concurrently/overlapping in duration), it means the two research streams are running parallel to each other over a period of time.

Given the nature of scientific research (ongoing projects), "overlapping in duration" (Sense 2) is a very strong fit for introducing a parallel research track.

Let's check the examples provided for Sense 2: "going to school and holding a job at the same time." This clearly implies overlapping duration.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 2 corresponds to index 2 in the list provided (1 and 2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins <t>team</t> and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "team"
    *   Context sentence: "At the same time, the Johns Hopkins <t>team</t> and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses cancer research (breast tumors, lung cancer, kidney cancer, etc.), specific genes (p53), and scientific investigations ("Researchers in Edinburgh," "scientists say," "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute").

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `team%1:14:00` | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
    *   Sense 2: `team%1:14:01` | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

3.  **Evaluate Sense 1 against the context:**
    *   Definition: "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)"
    *   Contextual fit: The Johns Hopkins "team" is involved in scientific research ("rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes"). A group of researchers/scientists working together constitutes a "cooperative unit." This fits perfectly.
    *   Synonyms: "squad" (a group of people working together). This also fits.

4.  **Evaluate Sense 2 against the context:**
    *   Definition: "two or more draft animals that work together to pull something"
    *   Contextual fit: The context is entirely about molecular biology and cancer research. There are no mention of animals, pulling, or agriculture. This sense is irrelevant.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the only appropriate meaning.

6.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires returning a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the correct index is 1. (Wait, the instructions ask for `{"sense_index": 3}` in the example, but I only have 2 candidates. I must use the index corresponding to the chosen sense.)

    *   Chosen sense: Sense 1.
    *   Index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rush
Target surface form: rushing
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are <t>rushing</t> to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rush%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street
2. sense_key=rush%2:33:00:: | definition=attack suddenly
3. sense_key=rush%2:30:01:: | definition=urge to an unnatural speed | synonyms=hurry | examples=Don't rush me, please!
4. sense_key=rush%2:30:00:: | definition=act or move at high speed | synonyms=hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate | examples=We have to rush!; hurry--it's late!
5. sense_key=rush%2:38:01:: | definition=run with the ball, in football
6. sense_key=rush%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=race | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze
7. sense_key=rush%2:36:00:: | definition=cause to occur rapidly | synonyms=induce, stimulate, hasten | examples=the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "rushing" in the given context.
The target lemma is "rush", and the surface form is "rushing".

Context:
"At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

The context describes scientific researchers (Johns Hopkins team and others) working on cancer research (pinpointing tumor-suppressor genes). The action "rushing to pinpoint" implies a sense of urgency or rapid effort in their research.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rush%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street (Physical movement)
2. sense_key=rush%2:33:00:: | definition=attack suddenly (Aggressive action)
3. sense_key=rush%2:30:01:: | definition=urge to an unnatural speed | synonyms=hurry | examples=Don't rush me, please! (Internal feeling/demand)
4. sense_key=rush%2:30:00:: | definition=act or move at high speed | synonyms=hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate | examples=We have to rush!; hurry--it's late! (Action/behavior, often implying urgency)
5. sense_key=rush%2:38:01:: | definition=run with the ball, in football (Specific sport action)
6. sense_key=rush%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=race | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze (Causative)
7. sense_key=rush%2:36:00:: | definition=cause to occur rapidly | synonyms=induce, stimulate, hasten | examples=the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions (Causative, related to events)

Analysis:
The phrase is "rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."
The researchers are not physically running (Sense 1, 4, 5).
They are not attacking (Sense 2).
They are not experiencing an internal urge (Sense 3).
They are not causing something to occur rapidly (Sense 7, though they are working quickly, the focus is on their action).
They are actively working with great speed and urgency to achieve a goal ("pinpoint").

Sense 4: "act or move at high speed" (synonyms: hasten, hurry). This fits the idea of performing a task quickly due to necessity or importance. "Rushing to pinpoint" means they are working quickly/hurrying to find the genes.

Let's compare Sense 4 and Sense 7.
Sense 7 is causative ("cause to occur rapidly"). If the sentence were "The pressure rushed the discovery," Sense 7 might fit.
Sense 4 is descriptive of the action itself ("act or move at high speed"). "The team is rushing" describes their manner of working. This is a better fit for describing the team's effort.

Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint <t>other</t> tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "other" in the given context.

Context: "At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint <t>other</t> tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

Target word: "other"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
3. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening

Analysis of the context:
"At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."
Here, "other" modifies "tumor-suppressor genes." It implies genes that are *not* the ones already known or being focused on (like p53, which was mentioned earlier).

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied. This perfectly matches the usage: finding genes *other than* the ones already studied.
2. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 (Distant past). Irrelevant.
3. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 (Unusual). While the genes might be unusual, the primary meaning here is differentiation from a set, not strangeness.
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 (Recently past). Irrelevant.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hope
Target surface form: hopes
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein <t>hopes</t> soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: | definition=expect and wish | synonyms=trust, desire | examples=I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise
2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: | definition=be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes | examples=I am still hoping that all will turn out well
3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: | definition=intend with some possibility of fulfilment | synonyms=go for | examples=I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "hopes" (target surface form) in the given context.
The target lemma is "hope".
The context is: "Dr. Vogelstein <t>hopes</t> soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: | definition=expect and wish | synonyms=trust, desire | examples=I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise
2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: | definition=be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes | examples=I am still hoping that all will turn out well
3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: | definition=intend with some possibility of fulfilment | synonyms=go for | examples=I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening

Analysis of the context:
"Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18..."
The structure is "hopes [time frame] to [action]". This indicates a future intention or expectation regarding a scientific goal (isolating a gene).

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01 (expect and wish): This is broad. While it fits, sense 3 seems more specific to the structure.
2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00 (be optimistic/have hopes): This describes a state of being (e.g., "I am hoping..."), not the specific action of intending a future goal ("hopes soon to isolate").
3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00 (intend with some possibility of fulfilment): This perfectly matches the structure "hopes to [verb]" or "hopes [time frame] to [verb]". It means Dr. Vogelstein intends/plans to isolate the gene, and this intention carries the possibility of success.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also <t>involved</t> in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "involved" in the given context.

Context: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also <t>involved</t> in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

Target word: involved

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Analysis:
The context discusses genes and cancer.
Sentence 1: "...one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."
Sentence 2: "...another gene involved with some types of colon cancer..."

In this scientific context, "involved in colon cancer" means the gene is associated with, participates in, or is related to the development or presence of colon cancer.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use. This perfectly matches the meaning of a gene being associated with a disease.
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered. This suggests difficulty or being stuck, which doesn't fit the biological relationship described.
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved. This is irrelevant to genes and cancer.
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate. While the gene might be complex, the usage here ("involved in colon cancer") refers to its functional relationship, not its structural complexity.
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped. This is a physical containment meaning, which is incorrect here.

Sense 1, "connected by participation or association or use," is the most accurate fit for a gene being "involved in" a disease.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: close
Target surface form: close
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=close%3:00:01:: | definition=at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other | examples=close to noon; how close are we to town?
2. sense_key=close%3:00:02:: | definition=close in relevance or relationship | examples=a close family; we are all...in close sympathy with...
3. sense_key=close%3:00:05:: | definition=not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future
4. sense_key=close%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=rigorously attentive; strict and thorough | examples=close supervision; paid close attention
5. sense_key=close%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=marked by fidelity to an original | synonyms=faithful | examples=a close translation; a faithful copy of the portrait
6. sense_key=close%5:00:00:equal:00 | definition=(of a contest or contestants) evenly matched | synonyms=tight | examples=a close contest; a close election
7. sense_key=close%5:00:00:confined:00 | definition=crowded | synonyms=confining | examples=close quarters
8. sense_key=close%5:00:00:unventilated:00 | definition=lacking fresh air | synonyms=airless, stuffy, unaired | examples=a dusty airless attic; the dreadfully close atmosphere
9. sense_key=close%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=of textiles | synonyms=tight | examples=a close weave; smooth percale with a very tight weave
10. sense_key=close%5:00:00:restrained:00 | definition=strictly confined or guarded | examples=kept under close custody
11. sense_key=close%5:00:00:private:00 | definition=confined to specific persons | examples=a close secret
12. sense_key=close%5:00:00:tight:01 | definition=fitting closely but comfortably | synonyms=snug, close-fitting | examples=a close fit
13. sense_key=close%5:00:00:short:01 | definition=used of hair or haircuts | examples=a close military haircut
14. sense_key=close%5:00:00:stingy:00 | definition=giving or spending with reluctance | synonyms=cheeseparing, near, penny-pinching, skinny | examples=our cheeseparing administration; very close (or near) with his money
15. sense_key=close%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00 | definition=inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information | synonyms=closelipped, closemouthed, secretive, tightlipped | examples=although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'close' in this context:** The phrase "close to finding" indicates proximity in time or achievement. They are near the point of discovery.
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `close%3:00:01`: at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other. (Matches the idea of proximity in time/achievement).
    *   2. `close%3:00:02`: close in relevance or relationship. (Doesn't fit "close to finding").
    *   3. `close%3:00:05`: not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances. Synonyms: near, nigh. (This perfectly matches the meaning of being near a goal or discovery).
    *   4. `close%5:00:00:careful:00`: rigorously attentive. (Incorrect).
    *   5. `close%5:00:00:accurate:00`: marked by fidelity. (Incorrect).
    *   6. `close%5:00:00:equal:00`: evenly matched. (Incorrect).
    *   7. `close%5:00:00:confined:00`: crowded. (Incorrect).
    *   8. `close%5:00:00:unventilated:00`: lacking fresh air. (Incorrect).
    *   9. `close%5:00:00:fine:00`: of textiles. (Incorrect).
    *   10. `close%5:00:00:restrained:00`: strictly confined or guarded. (Incorrect).
    *   11. `close%5:00:00:private:00`: confined to specific persons. (Incorrect).
    *   12. `close%5:00:00:tight:01`: fitting closely but comfortably. (Incorrect).
    *   13. `close%5:00:00:short:01`: used of hair or haircuts. (Incorrect).
    *   14. `close%5:00:00:stingy:00`: giving or spending with reluctance. (Incorrect).
    *   15. `close%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00`: inclined to secrecy. (Incorrect).
4.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 3):**
    *   Sense 1: "at or within a short distance in space or time..."
    *   Sense 3: "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances. Synonyms=near, nigh."
    *   Both are highly relevant. Sense 3, with its explicit inclusion of "not far distant in time" and the synonym "near," is the most precise fit for the idiomatic phrase "close to finding."
5.  **Select the final sense:** Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."
2.  **Identify the target word and its form:** Target lemma is 'find', surface form is 'finding'.
3.  **Determine the meaning in context:** The researchers are "close to finding another gene." This implies they are actively searching, investigating, or attempting to locate/identify this gene.
4.  **Examine the candidate senses:**

    *   1. come upon, as if by accident; meet with (Accidental encounter) -> Unlikely.
    *   2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (Scientific discovery/detection) -> Highly relevant. Finding a gene means determining its existence/presence.
    *   3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost (Locating a lost item) -> Possible, but 'gene' is usually discovered/determined, not just 'found' like a lost key.
    *   4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (Determining/ascertaining) -> Highly relevant. This fits the scientific context perfectly.
    *   5. come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds (Feeling/believing) -> Irrelevant.
    *   6. perceive or be contemporaneous with (Witnessing) -> Irrelevant.
    *   7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose (Acquiring/obtaining) -> Less precise than discovery/determination.
    *   8. make a discovery, make a new finding (General discovery) -> Highly relevant.
    *   9. make a discovery (General discovery) -> Highly relevant.
    *   10. obtain through effort or management (Acquiring) -> Less precise.
    *   11. decide on and make a declaration about (Ruling) -> Irrelevant.
    *   12. receive a specified treatment (Abstract reception) -> Irrelevant.
    *   13. perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place (Self-perception) -> Irrelevant.
    *   14. get or find back; recover the use of (Regaining) -> Irrelevant.
    *   15. succeed in reaching; arrive at (Reaching a target) -> Irrelevant.
    *   16. accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation (Self-discovery) -> Irrelevant.

5.  **Compare the best candidates (2, 4, 8, 9):**
    *   Context: Scientific research (finding a gene).
    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of." (Very strong fit for identifying a gene).
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study." (Focuses on the *process* of determination, which is exactly what researchers do).
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding." (General term for the outcome).
    *   Sense 9: "make a discovery." (General term for the outcome).

6.  **Select the single best fit:** Since the context is highly technical (genetics, chromosomes, researchers), the sense that emphasizes the *process* of scientific investigation leading to a conclusion is the most precise. Sense 4 ("establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study") captures the rigorous, methodical nature of genetic research better than the more general "discovery" senses (8, 9) or the simple "determine existence" sense (2).

7.  **Final check:** "Are close to finding another gene..." -> "Are close to establishing [the gene] after investigation/experiment." This is the most accurate interpretation.

8.  **Format the output.**


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target word: "involved"
    *   Context sentence: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."
    *   Surrounding text: The passage discusses genes (p53, tumor-suppressor genes) and their relationship to various cancers (lung cancer, kidney cancer, colon cancer).

2.  **Determine the Meaning in Context:**
    *   The gene is "involved with some types of colon cancer."
    *   This means the gene is associated with, connected to, or plays a role in the development or presence of colon cancer. It is not physically entangled (like mire), nor is it necessarily emotionally attached, complex, or enclosed. The relationship is one of association or participation in a biological process (cancer).

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved**
        *   *Match:* This definition ("connected by participation or association or use") perfectly matches the idea of a gene being associated with a disease.
        *   *Fit:* High.

    *   **2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion**
        *   *Match:* This implies hindrance or being stuck.
        *   *Fit:* Low. The gene is not hindered; it is related.

    *   **3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved**
        *   *Match:* This is about emotional connection.
        *   *Fit:* Very Low. This is a biological context.

    *   **4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship**
        *   *Match:* This refers to complexity.
        *   *Fit:* Low. While the gene might be complex, the sentence uses "involved" to describe its *relationship* to cancer, not its structural complexity.

    *   **5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved**
        *   *Match:* This means wrapped up or surrounded.
        *   *Fit:* Low.

4.  **Conclusion:**
    *   Sense 1, defined as "connected by participation or association or use," is the most accurate representation of a gene being "involved with" a type of cancer.

5.  **Final Output Generation:** (Format as requested JSON)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "types" (plural of "type") in the given context.

Context: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

Target word: types
Contextual meaning: The word "types" refers to different kinds or varieties of colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Analysis:
The phrase is "some types of colon cancer". This indicates different categories or kinds of cancer.

Sense 1: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing". This matches the meaning of different kinds/varieties of cancer.
Sense 2: "a person of a specified kind". Irrelevant (cancer is not a person).
Sense 3: "(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon". While cancer is biological, "types" here refers to specific variations/subdivisions of the disease, not necessarily formal taxonomic groups (like species or genus). Sense 1 is broader and fits better for general classification of diseases.
Sense 4, 5, 6: Relate to printing/typography. Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing." (General classification)
Sense 3: "(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon." (Formal biological classification, e.g., Kingdom, Phylum).

Since the context is discussing different forms or varieties of a disease (colon cancer), Sense 1, which is a general definition of subdivision or kind, is the most appropriate fit.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "believes" in the given context.
The target lemma is "believe".
The context is: "Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

I need to analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=believe%2:31:00::** | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
   * This sense relates to accepting a statement or fact as true.

2. **sense_key=believe%2:31:04::** | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
   * This sense relates to forming an opinion or judgment about someone or something.

3. **sense_key=believe%2:31:03::** | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
   * This sense relates to having confidence or certainty regarding a future event or a proposition.

4. **sense_key=believe%2:31:01::** | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
   * This sense relates to religious or philosophical faith.

5. **sense_key=believe%2:31:02::** | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?
   * This sense relates to judging the truthfulness of a source or person.

**Applying to the context:**
"Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Dr. Minna is stating a hypothesis or a conclusion based on his research/knowledge. He is holding the conviction that this statement (that people with this genetic condition are prone to lung cancer) is true.

*   Does it fit sense 1 (accept as true)? Yes, he accepts this proposition as true.
*   Does it fit sense 2 (judge or regard)? Less likely. He isn't judging the *quality* of the people, but stating a fact about their predisposition.
*   Does it fit sense 3 (be confident about something)? Yes. He is confident in this finding/theory.
*   Does it fit sense 4 (faith/credo)? No. This is a scientific statement, not a religious one.
*   Does it fit sense 5 (credit with veracity)? No. He is stating a finding, not questioning the truthfulness of a source.

Both sense 1 and sense 3 are plausible.
Sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true." (He takes this proposition to be true.)
Sense 3: "be confident about something." (He is confident in this finding.)

In scientific/academic contexts, when a researcher "believes" something, it usually means they hold it as a strong, evidence-based conviction or hypothesis (confidence/acceptance of truth).

Let's look at the examples provided for sense 3: "I believe that he will come back from the war." This is about confidence in a future event.
The context is: "Dr. Minna believes [that] people... are especially prone to lung cancer." This is a statement about a current/potential state of being (predisposition).

Sense 1 examples: "I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War." This is about accepting a specific piece of information (a report/story) as factual.

Since Dr. Minna is presenting a conclusion derived from his work, it is an assertion of his conviction or confidence in the truth of the proposition. Sense 3 ("be confident about something") captures the epistemic stance of the researcher best, indicating his strong conviction regarding the scientific finding. While sense 1 is also technically correct (he accepts it as true), sense 3 better captures the nuance of a professional asserting a theory or finding.

I will choose sense 3 as it reflects the researcher's confident assertion of a scientific hypothesis.