[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "potential" in the given context.

Context: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Analysis:
The context discusses "academic potential" and the ability of young men and women to "realize their full academic potential." This relates to inherent abilities, capabilities, and future possibilities in an educational setting.

Sense 1: "the inherent capacity for coming into being" (synonyms: potentiality, potency). This perfectly matches the concept of academic ability or inherent capacity.
Sense 2: "the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts" (synonyms: electric potential, voltage). This is a scientific/physics term and is completely irrelevant to the educational context.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct sense.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, I must select the index corresponding to Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "actually" in the given context.

Context: "No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Target word: actually

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Analysis of the context:
The sentence states: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
The speaker is asserting a reality—that the belief in equal potential is false. The word "actually" here functions to emphasize the true state of affairs, contrasting it with a potentially naive or idealized belief.

Evaluating the senses:
1. **in actual fact / really**: This fits the meaning of stating a truth or reality. "No one... really believes..."
2. **used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly**: This also fits. The expectation might be that people *do* believe in equal potential, but the speaker is stating the surprising reality that they don't.
3. **at the present moment**: This temporal meaning is irrelevant here.
4. **as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis**: This is a general function, but senses 1 and 2 capture the specific *type* of emphasis being used (stating a factual reality, often contrary to expectation).

Comparing 1 and 2:
Sense 1 ("in actual fact") is a general statement of reality.
Sense 2 ("used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly") captures the nuance of the statement better. The context is arguing against a common, perhaps idealistic, notion ("we all have an equal academic potential"). The use of "actually" here strongly suggests that the speaker is correcting a misconception or stating a surprising truth about human nature/reality.

Example for Sense 2: "you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out." (Implies the listener might think they are wrong, but they are right.)
Context: "No one... actually believes..." (Implies the listener might think people *do* believe, but they don't.)

Sense 2 is the most precise fit for the pragmatic function of "actually" in this argumentative context.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best choice.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually <t>believes</t> that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "believes" in the given context.

Context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Target word: believes (third-person singular present tense of believe).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Analysis of the context:
The sentence is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
The structure is: Subject (No one in his right mind) + Verb (believes) + Subordinate clause (that we all have an equal academic potential).
The verb here expresses an opinion or a conviction about a statement ("we all have an equal academic potential").

Evaluating the senses:
1. **accept as true; take to be true**: This fits perfectly. The speaker is stating that no one accepts the premise that all students have equal potential.
2. **judge or regard; look upon; judge**: While related to opinion, this sense often involves judging a person or thing (e.g., "I believe him to be honest"). Here, it's about accepting a proposition as true.
3. **be confident about something**: This relates to trust or expectation (e.g., "I believe he will succeed"). While related to conviction, the context is about accepting a factual claim (or lack thereof) about potential, not necessarily future confidence.
4. **follow a credo; have a faith**: This is too strong and relates to religious or philosophical adherence, which is not the primary meaning here.
5. **credit with veracity**: This usually applies to sources or people (e.g., "I don't believe the news"). While related to truth, sense 1 is a broader and more direct fit for accepting a general statement as true.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 ("accept as true; take to be true") is the most direct interpretation of believing a proposition ("that we all have an equal academic potential").
Sense 2 ("judge or regard") is often used when the object is a person or thing, not a general proposition in the 'that' clause structure, although it can overlap.

Sense 1 is the best fit for expressing acceptance of a proposition's truth value.

Final choice: Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "equal" in the given context.

Context: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential."

Candidate Senses:
1. `sense_key=equal%3:00:00`: definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. `sense_key=equal%3:00:03`: definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Analysis:
The phrase is "equal academic potential."
"Potential" here refers to the capacity or ability of a person.
The sentence states that no one believes everyone has the *same* capacity/ability.

Let's evaluate the senses:
Sense 1 (having the same quantity, value, or measure as another): This aligns perfectly with the idea of having the same level of potential. If they have "equal potential," it means their potential is the same.
Sense 2 (having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task / adequate): This sense relates to sufficiency or adequacy. If the sentence used "adequate potential," it would mean the potential is sufficient. However, the word used is "equal."

Conclusion: The context requires the meaning of sameness or parity. Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "academic" based on the provided context.

Context:
"Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Target word: academic (specifically referring to "academic potential").

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Analysis:
The context discusses "educational ladder," "elementary school," "tracking," "further study," and "realize their full academic potential." The word "potential" here refers to intellectual capacity or ability within an educational framework.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. **sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: (associated with academia or an academy)**: This sense relates to the field of study or the institution. "Academic potential" fits well here, meaning potential related to educational achievement or intellectual capacity within the system. Examples like "academic curriculum" support this general educational/scholarly association.

2. **sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 (hypothetical or theoretical)**: This sense relates to abstract, non-practical ideas (e.g., "academic discussion"). This does not fit the context of inherent student ability or educational goals.

3. **sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 (marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects)**: This sense is often negative (pedantic, overly focused on trivial learning). While related to learning, the context uses "academic potential" in a positive, broad sense (the capacity to achieve), not a narrow, pedantic one.

Conclusion:
Sense 1, "associated with academia or an academy," is the best fit. "Academic potential" refers to the potential for success or achievement within the educational system.

The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index.
The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "potential"
    *   Context sentences:
        *   "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows."
        *   "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."
        *   "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."
    *   The context revolves around education, students, academic ability, and realizing capabilities.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `potential%1:26:00` | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency. (Relates to inherent ability/capacity.)
    *   Sense 2: `potential%1:19:00` | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage. (Relates to physics/electricity.)

3.  **Match context to senses:**
    *   The context uses "academic potential" and discusses students' abilities and educational goals. This clearly relates to inherent capacity or ability.
    *   Sense 1 ("inherent capacity for coming into being") perfectly matches the meaning of "academic potential" in this educational context.
    *   Sense 2 (electrical potential) is completely irrelevant to the text.

4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1.

5.  **Format the output:** The instructions require a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the chosen sense is 1. (Wait, the instructions ask for `{"sense_index": 3}` as an example, but only two senses are provided. I must use the index corresponding to the chosen sense among the candidates.)

    *   Candidate 1 = Sense 1
    *   Candidate 2 = Sense 2
    *   I choose Candidate 1.

6.  **Final check of output format:** Return only a JSON object exactly like `{"sense_index": 3}`. (Using 1 for the chosen sense).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "generally" in the provided context.

Context sentence: "It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

Target word: generally

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Analysis of the context:
"It is generally desirable to use older textbooks..."
This phrase suggests that the preference for older textbooks is a common or typical preference, or that it holds true in most cases, rather than being a strict rule or a vague generalization.

Comparing the senses:
1. **usually; as a rule**: This fits well. If something is "generally desirable," it means it is desirable most of the time or typically.
2. **without distinction of one from others**: This usually applies to categories (e.g., "mammals in general"). It doesn't fit the context of desirability.
3. **without regard to specific details or exceptions**: This often relates to scope or abstraction (e.g., "generally speaking, the economy is stable"). While related to broadness, "usually" (Sense 1) captures the frequency/typicality implied by "desirable" better than "broadly speaking" (Sense 3).

Let's re-examine Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
Sense 1 (usually/as a rule): "It is usually desirable to use older textbooks." (Focus on frequency/typicality).
Sense 3 (broadly/loosely): "Broadly speaking, it is desirable to use older textbooks." (Focus on lack of detail).

In the context of preference ("desirable"), "usually" (Sense 1) is the most natural fit. It implies that while there might be exceptions, the general trend or typical opinion is that older textbooks are preferable.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

Wait, the instructions require me to return the JSON object using the index of the chosen sense.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

Let me double-check the provided indices in the prompt structure.
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

My choice is Sense 1. The index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "desirable" based on the provided context.

Context: "It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Target word: desirable

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Analysis:
The context states that it is generally desirable to use older textbooks instead of newer ones, which are described as "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."
The meaning of "desirable" here relates to being preferable, worthwhile, or good for the purpose (in this case, educational value/substance).

Sense 1: "worth having or seeking or achieving". This fits perfectly. Using older textbooks is considered worthwhile or preferable.
Sense 2: "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse". This is clearly irrelevant to textbooks.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "use" in the given context.

Context: "It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Target word: use

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Analysis:
The sentence is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks..."
The action is applying or employing textbooks for the purpose of education/study.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **sense_key=use%2:34:01**: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose". This perfectly matches using a textbook (a tool/resource) for its intended purpose (teaching/learning). Synonyms like 'utilize' and 'employ' fit well.
2. **sense_key=use%2:34:02**: "take or consume (regularly or habitually)". Textbooks are not typically "consumed" in this sense (like food or drugs).
3. **sense_key=use%2:34:00**: "use up, consume fully". This implies depletion, which is not the primary meaning here.
4. **sense_key=use%2:41:14**: "seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage". This usually refers to using people or resources strategically for personal gain (e.g., using friends for jobs). While textbooks are a resource, the context is about pedagogical preference, not strategic advantage in a personal sense.
5. **sense_key=use%2:41:04**: "avail oneself to". This is similar to sense 1, focusing on applying a principle or practice. It is a strong candidate, but sense 1 ("put into service; employ") is perhaps more direct when referring to physical objects like textbooks.
6. **sense_key=use%2:41:03**: "habitually do something (use only in the past tense)". This is irrelevant as the context is present/general advice ("It is generally desirable to use").

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 5:
Sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose." (e.g., using a tool, a book, a resource).
Sense 5: "avail oneself to." (e.g., applying a method, practicing a religion).

Since the object is a "textbook," which is a resource or tool, Sense 1 ("employ for a particular purpose") is the most precise fit.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "rather" in the given context.

Context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

The structure of the phrase is "use older textbooks... rather than newer ones."

This structure (X rather than Y) indicates a preference or choice between two alternatives.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter**
   * This sense relates to substitution or contrast (instead). The structure "rather than" fits this meaning perfectly. "Use older textbooks rather than newer ones" means preferring the older ones instead of the newer ones.

2. **sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice**
   * This is an intensifier (quite). It doesn't fit the structure "rather than newer ones."

3. **sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia**
   * This sense relates to preference or choice (preferably). The structure "rather than" strongly implies preference. "Use older textbooks rather than newer ones" means preferring the older ones. This sense is very close to sense 1, as "preferably" is a synonym for the function here.

4. **sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon**
   * This is an intensifier (quite). It doesn't fit the structure "rather than newer ones."

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
* Sense 1: "on the contrary," "instead." (Focuses on substitution/contrast)
* Sense 3: "more readily or willingly," "preferably," "sooner." (Focuses on preference/choice)

In the context "use older textbooks... rather than newer ones," the meaning is clearly one of preference (preferring older ones over newer ones). Both senses capture this, but Sense 3's definition ("more readily or willingly," "preferably") aligns slightly better with the nuance of choosing one option over another based on desirability, which is the core meaning of "prefer." Sense 1's "instead" is also accurate, but Sense 3 captures the *reason* for the choice (preference/willingness).

Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 3: "I'd rather be in Philadelphia." This is a classic example of expressing preference.
Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 1: "he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter." This is a classic example of correction/substitution.

Since the context is about choosing between two types of textbooks based on quality/desirability ("It is generally desirable to use older textbooks..."), the meaning is preference. Therefore, Sense 3 is the most precise fit for the function of "rather" in this comparative/preferential structure.

Final choice: Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "newer" (comparative form of "new") based on the provided context.

Context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Target word: newer (comparative of new)

Analysis of the context:
The sentence contrasts "older textbooks" with "newer ones." The subsequent sentence describes the "newer ones" as "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial." This suggests that "newer" here refers to something recently produced or fashionable, but perhaps lacking substance or quality compared to the older ones.

Let's examine the candidate senses for 'new' (and thus 'newer'):

1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=a new law; new cars
    * This sense relates to recency/recent creation. This fits the idea of "newer textbooks."

2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
    * This is about novelty/uniqueness, not necessarily just recency.

3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
    * Irrelevant (refers to people/skills).

4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
    * Too strong; the context suggests they are just recent, not necessarily unprecedented.

5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
    * This sense is too vague and doesn't capture the temporal/fashion aspect.

6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
    * Irrelevant (refers to condition).

7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
    * This sense specifically relates to being "of a new kind or fashion," which aligns well with the description "modish, trendy, often downright silly" applied to the newer textbooks.

8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times
    * Too specific (historical period).

9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
    * Irrelevant (language development).

10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
    * Irrelevant (agriculture).

11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
    * Irrelevant (familiarity).

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 7:
Sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." (General recency)
Sense 7: "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new." (Focus on fashion/style/trendiness)

The context explicitly links "newer" to being "modish, trendy, often downright silly." This strongly emphasizes the fashionable/stylistic aspect, making Sense 7 (new kind or fashion) a much better fit than the general recency of Sense 1.

Therefore, Sense 7 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target surface form: "ones" (plural of "one").
    *   Context sentence: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."
    *   The word "ones" refers back to "textbooks."

2.  **Analyze the Candidates:**
    *   **Candidate 1 (one%1:23:00):** Definition: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number. Synonyms: 1, I, ace, single, unity. (Focuses on numerical value).
    *   **Candidate 2 (one%1:09:00):** Definition: a single person or thing. Examples: he is the best one; this is the one I ordered. (Focuses on singularity/identity).

3.  **Determine the Usage in Context:**
    *   The sentence is comparing "older textbooks" to "newer ones."
    *   "Ones" here is a pronoun standing in for "textbooks."
    *   The function is to refer to a group of physical objects (textbooks) that are newer.

4.  **Match Usage to Candidates:**
    *   Does "ones" refer to a numerical quantity (like "the number one")? No.
    *   Does "ones" refer to a single person or thing (or multiple things, as a substitute noun)? Yes. It substitutes for "textbooks" (things).

5.  **Select the Best Sense:**
    *   Candidate 2, which defines "one" as "a single person or thing," is the appropriate sense when used as a substitute noun (pro-form) for a class of objects (textbooks).

6.  **Final Output Generation:** (Format as requested JSON).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "often" in the given context.

Context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

Target word: often

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee (Focuses on frequency of occurrence in time)
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much (Focuses on quantity/degree)
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances (Focuses on frequency across different situations/examples)

Analysis of the context:
The sentence is: "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."
Here, "often" modifies the description of the newer textbooks ("modish, trendy, downright silly, insubstantial"). It is used to intensify or qualify the degree to which they possess these negative qualities.

If we interpret "often" as:
1. (many times at short intervals): Does it mean the textbooks frequently *are* silly? This is plausible, but usually, when used as an intensifier before an adjective, it means 'frequently in instances where they are judged'.
2. (frequently or in great quantities): This sense is usually used for countable/uncountable nouns (e.g., "often used," "often seen"). While it relates to frequency, the structure here is Adjective, Adjective, *often* Adjective.
3. (in many cases or instances): This sense fits well when "often" is used to mean 'frequently' or 'in many instances' regarding a characteristic.

Let's re-examine the usage: "often downright silly."
This means that in many instances, or frequently, these textbooks are downright silly. This aligns best with the meaning of "in many cases or instances" (Sense 3), or perhaps the general sense of "frequently" (Sense 1).

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (Temporal frequency).
Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" (Frequency across examples/situations).

When modifying an adjective like this, "often" usually means "frequently" or "in many instances." Since the context is describing the *nature* of the textbooks (their quality), Sense 3 captures the idea of "in many instances they are silly" better than Sense 1, which emphasizes temporal repetition.

Let's check the synonyms for Sense 3: "in many cases or instances." This is the most abstract and fitting interpretation for qualifying a general characteristic of a group of items.

Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "dubious" based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Context: "They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

Target word: dubious

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Analysis:
The word "dubious" modifies "psychological and sociological theories."
The context contrasts these theories with "educational experience."
The implication is that the theories are not reliable, valid, or trustworthy.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. **uncertain/doubtful:** "fraught with uncertainty or doubt." This fits generally, but often implies a lack of certainty about an event or outcome (e.g., "doubtful that the cord would hold"). When applied to theories, it suggests they are uncertain, which is true, but perhaps not the strongest fit for criticizing their validity.
2. **questionable/open to doubt or suspicion:** "open to doubt or suspicion." This strongly suggests that the theories are not reliable or valid, making them suspect. This aligns well with criticizing academic theories.
3. **unconvinced/not convinced:** "not convinced." This sense usually applies to a person's state of mind (e.g., "He remained dubious about the claim"). While theories can be *found* dubious by someone, the word here is describing the *theories themselves*.

Comparing 2 and 1:
Sense 2 ("questionable") implies a judgment about the quality or validity of the theories (they are suspect).
Sense 1 ("uncertain") implies a lack of certainty about the theories (we don't know if they are true).

Since the sentence is criticizing the theories as being inferior to "educational experience," the criticism is about their inherent lack of validity or reliability. "Questionable" (Sense 2) captures this critical judgment of validity better than "uncertain" (Sense 1) or "unconvinced" (Sense 3).

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: psychological
Target surface form: psychological
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: "psychological"
    *   Context sentence: "They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."
    *   Surrounding text suggests a discussion about educational theories, textbooks, and academic potential.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `psychological%5:00:00:mental:00` | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
        *   *Focus:* The state (mental/emotional) itself.
    *   **Sense 2:** `psychological%3:01:00` | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories
        *   *Focus:* Relating to the field/discipline of psychology.

3.  **Evaluate the fit:**
    *   The context mentions "dubious psychological and sociological theories."
    *   The word "theories" strongly links the usage to the academic discipline of psychology.
    *   Sense 2's definition ("of or relating to or determined by psychology") and example ("psychological theories") perfectly match the usage in the sentence.
    *   Sense 1, while related to the mind, describes a *state* (e.g., "psychological distress"), not the *basis* of a theory derived from the field.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the best fit.

5.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires a JSON object with the sense index. Since the candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the chosen sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "rather" in the given context.

Context:
"It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience."

The target word is "rather" in the phrase: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

I need to analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter**
   * This sense relates to contrast or substitution (e.g., "not X, but rather Y").
   * The context uses "rather than": "theories rather than on educational experience." This structure strongly suggests a contrast or preference/alternative.

2. **sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice**
   * This is an intensifier (e.g., "rather cold").
   * The context is not modifying an adjective or adverb in this way.

3. **sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia**
   * This sense often relates to preference or choice (e.g., "I'd rather...").
   * While the structure "rather than" implies a preference for the second option (educational experience) over the first (dubious theories), the core function here is linking two contrasting elements (theories vs. experience).

4. **sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon**
   * Similar to sense 2, this is an intensifier. Not applicable here.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
* Sense 1 (on the contrary/instead): Focuses on replacing one thing with another, often used in the structure "rather than."
* Sense 3 (more readily/willingly/preferably): Focuses on preference or choice.

In the phrase "based on X rather than on Y," "rather than" functions as a conjunction indicating that X is *not* the case, and Y is the preferred or actual case. This is a strong contrast/substitution relationship.

Sense 1's definition ("on the contrary") and synonyms ("instead") align perfectly with the function of "rather than" in this contrasting structure.

Let's re-examine Sense 3. While "I'd rather be in Philadelphia" is a preference, the structure "based on X rather than on Y" is fundamentally a contrastive comparison, which is better captured by Sense 1.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target word: "educational"
    *   Context sentence: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience."
    *   Surrounding text discusses textbooks, teaching methods, academic potential, and the difference between older/newer materials.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology`
        *   Focus: The *process* of education (e.g., curriculum, pedagogy, schooling).
    *   **Sense 2:** `sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film`
        *   Focus: The *function* of teaching/learning (i.e., imparting knowledge or being informative).

3.  **Determine the Meaning in Context:**
    *   The phrase is "educational experience."
    *   The contrast is between "dubious psychological and sociological theories" and "educational experience."
    *   In this context, "educational experience" refers to knowledge, practical learning, or insights gained through the process of learning/studying, as opposed to abstract theories. It implies experience that *teaches* or *informs*.

4.  **Compare Contextual Meaning to Senses:**
    *   Does "educational experience" primarily mean "relating to the process of education" (Sense 1)? While it is *part* of the process, the emphasis here is on the *content* or *value* derived from that experience (i.e., the knowledge gained).
    *   Does "educational experience" primarily mean "providing knowledge" (Sense 2)? Yes. The experience is valuable because it *provides* real-world or practical knowledge, contrasting with theoretical knowledge derived from "dubious theories."

5.  **Select the Best Fit:**
    *   Sense 2, defined as "providing knowledge," aligns better with the function of an "experience" that is being contrasted with abstract, theoretical knowledge. The experience itself is the source of knowledge.

6.  **Final Check:**
    *   Context: "...rather than on educational experience."
    *   Sense 2: Providing knowledge. (The experience provides knowledge.) -> Strong fit.
    *   Sense 1: Relating to the process of education. (The experience is part of the process.) -> Weaker fit, as it misses the functional aspect of knowledge transfer implied by the contrast.

7.  **Format the Output:** (The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index.)
    *   Sense 2 corresponds to index 2 (assuming 1-based indexing for the candidates provided).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational <t>experience</t>. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "experience" in the given context.

Context: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational <t>experience</t>."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Analysis:
The phrase is "educational experience."
The context contrasts "dubious psychological and sociological theories" with "educational experience."
In an educational context, "experience" refers to the practical knowledge, accumulated wisdom, or practical application derived from teaching or learning, rather than just a single event or a feeling.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **Accumulation of knowledge or skill resulting from direct participation:** This aligns perfectly with "educational experience" (i.e., practical experience gained through teaching/learning).
2. **Content of direct observation or participation in an event:** This is too narrow and often relates to specific, singular events (like a religious experience). While related, it doesn't capture the broad, accumulated nature implied by "educational."
3. **An event as apprehended:** This refers to the subjective perception of an event (like a surprising experience). This is clearly not the intended meaning when contrasting it with academic theories in a pedagogical discussion.

Conclusion: Sense 1, which refers to the accumulation of knowledge or skill gained through participation, is the best fit for "educational experience."

The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "reasons" (plural of "reason") based on the provided context.

Context: "One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods."

Target word: reasons (plural)

Let's analyze the context: The sentence is discussing *why* American students perform poorly in math tests. The influence of "New Math" is presented as the explanation or cause for this poor performance.

Now let's evaluate the candidate senses:

1. **reason%1:16:00:** a rational motive for a belief or action. (Focuses on motivation/motive for action/belief).
2. **reason%1:10:01:** an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. (Focuses on cause/explanation).
3. **reason%1:09:00:** the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination. (Focuses on cognitive ability/intellect).
4. **reason%1:26:00:** the state of having good sense and sound judgment. (Focuses on rationality/sound judgment).
5. **reason%1:10:00:** a justification for something existing or happening. (Focuses on cause/grounds/justification).
6. **reason%1:09:01:** a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion. (Focuses on logical justification/premise).

The context asks for the *cause* or *explanation* for the poor performance ("American students do so poorly... is the influence of the 'New Math'").

*   Sense 2 (an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon) fits perfectly. The poor performance is the phenomenon, and the influence of "New Math" is the explanation/cause.
*   Sense 5 (a justification for something existing or happening) also fits well, as the influence is a justification for the poor results.

Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 5.
Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon." (Focuses on the *why* something happened).
Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening." (Focuses on the *grounds* or *cause*).

In the phrase "One of the reasons [for X] is Y," 'reasons' functions as the cause or explanation for X.

Sense 2 is highly specific to explaining a phenomenon (like poor test scores).
Sense 5 is broader (justification/cause).

Given the structure "One of the reasons [for poor performance] is [the influence]," Sense 2 ("an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon") is the most precise fit for this causal relationship in an academic/educational context.

Let's re-examine the options and the provided examples/synonyms.

Context: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests... is the influence of the 'New Math'..."

Sense 2: definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon. (Matches perfectly).
Sense 5: definition=a justification for something existing or happening. (Also matches, but Sense 2 is more focused on the causal link implied by "do so poorly").

I will select Sense 2 as the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons <t>American</t> students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target word: American
    *   Context: "One of the reasons <t>American</t> students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the 'New Math 'on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract 'learning 'the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."

2.  **Examine the usage in the context:**
    *   "American students" (compared to British, French, German, Japanese students) -> Refers to nationality/origin.
    *   "American textbooks and teaching methods" -> Refers to the national system/culture of the US.
    *   "November American Spectator" -> Refers to a publication associated with the US.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: `american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English`
    *   Sense 2: `american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna`

4.  **Match the usage to the senses:**
    *   The context clearly refers to the people, educational systems, and publications of the *United States of America*.
    *   Sense 1 (relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture) is a perfect match.
    *   Sense 2 (relating to the continents and islands of the Americas) is irrelevant to the discussion of national education systems and student performance.

5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1.

6.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the chosen sense is 1. (Wait, the prompt asks for `{"sense_index": 3}` in the example, but only provides two candidates. I must assume the numbering in the final output refers to the index of the chosen sense among the candidates provided, or perhaps the prompt implies a third sense exists but is not listed. Given the strict instruction to choose the single best indexed sense and the provided candidates, I will use the index of the chosen candidate.)

*Self-Correction/Refinement:* The prompt structure is unusual. It provides two candidates (1 and 2) but the example output uses `{"sense_index": 3}`. Since I must choose the best sense, and Sense 1 is the best fit, I will use the index 1, assuming the example output was a template error or refers to an unlisted sense. If I must strictly adhere to the provided example format, I cannot proceed without a sense index of 3. However, following the core linguistic task, I select Sense 1. I will output the index corresponding to Sense 1.

*Final check:* Sense 1 is the correct linguistic choice. I will output the index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American <t>students</t> do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: student
    *   Target surface form: students
    *   Context snippet: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article..."

2.  **Analyze the meaning in context:**
    *   The context discusses students performing poorly in math tests, being taught using specific methods ("New Math"), and struggling with basic mathematical concepts (adding, subtracting).
    *   This clearly refers to individuals currently enrolled in an educational setting (school/university) who are undergoing instruction.

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee`
        *   *Match:* This perfectly matches the context. The individuals are learners enrolled in a system where they take math tests and are taught specific methods.
    *   **Sense 2:** `sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman`
        *   *Match:* This refers to an expert or highly accomplished academic (a scholar). While a student *can* become a scholar, the context describes individuals who are *struggling* with basic math, not those who have achieved mastery.

4.  **Select the best sense:**
    *   Sense 1 is the definitive fit for the context of poor performance in math tests and being subject to teaching methods.

5.  **Format the output:**
    *   The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index. Since the candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the chosen sense is 1. (Wait, the prompt structure implies the final output should be a JSON object like `{"sense_index": 3}`, suggesting I should use the index of the chosen sense, which is 1).

6.  **Final check:** Choose Sense 1. Index is 1.