[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "copies" (target surface form) which is a plural form of "copy".
The context is a scientific passage discussing cancer development, genetic damage, polyps, and genes.
The specific sentence is: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

The target word "copies" refers to genetic material (genes).

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=copy%1:10:00::** | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
   * This relates to documents/records. Not relevant to genes.

2. **sense_key=copy%1:06:00::** | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   * This relates to replication or similarity (e.g., a clone). In genetics, a gene copy is a specific instance of that gene, which fits the idea of being identical to the original gene sequence. This is a strong candidate.

3. **sense_key=copy%1:10:01::** | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   * This relates to text/publishing. Not relevant to genes.

4. **sense_key=copy%1:10:02::** | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
   * This relates to journalism/writing. Not relevant to genes.

The context explicitly mentions "gene" and "knocked out" and "deleted," which are biological terms related to genetic material. When discussing genes, "copies" refers to the specific instances or segments of that gene present in the organism's DNA.

Sense 2, "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," captures the concept of a genetic copy (an identical segment of DNA/gene) best among the provided options, especially when contrasted with the other senses which relate to documents or text.

Therefore, sense_key=copy%1:06:00 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "second" in the provided context.

Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."

Target word: "second"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Analysis:
The context discusses genes and copies of genes.
"If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out..."
"If both copies of a second gene were then deleted..."

Here, "second" refers to a gene that is distinct from the "certain gene" mentioned previously. It indicates the order or sequence in which the genes are being considered or deleted (the second gene involved in the process).

Sense 1: ordinal (coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude). This fits the idea of a sequence or order (the second gene).
Sense 2: musical/subordinate part. This is irrelevant to genetics.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct interpretation.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "then" in the provided context.

Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."

Target word: "then"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Analysis of the context:
The sentence structure is: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

The first clause sets up a condition (knocked out -> benign polyps).
The second clause sets up a subsequent condition (deleted -> progress to malignancy).

The word "then" connects the two hypothetical scenarios, indicating a sequence or a consequence following the initial development of benign polyps.

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. **subsequently or soon afterward (sentence connectors):** This fits the idea of a sequence of events or conditions. If condition A happens, then B happens later/next.
2. **in that case or as a consequence:** This also fits, as the deletion (the second condition) leads to the progression to malignancy (the consequence).
3. **at that time:** This refers to a specific point in time in the past, which is not the function here.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
The structure "If X were deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy" suggests a causal link or a sequential step in the progression of the disease.

*   If I use Sense 1 (subsequently): "If both copies of a second gene were *subsequently* deleted, the polyps would progress..." This emphasizes the order of events (deletion happens, *then* progression happens).
*   If I use Sense 2 (as a consequence): "If both copies of a second gene were *as a consequence* deleted, the polyps would progress..." This phrasing is slightly awkward, but the meaning is that the deletion *causes* the progression.

In this specific scientific/hypothetical context ("If... then..."), "then" often functions as a logical connector indicating the result or the next step in a process.

The structure "If A, then B" is the classic conditional structure. Sense 2 ("in that case or as a consequence") captures the logical implication better than Sense 1 ("subsequently or soon afterward"), although Sense 1 is also plausible if viewed purely as temporal sequence.

However, let's look closely at the flow:
1. Knockout -> Benign polyps develop.
2. Deletion (of the second gene) -> Polyps progress to malignancy.

The deletion is the *trigger* for the progression. Therefore, "as a consequence" (Sense 2) is the most precise fit for the logical relationship being described in the scientific hypothesis.

Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 2: "if he didn't take it, then who did?"; "keep it then if you want to". These examples show "then" introducing the result/alternative.

The context is: "If both copies of a second gene were deleted, [then] the polyps would progress to malignancy." This is a clear conditional consequence.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: delete
Target surface form: deleted
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then <t>deleted</t>, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=delete%2:35:00:: | definition=remove or make invisible | synonyms=cancel | examples=Please delete my name from your list
2. sense_key=delete%2:32:00:: | definition=wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information | synonyms=erase | examples=Who erased the files form my hard disk?
3. sense_key=delete%2:30:00:: | definition=cut or eliminate | synonyms=edit, blue-pencil | examples=she edited the juiciest scenes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target surface form: "deleted" (past participle of "delete").
    *   Context: "...If both copies of a second gene were then <t>deleted</t>, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
    *   The context is highly scientific/biological, discussing genes, copies of genes, and cancer progression.

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (delete%2:35:00):** Definition: remove or make invisible. Synonyms: cancel. Example: "Please delete my name from your list." (Relates to lists/data removal, often administrative/social.)
    *   **Sense 2 (delete%2:32:00):** Definition: wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information. Synonyms: erase. Example: "Who erased the files form my hard disk?" (Specific to digital data.)
    *   **Sense 3 (delete%2:30:00):** Definition: cut or eliminate. Synonyms: edit, blue-pencil. Example: "she edited the juiciest scenes." (Relates to physical or conceptual removal/cutting, often used in editing/revision.)

3.  **Map the context to the senses:**
    *   The context involves genetic material ("copies of a second gene").
    *   When discussing genes, "deletion" refers to a segment of DNA being missing or removed from the chromosome structure. This is a biological/structural elimination.
    *   Sense 1 (cancel/list removal) is too abstract/administrative.
    *   Sense 2 (digital wiping) is too specific to technology.
    *   Sense 3 (cut or eliminate) fits the biological concept of a segment of DNA being physically or structurally removed/cut out of the genome. While the synonym "edit" might seem weak in a strict biological sense, "cut or eliminate" captures the essence of a genetic deletion (a segment is eliminated from the sequence).

4.  **Refine the choice (Sense 3 vs. others):**
    *   In genetics, a deletion is a structural change where a piece of DNA is lost. This is fundamentally an act of *cutting* or *eliminating* a segment.
    *   Sense 3, "cut or eliminate," is the closest functional match to the biological process of a gene deletion, even if the provided examples are literary/editorial. The core meaning of *elimination* applies perfectly to genetic material.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the <t>polyps</t> would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "polyps" (plural of "polyp") based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses cancer development, genetic damage, chromosomes, and various types of polyps.
Key phrases:
1. "development of polyps in the bowel"
2. "progressing from less severe to deadly"
3. "some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
4. "benign polyps would develop."
5. "the polyps would progress to malignancy."
6. "colon cancer to develop."

The context clearly places "polyps" in the medical/biological domain, specifically related to the digestive tract (bowel/colon) and cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. `sense_key=polyp%1:26:00`: definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. `sense_key=polyp%1:05:00`: definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Evaluation:
Sense 2 relates to coelenterates (hydra, coral) and life cycles, which is irrelevant to the context of bowel cancer and genetic damage.
Sense 1 defines a polyp as a small vascular growth on a mucous membrane. This perfectly matches the context of "polyps in the bowel" and their progression to malignancy (cancer).

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "malignancy" based on the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses polyps in the bowel, genetic damage, cancer development, and the progression from benign polyps to a state described as "malignancy."
Key phrases:
1. "...polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly..." (Here, "malignant" is used as an adjective describing the polyps/cells).
2. "...others in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells." (Again, "malignant" describes cells).
3. "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>." (Here, "malignancy" is the resulting state/condition of the polyps/cancer).
4. "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop." (The overall topic is cancer/disease progression).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Evaluation:
Sense 2 relates to evil intent or ill will (e.g., "a malignant spirit"). This is clearly irrelevant to the medical context of polyps and cancer.
Sense 1 relates to a "malignant state" in medicine, defined as progressive, resistant to treatment, and tending to cause death. This perfectly matches the context where the polyps progress to a deadly, cancerous state.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clear
Target surface form: clear
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory
4. sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water; clear plastic bags
5. sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection | examples=we were clear of the danger; the ship was clear of the reef
6. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt) | examples=a clear conscience; regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes
7. sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims | synonyms=clean, light, unclouded | examples=efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings; clear laughter like a waterfall
8. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law | synonyms=unmortgaged | examples=I have clear title to this property
9. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | definition=clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | synonyms=clean-cut, clear-cut | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints in the snow
10. sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined | examples=a set of well-defined values
11. sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | examples=on a clear day
12. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | definition=free of restrictions or qualifications | synonyms=clean | examples=a clean bill of health; a clear winner
13. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | definition=free from flaw or blemish or impurity | examples=a clear perfect diamond; the clear complexion of a healthy young woman
14. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | definition=clear of charges or deductions | examples=a clear profit
15. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | definition=easily deciphered | synonyms=decipherable, readable
16. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | definition=freed from any question of guilt | synonyms=absolved, cleared, exculpated, exonerated, vindicated | examples=is absolved from all blame; was now clear of the charge of cowardice
17. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | definition=characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | synonyms=percipient | examples=clear mind; a percipient author

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "clear" in the given context.

Context:
"Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."

The target word is "clear".
The phrase is: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."

This sentence indicates that the conclusion ("more than one gene had to be damaged") was obvious, evident, or easily understood based on the preceding scientific findings.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation**
   * This matches the meaning of something being obvious or evident. "It was clear that..." fits perfectly here.

2. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:free from confusion or doubt | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us**
   * While related to clarity of thought, the usage here refers to the *statement* or *fact* being clear, not the state of the mind.

3. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory**
   * Physical obstruction. Not applicable.

4. **sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water; clear plastic bags**
   * Physical transparency. Not applicable.

5. **sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection | examples=we were clear of the danger; the ship was clear of the reef**
   * Freedom/distance. Not applicable.

6. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt) | examples=a clear conscience; regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes**
   * Mental state (lack of guilt). Not applicable.

7. **sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims | synonyms=clean, light, unclouded | examples=efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings; clear laughter like a waterfall**
   * Purity/sound quality. Not applicable.

8. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law | synonyms=unmortgaged | examples=I have clear title to this property**
   * Legal freedom. Not applicable.

9. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | definition=clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | synonyms=clean-cut, clear-cut | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints in the snow**
   * Perceptibility (sensory). While related to obviousness, Sense 1 is a better fit for intellectual/logical obviousness.

10. **sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined | examples=a set of well-defined values**
    * This relates to precision in description, which is close, but Sense 1 ("readily apparent to the mind") captures the sense of logical inevitability better.

11. **sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | examples=on a clear day**
    * Weather condition. Not applicable.

12. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | definition=free of restrictions or qualifications | synonyms=clean | examples=a clean bill of health; a clear winner**
    * Lack of restriction. Not applicable.

13. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | definition=free from flaw or blemish or impurity | examples=a clear perfect diamond; the clear complexion of a healthy young woman**
    * Perfection/purity. Not applicable.

14. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | definition=clear of charges or deductions | examples=a clear profit**
    * Financial/legal. Not applicable.

15. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | definition=easily deciphered | synonyms=decipherable, readable**
    * Readability (text). Not applicable.

16. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | definition=freed from any question of guilt | synonyms=absolved, cleared, exculpated, exonerated, vindicated | examples=is absolved from all blame; was now clear of the charge of cowardice**
    * Legal innocence. Not applicable.

17. **sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | definition=characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | synonyms=percipient | examples=clear mind; a percipient author**
    * Mental acuity. Not applicable.

The best fit is Sense 1: "readily apparent to the mind." The context describes a scientific conclusion that is logically evident from the data presented.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "damaged" in the provided context.
The target lemma is "damage".
The target surface form is "damaged".

Context:
"Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Analysis:
The context discusses genetic changes, chromosomes, deletions, polyps, and cancer development. The sentence in question is: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."

When referring to a gene being "damaged" in a biological context (like genetic deletions or cancer development), it means the gene itself has been altered or compromised, leading to a negative state.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00: "inflict damage upon". This is transitive (e.g., *I damaged the car*). The gene is not inflicting damage; it is the recipient of the damage.
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01: "suffer or be susceptible to damage". This is intransitive or passive (e.g., *The car was damaged*). The gene is suffering the damage (the genetic alteration).

The structure "gene had to be damaged" requires a passive construction, meaning the gene is the object that has undergone the damage. This aligns perfectly with sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage."

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index. Since the candidates are listed as 1 and 2, I will use those indices.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "develop" in the given context.

Context:
"Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."

The target word is "develop" in the phrase "colon cancer to develop".

The context describes a biological/medical process: the progression of cancer from benign polyps to malignancy, driven by genetic damage.

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01: make something new (product, creation). (Not applicable to cancer progression).
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00: work out (theory). (Not applicable).
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06: gain through experience. (Not applicable).
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes). (Possible, but perhaps too general).
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00: come into existence; take on form or shape. (Possible, but usually implies initial formation, not progression).
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04: change the use of and make available or usable. (Not applicable).
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00: elaborate (theories). (Not applicable).
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00: create by training and teaching. (Not applicable).
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05: be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest. (Relates to unfolding, but usually abstract concepts).
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment. (This perfectly matches the biological progression described: polyps -> malignancy -> cancer).
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09: become technologically advanced. (Not applicable).
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01: cause to grow and differentiate. (This is about *causing* development, not the cancer *developing* itself, though related).
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09: generate gradually (market). (Not applicable).
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10: grow emotionally or mature. (Not applicable to cancer).
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00: make visible (film). (Not applicable).
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04: superimpose (geometry). (Not applicable).
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03: move pieces (chess). (Not applicable).
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02: move into a strategically more advantageous position (chess). (Not applicable).
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13: elaborate (music). (Not applicable).
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03: happen. (Too general, but related to progression).
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12: expand in the form of a series. (Not applicable).

The context clearly describes the biological progression of a disease (cancer). Sense 10, "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment," is the most precise fit for the biological/pathological progression of cancer.

Let's confirm the fit: "colon cancer to develop" means the cancer progresses or evolves. Sense 10 covers this perfectly.

I will select sense 10.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Context:** The sentence is: "Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."
    *   The surrounding text discusses complex scientific findings: genetic deletions, benign polyps, malignant cells, gene knockouts, and the development of colon cancer.
    *   The "report" is something that contains "confirming evidence" about these scientific findings.
    *   This report is significant enough to "galvanize other molecular biologists."

2.  **Analyze the Target Word and Candidates:**
    *   Target word: *report*
    *   The context strongly suggests a formal presentation or document detailing scientific findings.

    *   Candidate 1 (report%1:10:03): a written document describing the findings of some individual or group. Synonyms: study, written report. Examples: this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale.
    *   Candidate 2 (report%1:10:01): the act of informing by verbal report. Synonyms: account. Examples: he heard reports that they were causing trouble. (Focuses on the *act* of informing, not the document itself, though it could be related).
    *   Candidate 3 (report%1:10:00): a short account of the news. Synonyms: news report, story, account, write up. Examples: the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news. (Usually journalistic/brief, less formal than a scientific finding).
    *   Candidate 4 (report%1:11:00): a sharp explosive sound. (Irrelevant).
    *   Candidate 5 (report%1:10:04): a written evaluation of a student's scholarship. (Irrelevant).
    *   Candidate 6 (report%1:10:02): an essay (especially one written as an assignment). (Too narrow/academic assignment, usually not used for major scientific breakthroughs).
    *   Candidate 7 (report%1:09:00): the general estimation that the public has for a person. (Irrelevant).

3.  **Compare and Select the Best Fit:**
    *   The context is highly scientific and formal. The "report" contains "confirming evidence" about gene losses and tumor development.
    *   Candidate 1 ("a written document describing the findings of some individual or group," synonyms: *study*, *written report*) perfectly matches the description of a scientific paper or presentation detailing research findings.
    *   Candidate 3 ("a short account of the news") is too informal and journalistic for this specialized scientific context.
    *   Candidate 2 is about the *act* of reporting, not the resulting document of findings.

4.  **Conclusion:** Candidate 1 is the most precise fit for a scientific document detailing research findings.

5.  **Final Output Generation:** Format the choice as requested. (Sense index 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: galvanize
Target surface form: galvanized
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report <t>galvanized</t> other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: | definition=to stimulate to action | synonyms=startle, galvanise | examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: | definition=cover with zinc | synonyms=galvanise | examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: | definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock | synonyms=galvanise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "galvanized" in the given context.
The target lemma is "galvanize".
The target surface form is "galvanized".

Context:
"Their report <t>galvanized</t> other molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: | definition=to stimulate to action | synonyms=startle, galvanise | examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: | definition=cover with zinc | synonyms=galvanise | examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: | definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock | synonyms=galvanise

Analysis:
1. **Sense 2 (cover with zinc):** This is a literal, technical meaning related to metallurgy. The context is about a scientific report on cancer development and molecular biology. This sense is highly unlikely.
2. **Sense 3 (stimulate muscles by shock):** This is a medical/physical application of electricity. While the context is scientific, the action described ("galvanized other molecular biologists") refers to an intellectual or emotional reaction, not a physical stimulation of muscles. This sense is unlikely.
3. **Sense 1 (stimulate to action):** The report provided "confirming evidence" that was "needed." This evidence would likely motivate, excite, or prompt a reaction from other scientists. "Galvanized other molecular biologists" means the report spurred them into action, discussion, or intense interest. This aligns perfectly with the definition "to stimulate to action" and the provided examples ("galvanized into action").

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object: `{"sense_index": 3}`. Wait, the sense index in the prompt is 1, 2, 3. I must use the index corresponding to Sense 1.

Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "other" in the given context.

Context: "Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."

Target word: "other"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
3. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening

Analysis of the context:
"Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."
Here, "other" modifies "molecular biologists." It refers to molecular biologists who are not the ones who produced the report or are not already mentioned in the immediate preceding discussion (which focused on the findings of the report). It means additional, different, or remaining biologists.

Evaluation of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied. This perfectly matches the usage. "Other molecular biologists" means molecular biologists besides those already involved or discussed.
2. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 definition=belonging to the distant past. (Irrelevant)
3. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 definition=very unusual. (Irrelevant; the context doesn't imply strangeness, but rather addition/difference in identity).
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 definition=recently past. (Irrelevant)

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confirming
Target surface form: confirming
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "confirming" in the given context.

Context: "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."

Target word: confirming (adjective/participle)

Candidate Senses:
1. `confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test`
2. `confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence`

Analysis:
The phrase is "the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical...".
Evidence, in this scientific context, is data or findings.
The evidence is needed *to show* or *to prove* that gene losses are critical.

Sense 1 relates to indicating existence or presence (like a positive test). While evidence can indicate presence, the core function here is providing support for a hypothesis (that gene losses are critical).
Sense 2 relates to "serving to support or corroborate." This perfectly matches the function of scientific evidence that validates a theory or finding.

"Confirming evidence" in this context means evidence that supports or corroborates the hypothesis about gene losses.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "evidence" in the given context.

Context: "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Analysis:
The phrase is "the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor."
The context is scientific research (cancer development, gene losses).
The word "confirming" suggests that the evidence supports or verifies a hypothesis.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **sense_key=evidence%1:09:00**: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief." This fits perfectly. The findings (gene losses being critical) provide the necessary knowledge/basis for the scientific community to believe the hypothesis.
2. **sense_key=evidence%1:10:01**: "an indication that makes something evident." This is also plausible, as the findings are indications. However, "basis for belief" (Sense 1) is a stronger fit when discussing the culmination of research that confirms a theory.
3. **sense_key=evidence%1:10:00**: "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved." This is the legal sense, which is irrelevant here.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1 focuses on the *role* of the evidence (it is the foundation/knowledge needed).
Sense 2 focuses on the *nature* of the evidence (it is a sign/indication).

In the sentence, "It was the confirming evidence we all needed," the evidence is not just a sign, but the definitive knowledge that validates the theory. Sense 1 ("knowledge on which to base belief") captures this definitive, foundational role better than Sense 2 ("an indication").

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "needed" (the past tense of "need") in the given context.

Context: "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."

Target word: needed (meaning 'needed' in the context of evidence).

Candidate senses:
1. `need%2:42:00`: require as useful, just, or proper. Synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve. Example: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work."
2. `need%2:34:00`: have need of. Synonyms: want, require. Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner."
3. `need%2:34:01`: have or feel a need for. Example: "always needing friends and money."

Analysis:
The phrase is "the confirming evidence we all needed".
The evidence is something that is required or necessary for understanding/proving the point (that gene losses were critical).

Let's evaluate the senses:

Sense 1 (`need%2:42:00`): "require as useful, just, or proper." This sense aligns well with the idea of requiring something necessary for a purpose (the confirmation of the theory). "Evidence we needed" means "evidence we required/needed to confirm the theory." The synonyms (require, necessitate) fit perfectly.

Sense 2 (`need%2:34:00`): "have need of." This often implies a lack or a requirement for a resource or attention (like the piano needing a tuner). While "we needed evidence" could technically fit, Sense 1 is much stronger when the need is related to intellectual or logical requirements (like scientific confirmation).

Sense 3 (`need%2:34:01`): "have or feel a need for." This usually relates to emotional or physical needs (friends, money). This is clearly inappropriate for "evidence."

Conclusion: Sense 1, which focuses on requiring something as necessary or proper for a goal, is the best fit. The evidence was required to complete the picture/confirmation.

Mapping to the required output format:
The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor,"
    *   The surrounding text discusses cancer development, gene knockout, gene deletion, and the progression of polyps to malignancy.
    *   The phrase "gene losses" refers to changes in the genetic material of the cells.

2.  **Analyze the target word/form:** "losses" (plural of "loss").

3.  **Examine the candidate senses in relation to the context (genetics/biology):**

    *   1. `loss%1:21:01`: something that is lost (General loss). Plausible, but too broad.
    *   2. `loss%1:22:00`: gradual decline in amount or activity (e.g., weight loss). Not directly related to genetic changes.
    *   3. `loss%1:04:00`: the act of losing someone or something (The event of losing). Less likely in a technical biological context, unless referring to the event of deletion.
    *   4. `loss%1:07:00`: the disadvantage that results from losing something. (Consequence). Not what "gene losses" refers to; it refers to the event/change itself.
    *   5. `loss%1:11:01`: the experience of losing a loved one. (Emotional). Irrelevant.
    *   6. `loss%1:21:00`: financial loss (cost exceeds revenue). Irrelevant.
    *   7. `loss%1:11:00`: military personnel lost. Irrelevant.
    *   8. `loss%1:11:02`: euphemistic expressions for death. Irrelevant.

4.  **Re-evaluate the relationship between the context and the senses:**
    *   The context is highly technical (molecular biology, cancer, genes, deletion).
    *   In genetics, "gene loss" refers to the deletion or inactivation of a gene (a specific type of loss of genetic material).
    *   None of the provided senses explicitly capture the technical meaning of "deletion of genetic material."

5.  **Select the best fit among the provided schematic senses:**
    *   The most fundamental meaning of "loss" in this context is the *act* or *state* of something being missing or gone.
    *   Sense 1 (`something that is lost`) is the most general and applicable definition of a biological "loss" (i.e., the gene is lost/missing).
    *   Sense 3 (`the act of losing someone or something`) refers to the event.
    *   Sense 1 is broader and covers the state of the gene being absent, which is what "gene losses" describes.

6.  **Final Check:** "Gene losses" means the genes are gone/missing. Sense 1: "something that is lost." This is the closest conceptual match, even if the provided senses are not specialized for biological terminology.

7.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "critical" in the given context.

Context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."

Target word: critical

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude (Relates to judgment/criticism, not necessity)
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass (Relates to physical thresholds/phase transitions)
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation (Relates to analysis/evaluation)
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies (Relates to necessity)
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test (Relates to importance/turning point)
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness (Relates to danger/emergency)
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim (Relates to criticism)

Analysis of the context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor..."

The structure "X were critical to Y" implies that X (gene losses) were essential or necessary for Y (tumor development).

Comparing the senses to the meaning of "necessary/essential":
Sense 4: definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary. Synonyms=vital. This matches perfectly.
Sense 5: definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis. While related to importance, "to the development" suggests necessity rather than just being a turning point.
Sense 1, 3, 7: Relate to evaluation/criticism. Incorrect.
Sense 2, 6: Relate to physical states or emergencies. Incorrect.

Sense 4 (indispensable) is the best fit because "critical to the development" means "absolutely necessary for the development."

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

2.  **Identify the key domain:** The context is highly scientific, specifically relating to cancer, genes, tumors, and malignancy (biology/medicine).

3.  **Analyze the target word's role:** "Development" refers to the process by which a "common tumor" progresses or changes into a malignant state.

4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses based on the domain and meaning:**

    *   1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining (General improvement/refinement). *Possible, but too general.*
    *   2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage). *This fits the idea of a tumor progressing from common to malignant.*
    *   3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level. *This is a very specific biological process of change/maturation, perfectly matching the progression of a tumor/cell.*
    *   4. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation (Recent event). *Incorrect.*
    *   5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful (Land use). *Incorrect.*
    *   6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose (Urban planning). *Incorrect.*
    *   7. a state in which things are improving (General state of improvement). *Too general.*
    *   8. processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible (Photography). *Incorrect.*
    *   9. (music) the section of a composition... (Music). *Incorrect.*

5.  **Compare the best candidates (2 and 3):**
    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)." (General biological/abstract progression).
    *   Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level." (Specific biological growth/maturation).

6.  **Select the best fit:** Since the context explicitly deals with cellular and tumor biology ("colon cell," "tumor," "malignancy"), Sense 3, which is explicitly defined as a biological process of gradual change/maturation (ontogeny/ontogenesis), is the most precise and appropriate choice. The progression of a tumor is a biological unfolding of events.

7.  **Final check:** "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor" -> Gene losses caused the biological maturation/progression of the tumor. Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "common" in the given context.

Context: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City."

Target word: common
Candidate senses:
1. common%3: belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public
2. common%1: having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual
3. common%5:shared: common to or shared by two or more parties; synonyms=mutual
4. common%5:familiar: commonly encountered; synonyms=usual
5. common%5:informal: being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language
6. common%5:lowborn: of or associated with the great masses of people
7. common%5:inferior: of low or inferior quality or value
8. common%5:unrefined: lacking refinement or cultivation or taste
9. common%5:ordinary: to be expected; standard

Analysis:
The phrase is "development of a common tumor".
In a scientific/medical context, when describing a tumor, "common" usually refers to a type that is frequent, typical, or standard, as opposed to a rare or unique type.

Let's evaluate the candidates:

1. common%3 (public/community): Does a tumor belong to a community? No, this sense is irrelevant.
2. common%1 (average or ordinary or usual): This fits well. A "common tumor" would be an ordinary or usual type of tumor.
3. common%5:shared (mutual): Does the tumor share something with another party? Not in this context.
4. common%5:familiar (commonly encountered): This is very close to sense 2. It means typical or usual.
5. common%5:informal: Irrelevant.
6. common%5:lowborn: Irrelevant.
7. common%5:inferior: While tumors can be inferior, "common" usually doesn't mean "inferior" in this context; it means typical.
8. common%5:unrefined: Irrelevant.
9. common%5:ordinary (to be expected; standard): This is also a strong fit, synonymous with sense 2 and 4.

Comparing 2, 4, and 9:
Sense 2: having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual.
Sense 4: commonly encountered; synonyms=usual.
Sense 9: to be expected; standard.

All three convey the idea of typicality or frequency.
Sense 2 is the broadest and most encompassing definition for "ordinary/usual."
Sense 4 focuses specifically on being "commonly encountered."
Sense 9 focuses on being "standard" or "expected."

In the context of medical classification (types of tumors), "common" means typical or frequently observed. Sense 2 ("average or ordinary or usual") captures this meaning perfectly. Sense 4 is also excellent, but Sense 2 is slightly more comprehensive for the general meaning of typicality.

Let's choose Sense 2 as the best fit for "ordinary/usual" in a scientific classification context.

Sense 2: common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual

Wait, I need to check the index numbers provided in the prompt carefully.
Sense 1: common%3:00:02
Sense 2: common%3:00:01
Sense 3: common%5:00:00:shared:00
Sense 4: common%5:00:00:familiar:02
Sense 5: common%5:00:00:informal:02
Sense 6: common%5:00:00:lowborn:00
Sense 7: common%5:00:00:inferior:02
Sense 8: common%5:00:00:unrefined:01
Sense 9: common%5:00:00:ordinary:00

My chosen sense is Sense 2 (common%3:00:01).