[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: Most
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- <t>Most</t> important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Most" in the given context.
The context is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- <t>Most</t> important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The target word is "Most" in the phrase "Most important of all".

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Analysis:
The phrase is "Most important of all".
"Important" is an adjective.
The structure "Most [adjective] of all" is the standard construction for the superlative degree.
This means the sentence is identifying the item that holds the highest degree of importance.

Let's check the candidates:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00: definition=used to form the superlative; synonyms=to the highest degree. This perfectly matches the usage in "Most important of all".
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01: definition=very. While "most" can sometimes mean "very" (e.g., "a most welcome relief"), here it is clearly functioning as a superlative marker modifying "important".
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02: definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but. This sense relates to approximation or near-completion (e.g., "most of the work is done"), which is irrelevant here.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most <t>important</t> of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "important" in the given context.

Context:
"Most <t>important</t> of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Target word: important

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Analysis:
The phrase is "Most important of all". This structure usually indicates the highest degree of significance or priority among a set of things being discussed.
The discussion is about what makes schools successful (having principals with authority, being free of outside interference, having a powerful head).

Let's evaluate the senses:

1. **sense_key=important%3:00:00:: (great significance or value)**: This fits well with "Most important of all," meaning the most significant or valuable factor.
2. **sense_key=important%3:00:04:: (important in effect or meaning)**: This is similar to sense 1, focusing on meaning/effect.
3. **sense_key=important%3:00:02:: (of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis)**: This sense emphasizes criticality or necessity, which aligns strongly with the context of determining the *most* vital factor for a school's success. "Most important of all" often implies "most crucial."
4. **sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 (having authority or ascendancy or influence)**: While the context mentions authority (principals with authority), the word "important" here modifies the *things* (factors/elements) that schools should have, not the principals themselves in terms of their inherent influence (though they are important). If it were describing the principal, this sense might apply, but here it describes the *type* of factor.
5. **sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 (consciousness of high position)**: This is clearly incorrect.

Comparing 1, 2, and 3:
Sense 1 (great significance or value) and Sense 2 (important in effect or meaning) are general.
Sense 3 (of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis) captures the superlative nature implied by "Most... of all" when discussing essential requirements for success. In the context of educational policy and school governance, the factors deemed "most important" are those that are *crucial* or *vital*.

The context is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority..." This means having such principals is the *most vital* requirement. Sense 3, defined as "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis," best captures this sense of essential necessity and highest priority.

Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, <t>schools</t> should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "schools" (plural of "school") based on the provided context.

Context:
"...Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Target word: schools

Analysis of the context:
The context discusses "principals," "faculty," "curriculum," "student discipline," and "best schools" being governed by a "powerful head." These terms strongly relate to formal educational institutions and their internal governance structure.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Comparison:
The context refers to "schools" as entities that possess "principals," "faculty," and manage "curriculum" and "student discipline."

*   Sense 1 (an educational institution): This is a general definition that fits perfectly.
*   Sense 2 (a building): While schools are buildings, the focus here is on the institution/system (principals, curriculum), not just the physical structure. Sense 1 is broader and more accurate for the abstract discussion of governance.
*   Sense 3 (the process of being formally educated): This is the act of schooling, not the institution itself.
*   Sense 4 (body of artists): Irrelevant.
*   Sense 5 (period of instruction): Irrelevant.
*   Sense 6 (faculty and students): This defines the *members* of the institution, not the institution itself, although the institution contains them.
*   Sense 7 (group of fish): Irrelevant.

Sense 1 ("an educational institution") is the most accurate and encompassing definition for "schools" in this context, as the discussion revolves around the institutional structure and governance (principals, curriculum, discipline).

Therefore, sense_key=school%1:14:00 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: principal
Target surface form: principals
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have <t>principals</t> with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=principal%1:21:01:: | definition=the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated
2. sense_key=principal%1:18:00:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=school principal, head teacher, head | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
3. sense_key=principal%1:18:01:: | definition=an actor who plays a principal role | synonyms=star, lead
4. sense_key=principal%1:21:02:: | definition=capital as contrasted with the income derived from it | synonyms=corpus, principal sum
5. sense_key=principal%1:18:03:: | definition=(criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense, regardless of whether the person profits from such involvement
6. sense_key=principal%1:18:02:: | definition=the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange; buys and sells for his own account | synonyms=dealer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "principals" (plural of principal) based on the provided context.

Context:
"...Most important of all, schools should have <t>principals</t> with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Target word: principals (plural)
Target lemma: principal

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=principal%1:21:01:: | definition=the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated (Financial/Debt)
2. sense_key=principal%1:18:00:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=school principal, head teacher, head | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal (School administrator)
3. sense_key=principal%1:18:01:: | definition=an actor who plays a principal role | synonyms=star, lead (Theater/Film)
4. sense_key=principal%1:21:02:: | definition=capital as contrasted with the income derived from it (Financial)
5. sense_key=principal%1:18:03:: | definition=(criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense, regardless of whether the person profits from such involvement (Legal)
6. sense_key=principal%1:18:02:: | definition=the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange; buys and sells for his own account | synonyms=dealer (Finance)

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses "schools" and the need for people who have "a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." The following sentence reinforces this by mentioning "the best schools are those... governed by a powerful head."

This strongly points to the role of a school administrator or leader.

Matching with candidates:
Sense 2: definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=school principal, head teacher, head. This perfectly matches the context (schools, authority over faculty/curriculum/discipline, powerful head).

Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "measure" based on the provided context.

Context snippet: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The target word is "measure" in the phrase "a large measure of authority".

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01: "any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal" (synonyms: step). This relates to actions or steps taken. "A large measure of authority" doesn't fit this sense well; authority is a quality or degree, not a maneuver.
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00: "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify" (synonyms: quantity, amount). This sense refers to a quantity or degree. "A large measure of authority" perfectly fits this sense, where "measure" means amount or degree.
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02: "a statute in draft before it becomes law" (synonyms: bill). This is legislative. Irrelevant.
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00: "the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule" (synonyms: measurement, measuring). This is the process of quantifying. Irrelevant.
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03: "a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated" (synonyms: standard, criterion, touchstone). While authority can be a standard, the phrase "a large measure of authority" usually means a large *amount* or *degree* of authority, not that the authority itself is a standard.
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01: "(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse" (synonyms: meter, metre, beat, cadence). Poetic/musical. Irrelevant.
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00: "musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats" (synonyms: bar). Musical. Irrelevant.
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00: "measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals" (synonyms: measuring stick, measuring rod). Physical tool. Irrelevant.
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01: "a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance". Container. Irrelevant.

The phrase "a large measure of authority" clearly uses "measure" in the sense of "amount" or "degree."

Sense 2: definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify; synonyms=quantity, amount. This is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of <t>authority</t> over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "authority" in the given context.

Context:
"...Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of <t>authority</t> over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Target word: authority

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses principals having "authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." This implies power, control, and the ability to make decisions regarding these areas. The following sentence reinforces this by mentioning schools being "governed by a powerful head."

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Matching the context to the senses:
The context requires the sense of having power/control over people and decisions (faculty, curriculum, discipline).

Sense 1: "the power or right to give orders or make decisions." This perfectly matches the idea of a principal having control over the school's operations.
Sense 2: "persons who exercise (administrative) control over others." While related to control, the context refers to the *measure* of authority (the power/right), not the group of people (the authorities).
Sense 3: Expert/definitive view. Incorrect.
Sense 4: Confidence/self-assurance. Incorrect.
Sense 5: Administrative unit. Incorrect.
Sense 6: Official permission/approval. This is a type of authority, but Sense 1 is broader and better captures the scope of control over faculty and curriculum.
Sense 7: Written work. Incorrect.

Sense 1 is the best fit.

Final check:
Context: "principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."
Sense 1: "the power or right to give orders or make decisions."
This is a strong match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: faculty
Target surface form: faculty
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "faculty" based on the provided context.

Context: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Candidate Senses:
1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university

Analysis:
The context discusses "schools," "principals," "curriculum," and "student discipline." The word "faculty" is listed alongside "the curriculum" and "all matters of student discipline" as something the principal has authority over.

Sense 1 relates to cognitive powers (e.g., "faculty of speech"). This does not fit the context of school administration and curriculum.
Sense 2 relates to "the body of teachers and administrators at a school" (synonym: staff). This perfectly fits the context of a school structure where a principal has authority over the teaching staff and curriculum.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: matter
Target surface form: matters
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "matters" (the plural form of "matter") based on the provided context.

Context snippet: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline."

Target word: matters (plural of matter)

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane

Analysis:
The phrase is "all matters of student discipline."
"Student discipline" is a domain of concern or management.
The word "matters" here refers to the various issues, concerns, or aspects related to student discipline that the principal should have authority over.

Let's evaluate the candidates:
1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing. This fits well. "Matters of student discipline" means all the concerns/affairs related to discipline.
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue. This also fits well. "Matters" can mean subjects or issues.
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: definition=that which has mass and occupies space. Irrelevant (physical matter).
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: definition=a problem. While discipline issues are problems, "all matters of student discipline" is broader than just "problems." Sense 1 or 2 is more encompassing.
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: definition=(used with negation) having consequence. Irrelevant (no negation used).
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: definition=written works. Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "a vaguely specified concern" (affair, thing).
Sense 2: "some situation or event that is thought about" (topic, subject, issue).

In the context of administrative authority ("authority over... all matters of student discipline"), the word "matters" functions as a collective noun for all the various administrative concerns, issues, or affairs. Both Sense 1 and Sense 2 are very close.

Sense 1 uses "concern" and "affair," which strongly aligns with administrative domains (e.g., "matters of policy," "matters of concern").
Sense 2 uses "topic," "subject," "issue."

Given the phrasing "authority over... all matters of student discipline," Sense 1 ("a vaguely specified concern" / "affair") captures the scope of administrative responsibility more precisely than Sense 2 ("topic/subject," which often implies a focus of discussion).

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of <t>student</t> discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target word "student" based on the provided context.

Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context snippet: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of <t>student</t> discipline."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses "schools," "principals," "faculty," "curriculum," and "discipline." The phrase is "all matters of student discipline."

In this context, "student" refers to the individuals who are enrolled in the school and are subject to disciplinary rules.

Comparing with the senses:
Sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" (synonyms: pupil, educatee). This perfectly matches the context of school discipline.
Sense 2: "a learned person... someone who by long study has gained mastery..." (synonyms: scholar, scholarly person). This sense refers to an expert or highly educated individual, which is inconsistent with the general concept of "student discipline" in a school setting.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: Study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. <t>Study</t> after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Study" in the given context.

Context:
"Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

Target surface form: Study
Target lemma: study

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "Study after study".
The context immediately clarifies what "Study" refers to: "the most recent from the Brookings Institution".
The Brookings Institution is a well-known think tank that produces research reports and analyses.
The structure "Study after study" implies a sequence of these reports/analyses.

Evaluation of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey. (Possible, but usually refers to the *act* or *type* of inspection, not necessarily the document itself.)
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work. (Refers to the *act* of learning, not the document.)
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale. (This perfectly matches the context: a document from the Brookings Institution that "tells us" something.)
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study. (Refers to the state of mind, incorrect.)
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study. (Refers to a physical place, incorrect.)
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study. (Refers to a field of knowledge, incorrect.)
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch. (Artistic term, incorrect.)
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation. (Refers to the act of thinking, incorrect.)
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study. (Refers to a person, incorrect.)
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing. (Musical term, incorrect.)

Conclusion: Sense 3, "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group," is the best fit, as the context refers to reports from the Brookings Institution that convey findings.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "study" in the given context.

Context:
"Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

Target word: "study" (the second instance, referred to as `<t>study</t>`)

Analysis of the context surrounding the target word:
"Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference..."

1. **"Study after study"**: This phrase suggests a sequence of research or reports.
2. **"the most recent from the Brookings Institution"**: The Brookings Institution is a well-known think tank that produces research reports and analyses.
3. **"tells us that..."**: The object being referred to (the study/report) is conveying findings or information.

Evaluation of candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey**: Plausible, as research involves inspection/survey.
2. **sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work**: Refers to the *act* of learning, not the *product* of research. Less likely here.
3. **sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale**: Highly plausible. A document from the Brookings Institution that "tells us" something fits the definition of a report/written document describing findings.
4. **sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption**: Refers to the *state* of being absorbed. Incorrect.
5. **sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying**: Refers to a physical location. Incorrect.
6. **sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge**: Refers to a field (e.g., physics). Incorrect.
7. **sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch**: Relates to art/design. Incorrect.
8. **sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation**: Refers to the *act* of thinking. Less likely than the product of research.
9. **sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily**: Refers to a person. Incorrect.
10. **sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique**: Relates to music. Incorrect.

Conclusion: The context clearly indicates that "study" refers to a piece of research or a report produced by an institution (Brookings Institution) that presents findings. Sense 3 matches this meaning perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "most" in the given context.

Context:
"Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Target word: "most"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "the most recent from the Brookings Institution".
"Most recent" here means the newest or latest studies.

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00 (superlative): This sense is used to indicate the highest degree. "Most recent" is a superlative construction (recent -> more recent -> most recent). This fits perfectly.
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01 (very): This sense is an intensifier (e.g., "a most welcome relief"). While "most" can function as an intensifier, here it is part of a comparative/superlative phrase ("most recent").
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02 (almost/nearly): This sense means "all but" or "nearly." This does not fit "most recent."

Conclusion: Sense 1, which relates to forming the superlative, is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tells
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- <t>tells</t> us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "tells" (third-person singular present tense of "tell") based on the provided context.

Context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

Target word: tells

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "Study after study... tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference...".
Here, "Study after study" is the subject, and "tells us" is the verb phrase. The studies are conveying information or findings to the reader ("us").

Analysis of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
    * Fits generally, but perhaps too broad.

2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
    * Fits well. The studies are making something known to us.

3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
    * Less likely. Studies don't usually "narrate" in the sense of telling a story, but rather present findings.

4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
    * Incorrect. The studies are not giving instructions; they are providing information.

5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
    * Incorrect. The studies are not discerning; they are communicating.

6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
    * Possible, as studies often inform with certainty, but sense 1 or 2 might be more general and accurate for conveying findings.

7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
    * This sense relates to providing evidence, which is what research studies do. This is a very strong fit.

8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple
    * Incorrect.

Comparing the best candidates (1, 2, 7):
* Sense 1 (express in words/state): General communication.
* Sense 2 (let something be known): General communication/disclosure.
* Sense 7 (give evidence): Specific to providing data/proof, which is the function of a "study."

Since the subject is "Study after study," the most precise meaning of "tells us" is that the studies are providing evidence or findings that lead to a conclusion. Sense 7, "give evidence," captures this function of research findings most accurately.

Therefore, sense_key=tell%2:32:03 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "best" in the given context.

Context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Target word: best
Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
... (other senses)

Analysis:
The word "best" is modifying "schools". The context states that these schools are characterized by being "free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head." This describes a quality of excellence or superiority among schools.

Let's evaluate the candidates:

1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution.
This sense perfectly matches the usage. "The best schools" means the schools possessing the highest degree of positive qualities (excellence) compared to others.

2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond.
This sense relates to advisability or preference, not necessarily inherent quality of the schools themselves in this context.

Other senses (3-23) are definitions of "good" or related concepts, not the superlative form "best" in the sense of "most excellent."

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the most appropriate fit. It captures the meaning of "most excellent" or "highest quality."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best <t>schools</t> are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "schools" (plural of "school") based on the provided context.

Context snippet: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best <t>schools</t> are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Analysis:
The context discusses "the best schools" in relation to governance, outside interference, and having a "powerful head" (principal/administrator). This clearly refers to established educational organizations.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. **an educational institution**: This fits perfectly. "The best educational institutions are those that are free of outside interference..."
2. **a building where young people receive education**: This is a specific type of institution, but sense 1 is broader and more accurate for the abstract concept being discussed (governance, quality).
3. **the process of being formally educated**: This is abstract (schooling), not a physical or organizational entity that can be "governed by a powerful head."
4. **a body of creative artists**: Irrelevant.
5. **the period of instruction**: Irrelevant.
6. **an educational institution's faculty and students**: This refers to the community, not the institution itself, although the institution contains them. The context refers to the entity being governed.
7. **a large group of fish**: Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "an educational institution" (Abstract concept/organization)
Sense 2: "a building where young people receive education" (Physical structure)

The discussion about "governed by a powerful head" and "free of outside interference" relates to the administrative structure and autonomy of the *institution*, not just the physical building. Sense 1 is the most precise fit for the semantic role played by "schools" in this sentence.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outside
Target surface form: outside
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of <t>outside</t> interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outside%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit | examples=an outside margin
2. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 | definition=coming from the outside | synonyms=external, extraneous | examples=extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income
3. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:external:00 | definition=originating or belonging beyond some bounds: | examples=the outside world; outside interests
4. sense_key=outside%3:00:04:: | definition=located, suited for, or taking place in the open air | synonyms=outdoor, out-of-door | examples=outdoor clothes; badminton and other outdoor games
5. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extramural:00 | definition=functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit | examples=extramural hospital care and treatment; extramural studies
6. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:exterior:00 | definition=leading to or from the outside | examples=an outside door
7. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:foreign:02 | definition=from or between other countries | synonyms=external, international | examples=external commerce; international trade
8. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=very unlikely | synonyms=remote | examples=an outside chance; a remote possibility
9. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:outer:00 | definition=on or toward an outer edge | examples=an outer lane; the outside lane
10. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:inaccurate:00 | definition=(of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter | synonyms=away | examples=the pitch was away (or wide); an outside pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "outside" in the given context.

Context:
"Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of <t>outside</t> interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Target word: outside
Collocation: "outside interference"

I need to analyze the candidate senses to find the best fit for "outside interference."

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=outside%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit | examples=an outside margin (Physical location/boundary)
2. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 | definition=coming from the outside | synonyms=external, extraneous | examples=extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income (Non-inherent, external influence)
3. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:external:00 | definition=originating or belonging beyond some bounds: | examples=the outside world; outside interests (Relating to boundaries, often used for influences/interests)
4. sense_key=outside%3:00:04:: | definition=located, suited for, or taking place in the open air | synonyms=outdoor, out-of-door | examples=outdoor clothes; badminton and other outdoor games (Physical location - outdoors)
5. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extramural:00 | definition=functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit | examples=extramural hospital care and treatment; extramural studies (Functioning outside boundaries)
6. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:exterior:00 | definition=leading to or from the outside | examples=an outside door (Physical direction/location)
7. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:foreign:02 | definition=from or between other countries | synonyms=external, international | examples=external commerce; international trade (Geographical/national origin)
8. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=very unlikely | synonyms=remote | examples=an outside chance; a remote possibility (Probability)
9. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:outer:00 | definition=on or toward an outer edge | examples=an outer lane; the outside lane (Physical position)
10. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:inaccurate:00 | definition=(of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter | synonyms=away | examples=the pitch was away (or wide); an outside pitch (Sports term)

The phrase is "outside interference." Interference here refers to influences or actions coming from sources other than the core educational system (the school).

Senses 2, 3, and 5 relate to external/non-internal influences.

Sense 2 (extrinsic): "coming from the outside." This perfectly matches the concept of interference coming from an external source.
Sense 3 (external): "originating or belonging beyond some bounds." This is also a strong fit, often used for influences or interests.
Sense 5 (extramural): "functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit." This is very specific to institutional boundaries, which fits the context of schools, but Sense 2/3 is more general for "interference."

Comparing Sense 2 (extrinsic) and Sense 3 (external):
"Extrinsic" (Sense 2) specifically means originating from outside the subject matter or system, which is exactly what "interference" implies in this context (i.e., non-internal, unwanted influence).
"External" (Sense 3) is broader, meaning beyond bounds.

In the context of academic/institutional critique ("best schools are those that are free of outside interference"), "extrinsic" (Sense 2) captures the meaning of non-inherent, external influence most precisely.

Let's select Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interference
Target surface form: interference
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "interference" in the given context.

Context: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head."

Target word: interference

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention (Geopolitical/Foreign policy)
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance (General obstruction/impediment)
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance (Technical/Signal)
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback (Sports)
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance (General obstruction/burden)

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses educational institutions ("best schools") and the need for them to be "free of outside interference" while being governed by a powerful head.
In this context, "outside interference" refers to external influences or meddling that might negatively affect the school's operation, curriculum, or autonomy.

Evaluating the senses:
1. Geopolitical intervention: Unlikely in the context of school administration.
2. The act of hindering or obstructing or impeding: This fits well. External influences (like political pressure, outside mandates, etc.) act as hindrances to the school's effectiveness.
3. Electrical/acoustic disturbance: Irrelevant to school governance.
4. Sports blocking: Irrelevant.
5. Any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome: This is also a very strong fit, essentially synonymous with sense 2, but perhaps broader (including burdens).

Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 5:
Sense 2: "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding"
Sense 5: "any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome"

The context suggests that the "interference" is something that prevents the school from functioning optimally or autonomously. Both senses capture this idea. Sense 2 is slightly more focused on the *action* of hindering, while Sense 5 includes the *state* of being burdensome/obstructive. Given the phrase "free of outside interference," the idea of something actively hindering or impeding the school's internal processes (Sense 2) is the most precise fit for the concept of external meddling. Sense 5 is very close, but Sense 2 captures the dynamic of obstruction/hindrance inherent in "interference."

Let's choose Sense 2 as the best fit for external meddling that impedes the function of a school.

Sense 2: definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding; synonyms=hindrance, hinderance.
This aligns perfectly with external forces preventing a school from operating freely.