[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "says" in the given context.
The target lemma is "say".
The surface form is "says".
The context is: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

The word "says" is used in the structure: "..., 'quote', says [Speaker] at [Location]."
This structure indicates that the speaker (Ray White) is reporting or stating the content of the quote.

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you**
   This fits perfectly. Ray White is expressing/stating the evidence.

2. **sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war**
   This is also a very strong fit, especially in a scientific reporting context (reporting findings).

3. **sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?**
   Incorrect. Ray White is stating a conclusion based on evidence, not making a casual supposition.

4. **sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?**
   Incorrect. It doesn't mean the quote *is* the wording of the report in a passive sense; it means he *said* it.

5. **sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping**
   Incorrect. He is stating a finding, not giving an order.

6. **sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'**
   Incorrect. This relates to phonetics/articulation, not reporting content.

7. **sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?**
   Incorrect. The quote is verbal.

8. **sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office**
   Plausible, but Sense 1 and 2 are more precise for reporting a formal statement/finding.

9. **sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business**
   Plausible, but Sense 1 (express in words/state) is broader and fits the formal reporting style better than just "opinion/judgement."

10. **sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'**
    Incorrect. This is not a fixed text recitation.

11. **sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon**
    Incorrect.

Comparing the best candidates:
Sense 1: express in words (state, tell)
Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver)

In journalistic/scientific reporting, "says" often functions as a reporting verb, meaning "states" or "reports." Both Sense 1 and Sense 2 capture this.

Sense 1: "express in words" (state, tell). This is the most general and accurate description of reporting a statement.
Sense 2: "report or maintain" (allege, aver). While "report" is accurate, "allege" and "aver" often carry a connotation of assertion or claim, which is slightly more specific than simply stating a finding.

Since the context is a formal scientific report ("Their report galvanized other molecular biologists"), the action is a formal statement of findings. Sense 1, "express in words," is the most neutral and encompassing definition for reporting a quote.

I will choose Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "yet" in the provided context.

Context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

Target word: yet

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Analysis of the context:
"But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene..."

The structure "had yet to [verb]" indicates that the action (nailing the identity) has not happened up to the present time (or the time of speaking/writing).

Let's evaluate the candidates:

1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02: "up to the present time." This fits perfectly with "had yet to nail." (e.g., I have yet to see the results).
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04: "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time." This also fits the meaning of non-completion up to the present. The example "So far he hasn't called" is a negative statement, but the structure "had yet to" functions similarly to "hasn't done X yet."
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03: Comparative/extent. Incorrect.
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00: Future time. Incorrect, as the context implies a lack of completion up to now.
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05: After a superlative. Incorrect.
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06: Concession/contrast. Incorrect.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Sense 1: "up to the present time." (General definition of non-completion).
Sense 2: "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time." (More specific, focusing on the negative aspect).

The phrase "had yet to nail" is a common construction meaning "had not managed to nail up to this point." Both senses capture this meaning. However, Sense 1 ("up to the present time") is a broader and highly accurate description of the function of 'yet' in this construction, emphasizing the temporal limit of the non-completion. Sense 2 is also accurate but perhaps overly specific about the "negative statement" requirement, although the meaning is essentially the same.

Let's re-examine the examples provided for Sense 1: "I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out." These examples perfectly match the context's meaning of non-completion up to the present.

Let's re-examine the examples provided for Sense 2: "So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet." These examples often involve explicit negation ("hasn't called," "isn't up"). While "had yet to nail" implies a lack of completion (a negative state), Sense 1 captures the core temporal meaning more cleanly and broadly.

I will choose Sense 1 as the best fit for the meaning of non-completion up to the present time.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nail
Target surface form: nail
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "nail" in the given context.

Context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17."

Target word: nail

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall (Physical action)
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals (Law enforcement)
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer (Impact)
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard (Securing a job/place)
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors (Achieving success easily)
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome (Precise location/identification)
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete (Sports/Action completion)

Analysis:
The sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene..."
The action is applied to "the identity of the gene."
The goal is to determine or identify this identity.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. Attach physically: Irrelevant.
2. Take into custody: Irrelevant (not about people/crime).
3. Hit hard: Irrelevant (not about impact).
4. Succeed in obtaining a position: Irrelevant (not about securing a spot).
5. Succeed at easily: Possible, but less precise than locating.
6. Locate exactly / Pinpoint: This fits perfectly. To "nail the identity" means to pinpoint or determine exactly what the identity is. The synonym "pinpoint" is provided, and the context involves scientific identification ("the identity of the gene").
7. Complete a pass: Irrelevant.

Sense 6 (locate exactly / pinpoint) is the best fit.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identity
Target surface form: identity
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'identity' in context:** Here, 'identity' refers to identifying *which* specific gene it is. It is about determining the specific nature or name of the gene.
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity" (Relates to personal identity). *Mismatch.*
    *   Sense 2: "the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known" (Relates to identifying characteristics, specifically mentioning "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it"). *Strong match.*
    *   Sense 3: "an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates" (Mathematical/logical concept). *Mismatch.*
    *   Sense 4: "exact sameness" (Synonym: identicalness). *Mismatch.*
4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 2 perfectly aligns with the context (identifying a specific gene) and the provided example ("geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it").
5.  **Format the output:** Return the index of Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "damaged" in the given context.
The target lemma is "damage".
The target surface form is "damaged".

Context:
"If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Analysis of the context:
The context is highly scientific, discussing genes, knockouts, deletions, polyps, and malignancy (cancer).
The phrase is: "...the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

The gene is the agent/cause, and the colon cell is the entity being affected.
If the gene is "damaged" (or mutated/altered), it causes the cell to flip into malignancy.

Let's evaluate the senses:

Sense 1: definition=inflict damage upon. (Active sense: X damages Y).
If we apply this to the context: "if the gene damaged the colon cell." This fits the causal relationship described (the gene's state causes the cell change). However, the structure is "if [gene] damaged," implying the gene itself is the subject of the action, but the action is usually applied *to* the gene (e.g., the gene is damaged/mutated).

Sense 2: definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage. (Passive sense: X is damaged).
If we apply this to the context: "if the gene suffered damage." This means the gene itself is compromised or mutated. This is the standard biological interpretation when discussing gene function loss (e.g., a gene is damaged/mutated/inactivated).

Re-examining the sentence structure: "the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell..."
This structure strongly suggests that the *state* of the gene (being damaged/mutated) is the condition that leads to the outcome (flipping the cell).

In molecular biology, when a gene is "damaged," it usually means it has been mutated or inactivated, which is a form of damage *to* the gene.

Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof." (Snow is the agent, roof is the recipient).
Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily." (Cups are the recipient, susceptible to damage).

In the context, the gene is the subject of the clause ("the gene that..."). The condition is "if damaged." This aligns with the gene *being* in a damaged state (Sense 2).

If we interpret "damaged" as "mutated" or "inactivated," Sense 2 ("suffer or be susceptible to damage") is the most appropriate fit for the gene itself.

Conclusion: The gene is the entity that is damaged (mutated/inactivated), leading to the malignant transformation. This corresponds to Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "flipped" (past tense of "flip") based on the provided context.

Context: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17."

The context describes a biological process: a gene damage leading to a change in a colon cell, specifically transforming it into "full-blown malignancy" (cancer). The verb "flipped" must describe this transformation or change of state.

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. `flip%2:38:00`: lightly throw to see which side comes up (e.g., coin). (Physical action, irrelevant)
2. `flip%2:35:01`: cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation (e.g., switch). (Activation, possible, but usually mechanical/electrical)
3. `flip%2:39:10`: look through a book. (Irrelevant)
4. `flip%2:38:02`: toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air. (Physical action, irrelevant)
5. `flip%2:38:01`: cause to move with a flick. (Physical action, irrelevant)
6. `flip%2:35:00`: throw or toss with a light motion. (Physical action, irrelevant)
7. `flip%2:35:05`: move with a flick or light motion. (Physical action, irrelevant)
8. `flip%2:35:03`: turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse. (Physical action, but 'reverse' might relate to change of state. E.g., flipping a pancake.)
9. `flip%2:31:00`: react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way. (Emotional reaction, irrelevant)
10. `flip%2:30:13`: go mad, go crazy. (Mental state, irrelevant)
11. `flip%2:30:00`: reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action). (Change of state/direction. This fits the idea of a cell changing from benign to malignant.)

The core meaning required is a fundamental change or transformation of the cell's state (from normal/benign to malignant).

Sense 11, "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)," captures the idea of a drastic change or transformation, which is highly applicable in a biological context where a cell's fate is reversed or changed fundamentally.

Sense 8, "turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse," is too physical, although the 'reverse' aspect is present.

Sense 11 is the most abstract and applicable to a biological/conceptual transformation.

Therefore, sense 11 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "colon" based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Context:
"If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17."

Target word: "colon"

Analysis of the context:
The text discusses cancer development, gene damage, polyps, malignancy, and specific cells ("colon cell"). This is a biological/medical context.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted (Anatomical structure)
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos (Currency)
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos (Currency)
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal; synonyms=Aspinwall (Place name)
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter) (Punctuation)

Matching the context to the senses:
The phrase "colon cell" strongly suggests an anatomical or biological context.
Sense 1 (the part of the large intestine) fits perfectly with the medical/cancer context and the term "colon cell."
Senses 2 and 3 (currency) are irrelevant.
Sense 4 (city) is irrelevant.
Sense 5 (punctuation) is irrelevant.

The best indexed sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy."
2.  **Identify the target word:** `cell`.
3.  **Analyze the surrounding text/domain:** The text discusses genes, knockouts, polyps, malignancy, colon cancer, and molecular biology. This is a biological/medical context.
4.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `cell%1:06:03`: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb). (Too general, not specific to biology/cancer.)
    *   2. `cell%1:03:00`: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life... (This perfectly matches the biological context of cancer development and gene function.)
    *   3. `cell%1:06:00`: a device that delivers an electric current (battery). (Incorrect domain.)
    *   4. `cell%1:14:00`: a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement. (Incorrect domain.)
    *   5. `cell%1:06:04`: a hand-held mobile radiotelephone. (Incorrect domain.)
    *   6. `cell%1:06:02`: small room in which a monk or nun lives. (Incorrect domain.)
    *   7. `cell%1:06:01`: a room where a prisoner is kept. (Incorrect domain.)
5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 2, which defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of an organism in a biological context, is the definitive match for "colon cell" in a cancer research discussion.
6.  **Format the output:** Return the JSON object with the correct sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target surface form: "full-blown"
    *   Context: "...flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy."
    *   The context describes a biological process where a cell transforms into a severe, advanced state of cancer (malignancy).

2.  **Analyze the candidate senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01` | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose.
        *   *Relevance check:* "Maturity" or "ripeness" fits the idea of development, but the context is about cancer progression, which is a state of being fully developed/advanced, not necessarily "ripe" like a flower.
    *   **Sense 2:** `full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00` | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis.
        *   *Relevance check:* "Completeness" or "having all characteristics" strongly aligns with the idea of a cell achieving a complete, advanced state of malignancy. A "full-blown malignancy" means it has all the characteristics of a fully developed, severe cancer.

3.  **Compare and select the best fit:**
    *   The transformation is from a normal cell to a state of "malignancy."
    *   Sense 1 (mature/ripe) is too narrow (often used for plants/life cycles).
    *   Sense 2 (complete/having all characteristics) accurately captures the idea of the cancer being fully developed and exhibiting all the traits of a severe, advanced disease state.

4.  **Final decision:** Sense 2 is the best fit.

5.  **Format the output:** The instruction requires a JSON object with the sense index. Since the candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the index is 2. (Wait, the prompt asks for `{"sense_index": 3}` in the example, which suggests the numbering might be arbitrary or based on an external list. I must use the provided candidate numbering: 1 and 2. I will use the index corresponding to Sense 2.)

*Self-Correction/Refinement:* The provided example output format is `{"sense_index": 3}`. If I assume the candidates are indexed 1 and 2, I should output 2. If I assume the provided example index (3) is a template error and I must use the actual index of the chosen sense (2), I will use 2. Sticking strictly to the provided candidates: Sense 2 is the choice.

Let's assume the index refers to the position in the list (1 or 2).

Chosen sense: Sense 2.
Index: 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "malignancy" in the given context.

Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17."

Target word: malignancy

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Analysis:
The context discusses gene knockouts, benign polyps, colon cancer, tumors, and cells being flipped into "full-blown malignancy." This is a biological/medical context.

Sense 1: "(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death." This perfectly matches the medical context of cancer progression (polyps -> malignancy -> colon cancer).
Sense 2: "quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will." This is the moral/character sense, which is completely irrelevant to the biological discussion.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) on the word "months" (plural of "month") in the given context.

Context: "For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Target word: months

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Analysis:
The context describes a period of time during which researchers were conducting experiments ("For months the Johns Hopkins researchers... experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17").

Sense 1 (calendar month): Refers to specific divisions of the year (January, February, etc.). While a period of time, the phrasing "For months" usually refers to an unspecified duration, not necessarily a count of calendar months, although it could be.
Sense 2 (time unit of approximately 30 days): Refers to a duration of time.

In the phrase "For months," the word functions as a duration of time spent on the research project. Both senses relate to duration.

Let's look at the examples provided:
Sense 1 example: "he paid the bill last month" (Refers to a specific calendar month).
Sense 2 example: "he was given a month to pay the bill" (Refers to a duration of time, roughly 30 days).

The context "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers..." strongly suggests a duration of time spent working on the project. Since the research process is described as a long-term effort ("experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17"), the meaning is likely a general duration, which aligns well with Sense 2 (a general time unit/duration).

However, in common English usage, when referring to an unspecified duration of time, "months" often refers to calendar months (e.g., "For months, they worked on the project").

Let's re-evaluate the distinction between the two senses in this specific context.
If the researchers worked for 3 months (March, April, May), Sense 1 applies.
If the researchers worked for a period equivalent to 30 days (which is less likely for a complex genetic study), Sense 2 applies.

Given the ambiguity, I must choose the *best* fit. The phrase "For months" is a common way to express an extended duration of time. Both senses cover duration. Sense 1 (calendar month) is the most common interpretation of "months" when used as a duration in scientific or narrative writing, unless a specific, short, approximate duration is intended.

Let's check the provided examples again.
Example 1: "last month" (Specific calendar month).
Example 2: "a month to pay the bill" (Duration).

The context implies a long, sustained effort. While Sense 2 is technically correct for any duration, Sense 1 (calendar month) is the standard interpretation for "For months" when describing a project timeline.

I will select Sense 1 as the most probable intended meaning in this narrative context.

Sense 1: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year.
Sense 2: a time unit of approximately 30 days.

Choosing Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "using" (a present participle of "use") based on the provided context and candidate senses for "use".

Context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Target word: using (meaning 'by using' or 'employing')

Analysis of the context:
The researchers are performing an experiment ("experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17"). They are doing this *with* "gene probes". The probes are the tool or method they are employing to achieve their goal (finding the lost genetic material).

Analysis of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
    * This sense means employing a tool or method for a specific purpose. This fits perfectly: they are employing gene probes (tools) for the purpose of crawling down the chromosome and finding genetic material.

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
    * This relates to consumption/habit. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
    * This relates to depletion/exhaustion. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
    * This relates to leveraging resources/people for advantage. While the probes are used for advantage, sense 1 is a more direct fit for the instrumental use of a scientific tool.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
    * This relates to applying a concept or skill. Less fitting than instrumental use of a physical tool (probes).

6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall
    * This relates to past habits. Not relevant here.

Conclusion: Sense 1, "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose," is the best fit, as the researchers are employing the gene probes as instruments for their research.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "down" in the given context.

Context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Target word: down

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | synonyms=downpayment | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | synonyms=downstream | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | synonyms=downscale | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | synonyms=downed | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Analysis of the context:
The researchers are "crawling down the length of chromosome 17." Chromosomes are linear structures. "Crawling down the length" implies movement along the physical structure, from one end towards the other, or sequentially along its axis.

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00: Definition is "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position." This fits the idea of moving along a physical line (the chromosome), traversing its length. "Crawled down the length" suggests movement along the axis, which is a spatial movement.
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02: Relates to geographical direction (away from center/north). Not relevant here.
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03: Financial payment. Not relevant.
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06: Temporal (from an earlier time). Not relevant.
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05: Intensity reduction. Not relevant.
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04: Inactive state. Not relevant.

Sense 1 is the best fit. The movement is spatial ("crawled") along a physical object ("chromosome 17"), indicating a directional movement along its length.

The instruction requires returning only a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "length" in the given context.

Context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Target word: length

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Analysis:
The context refers to "chromosome 17." Chromosomes are physical structures (DNA strands). The researchers are "crawling down the length of chromosome 17." This implies traversing the physical extent of the chromosome.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00: "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place." This perfectly matches the physical dimension of a chromosome.
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01: "continuance in time." Incorrect.
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02: "the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end." This is a general definition, but sense 1 is more specific to physical dimension, which is what a chromosome has.
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03: "size of the gap between two places." Incorrect (this is distance, though related).
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00: "a section of something that is long and narrow." This refers to a piece or segment, not the total extent being traversed.

Sense 1, "the linear extent in space from one end to the other," is the most accurate description of the physical dimension of a chromosome that researchers would "crawl down."

The user requested the output format to be a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the phrase "looking for" in the given context.
The target lemma is `look_for`.
The context is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Candidate senses:
1. `sense_key=look_for%2:35:00`: definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. `sense_key=look_for%2:37:00`: definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Analysis of the context:
The researchers are "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17". Their goal is to find "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Analysis of the senses:
Sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of." Synonyms: search, seek. This matches the action of researchers scanning a chromosome to find a specific piece of genetic material.
Sense 2: "be excited or anxious about." Synonyms: anticipate, look to. This sense relates to emotional state or expectation, which does not fit the scientific search described.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct interpretation.

The instructions require me to return a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, and I determined Sense 1 is correct, I must map this to the required output format.

Wait, the instructions say: "Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}". This implies the final output should use a numerical index, but the candidates provided are only 1 and 2. I must assume the provided example output format is a template, and I should use the index of the chosen sense (1).

Let's re-read the instructions carefully:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

If I choose Sense 1, the index is 1. I will use 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "common" in the given context.

Context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Target word: common
Collocation: "smallest common bit of genetic material"

Analysis of the context:
The researchers are looking for a piece of genetic material (DNA) that was "lost in all tumor cells." This implies that the piece of DNA must be present in all the tumor cells, or rather, the *loss* of this specific bit is shared across all tumor cells. The word "common" here describes the shared nature of this genetic material across the group of tumor cells being studied.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Comparison:
The context requires a sense meaning "shared by all members of the group (tumor cells)."

Sense 3: "common to or shared by two or more parties." This perfectly matches the idea of a genetic bit that is present/lost in *all* tumor cells.
Sense 2: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual." While "ordinary" is related, the focus here is on *shared presence/absence* across a group, not just being average.
Sense 4: "commonly encountered." Similar to Sense 2, but less precise about the shared characteristic across a defined set.

Sense 3, with its definition "common to or shared by two or more parties" and synonym "mutual," is the most precise fit for describing a genetic element that is shared across all tumor cells.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."
2.  **Identify the target word and its role:** The target word is "bit." It refers to a "smallest common... of genetic material."
3.  **Examine the surrounding concepts:** The context is molecular biology, genetics, chromosomes, DNA, and genes. The "bit" is a small piece of genetic material.
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `bit%1:23:01`: a small piece or quantity of something. (Synonyms: spot). This is very general but fits the idea of a small piece of material.
    *   2. `bit%1:17:00`: a small fragment of something broken off from the whole. (Synonyms: chip, flake, fleck, scrap). This implies breakage, which might be too specific, but "fragment" is relevant.
    *   3. `bit%1:28:00`: an indefinitely short time. (Irrelevant).
    *   4. `bit%1:11:00`: an instance of some kind. (Irrelevant).
    *   5. `bit%1:06:01`: piece of metal held in horse's mouth. (Irrelevant).
    *   6. `bit%1:23:00`: a unit of measurement of information (binary). (Relevant to genetics/data, but the context specifies "genetic material," not information units).
    *   7. `bit%1:13:00`: a small amount of solid food. (Irrelevant).
    *   8. `bit%1:10:01`: a small fragment. (Synonyms: snatch). Similar to sense 2, but perhaps less focused on the physical nature of the material.
    *   9. `bit%1:10:00`: a short theatrical performance. (Irrelevant).
    *   10. `bit%1:06:02`: part of a key. (Irrelevant).
    *   11. `bit%1:06:00`: cutting part of a drill. (Irrelevant).

5.  **Compare the best candidates (1, 2, 6):**
    *   Sense 6 (`bit%1:23:00` - information unit): While DNA is information, the phrasing "smallest common bit of genetic material" strongly suggests a physical segment, not a binary unit (like 0 or 1).
    *   Sense 2 (`bit%1:17:00` - small fragment of something broken off): This fits "genetic material lost" (a fragment).
    *   Sense 1 (`bit%1:23:01` - a small piece or quantity of something): This is the most general and safest fit for "smallest common... of genetic material."

6.  **Refining the choice between 1 and 2:** The context is looking for a specific, defined segment of DNA that constitutes a gene. While "fragment" (Sense 2) is accurate, "a small piece or quantity" (Sense 1) encompasses the idea of a defined segment or portion of material, which is what a gene segment is. Given the high level of abstraction (genetic material), the general sense of "a small piece or quantity" (Sense 1) is the most robust fit, covering both the physical nature and the conceptual unit.

7.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "genetic" based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Context:
"It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. 'It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor,' says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Target word: genetic

Analysis of the context:
The context is highly scientific, discussing cancer development, genes, chromosomes, DNA, and tumor cells. The researchers are looking for a "common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." This material is explicitly linked to DNA and genes.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. `sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00`: Occurring among members of a family usually by heredity. (Focuses on inheritance/family traits).
2. `sense_key=genetic%3:01:02::`: Of or relating to or produced by or being a gene. (Focuses on the relationship to genes/genetics).
3. `sense_key=genetic%3:01:01::`: Pertaining to or referring to origin. (Focuses on ancestry/origin).
4. `sense_key=genetic%3:01:00::`: Of or relating to the science of genetics. (Focuses on the field of study).

Matching the context to the senses:
The phrase is "smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." Since the context is entirely about genes, DNA, and molecular biology, the material must be related to the structure or function of genes.

Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene." This perfectly describes "genetic material" in the context of DNA and genes.
Sense 1: While cancer can be hereditary, the immediate focus is on the *material* (DNA/genes) itself, not the familial transmission pattern.
Sense 3: "Origin" is too broad and doesn't capture the specific biological meaning here.
Sense 4: While the research is *in* genetics, the word "genetic" here modifies "material," making Sense 2 (relating to a gene) a more precise fit than Sense 4 (relating to the science).

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "material" in the given context.

Context: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Target word: material

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Analysis:
The context refers to "genetic material" found on "chromosome 17" and being a "piece of DNA."

1. Sense 27:00 (tangible substance/stuff). DNA is a tangible substance that makes up a physical object (the cell/chromosome). This is a strong candidate.
2. Sense 10:00 (information/data). While genetic information is often discussed, the phrase "genetic material" in a biological context (DNA on a chromosome) primarily refers to the physical substance itself, not just the abstract data it contains.
3. Sense 06:00 (fabric/textile). Irrelevant.
4. Sense 06:01 (things needed for making something). Irrelevant.
5. Sense 18:00 (person). Irrelevant.

Comparing Sense 27:00 and Sense 10:00:
The context explicitly mentions "genetic" and "DNA." DNA is the physical, tangible substance. Therefore, Sense 27:00, defined as "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object," is the most accurate fit for "genetic material."

Conclusion: Sense 27:00 is the best fit.