[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "early" in the provided context.

Context snippet: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Target word: "early"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Analysis:
The phrase is "damaged early in life".
"In life" refers to the lifespan of the person.
"Early in life" means at a young age, or during the initial stages of life.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01: definition=during an early stage. This fits perfectly with "early in life," meaning during the initial stage of life. Synonyms like "early on" also support this temporal positioning within a process (life).
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00: definition=before the usual time or the time expected. This implies prematurity relative to a standard timeline (e.g., graduating early). While damage *could* happen before expected, the context emphasizes the *stage* of life (early in life), not necessarily that it was unusually fast compared to a norm.
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02: definition=in good time. This means sufficiently early, not late. This sense is irrelevant to the meaning of damage occurring during the initial phase of life.

Conclusion: Sense 1, "during an early stage," is the most accurate interpretation of "early in life."

I need to return the JSON object with the correct sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'life' in this context:** The context discusses genetic damage occurring early in a person's existence, specifically relating to cancer susceptibility. 'Life' here refers to the period of existence or the developmental stage of the individual.
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. a characteristic state or mode of living (Social/City life) - Incorrect.
    *   2. the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities - Plausible, but perhaps too broad.
    *   3. the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living - Highly relevant. It refers to the span or course of the individual's existence.
    *   4. the condition of living or the state of being alive (General biological state) - Less specific than the individual's course of existence.
    *   5. the period during which something is functional (Lifespan of an object/organism) - Possible, but usually applied to things, not the developmental stage of a person in this manner.
    *   6. the period between birth and the present time (Past life) - Possible, but the context implies a developmental stage or early period, not just the past.
    *   7. the period from the present until death (Future life) - Incorrect.
    *   8. a living person - Incorrect (it's a period, not a person).
    *   9. animation and energy in action or expression - Incorrect.
    *   10. living things collectively - Incorrect.
    *   11. the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones - Incorrect (biological definition of life).
    *   12. an account of the series of events making up a person's life (Biography) - Incorrect (it's the period itself, not the story).
    *   13. a motive for living - Incorrect.
    *   14. a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives - Incorrect.
4.  **Compare the best candidates (2, 3, 5, 6):**
    *   The phrase "damaged early in life" strongly suggests a reference to the individual's developmental period or the course of their existence up to that point.
    *   Sense 3: "the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living." This perfectly captures the idea of a developmental stage or the span of existence of that specific person.
    *   Sense 2: "the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities." This is also good, but Sense 3 is more focused on the *individual's* existence, which is the subject of the sentence.
    *   Sense 5/6: These focus heavily on duration (lifespan/past time), while the context is about the *timing* of the damage relative to the person's overall existence.
5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 3 is the most precise fit for "damaged early in life" when discussing genetic susceptibility in an individual.

6.  **Final check:** The context is about a person being prone to cancer if a gene is damaged early in their existence. Sense 3 defines 'life' as "the course of existence of an individual." This matches perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "especially" in the provided context.

Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Target word: especially

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Analysis:
The sentence describes a person who has one defective copy of a suppressor gene. This condition makes them "prone to cancer." The word "especially" modifies "prone to cancer."

The structure is: [Condition] is *especially* prone to cancer.

This implies that the degree of proneness is higher than average or higher than in people without this specific condition.

Let's evaluate the senses:

Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" (synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially).
This fits the context perfectly. Having one defective copy makes the person *more* prone to cancer than someone with two normal copies. It emphasizes the heightened degree of risk.

Sense 2: "in a special manner" (synonyms: specially).
This suggests a manner or way of being prone, which is less fitting than emphasizing the *degree* of proneness.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit because it conveys a significantly greater degree of proneness due to the specific genetic condition described.

I need to return the result in the specified JSON format, using the index of the chosen sense (1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the provided context.

Context analysis:
The text discusses genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes), cell division, malignant growth, and cancer diagnosis.
Key phrases:
1. "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
2. "...in cancerous cells..."
3. "...for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
4. "...prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
5. "...predictive cancer diagnosis."

The word "cancer" is clearly used in a medical/biological context, referring to a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth.

Candidate senses analysis:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
    * This matches the medical context perfectly (malignant growth, uncontrolled cell division).
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
    * This is an astrological meaning. Incorrect.
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
    * This is an astronomical/astrological meaning. Incorrect.
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
    * This is an astrological meaning. Incorrect.
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
    * This is a biological classification (zoological genus). Incorrect.

The context overwhelmingly points to the medical definition of cancer. Sense 1 is the correct fit.

Final check: The target word "cancer" appears multiple times, always in the context of genes, cells, malignancy, and diagnosis. Sense 1 is the only relevant definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "only" in the provided context.

Context sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Target word: "only"

Analysis of the context:
The sentence describes a condition where a person has one defective copy of a suppressor gene. For cancer to develop, this person needs to lose the *other* copy. The word "only" modifies the action "lose the other copy."
The structure is: "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
This implies that losing the other copy is the *necessary and sufficient* condition (or at least the necessary condition) for cancer to develop, given the initial defective copy. It means that *if* he loses the other copy, cancer develops; otherwise, it might not (or is less likely).

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | (Focuses on limitation/simplicity of action/state)
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | (Focuses on exclusivity)
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round | (Focuses on unexpected outcome/contrast)
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset | (Focuses on result/consequence)
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better | (Focuses on exception)
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse | (Focuses on conditionality/necessity)
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago | (Focuses on time)

Matching the context ("he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop") to the senses:
The phrase "need only lose" strongly suggests a condition or requirement. The person needs *only* this specific event (losing the other copy) to trigger the outcome (cancer development).

Sense 6: definition=never except when; synonyms=only if, only when. This sense captures the conditional necessity. "He needs only lose the other copy" is equivalent to "He needs to lose the other copy *only if* cancer is to develop" (or more accurately, "Cancer will develop *only if* he loses the other copy"). This fits the meaning of necessary conditionality perfectly.

Sense 2: definition=without any others being included or involved; synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone. This also fits well, as it means "solely lose the other copy." However, Sense 6 (only if/only when) captures the logical dependency inherent in the biological mechanism described (A happens *only if* B happens).

Let's compare 2 and 6.
If I use Sense 2 (solely/exclusively): "He needs solely to lose the other copy." (Meaning: No other action is required).
If I use Sense 6 (only if/only when): "He needs to lose the other copy only if [some condition is met]." (This interpretation is slightly awkward in the original sentence structure, but the underlying meaning is that the loss of the other copy is the *only* trigger needed for the outcome).

In the structure "need only X," "only" functions as a restrictive adverb meaning "it is necessary and sufficient that X happens." This is a classic usage of "only" meaning "if and only if" or "only when."

Example: "You need only sign the form." (Meaning: Signing is the only thing required.)
In the context: "He need only lose the other copy..." (Meaning: Losing the other copy is the only event required for cancer to develop.)

Sense 6, with its synonyms "only if, only when," best captures this restrictive, conditional necessity.

Therefore, Sense 6 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lose
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "lose" in the given context.

Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Target word: lose

Analysis of the context:
The context is about genetics and cancer susceptibility. A person already has one defective copy of a suppressor gene. To develop cancer, they only need to "lose" the other copy. In this biological context, "losing a copy" means that copy is impaired, damaged, or functionally absent.

Analysis of candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense. (This fits the idea of ceasing to have a functional copy.)
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: fail to win. (Irrelevant.)
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: suffer the loss of a person through death or removal. (Irrelevant.)
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: place (something) where one cannot find it again. (Irrelevant - physical misplacement.)
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: miss from one's possessions; lose sight of. (Irrelevant - physical loss of objects.)
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: allow to go out of sight. (Irrelevant.)
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: fail to make money in a business. (Irrelevant.)
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: fail to get or obtain. (Possible, but less precise than ceasing to have/maintain.)
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: retreat. (Irrelevant.)
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind. (Irrelevant.)
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: be set at a disadvantage. (Irrelevant.)

Comparing the relevant senses:
Sense 1 (lose%2:40:02): "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense."
In the genetic context, the cell/individual ceases to maintain the function of the second copy, or the copy is lost/inactivated. This aligns perfectly with "cease to have" or "fail to maintain" a functional gene copy.

Sense 8 (lose%2:40:00): "fail to get or obtain."
While losing a copy means not obtaining its function, Sense 1 is broader and better captures the idea of the existing copy being lost or failing to be maintained/kept functional.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit. It covers the abstract concept of losing a functional element (a gene copy) rather than a physical object or a competitive outcome.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "other" in the provided context.

Context:
"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop."

Target word: "other"

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Analysis:
The sentence discusses genetic copies. A person has two copies of a suppressor gene. One copy is defective or damaged. The sentence states that the person only needs to lose the "other" copy for cancer to develop.

This usage refers to the remaining copy, which is distinct from the already mentioned (defective/damaged) copy.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied. This perfectly matches the context (the copy that is not the defective one).
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 definition=recently past. Irrelevant.
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 definition=belonging to the distant past. Irrelevant.
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 definition=very unusual. Irrelevant.

The best fit is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "copy" in the provided context.
The context is about genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes.
The sentence containing the target word is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop."

The target word "copy" refers to a genetic element (a gene) that is inherited in two instances (alleles/gene copies).

Let's examine the candidate senses:

1. `sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript`
   * This relates to documents/records. Not relevant to genes.

2. `sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor`
   * This relates to replication or imitation (e.g., a clone, a duplicate object). While genes are replicated, in this specific biological context ("one defective copy... the other copy"), "copy" refers to the physical instance of the gene inherited from a parent, not necessarily a replication or clone in the sense of duplication of an organism or object. However, it is related to the idea of having two instances of the same genetic material.

3. `sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter`
   * This relates to text/writing. Not relevant to genes.

4. `sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy`
   * This relates to journalistic content. Not relevant to genes.

Revisiting the context: "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent." and "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
In genetics, a "gene copy" refers to one specific instance of a gene locus present in the organism's genome.

Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." This sense covers the idea of an instance or duplicate. When we say "two copies of a gene," we mean two instances of that gene material. This is the closest fit among the provided options, even if the biological term is more precisely "allele" or "gene instance." The concept of having two identical (or similar) instances is captured by this sense.

The other senses (1, 3, 4) are clearly related to documents or text and are irrelevant.

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The passage discusses genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes), cell division, malignancy, tumors, and cancer diagnosis. Key phrases include: "cell to become malignant," "cancerous cells," "tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged," "for cancer to arise," and "predictive cancer diagnosis."

2.  **Analyze the target word:** The target word is "cancer" in the sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop."

3.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   **sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:** Definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream." Synonyms: "malignant neoplastic disease." This perfectly matches the biological/medical context of genes, tumors, and malignancy discussed throughout the passage.
    *   **sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:** Definition: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer." (Astrological sign/person). Irrelevant.
    *   **sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:** Definition: "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini." (Astrological constellation). Irrelevant.
    *   **sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:** Definition: "the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22." (Astrological sign). Irrelevant.
    *   **sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:** Definition: "type genus of the family Cancridae." (Biological genus name). Irrelevant.

4.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 (cancer%1:26:00) is the only sense that fits the scientific and medical context of the passage.

5.  **Format the output:** Return the chosen sense index in the required JSON format.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'develop' in this context:** Here, 'develop' refers to the process by which cancer comes into existence or starts. It is a biological/pathological process.
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:** I need a sense that means 'to start,' 'to arise,' or 'to come into existence' in a biological/disease context.

    *   1. make something new (product/creation) - *No.*
    *   2. work out (theory/plan) - *No.*
    *   3. gain through experience - *No.*
    *   4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features/attributes) - *Possible, but usually refers to growth/change in a living thing, not the onset of a disease.*
    *   5. come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, arise, rise) - *Strong candidate. Cancer 'comes into existence'.*
    *   6. change the use of and make available or usable - *No.*
    *   7. elaborate (theories) - *No.*
    *   8. create by training and teaching - *No.*
    *   9. be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest - *Possible, but usually for abstract things (plots, secrets).*
    *   10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment - *Very strong candidate. This covers the biological progression of a disease.*
    *   11. become technologically advanced - *No.*
    *   12. cause to grow and differentiate - *No (it's the cancer developing, not being caused to grow by an external factor).*
    *   13. generate gradually (market) - *No.*
    *   14. grow emotionally or mature - *No.*
    *   15. make visible (film) - *No.*
    *   16. superimpose (geometry) - *No.*
    *   17. move pieces (chess) - *No.*
    *   18. move into a strategically more advantageous position (chess) - *No.*
    *   19. elaborate (music) - *No.*
    *   20. happen (Report the news as it develops) - *Strong candidate. This is a general sense of 'occurring'.*
    *   21. expand in the form of a series - *No.*

4.  **Compare the best candidates (5, 10, 20):**
    *   Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (originate, arise). This fits the onset of cancer.
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment." This is highly specific to biological/natural processes, which is exactly what cancer development is.
    *   Sense 20: "happen" (Report the news as it develops). This is too general, though technically correct.

5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 10 is the most precise and contextually appropriate definition for a biological process like cancer arising from genetic impairment. It encompasses the idea of progression and unfolding inherent in disease development. Sense 5 is also good, but Sense 10 captures the *process* of development better.

6.  **Final check:** The context is about a genetic predisposition leading to cancer. Cancer *develops* (progresses/unfolds) when the second copy of the suppressor gene is lost. Sense 10 fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerging
Target surface form: Emerging
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "Emerging" in the provided context.
The context is: "<t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

The candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

Analysis of the context:
"Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
The tests are new, developing, or recently developed. They are not yet fully established or mature, but they are appearing or coming into existence.

Evaluation of senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 (coming to maturity): This suggests a process of development towards a mature state (like a generation). While the tests are developing, "coming into existence" seems more appropriate for a new technology/test.
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 (coming into existence): This perfectly describes something new that is just beginning to appear or develop (like a new technology or scientific finding).

Conclusion: Sense 2, meaning "coming into existence" or "newly appearing," is the best fit for "Emerging genetic tests."

I need to return the answer in the specified JSON format, using the index of the chosen sense.
Sense 2 corresponds to index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target word: "genetic"
    *   Context sentence: "Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, inherited copies of genes, and cancer susceptibility. The focus is on how genes determine susceptibility.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1 (genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00):**
        *   Definition: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity.
        *   Synonyms: familial, hereditary, inherited.
        *   Relevance: High. The context is entirely about inherited genes and cancer susceptibility (a hereditary trait). "Genetic tests" in this context are tests for inherited predispositions.

    *   **Sense 2 (genetic%3:01:02):**
        *   Definition: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene.
        *   Synonyms: genic, genetical.
        *   Relevance: High. Genes are the subject matter. "Genetic tests" relate directly to the material (genes).

    *   **Sense 3 (genetic%3:01:01):**
        *   Definition: pertaining to or referring to origin.
        *   Examples: genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work.
        *   Relevance: Low. While genes relate to origin, the context is about *testing* for susceptibility, not tracing evolutionary or historical origins.

    *   **Sense 4 (genetic%3:01:00):**
        *   Definition: of or relating to the science of genetics.
        *   Synonyms: genetical.
        *   Relevance: Medium. While the tests are *part* of genetics, the word "genetic" here modifies "tests," implying the *nature* of the test (i.e., based on genes/heredity), rather than the field of study itself.

3.  **Compare and Select the Best Fit:**

    *   The context is about identifying individuals prone to cancer because of specific gene copies they possess (inherited traits).
    *   Sense 1 focuses specifically on the *hereditary* nature of the trait/condition ("occurring among members of a family usually by heredity"). This aligns perfectly with the discussion of inherited copies and cancer susceptibility.
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the *material* (the gene itself). While accurate, Sense 1 captures the *implication* of the test—that it is looking for a familial/inherited risk.
    *   In the phrase "genetic tests" in a medical/hereditary context, the sense emphasizing inheritance (Sense 1) is often the most precise fit, as the tests are designed to detect inherited predispositions.

4.  **Final Decision:** Sense 1 is the most precise fit because the entire passage revolves around inherited gene copies and resulting familial susceptibility to cancer.

5.  **Format Output.** (The instruction requires returning the JSON object with the sense index.)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target word: "able"
    *   Context sentence: "Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses genetic tests, cancer susceptibility, and predictive diagnosis.

2.  **Analyze the Meaning in Context:**
    *   The tests are expected to have the *capacity* or *means* to spot individuals.
    *   The structure "will be able to spot" strongly suggests capability or potential.

3.  **Evaluate Candidate Senses:**

    *   **1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer**
        *   *Match:* This sense perfectly captures the meaning of having the necessary means/skill to perform an action (spotting individuals). The structure "be able to + infinitive" is the classic usage for this sense.
        *   *Relevance:* High.

    *   **2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator**
        *   *Match:* This is related to skill/qualification. While the tests are competent, the phrasing "will be able to spot" is more about potential/capacity than inherent professional competence (like an "able teacher").
        *   *Relevance:* Medium-High, but Sense 1 is a better fit for the grammatical structure and immediate meaning.

    *   **3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet**
        *   *Match:* This sense refers to inherent capacity. The tests possess the *capacity* to spot. This is very close to Sense 1, as "capacity" is a key element.
        *   *Relevance:* High.

    *   **4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army**
        *   *Match:* No. This refers to physical health/fitness.
        *   *Relevance:* Low/None.

4.  **Compare Best Candidates (1 and 3):**

    *   Sense 1: Focuses on having the *means/skill* to do something (often used in the "be able to" construction).
    *   Sense 3: Focuses on having *inherent capacity*.

    The context uses the structure "will be able to spot." This structure is the canonical example of Sense 1 (having the necessary means/skill to perform an action). While Sense 3 (capacity) is conceptually similar, Sense 1 is the most precise fit for the grammatical and functional meaning of "be able to" when discussing the potential of a tool or system (the tests).

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1. (Note: The instructions require returning the index number corresponding to the chosen sense.)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
Thinking Process:

1.  **Analyze the Target Word and Context:**
    *   Target surface form: *individuals* (plural of *individual*)
    *   Context sentence: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses cancer, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, genetic copies, and cancer susceptibility.

2.  **Analyze the Candidate Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** `individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do`
        *   Focus: Human being/Person.
    *   **Sense 2:** `individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism`
        *   Focus: Any single organism (could be a bacterium, a plant, an animal, etc.).

3.  **Determine the Best Fit:**
    *   The context is about "cancer-susceptible individuals" and "predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Cancer diagnosis and susceptibility are typically applied to humans (or sometimes animals in research, but the phrasing "predictive cancer diagnosis" strongly implies human application).
    *   Sense 1 (a human being/person) aligns perfectly with the concept of a patient undergoing cancer diagnosis.
    *   Sense 2 (a single organism) is too broad. While a human is an organism, Sense 1 is much more specific and contextually appropriate given the medical/human health focus of the passage.

4.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit.

5.  **Format the Output:** The instruction requires a JSON object with the sense index. Since the provided candidates are numbered 1 and 2, the chosen sense is 1. (Wait, the instructions ask for the JSON format `{"sense_index": 3}` but only provided two candidates. I must assume the numbering in the prompt is sequential, so Sense 1 corresponds to index 1).

*Self-Correction/Refinement:* The prompt structure is slightly ambiguous regarding the final index number if I only have two candidates (1 and 2). However, following the standard procedure of selecting the best candidate and mapping it to its provided index: Sense 1 is the best fit. I will use the index corresponding to Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believe
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "believe" in the given context.

Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

Target word: believe

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Analysis of the context:
The sentence discusses scientific findings ("Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals") and what "some scientists believe" about these findings ("is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis").
The scientists are expressing their conviction or acceptance of the idea that this new age of diagnosis is coming.

Evaluation of senses:
1. accept as true; take to be true. This fits well. Scientists accept the evidence and conclude that this is a new age.
2. judge or regard; look upon; judge. While related, "accept as true" (sense 1) is more precise for scientific conclusion than "judge/regard."
3. be confident about something. This also fits very well. Scientists are confident (trusting the evidence) that this is a new age.
4. follow a credo; have a faith. This is too strong/religious for a scientific context.
5. credit with veracity. This usually applies to external sources (people, publications) and is less about forming a scientific conclusion based on data.

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
Sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true." (Focus on the truth value of the statement: "it is a new age.")
Sense 3: "be confident about something." (Focus on the internal state of the scientists: they are confident in the statement.)

In the phrase "what some scientists believe is a new age," the meaning is that they hold the conviction that the statement ("it is a new age") is true. Both senses 1 and 3 capture this.

Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 3: "I believe that he will come back from the war." This is about confidence/trust in a future event.
Let's look at the examples provided for Sense 1: "I believed his report." This is about accepting the content of the report as true.

In the context, the scientists are accepting the implication of the genetic tests—that they usher in a new age. This is an intellectual acceptance of a conclusion derived from evidence.

Sense 1 ("accept as true; take to be true") is the most direct and neutral description of forming a conclusion based on evidence, which is the core activity of scientists.
Sense 3 ("be confident about something") is also accurate, but Sense 1 captures the cognitive act of accepting the proposition as factual.

Given the options, Sense 1 is the most precise fit for a scientific conclusion based on evidence.

Let's re-examine the provided indices.
Sense 1: accept as true; take to be true.
Sense 3: be confident about something.

If I must choose the *single best* indexed sense, and both are very close, I lean towards Sense 1 because it describes the cognitive acceptance of the proposition's truth value, which is what "what X believes is Y" fundamentally means in this context.

However, often in these tasks, "be confident about something" (Sense 3) is used interchangeably with "accept as true" when discussing expert opinion or predictions.

Let's check the provided examples again.
Sense 3 example: "I believe that he will come back from the war." (Confidence/Expectation)
Context: "what some scientists believe is a new age..." (Conviction/Acceptance of a state of affairs)

Sense 1 example: "I believed his report." (Acceptance of content)
Context: "what some scientists believe is a new age..." (Acceptance of a conclusion)

Both are strong. If I treat "believe" as expressing a strong conviction derived from evidence, Sense 3 ("be confident about something") might be slightly better aligned with the tone of scientific prediction/excitement ("ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age").

Let's stick with the definition that best captures the intellectual conviction of the scientists regarding the future state of diagnosis. Sense 3, "be confident about something," captures this conviction well.

Final check:
Context: Scientists believe [that] this is a new age.
Sense 3: Scientists are confident about this being a new age. (Perfect fit)
Sense 1: Scientists accept that this is a new age. (Also a perfect fit)

Since the prompt requires choosing the *single best* sense, and both 1 and 3 are extremely close, I will select Sense 3 as it emphasizes the degree of conviction inherent in the statement about a future/emerging state.

Wait, let me re-read the provided indices and definitions one last time.
Sense 1: accept as true; take to be true.
Sense 3: be confident about something.

In academic/scientific writing, "believe" often functions as "conclude that" or "hold the view that," which aligns perfectly with "accept as true." I will revert to Sense 1 as the most formally accurate description of the cognitive process of accepting a proposition's truth value based on evidence.

Let's choose Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
2.  **Identify the target word and its usage:** The target word is "new." In the first instance, it modifies "age" ("a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis"). In the second instance, it modifies "findings" ("the new findings").
3.  **Determine the meaning in context:**
    *   "A new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" implies a significant, recent, or groundbreaking shift/era. It's not just a slightly different age; it's a fundamentally different, modern, or recently arrived era.
    *   "The new findings" refers to the results of the emerging genetic tests—results that are recent or represent a novel development.
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars` -> This fits perfectly. "A new age" (recently come into being) and "new findings" (recently discovered).
    *   2. `new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel` -> This is close, but sense 1 captures the temporal aspect ("recently come into being") which is strongly implied by "emerging genetic tests" and "ushering in."
    *   3. `new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience` -> Incorrect.
    *   4. `new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled` -> This is a strong candidate, as a "new age" often implies unprecedented change. However, sense 1 (having just come into being) is a more direct and common way to express this idea in this context, especially when paired with "emerging tests."
    *   5. `new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different` -> Too weak.
    *   6. `new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure` -> Incorrect (like "new car").
    *   7. `new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled` -> Incorrect (implies novelty for novelty's sake).
    *   8. `new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times` -> Incorrect (historical/linguistic context).
    *   9. `new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern` -> Incorrect (linguistic context).
    *   10. `new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity` -> Incorrect (agricultural context).
    *   11. `new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar` -> Incorrect.

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1 (`new%3:00:00`) best captures the meaning of something that has recently emerged or come into being (a new age, new findings). It is the most precise fit for the temporal and developmental context provided by the surrounding text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "age" in the provided context.

Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

Target word: age

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age (Focuses on duration/antiquity of an object/thing)
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age (Focuses on a period defined by characteristics)
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld (Focuses on a specific life stage/milestone)
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years (Focuses on general length of time)
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years (Focuses on old age)

Analysis of the context:
The phrase is "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
This phrase suggests a new period or era characterized by this specific type of medical advancement (predictive cancer diagnosis).

Matching the context to the senses:
1. "how long something has existed": Does not fit. The "age" here is not about how long the diagnosis method has existed, but what kind of period it represents.
2. "an era of history having some distinctive feature": This fits perfectly. A "new age" implies a new era defined by the distinctive feature of "predictive cancer diagnosis."
3. "a time of life... at which some particular qualification or power arises": This refers to human life stages (e.g., childhood age, voting age). Does not fit.
4. "a prolonged period of time": While an era is a period of time, sense 2 is much more specific and captures the conceptual meaning of a defining "era" or "epoch," which is what "new age" implies in this scientific context.
5. "a late time of life": Does not fit.

Conclusion: Sense 2, "an era of history having some distinctive feature," is the best fit for "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" in the provided context.
The context is a scientific passage discussing oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and the development of malignant diseases.
The target word is "cancer" in the phrase "predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease (Medical/Disease)
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab (Astrology)
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini (Astronomy/Astrology)
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab (Astrology)
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer (Biology/Taxonomy)

Analysis of the context:
The passage discusses:
- Oncogenes and malignant cells.
- Tumor-suppressor genes.
- Cell growth control.
- Genetic tests for susceptible individuals.
- "predictive cancer diagnosis."

The topic is clearly medical genetics and disease.

Evaluating the senses:
1. Sense 1: Refers to malignant growth/tumor. This perfectly matches the medical context (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, diagnosis).
2. Sense 2: Astrology (person born under the sign). Irrelevant.
3. Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation. Irrelevant.
4. Sense 4: Zodiac sign. Irrelevant.
5. Sense 5: Biological genus (Crabs). Irrelevant.

The best fit is Sense 1.

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.