[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: big
Target surface form: biggest
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second <t>biggest</t> cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=big%3:00:01:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=large | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=big%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=significant | examples=graduation was a big day in his life
3. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
4. sense_key=big%5:00:00:loud:00 | definition=loud and firm | examples=a big voice; big bold piano sounds
5. sense_key=big%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=large, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intemperate:00 | definition=prodigious | synonyms=heavy | examples=big spender; big eater
7. sense_key=big%5:00:02:proud:00 | definition=exhibiting self-importance | synonyms=boastful, braggart, bragging, braggy, cock-a-hoop, crowing | examples=big talk
8. sense_key=big%5:00:00:proud:00 | definition=feeling self-importance | synonyms=swelled, vainglorious | examples=too big for his britches; had a swelled head
9. sense_key=big%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=(of animals) fully developed | synonyms=adult, full-grown, fully grown, grown, grownup | examples=an adult animal; a grown woman
10. sense_key=big%5:00:00:heavy:08 | definition=marked by intense physical force | examples=a big wind
11. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=large, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
12. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:01 | definition=given or giving freely | synonyms=bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, handsome, giving | examples=was a big tipper; the bounteous goodness of God
13. sense_key=big%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, large, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the target word and context:**
    *   Target lemma: big
    *   Target surface form: biggest (superlative of big)
    *   Context sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   The word modifies "cancer killer."

2.  **Determine the meaning of "biggest" in this context:**
    *   "Cancer killer" refers to the impact or prevalence of the cancer.
    *   "Second biggest cancer killer" means it is the second most significant, most prevalent, or most deadly cancer.
    *   The meaning relates to magnitude, extent, or quantity (in terms of deaths/impact).

3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**

    *   1. `sense_key=big%3:00:01:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=large | examples=a large city; set out for the big city`
        *   *Match:* This sense explicitly includes "quantity or magnitude or extent." This fits perfectly with ranking cancers by their impact (number of deaths/prevalence).

    *   2. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=significant | examples=graduation was a big day in his life`
        *   *Match:* This is also a strong candidate, as "most significant" is synonymous with "biggest killer."

    *   3. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to intensity of feeling or sensation, not scale of impact.

    *   4. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:loud:00 | definition=loud and firm | examples=a big voice; big bold piano sounds`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to volume.

    *   5. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=large, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus`
        *   *Match:* Relates to importance/prominence.

    *   6. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:intemperate:00 | definition=prodigious | synonyms=heavy | examples=big spender; big eater`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to excess or size of consumption.

    *   7. `sense_key=big%5:00:02:proud:00 | definition=exhibiting self-importance | synonyms=boastful, braggart, bragging, braggy, cock-a-hoop, crowing | examples=big talk`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to arrogance.

    *   8. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:proud:00 | definition=feeling self-importance | synonyms=swelled, vainglorious | examples=too big for his britches; had a swelled head`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to ego.

    *   9. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=(of animals) fully developed | synonyms=adult, full-grown, fully grown, grown, grownup | examples=an adult animal; a grown woman`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to developmental stage.

    *   10. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:heavy:08 | definition=marked by intense physical force | examples=a big wind`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to physical force/weight.

    *   11. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=large, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to kindness/tolerance.

    *   12. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:01 | definition=given or giving freely | synonyms=bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, handsome, giving | examples=was a big tipper; the bounteous goodness of God`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to giving.

    *   13. `sense_key=big%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, large, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child`
        *   *Mismatch:* Refers to pregnancy.

4.  **Compare the best matches (1, 2, 5):**
    *   Context: "second biggest cancer killer" (ranking by scale/impact).
    *   Sense 1: "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent." (Focuses on measurable scale/quantity).
    *   Sense 2: "significant." (Focuses on importance/meaning).
    *   Sense 5: "conspicuous in position or importance." (Focuses on visibility/prominence).

    *   While Sense 2 (significant) is conceptually correct, Sense 1 (magnitude/quantity/extent) is the most precise fit when discussing a ranking of killers (i.e., the one responsible for the largest *quantity* of deaths or having the greatest *magnitude* of impact).

5.  **Final Selection:** Sense 1 is the most accurate representation of "biggest" when referring to the scale of a threat or killer.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "cancer" based on the provided context and candidate senses.

Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

Target word: "cancer" (the last instance).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Analysis:
The context discusses medical research, tumors (retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor), molecular biology, and cancer suppressor genes.
The phrase is "colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
This usage clearly refers to a disease/malignancy, not an astrological sign, a constellation, or a genus of crustaceans.

Comparing the senses:
Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." This perfectly matches the medical context (colon cancer, lung cancer, disease killer).
Sense 2, 3, 4: These relate to astrology/constellations. Incorrect.
Sense 5: This relates to zoology (crustaceans). Incorrect.

The best sense is Sense 1.

Wait, the instructions require me to return the JSON object with the sense index, not the sense key.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.

Let me re-read the provided candidate list structure to ensure I map correctly.
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00... (Malignant disease)
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00... (Astrology person)
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00... (Constellation)
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00... (Zodiac sign)
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00... (Genus)

The best sense is the first one listed (index 1).

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: killer
Target surface form: killer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=killer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who causes the death of a person or animal | synonyms=slayer
2. sense_key=killer%1:26:00:: | definition=the causal agent resulting in death | synonyms=cause of death | examples=heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States
3. sense_key=killer%1:09:00:: | definition=a difficulty that is hard to deal with | examples=that exam was a real killer
4. sense_key=killer%1:05:00:: | definition=predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas | synonyms=killer whale, orca, grampus, sea wolf, Orcinus orca

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer."
2.  **Analyze the target word:** "killer".
3.  **Analyze the surrounding phrase:** "the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
4.  **Determine the meaning in context:** The word "killer" is modifying "cancer" (or describing the impact of cancer). It refers to the agent or cause of death, specifically in the context of disease prevalence and mortality rates.
5.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   Sense 1: "someone who causes the death of a person or animal" (slayer). This implies a person or animate agent. Cancer is a disease, not a person. (Mismatch)
    *   Sense 2: "the causal agent resulting in death" (cause of death). This fits perfectly. Cancer is a disease (a causal agent) that results in death. The example provided ("heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States") strongly supports this abstract, non-human agent meaning. (Strong Match)
    *   Sense 3: "a difficulty that is hard to deal with." (e.g., "that exam was a real killer"). This is metaphorical difficulty, not mortality. (Mismatch)
    *   Sense 4: "predatory black-and-white toothed whale..." (Orca). This is a specific animal. (Mismatch)
6.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 2 is the definitive match.
7.  **Format the output:** Return the JSON object with the correct sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the target surface form "U.S." in the given context.
The target lemma is "u.s.".
The context is: "...Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Analysis:
The phrase is "the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
Here, "U.S." refers to the geographical location or country where the cancer killer statistics apply.

Sense 1 defines "U.S." as the *government* (executive, legislative, judicial branches). While the synonyms include "United States," the definition focuses specifically on the governmental structure.
Sense 2 defines "U.S." as the *country* (North American republic containing 50 states). This matches the usage in the context, where it refers to the nation's overall health statistics (cancer killer).

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit as it refers to the geographical entity (the country) where the cancer statistics are measured.

I need to return the index of the chosen sense.
Sense 1 is index 1.
Sense 2 is index 2.

The chosen sense is Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "believed" in the provided context.
The target lemma is "believe".
The context is: "He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

I need to analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War**
   * This sense relates to accepting a proposition as factual.
   * Context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits'..." This fits the idea of accepting a hypothesis or theory as true.

2. **sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart**
   * This sense relates to forming an opinion or judgment about someone or something.
   * Context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise..." While related to forming an opinion, the structure "believed X might also arise" suggests accepting a scientific hypothesis (a claim about reality) rather than just judging its quality or nature.

3. **sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war**
   * This sense relates to having confidence or trust in a future event or outcome.
   * Context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise..." This is about a scientific possibility/hypothesis, not necessarily about trusting a person or a future event in the sense of hope/confidence (though related).

4. **sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too**
   * This sense relates to religious or philosophical adherence.
   * Context: Not applicable.

5. **sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?**
   * This sense relates to judging the truthfulness of a source or statement.
   * Context: Not applicable.

**Comparison:**
The sentence is discussing a scientific hypothesis: "colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes."
The subject (Dr. Vogelstein) is endorsing this hypothesis.

* Sense 1 (accept as true; take to be true): This is the most direct fit. He accepts the hypothesis as a plausible truth.
* Sense 2 (judge or regard): While related, Sense 1 is more precise when the object of belief is a proposition/hypothesis ("might also arise").
* Sense 3 (be confident about something): This is close, but Sense 1 captures the cognitive act of accepting the claim itself, which is the core meaning here.

Sense 1, "accept as true; take to be true," perfectly captures the meaning of a scientist accepting a theoretical model or hypothesis.

Therefore, sense_key=believe%2:31:00 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'arise' in context:** Here, 'arise' refers to the beginning or development of colon cancer, specifically suggesting it originates from genetic damage ("multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes") and develops over time ("develop in stages").
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `arise%2:42:00`: "come into existence; take on form or shape." Synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow. *This fits the idea of cancer developing/coming into existence.*
    *   2. `arise%2:42:01`: "originate or come into being." Synonyms: come up, bob up. *This is a general sense of beginning, which fits.*
    *   3. `arise%2:38:00`: "rise to one's feet." Synonyms: rise, uprise, get up, stand up. *Physical movement. Incorrect.*
    *   4. `arise%2:30:00`: "result or issue." Synonyms: come up. *This usually refers to a consequence or problem (e.g., "a problem arose"). While cancer is a result, the context emphasizes the *development* from genetic hits, making 'originate' a stronger fit.*
    *   5. `arise%2:38:04`: "move upward." Synonyms: rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise. *Physical movement. Incorrect.*
    *   6. `arise%2:41:00`: "take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance." Synonyms: rebel, rise, rise up. *Political/rebellious. Incorrect.*
    *   7. `arise%2:29:00`: "get up and out of bed." Synonyms: get up, turn out, uprise, rise. *Physical movement. Incorrect.*
4.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 2):**
    *   Sense 2 (`arise%2:42:01`): "originate or come into being." (General origin)
    *   Sense 1 (`arise%2:42:00`): "come into existence; take on form or shape." (Emphasizes development/formation, and includes synonyms like 'develop' and 'grow').
5.  **Select the best fit:** Since the context explicitly mentions the cancer "develop[ing] in stages" and is linked to genetic damage, Sense 1, which includes "take on form or shape" and "develop," is the most precise fit for the biological process described.

6.  **Final check:** The cancer *arises* (comes into existence/develops) from genetic hits. Sense 1 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits 'on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
2.  **Analyze the surrounding text/topic:** The passage discusses retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, and colon cancer. It is a medical/biological discussion focusing on genetic damage, tumor suppressor genes, and malignant development.
3.  **Analyze the target word and its usage:** The target word is "cancer," used in the phrase "suppressor genes." In this context, "cancer" refers to the disease or the malignant growth itself.
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**
    *   1. `sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease` (This matches the medical/disease context.)
    *   2. `sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab` (Astrology/person - Incorrect.)
    *   3. `sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini` (Astronomy/constellation - Incorrect.)
    *   4. `sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab` (Astrology/sign - Incorrect.)
    *   5. `sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer` (Biology/zoology - Incorrect.)
5.  **Select the best sense:** Sense 1 is the only sense related to the medical condition being discussed (malignant growth/disease), which aligns perfectly with the discussion of "suppressor genes" and "colon cancer."
6.  **Format the output:** Return the JSON object with the correct sense index.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "often" in the given context.

Context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Target word: often

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Analysis of the context:
Sentence 1: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
Here, "often" modifies the verb "seems to develop in stages." It suggests that the pattern of developing in stages is a common occurrence or a typical characteristic of colon cancer.

Sentence 2: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
Here, "often" modifies the passive verb phrase "is preceded." It means that the preceding by polyps is a common occurrence.

Comparing with candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00 (many times at short intervals / frequently): This is a strong candidate, as "frequently" is a synonym.
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01 (frequently or in great quantities): The "in great quantities" part is less relevant here, but "frequently" is relevant. However, sense 3 seems more precise for the context of biological/medical patterns.
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02 (in many cases or instances): This captures the idea that the development in stages or the preceding by polyps is a typical pattern or happens in many instances/cases.

In the context of cancer development (a biological process), "often" refers to the typical occurrence or prevalence of a pattern (developing in stages, being preceded by polyps).

Sense 3 ("in many cases or instances") fits the idea of a typical pattern or high frequency of occurrence in a general sense, which is appropriate for describing biological tendencies.
Sense 1 ("many times at short intervals") is also accurate, but Sense 3 is slightly broader and better captures the sense of typicality or prevalence in a scientific description.

Let's re-evaluate the nuance.
"It often seems to develop in stages." -> It is a common pattern (in many cases) that it develops in stages.
"It often is preceded by the development of polyps." -> In many cases, it is preceded by polyps.

Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" is the most precise fit for describing a general, typical pattern in a scientific/medical context.

Therefore, sense 3 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seems
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "seems" in the given context.
The target word is "seems" in the sentence: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages."

Context analysis:
The passage discusses cancer development (colon cancer). The preceding text mentions that cancer often develops in stages, preceded by polyps, and involves genetic damage.
The sentence in question states that colon cancer "often seems to develop in stages."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Evaluation:
The phrase is "it often seems to develop in stages."
This usage suggests that the observation (developing in stages) is a probable or apparent characteristic of colon cancer, based on observation or scientific hypothesis, rather than just how it looks (sense 1), or whether it exists (sense 3), or how the speaker feels about it (sense 4).

Sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent." This fits perfectly. The observation that it develops in stages is presented as a probable or apparent characteristic of the disease.

Let's check the other senses:
Sense 1 (outward aspect): While development in stages is an outward aspect, Sense 2 captures the epistemic meaning (it appears to be true/probable) better in a scientific context.
Sense 3 (appear to exist): Irrelevant.
Sense 4 (opinion): Irrelevant, as the subject is "it" (colon cancer), not the speaker's personal feeling.

Conclusion: Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

2.  **Determine the meaning of 'develop' in context:**
    *   The subject is "colon cancer."
    *   The action is happening "in stages."
    *   It is preceded by the "development of polyps."
    *   The progression is from "less severe to deadly."
    *   The overall theme is biological/pathological progression (cancer growth/change).

3.  **Examine the candidate senses for relevance:**

    *   1. make something new (product/creation) -> No.
    *   2. work out (evolve, germinate) -> Possible, but perhaps too general.
    *   3. gain through experience -> No (applies to skills/feelings).
    *   4. come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) -> Highly relevant. Cancer changes physically and attributes (malignancy).
    *   5. come into existence; take on form or shape -> Relevant (originate/arise), but the context emphasizes *progression* through stages, not just initial formation.
    *   6. change the use of and make available or usable -> No.
    *   7. elaborate (theories) -> No.
    *   8. create by training and teaching -> No.
    *   9. be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest -> Possible, but usually used for abstract things (plots, secrets).
    *   10. grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment -> Very strong match. This captures the idea of biological progression/staging.
    *   11. become technologically advanced -> No.
    *   12. cause to grow and differentiate -> No (it's the cancer developing itself).
    *   13. generate gradually -> Too weak/general.
    *   14. grow emotionally or mature -> No (biological/pathological).
    *   15. make visible (film) -> No.
    *   16. superimpose (geometry) -> No.
    *   17/18. move into strategically advantageous position (chess) -> No.
    *   19. elaborate (music) -> No.
    *   20. happen -> Too weak.
    *   21. expand in the form of a series -> No.

4.  **Compare the best candidates (4 and 10):**

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" (Synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire). This fits the change in the cancer's attributes (from less severe to deadly).
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" (Examples: A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower). This emphasizes the *process* of progression through stages, which is exactly what the text describes ("develop in stages," "progressing from less severe to deadly").

5.  **Select the best fit:** Sense 10 is the most comprehensive description of biological/pathological progression over time, which is the core meaning here. While Sense 4 is accurate, Sense 10 captures the dynamic, staged nature of the process ("progress," "unfold," "evolve") better than the static "undergo a change of attributes."

6.  **Final check:** The cancer is progressing/evolving through stages. Sense 10 matches this perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "stages" (plural of "stage") based on the provided context.

Context snippet:
"...He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The word "stages" refers to the progression of cancer development, moving from less severe to deadly.

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=stage%1:28:00::** | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
    * *Relevance:* Cancer development is a sequence of events/time periods (phases). This fits well.

2. **sense_key=stage%1:26:00::** | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
    * *Relevance:* Cancer progression involves moving through identifiable levels or positions (e.g., Stage I, Stage II, etc.). This also fits very well, perhaps even better than sense 1, as it emphasizes the identifiable nature of the progression (like clinical staging).

3. **sense_key=stage%1:06:00::** | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
    * *Relevance:* No. (Theater platform)

4. **sense_key=stage%1:10:00::** | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
    * *Relevance:* No. (Theater profession)

5. **sense_key=stage%1:06:01::** | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
    * *Relevance:* No. (Vehicle)

6. **sense_key=stage%1:04:00::** | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
    * *Relevance:* While cancer progression is a "course," this sense usually implies a physical or temporal segment of a journey. Sense 1 and 2 are more precise for biological/disease progression.

7. **sense_key=stage%1:15:00::** | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
    * *Relevance:* No. (Theatrical setting)

8. **sense_key=stage%1:06:02::** | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage
    * *Relevance:* No. (Scientific equipment part)

Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Context: "...it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly..."

Sense 1: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" (Phase)
Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (Level/Point)

The phrase "increasingly malignant in identifiable stages" strongly suggests discrete, recognizable levels or points in the continuum of disease severity (e.g., Stage 0, Stage I, Stage II, etc.). Sense 2 captures this idea of an "identifiable position in a continuum" better than Sense 1, which is more general about "time periods."

Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "often" in the provided context.

Context snippet: "It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Target word: often

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Analysis:
The sentence discusses the development of colon cancer. The structure is: "It [cancer] often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
This means that in many instances or cases of this cancer, the preceding development of polyps is observed.

Let's evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00 (many times at short intervals / frequently): This focuses on temporal repetition (e.g., meeting someone often). While "frequently" is a synonym, the context is about the occurrence of a preceding condition (polyps) relative to the main event (cancer development), which is better captured by frequency across cases rather than strict temporal repetition.
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01 (frequently or in great quantities): This relates to quantity (e.g., drinking much). This is not relevant here.
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02 (in many cases or instances): This perfectly matches the meaning. The cancer (It) is preceded by polyps in many cases/instances.

Conclusion: Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the word "preceded" (the past tense of "precede") based on the provided context.

Context: "It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Target word: preceded
Contextual meaning: The development of colon cancer (implied subject) is often *preceded* by the development of polyps. This means the polyps happen *before* the cancer.

Let's analyze the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=precede%2:42:00::** | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
    * This matches the meaning: polyps (antecedent) come earlier in time than the cancer.

2. **sense_key=precede%2:42:01::** | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
    * This is a general sense of temporal or positional ordering. It fits the context, but sense 1 is more specific to temporal sequence ("be earlier in time").

3. **sense_key=precede%2:41:00::** | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
    * This sense focuses on being a direct predecessor (e.g., in a sequence of people or things). While related, the context is about a biological/developmental sequence (polyps -> cancer), making the temporal aspect (sense 1) stronger than the specific "predecessor" role (sense 3).

4. **sense_key=precede%2:38:00::** | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
    * This implies active movement or leading, which doesn't fit the passive construction "is preceded by."

5. **sense_key=precede%2:32:03::** | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution
    * This is about introducing text or speech, which is irrelevant here.

Comparing 1, 2, and 3:
The context clearly establishes a temporal relationship: Polyps (A) happen before Cancer (B).
Sense 1: "be earlier in time; go back further" (Synonyms: predate, antecede). This is the most precise fit for the biological/developmental sequence described.
Sense 2: "come before." This is accurate but less specific than Sense 1.
Sense 3: "be the predecessor of." This is also accurate but Sense 1 captures the core temporal meaning better, especially given the synonyms like 'predate' and 'antecede'.

I choose Sense 1 as the best fit because it explicitly defines the temporal relationship ("be earlier in time") which is the core meaning in the phrase "is preceded by the development of polyps."

The required output format is a JSON object with the sense index.
Sense 1 corresponds to index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
2.  **Identify the target word and its role:** The target word is "development." It refers to the process by which polyps change from less severe to increasingly malignant stages.
3.  **Examine the surrounding text/clues:**
    *   "polyps in the bowel" (biological structure).
    *   "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages" (change over time, progression).
    *   "progressing from less severe to deadly" (a gradual, advanced state).
    *   "cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" (biological/genetic process).
4.  **Evaluate the candidate senses:**

    *   1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining (Focuses on improvement/refinement, often abstract or technical). *Less fitting for biological progression.*
    *   2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) (Focuses on gradual change/progression). *Highly relevant.*
    *   3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level (Focuses specifically on biological growth/maturation). *Very relevant, perhaps more specific than sense 2.*
    *   4. a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation (Focuses on novelty/news). *Irrelevant.*
    *   5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful (Focuses on land use/economics). *Irrelevant.*
    *   6. a district that has been developed to serve some purpose (Focuses on urban planning/area). *Irrelevant.*
    *   7. a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (Focuses on general improvement/state). *Too general, misses the specific biological progression.*
    *   8. processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible (Focuses on photography). *Irrelevant.*
    *   9. (music) the section of a composition or movement (Focuses on music theory). *Irrelevant.*

5.  **Compare the best candidates (2 and 3):**
    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" (General progression).
    *   Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" (Specific biological progression/maturation).

    Since the context explicitly involves "polyps in the bowel," "malignant," and "genetic damage," the process is fundamentally biological. Sense 3 is the most precise fit, covering the biological nature of the change (progression from simple to complex/severe) inherent in cancer development.

6.  **Final Selection:** Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
"sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) for the word "polyps" (plural of "polyp") based on the provided context.

Context snippet: "It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Analysis:
The context mentions "polyps in the bowel" and describes them as developing and becoming "increasingly malignant."
1. Sense 1 relates to a "small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane." This aligns perfectly with growths found in the bowel (which has a mucous membrane) and the description of them becoming malignant (a common characteristic of intestinal polyps).
2. Sense 2 relates to a biological life cycle stage of coelenterates (like hydra or coral). This is completely irrelevant to the context of human bowel cancer development.

Conclusion: Sense 1 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the context:** The sentence is: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
2.  **Determine the meaning of 'cases' in this context:** The word 'cases' refers to specific instances or examples of the development of polyps in the bowel, where those polyps then become malignant. It is used to mean "in some instances" or "in some situations."
3.  **Examine the candidate senses:**
    *   1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example. (Matches "in some instances.")
    *   2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event. (Matches "in some circumstances," which is very close to the context.)
    *   3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law... (Legal context - irrelevant.)
    *   4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things. (Abstract state - less likely than a specific occurrence.)
    *   5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container... (Physical container - irrelevant.)
    *   6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services. (Patient/client - irrelevant.)
    *   7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures... (Subject - irrelevant.)
    *   8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation. (Problem/mystery - irrelevant.)
    *   9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument. (Argument/pleading - irrelevant.)
    *   10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case. (Quantity - irrelevant.)
    *   11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives... (Grammatical term - irrelevant.)
    *   12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary. (Mental state - irrelevant.)
    *   13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind... (Type/character - irrelevant.)
    *   14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type... (Typography - irrelevant.)
    *   15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering... (Biological/physical covering - irrelevant.)
    *   16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something. (Physical housing - irrelevant.)
    *   17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening. (Architectural - irrelevant.)
    *   18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type... (Printing - irrelevant.)
    *   19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow. (Linen - irrelevant.)
    *   20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items... (Display - irrelevant.)

4.  **Compare the best candidates (1 and 2):**
    *   Context: "in some cases become increasingly malignant" (referring to the development of polyps).
    *   Sense 1 (11:00): "an occurrence of something," synonyms: instance, example. (Fits perfectly: "in some instances.")
    *   Sense 2 (26:00): "a special set of circumstances," synonyms: event. (Also fits well: "in some circumstances.")

5.  **Select the single best fit:** Both 1 and 2 are highly relevant. However, Sense 1 (occurrence/instance) is the most direct and common way to express this idea when discussing biological or medical events ("in some cases/instances"). Sense 2 emphasizes the *circumstance* surrounding the event, while Sense 1 emphasizes the *event itself*. Given the focus on the development of polyps, 'occurrence' (Sense 1) is slightly more precise than 'circumstance' (Sense 2).

6.  **Final Check:** The polyps *occur* in certain ways (become malignant). This is an instance/occurrence. Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The user wants me to perform Word Sense Disambiguation for the target word "become" in the given context.

Context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Target word: become

Analysis of the context:
The polyps are described as "increasingly malignant" and "progressing from less severe to deadly." This describes a process of change or development in their state (malignancy).

Analysis of candidate senses:

1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
    * This sense fits well. The polyps are entering the state of being "increasingly malignant."

2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
    * This sense also fits very well. The polyps are undergoing a change/development (from less severe to deadly/more malignant).

3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
    * This sense is about creation/emergence. The polyps already exist; they are changing their quality. This is unlikely.

4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!
    * This sense relates to appearance or suitability. This is irrelevant to malignancy progression.

Comparison between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
Context: "polyps... become increasingly malignant... progressing from less severe to deadly."

Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition." (e.g., becoming annoyed, becoming malignant). This focuses on the resulting state.
Sense 2: "undergo a change or development." (e.g., water turning into ice, friend becoming enemy). This focuses on the process of change.

In the phrase "become increasingly malignant," the focus is on the *process* of change (progression) leading to a new state (malignancy). Both senses capture this, but Sense 2 ("undergo a change or development") seems slightly broader and more accurate for describing a biological progression (less severe -> deadly). Sense 1 is also very strong, as "malignant" is a state.

Let's re-examine the examples provided for Sense 2:
"The water turned into ice" (physical change/development).
"Her former friend became her worst enemy" (change in relationship/state).

The context describes a change in biological state/severity. Sense 2 captures this dynamic change perfectly.

Let's re-examine the examples provided for Sense 1:
"He became annoyed..." (assuming a state/emotion).
"It must be getting more serious." (entering a state of seriousness).

While Sense 1 works, Sense 2's definition ("undergo a change or development") aligns better with the concept of "progressing from less severe to deadly" which is a developmental trajectory.

I will choose Sense 2 as the best fit for describing the progression of malignancy.