[User]
Which numbered sense of "experience" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of "experience" (<t>experience</t>) is used in the provided context. The answer should be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    "In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Analyze the Target Phrase:** "But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

4.  **Analyze the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

5.  **Match the Context to the Senses:**

    *   The context uses "experience" to mean that *what has happened* (the reality of immigration's impact) demonstrates a certain truth (immigrants are complementary, not replacements). It is used as evidence or accumulated knowledge derived from observing/participating in the situation.

    *   *Check against Sense 1:* "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities." (This fits the idea that the observation/participation leads to a conclusion about reality.)
    *   *Check against Sense 2:* "the content of direct observation or participation in an event." (This is close, but Sense 1 emphasizes the *result*—the knowledge/skill—which is what the sentence is using to make its point.)
    *   *Check against Sense 3:* "an event as apprehended." (This is too focused on the event itself, not the resulting insight.)

6.  **Conclusion:** The usage "experience shows that..." implies that the accumulated knowledge or insight gained from observing reality is being presented. This aligns best with Sense 1. (e.g., "a man of experience").


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "replacement" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify the numbered sense of "replacement" (<t>replacements</t>) used in the provided context and return only the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

3.  **Examine the Target Word/Phrase:** The phrase is "replacements of, local labor." The context contrasts the fear (immigrants replacing native workers) with the reality (immigrants are complementary, not replacements).

4.  **Analyze the Senses of "Replacement":**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy (Focuses on the *act* of furnishing an equivalent thing/person.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate (Focuses on the *person* who substitutes.)
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch (Focuses on the *event* of substitution.)
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute (Focuses on the *entity* that performs the substitution.)
    *   **Sense 5:** definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal (Focuses on *restoration* or *refilling*.)
    *   **Sense 6:** definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor (Focuses on *sequence*.)

5.  **Match Context to Senses:**

    *   The context uses "replacements of local labor." This refers to immigrants taking the *place* of native workers.
    *   Sense 1: "the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another." (Matches the idea of substitution/replacement.)
    *   Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person." (Matches the idea of the immigrants *being* the substitute.)
    *   Sense 3: "an event in which one thing is substituted for another." (Less likely, as it refers to the ongoing relationship, not a single event.)
    *   Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another." (Matches the idea of the immigrants *as* the substitute.)

6.  **Refine the Match (Focus on the grammatical structure):**
    The structure is "replacements of [X]." This often implies the noun form (Sense 4) or the act (Sense 1).

    *   Fear: They are liable to *replace* native workers (act/verb).
    *   Reality: Immigrants are complementary rather than *replacements* (noun/thing).

    Let's look closely at the definition of Sense 1: "the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing". This is the most direct definition of the *act* of replacement.

    Let's look closely at Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute". This describes the *entity* (the immigrant) performing the function.

    In the phrase "replacements of local labor," the focus is on the *thing* (the immigrants) that fills the role. Sense 4 is a strong candidate.

    However, Sense 1 is defined by the synonym "replacing" and the core idea of furnishing an equivalent in the place of another.

    Let's re-read the context: "they are liable to replace native workers." (Here, 'replace' is used as a verb, fitting Sense 1.)
    "...rather than replacements of, local labor..." (Here, 'replacements' is used as a noun, fitting Sense 4.)

    Since the target is the noun form "replacements," Sense 4 ("a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another") is highly relevant.

    Let's check the examples:
    Sense 1 example: "replacing the star..." (Act)
    Sense 4 definition: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (Entity)

    The context is discussing immigrants (a thing/person) taking the place of native workers (another thing/person). Sense 4 is the best fit for the noun "replacements."

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The goal is to identify which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with `<t>labor</t>`) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Locate the Target Word and Context:**
    The target word is `<t>labor</t>`.
    The relevant sentence is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."

3.  **Analyze the Contextual Usage:**
    The phrase is "local labor." This refers to the workforce, the people doing the work, or the capacity to perform work in a specific area. The context discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and the replacement/complementarity of workers.

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
        *   *Relevance Check:* The context discusses immigrants complementing local labor and shortages of local labor. This sense fits the idea of the workforce/class.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
        *   *Relevance Check:* The context is about *labor* (the workforce), not the act of working itself (though it relates).

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
        *   *Relevance Check:* Irrelevant (medical context).

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
        *   *Relevance Check:* Irrelevant (political/union context).

    *   **Sense 5:** definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
        *   *Relevance Check:* Irrelevant (political party context).

    *   **Sense 6:** definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
        *   *Relevance Check:* Irrelevant (government agency context).

    *   **Sense 7:** definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings
        *   *Relevance Check:* Irrelevant (task/project context).

5.  **Final Comparison:**
    The context uses "local labor" to refer to the workforce or the class of workers available locally. Sense 1 defines labor as "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages." This is the best fit. (Sense 2 defines the *act* of working, which is less appropriate when discussing the *availability* of workers.)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "trade" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify the correct numbered sense of the word "trade" (<t>trades</t>) used in the provided context.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Determine the Meaning of "trades" in Context:** The sentence describes immigrants "exercising trades" where there is a shortage of local labor. This suggests a specific occupation, skill, or type of work performed.

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade. (Focuses on commerce/exchange.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice. (Focuses on a skilled occupation/practice.)
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage. (Focuses on patronage/business.)
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him. (Focuses on a single transaction.)
    *   **Sense 5:** definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade. (Focuses on the people/profession.)
    *   **Sense 6:** definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west. (Focuses on wind/weather.)
    *   **Sense 7:** definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter. (Focuses on barter/exchange.)

5.  **Match Context to Sense:**
    The context uses "exercising trades" in relation to working in specific sectors where there is a labor shortage. This strongly aligns with the idea of a skilled practice or occupation.

    *   Sense 2: definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft. (Strong match.)
    *   Sense 5: definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft. (Less strong, as the text refers to the *action* of exercising trades, not just the people.)

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 2 is the most appropriate fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with `<t>shortage</t>`) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Locate the Target Word and Context:**
    The target word is `<t>shortage</t>`.
    The relevant sentence is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor."

3.  **Analyze the Contextual Meaning of "shortage":**
    The sentence implies that immigrants fill jobs/trades where there is a lack or insufficiency of local workers.

4.  **Analyze the Provided Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
    *   Sense 2: definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

5.  **Compare Contextual Meaning with Senses:**
    *   The context uses "shortage of local labor," meaning a lack or insufficiency of local workers in specific trades.
    *   Sense 1 uses synonyms like "deficit" and "shortfall," and the definition involves being "less than expected or required." This fits the idea of a lack.
    *   Sense 2 uses synonyms like "dearth" and "famine," and defines it as "an acute insufficiency." This also fits the idea of a lack, perhaps emphasizing severity.

6.  **Determine the Best Fit (Refinement):**
    Both senses relate to a lack.
    *   Sense 1: "amount by which something is less than expected or required" (focuses on the quantitative gap/deficit).
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency" (focuses on the severity of the lack).

    In the context of labor markets ("shortage of local labor"), "insufficiency" (Sense 2) or "deficit/shortfall" (Sense 1) are both valid. However, Sense 1's definition ("less than expected or required") is a very broad and accurate description of a shortage in a supply context. Sense 2 emphasizes the *acute* nature. Since the text is discussing a general market dynamic (immigrants complementing local labor), the general concept of a lack (Sense 1) is highly appropriate.

    Let's re-read the options. The context is about trades where local labor is lacking. This is a standard economic definition of a shortage/deficit.

    *Self-Correction/Final Check:* If the context were about a catastrophic lack of food, Sense 2 (famine/acute insufficiency) would be better. Since it is about labor supply, Sense 1 (deficit/shortfall/less than required) is the most fitting general economic term.

7.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The goal is to identify which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t>labor</t>) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Locate the Target Word and Context:**
    The context is: "But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Analyze the Usage of "<t>labor</t>":**
    The phrase is "shortage of local labor." This refers to the availability of workers/people who perform work.

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
        *   *Relevance:* Mentions "labour" and "shortage of skilled labor." This is a strong candidate.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
        *   *Relevance:* Focuses on the *act* of working (work/toil). The context is about the *people* (local labor) and the *shortage* of them, not just the nature of the work itself.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=concluding state of pregnancy... | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement...
        *   *Relevance:* Completely irrelevant (medical context).

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action... | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
        *   *Relevance:* Focuses on organized action/unions. Not relevant to "shortage of local labor."

    *   **Sense 5:** definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900... | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
        *   *Relevance:* Focuses on a political party. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 6:** definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States... | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
        *   *Relevance:* Focuses on a government agency. Not relevant.

    *   **Sense 7:** definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings
        *   *Relevance:* Focuses on a task/project. Not relevant.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the only definition that aligns with the usage "shortage of local labor" (referring to the working class/people who perform work).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "sector" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. definition=a portion of a military position
6. definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "sector" (marked with `<t></t>`) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Examine the Context:**
    "Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Determine the Meaning of "sector" in Context:**
    The context discusses where unskilled immigrants work ("Unskilled immigrants work in sectors..."). These sectors are characterized by not attracting local labor and not offering training/employment links for highly skilled workers. This suggests "sector" refers to a division, area, or part of the economy/life/activity.

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle (Geometric/Mathematical). (Does not fit the context of immigration/labor.)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector (Economic/Social division). (Fits well, as the context is about economic/labor sectors.)
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life (Aspect/Area of life/activity). (Fits well, as the context is about the *type* of work/activity.)
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes (Technical/Data storage). (Does not fit the context.)
    *   **Sense 5:** definition=a portion of a military position (Military). (Does not fit the context.)
    *   **Sense 6:** definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end (Instrument). (Does not fit the context.)

5.  **Compare the Best Fits (Sense 2 vs. Sense 3):**
    *   Context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors..."
    *   Sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector" (Focuses on the structure/division of the economy.)
    *   Sense 3: "a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life" (Focuses on a specific area or field of activity.)

    The usage "work in sectors" refers to economic fields or areas of employment. While Sense 2 (economic division) is relevant, Sense 3 (a particular aspect/field of activity) is often a broader fit when discussing fields of work or life. However, Sense 2 explicitly includes "the public sector" as an example, linking it directly to the economy.

    Let's re-read the usage: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors..." This describes *where* they work (an economic division).

    If we consider the common usage of "sector" in economics, it aligns strongly with Sense 2 (a division of the economy).

    Let's check the examples provided for Sense 2: "the public sector." This is a clear economic division.

    Let's check the examples provided for Sense 3: "he was helpless in an important sector of his life." This is an aspect of life.

    Given the context is entirely about economic labor and immigration, Sense 2 (social group/economic division) is the most precise fit for "sectors" in this economic discussion.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The goal is to identify which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with `<t>labor</t>`) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Locate the Target Word and Context:**
    The context is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Analyze the Usage of `<t>labor</t>`:**
    The phrase is "do not attract local labor." This refers to the availability or presence of workers (specifically local workers) in certain sectors.

4.  **Examine the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
        *   *Relevance:* Mentions "labour" and "working class." The example mentions a shortage of skilled labor.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
        *   *Relevance:* Mentions "labor" and "toil." The example focuses on the nature of the work (physical/skill level).

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=concluding state of pregnancy... | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement...
        *   *Relevance:* Completely irrelevant (medical context).

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
        *   *Relevance:* Mentions "labor movement."

    *   **Sense 5:** definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests... | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
        *   *Relevance:* Mentions "Labour Party."

    *   **Sense 6:** definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
        *   *Relevance:* Mentions "Department of Labor."

    *   **Sense 7:** definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings
        *   *Relevance:* Mentions "undertakings."

5.  **Match Context to Senses:**
    The context states that sectors "do not attract local labor." This refers to the workforce or the people doing the work.

    *   Sense 1: Social class/working class. (Plausible, but the immediate context is about the *availability* of workers.)
    *   Sense 2: Productive work/toil. (Focuses on the action, not the people.)
    *   Sense 6: Department of Labor. (Irrelevant.)

    Let's re-read the surrounding sentence: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor..." This is about the lack of local workers in those sectors.

    Sense 1 defines labor as "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages." This sense is the most direct fit when discussing the presence or absence of workers (labor) in a specific area or sector. The example provided ("there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field") reinforces the idea of labor/workers.

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "one" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "one" (<t>ones</t>) is used in the provided context. The answer should be only the number.

2.  **Examine the Context:**
    "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Analyze the Target Word/Phrase:** The target is "<t>ones</t>". This is the plural form of "one".

4.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one (Focus: Number/Numeral)
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered (Focus: Single entity/Person)

5.  **Apply Senses to the Context:**
    The phrase is "the most highly skilled ones".
    *   Are these referring to numbers (1, 2, 3)? No.
    *   Are these referring to single people/things? Yes, "ones" refers to the immigrants (the highly skilled immigrants).

6.  **Conclusion:** The context uses "ones" in the sense of "a single person or thing". This corresponds to Sense 2.

7.  **Final Check:**
    Sense 1 (Number): Incorrect.
    Sense 2 (Single person/thing): Correct.

8.  **Return the Number:** 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "sector" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. definition=a portion of a military position
6. definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "sector" (marked with `<t></t>`) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Examine the Context:**
    "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Analyze the Usage of "sectors":**
    *   "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors..." (Implies economic/industry divisions).
    *   "...dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment." (Implies areas of the economy/industry).

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle (Geometric). (Does not fit the context of immigration/labor).
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector (Economic/Social group). (Fits the context of economic sectors/labor markets).
    *   **Sense 3:** definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life (Aspect/Area of life). (Possible, but less precise than the economic context).
    *   **Sense 4:** definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes (Data/Computing). (Does not fit the context).
    *   **Sense 5:** definition=a portion of a military position (Military). (Does not fit the context).
    *   **Sense 6:** definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end (Instrument). (Does not fit the context).

5.  **Conclusion:** The context uses "sectors" in the economic sense (divisions of the economy where labor is employed). This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy."

6.  **Final Check:** The context discusses labor, wages, immigration, and economic growth. Sense 2 (economic/social group) is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "training" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of "training" (<t>training</t>) is used in the provided context. The answer should be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages"

3.  **Analyze the Target Word in Context:** "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

4.  **Analyze the Senses Provided:**
    *   Sense 1: definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
    *   Sense 2: definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding

5.  **Match the Context to the Senses:**
    *   The context discusses highly skilled workers in dynamic sectors.
    *   The phrase is "where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   This usage refers to the *process* or *activity* of developing skills (training) that leads to skilled behavior.

    *   *Check Sense 1:* "definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming". This matches the idea of training as an activity/preparation for skilled behavior.
    *   *Check Sense 2:* "definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding". This refers to the *result* (like an educated person), not the activity itself.

6.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct usage.

7.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "offer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "offer" (marked with `<t></t>`) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Locate the Target Word and Context:**
    The target word is `<t>offers</t>`.
    The relevant sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."

3.  **Analyze the Contextual Usage of "offers":**
    The phrase is "...training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    This structure suggests that the training is not linked to the *provision* or *availability* of jobs.

4.  **Analyze the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
        *   *Check against context:* Does the context use "offering" as a verbal act (e.g., "they offered help")? No.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
        *   *Check against context:* The context mentions "offers of employment." This refers to jobs or positions being provided/available. This aligns well with "something offered (as a proposal or bid)."

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl
        *   *Check against context:* Does the context use "offer" in the sense of a brief attempt? No.

5.  **Conclusion:** The usage "offers of employment" refers to jobs or opportunities being provided. This matches Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)."

6.  **Final Answer Formulation:** The correct sense is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "employment" (<t>employment</t>) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages"

3.  **Locate the Target Word and its Context:** The target is "<t>employment</t>".
    The relevant sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment>."

4.  **Determine the Meaning of "employment" in Context:**
    The phrase is "...not linked to offers of employment."
    This suggests that the training (of highly skilled workers) is not linked to the *availability* or *existence* of jobs/positions.

5.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
        *   *Fit:* The context discusses jobs/work opportunities. This is a strong candidate.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
        *   *Fit:* The context discusses sectors and jobs. This is also a strong candidate.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
        *   *Fit:* The context is not about the *act* of hiring, but the *availability* of jobs. (Weak fit).

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers
        *   *Fit:* The context is about jobs, not the act of using something. (Poor fit).

6.  **Distinguish between Sense 1 and Sense 2:**
    *   Sense 1 (state of being employed/having a job) focuses on the *status* or *condition*.
    *   Sense 2 (occupation for which you are paid) focuses on the *type* of work/job.

    The phrase is "offers of employment." This refers to the availability of jobs or positions. Both senses are plausible, but Sense 1 ("the state of being employed or having a job") is often used in economic discussions about labor markets and job availability. Sense 2 ("the occupation") is also very relevant.

    Let's re-read the surrounding structure: "...where training does is not linked to offers of employment." This links training to the availability of jobs.

    If we look at the examples provided for Sense 2: "he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work." This aligns perfectly with the idea of job availability/status.

    If we look at the examples provided for Sense 1: "they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city." This also aligns.

    In the context of economic growth, wages, and labor markets, "employment" often refers to the state of being employed or the job market itself.

    Let's check the provided options again. Since both 1 and 2 are strong, we must choose the best fit. The discussion is about whether training leads to *jobs*.

    *   If it were Sense 2 (occupation), the sentence might be phrased differently (e.g., "offers of occupation").
    *   If it is Sense 1 (state of being employed), it refers to the overall condition of having a job available.

    Given the options, Sense 1 (the state of being employed or having a job) is the most encompassing term for discussing labor market conditions and job availability in this economic context.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "effect" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of the word "effect" (<t>effect</t>) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "A positive effect on wages"
    *   "the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   The context discusses the *impact* or *consequence* of immigration on economic variables (wages, employment).

3.  **Analyze the Target Word Usage:**
    *   "a positive effect on wages" (Meaning: a positive consequence/result).
    *   "has a positive effect on the pay of locals" (Meaning: causes a change/result).

4.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business.
        *   *Match?* Yes. This definition aligns perfectly with the context (immigration causes a positive result/consequence on wages).

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success.
        *   *Match?* No. The context is not about appearance.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect.
        *   *Match?* No. The context is not about artificial impression.

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist.
        *   *Match?* No.

    *   **Sense 5:** definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force.
        *   *Match?* No.

    *   **Sense 6:** definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic.
        *   *Match?* No. While "effect" can mean a symptom, in this economic context, it clearly refers to a measurable outcome or consequence, not a biological symptom.

5.  **Conclusion:** Sense 1 is the correct meaning (consequence, outcome, result).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "way" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The goal is to identify the correct numbered sense of the word "way" (marked with `<t>way</t>`) in the provided context.

2.  **Locate the Target Word and Context:**
    The target word is `<t>way</t>` in the sentence: "In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

3.  **Analyze the Usage in Context:**
    The phrase is "In the same way as..." This structure indicates a comparison of methods, manner, or mode of action. The context is comparing the difficulty a surgeon faces (a manner/mode of working) with the effect of immigrant labor (a manner/mode of impact on wages).

4.  **Examine the Senses:**

    *   **1. definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking** (Matches the comparison structure "in the same way as...")
    *   **2. definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction** (Focuses on means/agency, less about the manner of action.)
    *   **3. definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home** (Focuses on physical direction.)
    *   **4. definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way** (Focuses on state/condition.)
    *   **5. definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways** (Focuses on a long-term path/conduct.)
    *   **6. definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out** (Focuses on a physical road/path.)
    *   **7. definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way** (Focuses on the act of traveling.)
    *   **8. definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for** (Focuses on physical space.)
    *   **9. definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways** (Focuses on distance.)
    *   **10. definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way** (Focuses on choice/will.)
    *   **11. definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing** (Focuses on category/obstacle.)
    *   **12. definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways** (Focuses on division.)

5.  **Conclusion:** The usage "In the same way as..." strongly aligns with Sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" (manner/mode).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The goal is to identify which numbered sense of the word "country" (marked by `<t></t>`) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

3.  **Locate the Target Word:** The target word is `<t>country</t>`.
    The relevant phrase is: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists..."

4.  **Determine the Meaning of "country" in Context:**
    The context uses "country" in relation to a shortage of specific professionals (anaesthetists). This implies a geographical or political entity where labor markets exist. It is used as a setting or location where a specific professional shortage is present.

5.  **Evaluate the Senses:**

    *   **Sense 1:** definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
        *   *Fit:* Possible, as "country" can mean a nation/state.

    *   **Sense 2:** definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
        *   *Fit:* Strong. The phrase "work in a country with a shortage..." refers to a specific geographical/political area.

    *   **Sense 3:** definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
        *   *Fit:* Weak. The context is about working/labor shortages, not about the people themselves.

    *   **Sense 4:** definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
        *   *Fit:* Weak. While the context deals with labor markets, it doesn't specifically focus on rurality.

    *   **Sense 5:** definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country
        *   *Fit:* Strong. This sense encompasses geographical regions and can be used to describe a place defined by its economic or professional landscape (e.g., a country known for a shortage of a specific trade).

6.  **Compare Best Fits (Sense 2 vs. Sense 5):**
    *   Sense 2 focuses on "territory occupied by a nation."
    *   Sense 5 focuses on "a particular geographical region... distinguished by its people or culture or geography."

    The usage "work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" is fundamentally about the location/geography where the labor market exists. Sense 2 (territory) and Sense 5 (geographical region) are the most relevant.

    Let's re-examine the examples provided for Sense 2: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries."
    Let's re-examine the examples provided for Sense 5: "it was a mountainous area; Bible country."

    The context is about labor shortages in a specific place. This aligns perfectly with the idea of a geographical region (Sense 5) or the territory of a nation (Sense 2). Since Sense 5 is broader ("particular geographical region... distinguished by its people or culture or geography"), it is often the most flexible fit for describing a place defined by its economic characteristics.

    However, Sense 2 ("the territory occupied by a nation") is a very direct synonym for the physical location being discussed.

    Let's look at the overall tone. The discussion is about economic complementarity and labor markets within a defined space. Sense 2 is the most direct definition of a physical location/territory.

    *Self-Correction/Refinement:* In academic contexts, when discussing labor markets or economic conditions tied to a place, the sense referring to the physical territory (Sense 2) or a defined geographical area (Sense 5) is used. Since the context is about a shortage of professionals in a specific location, Sense 2 (territory) is highly appropriate.

7.  **Final Selection:** Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with `<t>shortage</t>`) is used in the provided context.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
    *   "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." (This is the first instance of "shortage").
    *   "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a `<t>shortage</t>` of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals." (This is the second instance of "shortage").

3.  **Analyze the Senses Provided:**
    *   **Sense 1:** definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit (Focuses on a *deficit* or *lack* relative to a requirement/expectation).
    *   **Sense 2:** definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine (Focuses on a severe, acute lack or insufficiency).

4.  **Evaluate the Usage in the Context:**

    *   *Usage 1:* "...exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor." (A lack/insufficiency of labor in specific trades).
    *   *Usage 2:* "...a country with a shortage of anaesthetists..." (A lack/insufficiency of a specific professional).

5.  **Match Usage to Senses:**

    *   Sense 1 (deficit, shortfall): Fits the idea of something being less than expected or required.
    *   Sense 2 (acute insufficiency, dearth): Fits the idea of a severe lack.

6.  **Determine the Best Fit (Contextual Nuance):**
    *   The context discusses a lack of specific workers (local labor, anaesthetists). While these are shortages, the overall discussion is about the *insufficiency* of labor in certain sectors.
    *   Sense 1 ("amount by which something is less than expected or required") is a broader definition of a shortfall or deficit.
    *   Sense 2 ("acute insufficiency") emphasizes severity.

    *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Both senses are plausible. However, "shortage" in an economic/labor context often implies a lack relative to demand or need (a shortfall). Let's re-read the definitions.
    *   Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required." (Fits "shortage" well).
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency." (Also fits, but perhaps too strong for the general discussion of labor markets).

    *Conclusion:* Sense 1 captures the idea of a lack or shortfall relative to what is needed/expected, which is the core meaning of "shortage" in this context.

7.  **Final Check:** The question asks for the *numbered sense*. The usage aligns best with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "complementarity" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants to identify which numbered sense of "complementarity" (marked with `<t></t>`) is used in the provided context. The answer should be only the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    *   The context discusses the economic impact of immigration.
    *   It contrasts the fear that immigrants replace native workers with the reality that they are "much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor."
    *   It mentions immigrants exercising trades where there is a shortage of local labor.
    *   It concludes: "the `<t>complementarities</t>` existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

3.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities.
    *   Sense 2: definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes.

4.  **Match Context to Senses:**
    *   The context describes how immigrants and locals interact such that the arrival of immigrants positively affects local wages (a mutual benefit/interrelation).
    *   Sense 2 definition: "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other." This strongly matches the idea of complementarity where one group fills a gap or supplements the other's resources/skills.
    *   Sense 1 definition: "a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities." This is a more abstract, dialectical definition (like thesis/antithesis). While complementarity involves two elements, the focus here is on the *interrelation* and *supplementation* (reciprocity), not necessarily the exhaustion of opposites.

5.  **Conclusion:** The context focuses on the mutual benefit and interdependence (one group filling a shortage for the other), which aligns perfectly with Sense 2.

6.  **Final Output Generation:** Return only the number 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "arrival" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

reasoning_content:
1.  **Analyze the Request:** The user wants me to identify which numbered sense of the word "arrival" (<t>arrival</t>) is used in the provided context. I must return only the number.

2.  **Analyze the Context:**
    "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

3.  **Examine the Target Phrase:** "...the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

4.  **Analyze the Senses:**
    *   Sense 1: definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
    *   Sense 2: definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
    *   Sense 3: definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

5.  **Match the Context to the Senses:**
    *   The context uses "the arrival of immigrants." This refers to the *event* or *occurrence* of immigrants reaching a location/country.
    *   Sense 1 (accomplishment/reaching a goal) - Less likely in this context.
    *   Sense 2 (the act of arriving at a certain place) - Highly likely. (e.g., "they awaited her arrival")
    *   Sense 3 (someone who arrives) - Incorrect, as "arrival" is used as a noun describing the event, not a person.

6.  **Conclusion:** The usage "the arrival of immigrants" aligns best with Sense 2: "the act of arriving at a certain place."

7.  **Final Output Generation:** Return the number 2.