[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
3. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end
4. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
5. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
6. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `sector`
    *   Target surface form: `sectors`
    *   Context: "Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Plane figure (geometry).
        2.  Military position.
        3.  Measuring instrument.
        4.  Particular aspect of life or activity (sphere).
        5.  Computing (track length).
        6.  Social group that forms part of the society or the economy (e.g., public sector).

    *   The sentence discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, employment, and labor.
    *   "Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor..."
    *   "dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   In this context, "sectors" refers to parts of the economy (e.g., agriculture, construction, technology).

    *   Sense 1: Geometry (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Military (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Instrument (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Aspect of life or activity (Possible, but more general).
    *   Sense 5: Computing (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Social group that forms part of the society or the economy (Correct - specifically mentions "the economy" and "the public sector").

    *   Sense 4 is "a particular aspect of life or activity".
    *   Sense 6 is "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy".
    *   The context is explicitly about labor and the economy. Sense 6 is the most precise fit for economic sectors.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
2. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
3. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
5. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings
6. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
7. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `labor`
    *   Target surface form: `labor`
    *   Context: "...Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, employment, native workers, and "local labor".

    *   Sense 1: `productive work (especially physical work done for wages)` (The act of working).
    *   Sense 2: `a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages` (The workforce/people who work). Synonyms: `labour`, `working class`, `proletariat`. Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
    *   Sense 3: `a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900` (Labour Party).
    *   Sense 4: `the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions... in the United States` (Department of Labor).
    *   Sense 5: `any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted` (A project/task).
    *   Sense 6: `concluding state of pregnancy` (Childbirth).
    *   Sense 7: `an organized attempt by workers to improve their status` (Labor movement).

    *   The sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t>..."
    *   Here, "local labor" refers to the people available for work in that area (the workforce).
    *   Comparing this to the candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1 is the *act* of working.
        *   Sense 2 is the *group of people* who work (the workforce). The example "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" matches the context "do not attract local labor" perfectly.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit because "local labor" in this context refers to the available workforce (the people), not the act of working itself.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "one"
    *   Target surface form: "ones"
    *   Context: "...Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `one%1:23:00::`: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number.
        2.  `one%1:09:00::`: a single person or thing.

    *   The sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors..."
    *   Here, "ones" refers back to "immigrants".
    *   "the most highly skilled ones" = "the most highly skilled immigrants".
    *   "Immigrants" are people.

    *   Sense 1: Number/numeral. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: A single person or thing. (Correct - "ones" is the plural form used as a pronoun to refer back to a previously mentioned noun, in this case, "immigrants").

    *   The word "ones" is used as a pronoun replacing "immigrants".
    *   Sense 2 ("a single person or thing") fits this usage (referring to people/things).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sector
Target surface form: sectors
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sector%1:14:00:: | definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
2. sense_key=sector%1:15:00:: | definition=a portion of a military position
3. sense_key=sector%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end
4. sense_key=sector%1:25:00:: | definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
5. sense_key=sector%1:09:00:: | definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
6. sense_key=sector%1:23:00:: | definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `sector`
    *   Target surface form: `sectors`
    *   Context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `sector%1:14:00::`: a social group that forms part of the society or the economy (example: the public sector)
        2.  `sector%1:15:00::`: a portion of a military position
        3.  `sector%1:06:00::`: measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end
        4.  `sector%1:25:00::`: a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
        5.  `sector%1:09:00::`: a particular aspect of life or activity (synonym: sphere)
        6.  `sector%1:23:00::`: the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information (computing)

    *   The sentence discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, employment, and labor.
    *   It mentions "unskilled immigrants work in sectors" and "highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors".
    *   In this context, "sectors" refers to parts of the economy (e.g., agriculture, technology, healthcare).

    *   Sense 1: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy" (Example: "the public sector"). This fits perfectly with economic sectors (e.g., private sector, public sector, agricultural sector).
    *   Sense 2: Military position. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Measuring instrument. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Geometry (circle). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: "a particular aspect of life or activity" (synonym: sphere). While similar, Sense 1 specifically mentions "the economy," which is the primary focus of the text.
    *   Sense 6: Computing (disk sector). (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 1 is the most precise fit for "economic sectors" or "sectors of the economy."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: training
Target surface form: training
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=training%1:07:00:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
2. sense_key=training%1:04:00:: | definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `training`
    *   Target surface form: `training`
    *   Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment." (Note: There's a typo in the source text "does is not linked", but the meaning is clear: training is not linked to employment offers).
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `training%1:07:00::`: result of good upbringing (social behavior, breeding).
        2.  `training%1:04:00::`: activity leading to skilled behavior (preparation, grooming).

    *   The sentence discusses immigration, skilled workers, and dynamic sectors.
    *   It mentions "highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training... is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   In this context, "training" refers to the education, vocational training, or skill acquisition required for those dynamic sectors, not social upbringing or breeding.

    *   Sense 1: Upbringing/social behavior. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Activity leading to skilled behavior. (Correct)

    *   The target word "training" refers to the process of acquiring skills for a job in a dynamic sector. This aligns perfectly with "activity leading to skilled behavior".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: offer
Target surface form: offers
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=offer%1:10:01:: | definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. sense_key=offer%1:10:00:: | definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. sense_key=offer%1:04:01:: | definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `offer`
    *   Target surface form: `offers`
    *   Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `offer%1:10:01::`: the verbal act of offering (e.g., "a generous offer of assistance").
        2.  `offer%1:10:00::`: something offered (as a proposal or bid) (e.g., "noteworthy new offerings for investors").
        3.  `offer%1:04:01::`: a usually brief attempt (e.g., "he took a crack at it").

    *   The sentence discusses immigration, skilled workers, and dynamic sectors.
    *   "...training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment." (Note: "does is" seems to be a typo in the source text, likely meant to be "is not linked to").
    *   "Offers of employment" refers to job offers—proposals made by employers to potential employees.

    *   Sense 1: "the verbal act of offering". This describes the *act* itself.
    *   Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)". A job offer is a proposal of employment.
    *   Sense 3: "a usually brief attempt". This doesn't fit at all.

    *   Is it the *act* of offering (Sense 1) or the *thing* offered (Sense 2)?
    *   "Offers of employment" usually refers to the proposals themselves (the job offers).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds". Here, "offerings" are the products/proposals.
    *   Example for Sense 1: "a generous offer of assistance". This is close, but "offer of assistance" can be seen as the act or the proposal. However, in the context of "offers of employment," it's typically the proposal/bid for a person's services.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 2 is "something offered (as a proposal or bid)". A job offer is a proposal. Sense 1 is the "verbal act". While a job offer is often verbal, it is fundamentally a proposal.

    *   "Offers of employment" = Job offers.
    *   Job offers are proposals.
    *   Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)".

    *   Sense 1: act of offering.
    *   Sense 2: something offered (proposal).
    *   In "offers of employment", the "offers" are the proposals.

    *   Sense 1: "the verbal act of offering"
    *   Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)"
    *   If I say "I received three offers of employment," I am referring to the proposals I received, not the act of the employer speaking.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers
3. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `employment`
    *   Target surface form: `employment`
    *   Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and the labor market. It mentions "native workers," "local labor," and "shortage of local labor."

    *   Sense 1: `employment%1:04:00::` - the occupation for which you are paid (synonym: work).
    *   Sense 2: `employment%1:04:01::` - the act of using (synonyms: use, usage, utilization).
    *   Sense 3: `employment%1:26:00::` - the state of being employed or having a job (synonym: employ).
    *   Sense 4: `employment%1:04:02::` - the act of giving someone a job (synonym: engagement).

    *   The phrase is "offers of employment".
    *   An "offer of employment" is an offer to give someone a job.
    *   Let's look at the senses again.
        *   Sense 1 (occupation/work): "offers of work" (possible, but "employment" here refers to the job offer itself).
        *   Sense 2 (use/utilization): "offers of use" (incorrect).
        *   Sense 3 (state of being employed): "offers of the state of being employed" (awkward).
        *   Sense 4 (act of giving someone a job): "offers of the act of giving someone a job" (this fits the concept of a job offer).

    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 4.
    *   Sense 1: "the occupation for which you are paid" (work). "Offers of work" is common.
    *   Sense 4: "the act of giving someone a job" (engagement). "Offers of employment" often refers to the act of hiring.

    *   Let's look at the context again: "...dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   This means that training doesn't necessarily lead to a job offer.
    *   Is "employment" here the *job* (Sense 1) or the *act of hiring* (Sense 4)?
    *   In "offer of employment", "employment" usually refers to the job/position being offered.
    *   Let's check WordNet's typical usage for "offer of employment".
    *   Sense 1: "the occupation for which you are paid" (work).
    *   Sense 4: "the act of giving someone a job" (engagement).

    *   Actually, looking at Sense 1 ("the occupation for which you are paid") and Sense 3 ("the state of being employed"), Sense 1 is more about the *type* of work, while Sense 3 is the *status*.
    *   Sense 4 is the *act* of employing.

    *   Let's compare "offer of employment" with the senses:
        *   Sense 1: Offer of work.
        *   Sense 4: Offer of engagement/hiring.

    *   In many corpora, "offer of employment" is treated as an offer for a job.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "he is looking for employment".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "they are looking for employment".
    *   Wait, Sense 1 and Sense 3 are very similar.
    *   Sense 1: "the occupation for which you are paid" (work).
    *   Sense 3: "the state of being employed or having a job".

    *   Let's re-read Sense 4: "the act of giving someone a job".
    *   An "offer of employment" is an offer to *give* someone a job. This matches Sense 4 perfectly.

    *   Let's double-check. If I say "I received an offer of employment," I received an offer to be hired.
    *   Sense 1: "the occupation for which you are paid". (I received an offer of [the occupation for which you are paid]).
    *   Sense 4: "the act of giving someone a job". (I received an offer of [the act of giving someone a job]).

    *   Actually, in common linguistic usage for WSD, "employment" in "offer of employment" often maps to the act of hiring or the job itself.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 4: "engagement". An "offer of engagement" is a formal way of saying a job offer.

    *   Let's re-examine Sense 1: "the occupation for which you are paid".
    *   If the sentence is "training is not linked to offers of employment", it means training doesn't lead to being hired.

    *   Let's look at the options again.
    *   1: occupation/work
    *   2: use
    *   3: state of being employed
    *   4: act of giving someone a job

    *   "Offers of employment" -> Offers to hire.
    *   Sense 4 is "the act of giving someone a job". This is the most precise fit for the "offer" part.

    *   Wait, let me search for "offer of employment" in WordNet-based datasets.
    *   Often, "employment" in "offer of employment" is categorized as the act of employing (Sense 4).

    *   Let's check Sense 1 again: "the occupation for which you are paid".
    *   If I offer you "employment", am I offering you "an occupation" or "the act of being hired"?
    *   Usually, you offer a *position* (occupation) or you offer *employment* (the state/act of being employed).

    *   Let's look at the context again: "...dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   This means that just because you are trained, it doesn't mean someone will hire you.
    *   The "offer" is the act of hiring.

    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 4 one more time.
    *   Sense 1: "he is looking for employment" (looking for work).
    *   Sense 4: "the act of giving someone a job".
    *   If you "offer employment", you are performing the act of giving someone a job.

    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the most accurate.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 3: "the state of being employed or having a job".
    *   "Offer of [the state of being employed]". This doesn't sound right.

    *   Sense 1: "Offer of [the occupation for which you are paid]". This is possible.

    *   However, "employment" as "the act of giving someone a job" (Sense 4) is the definition of hiring. An offer of employment is an offer to hire.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 4: "engagement".
    *   "Offer of engagement" is a standard term.

    *   Let's look at Sense 1 synonyms: "work".
    *   "Offer of work" is also standard.

    *   Which one is *better*?
    *   "Employment" in "offer of employment" is more formal. Sense 4 ("the act of giving someone a job") captures the transactional nature of the "offer" better than Sense 1 ("the occupation").

    *   Let's re-read the context: "...dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   This is talking about the transition from training to being hired.
    *   The "offer of employment" is the mechanism of being hired.

    *   Sense 4: "the act of giving someone a job".
    *   This fits perfectly.

    *   Wait, let me check one more time. Is "employment" in "offer of employment" the *result* (the job) or the *act* (the hiring)?
    *   If I offer you employment, I am offering to employ you.
    *   "To employ" (verb) -> "Employment" (noun, the act of employing).
    *   Sense 4 is exactly that: "the act of giving someone a job".

    *   Sense 1 is "the occupation for which you are paid". This is more like "my employment is as a teacher".

    *   Conclusion: Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
3. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
4. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
6. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `effect`
    *   Target surface form: `effect`
    *   Context: "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `effect%1:09:00::`: an impression (artificial/contrived)
        2.  `effect%1:07:01::`: (of a law) having legal validity
        3.  `effect%1:19:00::`: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, outcome, result)
        4.  `effect%1:26:00::`: a symptom caused by an illness or a drug
        5.  `effect%1:07:00::`: an outward appearance (impression)
        6.  `effect%1:10:00::`: the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work

    *   The sentence is: "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Here, "effect" refers to the result or consequence of the arrival of immigrants on the pay of locals.
    *   This matches the definition of a phenomenon caused by a previous phenomenon.

    *   Sense 1: Impression (artificial) - No.
    *   Sense 2: Legal validity - No.
    *   Sense 3: Consequence, outcome, result - Yes.
    *   Sense 4: Symptom (illness/drug) - No.
    *   Sense 5: Outward appearance - No.
    *   Sense 6: Central meaning/theme - No.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
2. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
3. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
6. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
7. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
8. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
9. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways
10. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
11. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
12. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "way"
    *   Target surface form: "way"
    *   Context: "A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Phrase: "In the same way as..."

    *   1: course of conduct (path of virtue)
    *   2: journey or passage (on the way)
    *   3: space for movement (room to pass)
    *   4: condition of things generally (that's the way it is)
    *   5: property of distance (long way to Moscow)
    *   6: general category (in the way of clothing)
    *   7: road or path (way out)
    *   8: doing as one pleases (had my way)
    *   9: portion divided into shares (split three ways)
    *   10: how something is done or how it happens (manner, mode, style, fashion)
    *   11: how a result is obtained or an end is achieved (means, agency)
    *   12: line leading to a place (direction)

    *   The phrase "In the same way as..." is used here to draw an analogy.
    *   It compares the situation of a surgeon needing anaesthetists to the situation of locals needing immigrants.
    *   This usage refers to the *manner* or *fashion* in which something happens or is true.
    *   Comparing "In the same way as [X], [Y] is also true" aligns with sense 10 (manner, mode, style, fashion).

    *   Sense 10: "how something is done or how it happens" (synonyms: manner, mode, style, fashion).
    *   Sense 11: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" (synonyms: means, agency).
    *   In "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult...", the author is not describing a *means* to achieve a result, but rather a *manner* or *analogy* of how a situation occurs.

    *   "In the same way" = "Similarly" or "In the same manner".
    *   This fits sense 10 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
2. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country
3. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
4. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
5. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `country`
    *   Target surface form: `country`
    *   Context: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `country%1:15:01`: rural area (outside cities/towns).
        2.  `country%1:15:02`: geographical region of indefinite boundary.
        3.  `country%1:14:00`: politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation).
        4.  `country%1:15:00`: territory occupied by a nation (state, land).
        5.  `country%1:14:01`: people who live in a nation or country.

    *   The sentence discusses immigration, labor markets, wages, and the impact of immigrants on local labor.
    *   The specific phrase is "work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists".
    *   In this context, "country" refers to a sovereign state or a nation-state where labor laws, healthcare systems, and immigration policies apply.

    *   Sense 1 (rural area): Incorrect. The context is about national labor markets and immigration, not rural vs. urban.
    *   Sense 2 (geographical region): Too vague. "Country" here implies a political entity with a labor market.
    *   Sense 3 (politically organized body/state): This fits well. A "country" in the context of immigration and labor markets is typically a sovereign state.
    *   Sense 4 (territory occupied by a nation): This also fits, as it refers to the physical land/state.
    *   Sense 5 (people who live in a nation): Incorrect. You don't "work in" a group of people in this sense; you work in a place/state.

    *   Sense 3: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (synonyms: state, nation).
    *   Sense 4: "the territory occupied by a nation" (synonyms: state, land).
    *   In the phrase "work in a country", "country" usually refers to the political entity (the state) or the territory of that state.
    *   Looking at the broader context (immigration, government policy, labor markets), the focus is on the political/administrative entity (the state) that manages these things.
    *   Comparing Sense 3 and Sense 4: Sense 3 is often used for the political entity, while Sense 4 is the physical territory. "Working in a country" can be either, but in the context of economic and political discussion (immigration, wages), Sense 3 (the state/nation) is the most precise fit for the entity being discussed.

    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 3 vs Sense 4.
    *   Sense 3: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (state, nation).
    *   Sense 4: "the territory occupied by a nation" (state, land).
    *   Example for Sense 3: "the state has elected a new president; African nations".
    *   Example for Sense 4: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries".
    *   "Work in a country" usually refers to the territory/nation.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms. Sense 3: state, nation, land, commonwealth. Sense 4: state, land.
    *   Actually, in most WSD tasks for "country" meaning a nation-state, Sense 3 (the political entity) is the primary sense used when discussing laws, economics, and government, whereas Sense 4 is more about the physical land.
    *   However, "work in a [place]" strongly suggests the territory (Sense 4). But "country" as a political entity (Sense 3) is also used this way.
    *   Let's check the context again: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth...". This is a discussion of national policy.
    *   In WordNet, `country%1:14:00` (Sense 3) is the most general sense for a nation-state.

    *   Sense 3: `country%1:14:00` (politically organized body)
    *   Sense 4: `country%1:15:00` (territory occupied by a nation)
    *   If I say "I live in France", France is both the territory and the political entity.
    *   In the context of "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists", it refers to the nation-state.
    *   Usually, Sense 3 is the preferred sense for "country" when it means "nation" in a political or economic context.

    *   Sense 3: state, nation, land, commonwealth.
    *   Sense 4: state, land.
    *   The context is about immigration and labor markets, which are functions of the state (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 1: Rural (No)
    *   Sense 2: Region (No)
    *   Sense 3: Political entity (Yes)
    *   Sense 4: Territory (Possible, but Sense 3 is more comprehensive for "nation")
    *   Sense 5: People (No)

    *   Sense 3 is the standard sense for "country" when referring to a sovereign state in a socio-economic context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `shortage`
    *   Target surface form: `shortage`
    *   Context: "...in the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `shortage%1:07:00::`: the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required (synonyms: deficit, shortfall).
        2.  `shortage%1:26:00::`: an acute insufficiency (synonyms: dearth, famine).

    *   The sentence discusses a lack of anaesthetists in a country, making it difficult for surgeons to work.
    *   This refers to a situation where there aren't enough qualified professionals to meet the demand.

    *   Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" (deficit, shortfall). This describes the *amount* of the gap.
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency" (dearth, famine). This describes the *state* of not having enough.

    *   "a shortage of anaesthetists"
    *   Is it the *amount* by which they are less than required (Sense 1), or is it the *state* of insufficiency (Sense 2)?
    *   Usually, "a shortage of [people/resources]" refers to the state of insufficiency (Sense 2).
    *   Let's look at the synonyms:
        *   Sense 1: deficit, shortfall. (e.g., "a budget deficit", "a shortfall in funding").
        *   Sense 2: dearth, famine. (e.g., "a dearth of evidence", "a shortage of food").
    *   "A shortage of anaesthetists" fits better with "dearth" (Sense 2) than "deficit" (Sense 1), although they are close.
    *   Wait, let's re-read Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required". This sounds more like the *measurement* of the shortage.
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency". This is the general state of not having enough.

    *   "a shortage of anaesthetists" -> "an acute insufficiency of anaesthetists".
    *   "a shortage of anaesthetists" -> "the property of being an amount by which anaesthetists are less than expected". (This sounds awkward).

    *   Sense 2 is the standard meaning for "a shortage of [something/someone]".

    *   Sense 1: deficit, shortfall.
    *   Sense 2: dearth, famine.
    *   "Shortage of anaesthetists" is a dearth of professionals.

    *   Sense 1 is more about the quantitative gap.
    *   Sense 2 is about the lack itself.
    *   In "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists", it means the country lacks enough anaesthetists. This is an insufficiency.

    *   Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required"
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency"
    *   The context "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" describes the condition of the country. "Insufficiency" (Sense 2) fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: deficit, shortfall.
    *   Sense 2: dearth, famine.
    *   "A dearth of anaesthetists" is a very common phrasing. "A deficit of anaesthetists" is less common (though used in economics).

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: complementarity
Target surface form: complementarities
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:02:: | definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes
2. sense_key=complementarity%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `complementarity`
    *   Target surface form: `complementarities`
    *   Context: The text discusses immigration and labor markets. It argues that immigrants don't replace native workers but are "complementary" to them. It mentions that immigrants fill gaps (shortages) in the labor market (e.g., surgeons needing anaesthetists). The specific sentence is: "...the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."

    *   Sense 1: `complementarity%1:24:02::` | definition: "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other" | example: "the complementarity of the sexes"
    *   Sense 2: `complementarity%1:24:01::` | definition: "a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities"

    *   The context describes a relationship where immigrants provide skills or labor that supplement the existing local workforce (e.g., the surgeon/anaesthetist analogy).
    *   This is a relationship of supplementation and mutual benefit/dependence (reciprocity), not a relationship between "opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities" (which is more of a philosophical or quantum physics definition, like wave-particle duality).
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "one thing supplements or depends on the other."

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arrival
Target surface form: arrival
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arrival%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer
2. sense_key=arrival%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. sense_key=arrival%1:04:00:: | definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `arrival`
    *   Target surface form: `arrival`
    *   Context: "...the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `arrival%1:18:00::`: someone who arrives (or has arrived) (person)
        2.  `arrival%1:04:01::`: the act of arriving at a certain place (event/action)
        3.  `arrival%1:04:00::`: accomplishment of an objective (achievement)

    *   The sentence discusses the effect of immigrants coming into a country.
    *   "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Here, "arrival" refers to the process or event of immigrants coming to the place.

    *   Sense 1: "someone who arrives". The sentence says "the arrival of immigrants". If it meant "the people who arrive", it would likely be plural ("the arrivals of immigrants" is awkward, or just "immigrants"). However, "the arrival of [group]" usually refers to the event/act of that group arriving.
    *   Sense 2: "the act of arriving at a certain place". This fits perfectly. The act of immigrants arriving in the country.
    *   Sense 3: "accomplishment of an objective". This does not fit the context of immigration.

    *   The phrase "the arrival of immigrants" describes the event/act of them coming to the country. This matches sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic
2. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
3. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
4. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
5. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `effect`
    *   Target surface form: `effect`
    *   Context: "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals."
    *   Meaning: The arrival of immigrants causes a positive result/consequence (increase in pay) for local workers.

    *   Sense 1: `effect%1:26:00::` - symptom caused by illness or drug (e.g., sleep loss, anesthetic). -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 2: `effect%1:19:00::` - phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (synonyms: consequence, outcome, result). -> *Matches perfectly.*
    *   Sense 3: `effect%1:07:00::` - outward appearance (synonym: impression). -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 4: `effect%1:07:01::` - legal validity (synonym: force). -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 5: `effect%1:09:00::` - artificial impression. -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 6: `effect%1:10:00::` - central meaning/theme of a work. -> *Incorrect.*

    *   The context describes a causal relationship: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   This is a result or consequence of the arrival of immigrants.
    *   Sense 2 specifically defines this as "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" and lists "consequence, outcome, result" as synonyms.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rise
Target surface form: rise
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rise%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market
2. sense_key=rise%1:11:03:: | definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
3. sense_key=rise%1:11:02:: | definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
4. sense_key=rise%1:07:01:: | definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
5. sense_key=rise%1:17:00:: | definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
6. sense_key=rise%1:07:03:: | definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
7. sense_key=rise%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
8. sense_key=rise%1:11:00:: | definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
9. sense_key=rise%1:11:01:: | definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
10. sense_key=rise%1:07:02:: | definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `rise`
    *   Target surface form: `rise`
    *   Context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

    *   1: increase in price or value (stock market)
    *   2: (theology) origination of Holy Spirit
    *   3: movement upward (hot-air balloon)
    *   4: property of a slope/surface
    *   5: upward slope or grade (road)
    *   6: increase in cost (rates)
    *   7: act of changing location upward
    *   8: growth in strength or number or importance
    *   9: wave lifting water/ground
    *   10: amount a salary is increased (wage hike)

    *   The sentence says "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow".
    *   "Migratory flow" refers to the number of immigrants.
    *   A "rise of 1% in the migratory flow" means an increase in the *number* of immigrants.

    *   Sense 1: Price/value (No)
    *   Sense 2: Theology (No)
    *   Sense 3: Movement upward (Physical) (No)
    *   Sense 4: Slope property (No)
    *   Sense 5: Upward slope (No)
    *   Sense 6: Increase in cost (No)
    *   Sense 7: Act of changing location upward (No)
    *   Sense 8: Growth in strength or number or importance (Yes - "number" fits "migratory flow")
    *   Sense 9: Wave (No)
    *   Sense 10: Salary increase (No - the *result* is a pay increase, but the *rise* refers to the migratory flow).

    *   "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow" = an increase in the number of people migrating.
    *   Sense 8: "a growth in strength or number or importance". This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flow
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
2. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
3. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
4. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped
5. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
6. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
7. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `flow`
    *   Target surface form: `flow`
    *   Context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
    *   Meaning: The movement of people (immigrants) into a country.

    *   Sense 1: `something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously` (e.g., "stream of people emptied from the terminal").
    *   Sense 2: `the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression`.
    *   Sense 3: `dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas` (e.g., "stream of consciousness").
    *   Sense 4: `the monthly discharge of blood...` (menstruation).
    *   Sense 5: `any uninterrupted stream or discharge`.
    *   Sense 6: `the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)`.
    *   Sense 7: `the amount of fluid that flows in a given time` (flow rate).

    *   The context refers to "migratory flow". This describes the movement of a group of people (immigrants) over time.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "a stream of people emptied from the terminal" and "the flow of visitors". This matches the concept of a continuous movement of people.
    *   Sense 2 is more general ("the act of flowing").
    *   Sense 5 is "any uninterrupted stream or discharge", which is also general.
    *   Sense 7 is specifically about "fluid" (liquids/gases).

    *   "Migratory flow" refers to the stream or movement of people.
    *   Sense 1: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" (Example: "a stream of people emptied from the terminal"). This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: People moving continuously.
    *   Sense 2: The act of flowing.
    *   Sense 5: Uninterrupted stream or discharge.
    *   Sense 1 is the most specific to the "stream of people" usage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increase
Context:
Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary
2. sense_key=increase%1:11:00:: | definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. sense_key=increase%1:07:00:: | definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
4. sense_key=increase%1:22:00:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
5. sense_key=increase%1:23:00:: | definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `increase`
    *   Target surface form: `increase`
    *   Context: "...Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."

    *   Sense 1: `the act of increasing something` (e.g., "increase in salary" - often refers to the action or the result of the action, like a raise).
    *   Sense 2: `a change resulting in an increase` (e.g., "the increase is scheduled for next month").
    *   Sense 3: `the amount by which something increases` (synonym: increment; example: "an increase of 15 percent in the fare").
    *   Sense 4: `a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important` (synonyms: increment, growth; example: "the increase in unemployment").
    *   Sense 5: `a quantity that is added` (synonyms: addition, gain; example: "gain in weight").

    *   The sentence says: "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
    *   This specifies a precise numerical amount (0.6% to 0.9%).
    *   Comparing this to the candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1 (act of increasing) doesn't fit as well as a specific amount.
        *   Sense 2 (a change resulting in an increase) is too vague.
        *   Sense 3 (the amount by which something increases) fits perfectly. The example "an increase of 15 percent in the fare" is almost identical in structure to "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
        *   Sense 4 (a process of becoming larger) refers to the general trend or process (e.g., "the increase in unemployment"), not a specific numerical increment.
        *   Sense 5 (a quantity that is added) is similar to Sense 3, but Sense 3 specifically mentions the "amount by which something increases," which aligns better with percentages.

    *   The context specifies a percentage range (0.6% to 0.9%).
    *   Sense 3's example is "an increase of 15 percent in the fare."
    *   This is a direct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts
2. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
3. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
4. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `fact`
    *   Target surface form: `fact`
    *   Context: "...And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `fact%1:09:02::`: a concept whose truth can be proved (scientific/philosophical sense).
        2.  `fact%1:26:01::`: an event known to have happened or something known to have existed (historical/existential sense).
        3.  `fact%1:09:01::`: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred (general information/detail).
        4.  `fact%1:10:01::`: a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened (the act of stating the fact).

    *   The sentence is: "...without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Here, "the fact that..." introduces a clause describing a state of affairs or a piece of information that the author considers true.
    *   It's not a "scientific hypothesis" (Sense 1).
    *   It's not specifically an "event known to have happened" (Sense 2), although it describes a general truth/circumstance.
    *   It's not a "statement or assertion" (Sense 4) in the sense of the *act* of stating it, but rather the *content* of the information.
    *   Sense 3 ("a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred") fits best because it refers to the reality/circumstance that diversity contributes to growth.

    *   Sense 1: Too narrow (scientific/provable concept).
    *   Sense 2: Focuses on "events" or "existence" (e.g., "basis in fact").
    *   Sense 3: Focuses on "information about circumstances that exist". This matches "the fact that [circumstance]".
    *   Sense 4: Focuses on the "statement or assertion" (the linguistic expression of the fact).

    *   "The fact that..." is a very common construction where "fact" refers to the reality of the situation described in the following clause. This aligns most closely with Sense 3 (information about circumstances that exist).

    *   Sense 1: scientific hypotheses are not facts. (No)
    *   Sense 2: your fears have no basis in fact. (No)
    *   Sense 3: first you must collect all the facts of the case. (Yes, pieces of information about circumstances).
    *   Sense 4: he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts. (This is close, but Sense 4 emphasizes the *assertion/statement* used as evidence, whereas the context uses "the fact that..." to introduce a specific circumstance).

    Wait, let's look closer at Sense 3 vs Sense 4.
    Sense 3: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
    Sense 4: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened"

    In "the fact that [clause]", the "fact" is the reality/circumstance itself, not the statement of it. Sense 3 is the most general and fits the "circumstances that exist" part perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Concept whose truth can be proved.
    *   Sense 2: Event known to have happened.
    *   Sense 3: Piece of information about circumstances that exist.
    *   Sense 4: Statement or assertion of verified information.

    The context "the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas" describes a circumstance that exists.

    *Self-Correction:* Is it Sense 2? "Something known to have existed". No, "contributes" is present tense, describing a general circumstance.
    Is it Sense 3? "Information about circumstances that exist". Yes.

    Let's double-check Sense 3 again. "first you must collect all the facts of the case". These are pieces of information about circumstances.

    Let's double-check Sense 4. "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts". These are statements/assertions.

    The phrase "the fact that..." usually refers to the truth of the proposition that follows. This is a "piece of information about circumstances that exist".

    Sense 3 seems the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: diversity
Target surface form: diversity
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=diversity%1:07:02:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. sense_key=diversity%1:07:01:: | definition=the condition or result of being changeable

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `diversity`
    *   Target surface form: `diversity`
    *   Context: "...without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `diversity%1:07:02::`: noticeable heterogeneity (synonyms: diverseness, multifariousness, variety)
        2.  `diversity%1:07:01::`: the condition or result of being changeable

    *   The sentence discusses how immigrants bring "diversity" which leads to the creation of ideas and economic growth.
    *   In this context, "diversity" refers to the variety of backgrounds, perspectives, skills, and cultures that immigrants bring to a society.
    *   This aligns with "noticeable heterogeneity" or "variety."
    *   It does *not* refer to "the condition or result of being changeable" (which would imply instability or volatility).

    *   Sense 1: Noticeable heterogeneity, variety. (Fits perfectly: variety of people/ideas).
    *   Sense 2: Condition of being changeable. (Does not fit).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: creation
Target surface form: creation
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=creation%1:17:00:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=creation%1:11:00:: | definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
3. sense_key=creation%1:04:00:: | definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
4. sense_key=creation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
5. sense_key=creation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
6. sense_key=creation%1:04:02:: | definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `creation`
    *   Target surface form: `creation`
    *   Context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth..."

    *   Sense 1: everything that exists anywhere (universe, existence). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: the event that occurred at the beginning of something (conception). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: the human act of creating (creative activity). -> Possible, but "creation of ideas" usually refers to the act of bringing them into existence.
    *   Sense 4: an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone. -> Incorrect (ideas aren't typically called "artifacts" in this sense, and the context refers to the *process* of creating them).
    *   Sense 5: the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new (initiation, founding, innovation). -> Very strong. "Creation of ideas" aligns with innovation and origination.
    *   Sense 6: (theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence. -> Incorrect.

    *   Sense 3: "the human act of creating" (creative activity).
    *   Sense 5: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new" (innovation, origination).

    In the phrase "creation of ideas", it refers to the process of generating or originating new ideas. Sense 5 specifically lists "innovation" and "origination" as synonyms, which fits the context of economic growth and intellectual contribution perfectly. Sense 3 is more general ("creative activity").

    *   Context: "...diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Sense 5: "the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new" (synonyms: innovation, origination).
    *   This fits the context of intellectual innovation leading to economic growth.