[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: specialist
Target surface form: specialists
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: | definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `specialist`
    *   Target surface form: `specialists`
    *   Context: "...there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `specialist%1:18:00::`: an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning.
        2.  `specialist%1:18:01::`: practices one branch of medicine.

    *   The context discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment.
    *   It mentions economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron.
    *   The "specialists" referred to are those who study these economic impacts (economists, sociologists, migration experts).
    *   This is clearly not referring to medical specialists.

    *   Sense 1: General expert in a branch of learning (fits perfectly).
    *   Sense 2: Medical specialist (does not fit).

    *   The best sense is index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
3. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `impact`
    *   Target surface form: `impact`
    *   Context: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

    *   Sense 1: `the striking of one body against another` (Physical collision)
    *   Sense 2: `influencing strongly` (Impingement, encroachment - often negative or intrusive)
    *   Sense 3: `a forceful consequence; a strong effect` (General effect, e.g., "impact on my thinking")
    *   Sense 4: `the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat` (Military shock)

    *   The context discusses the "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment".
    *   This refers to the *effect* or *consequence* that migration has on economic indicators.
    *   Sense 1 (physical collision) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (combat) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (impingement/encroachment) usually implies a negative intrusion.
    *   Sense 3 (forceful consequence/strong effect) fits perfectly. The "positive impact" is a "positive effect".

    *   Sense 3: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect". Example: "the book had an important impact on my thinking". This matches the usage "impact of migration flows on economic growth".

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding
4. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `migration`
    *   Target surface form: `migration`
    *   Context: The text discusses immigrants, the French economy, "Polish plumbers," and a book titled "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future." It specifically mentions "migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  (chemistry) movement of an atom or radical within a molecule.
        2.  A group of people migrating together.
        3.  Periodic passage of animals (birds/fishes).
        4.  Movement of persons from one country or locality to another.

    *   The context is clearly about human movement between countries (immigration).
    *   Sense 1 (chemistry) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3 (animals) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 2 refers to a *group* of people migrating together.
    *   Sense 4 refers to the *movement* of persons from one country or locality to another.

    *   The phrase is "migration flows."
    *   "Migration flows" refers to the general process or movement of people, not a specific group of people moving together at one time.
    *   Sense 4 ("the movement of persons from one country or locality to another") fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
2. sense_key=flow%1:14:00:: | definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
3. sense_key=flow%1:26:00:: | definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
4. sense_key=flow%1:11:00:: | definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
5. sense_key=flow%1:22:01:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped
6. sense_key=flow%1:28:00:: | definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
7. sense_key=flow%1:22:00:: | definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `flow`
    *   Target surface form: `flows`
    *   Context: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration <t>flows</t> on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

    *   Sense 1: `the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression` (General act)
    *   Sense 2: `dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas` (Abstract course of events/ideas)
    *   Sense 3: `something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously` (Physical movement of people/things, e.g., "stream of people", "flow of visitors")
    *   Sense 4: `the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases)` (Physics of fluids)
    *   Sense 5: `the monthly discharge of blood...` (Menstruation)
    *   Sense 6: `the amount of fluid that flows in a given time` (Flow rate)
    *   Sense 7: `any uninterrupted stream or discharge` (General stream/discharge)

    *   The phrase is "migration flows".
    *   Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another.
    *   "Migration flows" describes the continuous movement of people (immigrants) into or out of a country.
    *   This matches Sense 3: "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously" with the example "a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors".

    *   Sense 1 is too general ("the act of flowing").
    *   Sense 2 is about ideas or events.
    *   Sense 4 is about fluids.
    *   Sense 5 is biological.
    *   Sense 6 is about rate/amount of fluid.
    *   Sense 7 is about a stream or discharge (often fluid).

    Sense 3 specifically mentions "a stream of people" and "flow of visitors", which perfectly aligns with "migration flows".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `employment`
    *   Target surface form: `employment`
    *   Context: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and <t>employment</t> in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."

    *   Sense 1: `the state of being employed or having a job` (Synonym: employ)
    *   Sense 2: `the act of using` (Synonyms: use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise)
    *   Sense 3: `the act of giving someone a job` (Synonym: engagement)
    *   Sense 4: `the occupation for which you are paid` (Synonym: work)

    *   The text discusses the economic impact of migration flows on "economic growth, wages and employment".
    *   It also mentions that "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
    *   In this context, "employment" refers to the general level of people having jobs in a country (the state of being employed across the population), rather than a specific occupation (Sense 4) or the act of hiring (Sense 3) or the act of using something (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job". This fits the macroeconomic context (employment rates, the state of the labor market).
    *   Sense 4: "the occupation for which you are paid". This refers to a specific job or the concept of work in general, but not usually the macroeconomic indicator of how many people have jobs.

    *   "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment"
    *   "harms employment"
    *   These phrases clearly refer to the overall level of employment in the economy. Sense 1 ("the state of being employed") is the standard way to describe this macroeconomic condition.

    *   Sense 1: state of being employed.
    *   Sense 2: act of using.
    *   Sense 3: act of giving a job.
    *   Sense 4: the occupation.

    Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country
2. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
5. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `country`
    *   Target surface form: `countries`
    *   Context: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in <t>countries</t>, which admit immigrants."

    *   Sense 1: Geographical region of indefinite boundary (e.g., mountainous area).
    *   Sense 2: Politically organized body of people under a single government (e.g., state, nation, African nations).
    *   Sense 3: The people who live in a nation or country (e.g., the nation's mood).
    *   Sense 4: The territory occupied by a nation (e.g., European countries).
    *   Sense 5: Rural area (outside cities/towns).

    *   The sentence discusses "migration flows," "economic growth, wages and employment," and "countries, which admit immigrants."
    *   "Admitting immigrants" is a function of a political entity (a state/government).
    *   Economic growth, wages, and employment are metrics typically associated with a political/economic entity (a nation-state).

    *   Sense 2 (politically organized body) vs. Sense 4 (territory occupied by a nation).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the political organization/government (the entity that "admits" immigrants).
    *   Sense 4 focuses on the physical land/territory.
    *   In the context of "economic growth, wages and employment," the "country" is being treated as a political and economic unit (a state).
    *   Comparing "African nations" (Sense 2) to "European countries" (Sense 4).
    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 2 and Sense 4.
        *   Sense 2: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (Synonyms: state, nation).
        *   Sense 4: "the territory occupied by a nation" (Synonyms: state, land).
    *   Usually, when talking about economic growth and government policies (like admitting immigrants), Sense 2 (the political entity/state) is the most precise fit.

    *   Sense 1: No (not an indefinite region).
    *   Sense 3: No (not referring to the people themselves, but the entity).
    *   Sense 5: No (not rural areas).
    *   Sense 2 vs 4: "Countries which admit immigrants" refers to the sovereign states. Sense 2 is the definition of a sovereign state.

    *   Sense 2: "a politically organized body of people under a single government"
    *   Sense 4: "the territory occupied by a nation"
    *   The act of "admitting immigrants" is a legal/political act performed by the government of a state. Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony
2. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `immigration`
    *   Target surface form: `immigration`
    *   Context: "Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
    *   Surrounding context: Discussion about immigrants as a burden/asset, migration flows, economic growth, and the impact of immigrants on native workers.

    *   Sense 1: `immigration%1:14:00::` - "the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval" (Example: "the increased immigration strengthened the colony"). This refers to the *group of people* themselves.
    *   Sense 2: `immigration%1:04:00::` - "migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)" (Synonym: "in-migration"). This refers to the *process* or *phenomenon* of moving into a country.

    *   The sentence is: "Restraining <t>immigration</t> leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
    *   "Restraining" usually applies to a process, a flow, or a policy. You restrain the *act* of immigrating (the process), not necessarily the "body of immigrants" (though the result is fewer people).
    *   The preceding sentence mentions "migration flows," which strongly aligns with the concept of "migration into a place" (Sense 2).
    *   The overall discussion is about the economic impact of the *phenomenon* of immigration (the movement of people into the country).

    *   Sense 1 focuses on the *people* (the body of immigrants).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the *process* (migration into a place).
    *   "Restraining immigration" refers to limiting the process/flow of people entering the country.

    *   Sense 2 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
3. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
6. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair
7. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `growth`
    *   Target surface form: `growth`
    *   Context: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic <t>growth</t> and harms employment."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses the impact of migration flows on "economic growth, wages and employment in countries".

    *   Sense 1: progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., growth of culture).
    *   Sense 2: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (synonyms: increase, increment; examples: increase in unemployment, growth of population).
    *   Sense 3: (pathology) abnormal proliferation of tissue (tumor).
    *   Sense 4: vegetation that has grown.
    *   Sense 5: (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically.
    *   Sense 6: something grown or growing (e.g., growth of hair).
    *   Sense 7: gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence).

    *   The context is "economic growth".
    *   "Anaemic growth" in an economic context refers to a slow increase in the production of goods and services (GDP), which is a process of becoming larger/increasing.
    *   Sense 2 ("a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important") fits best, as economic growth is an increase in economic output/size.

    *   Sense 1 (complexity) - No.
    *   Sense 2 (increase/increment) - Yes.
    *   Sense 3 (tumor) - No.
    *   Sense 4 (vegetation) - No.
    *   Sense 5 (biological maturation) - No.
    *   Sense 6 (grown thing) - No.
    *   Sense 7 (emergence) - No.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: employment
Target surface form: employment
Context:
Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=employment%1:04:00:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
2. sense_key=employment%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers
3. sense_key=employment%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. sense_key=employment%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `employment`
    *   Target surface form: `employment`
    *   Context: "...there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms <t>employment</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `employment%1:04:00`: the occupation for which you are paid (synonym: work).
        2.  `employment%1:04:01`: the act of using (synonyms: use, usage, utilization).
        3.  `employment%1:04:02`: the act of giving someone a job (synonym: engagement).
        4.  `employment%1:26:00`: the state of being employed or having a job (synonym: employ).

    *   The sentence is: "Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment."
    *   The context discusses economic growth, wages, and the impact of migration flows.
    *   "Harms employment" in this economic context refers to the overall level of people having jobs in the economy.

    *   Sense 1 (`employment%1:04:00`): "the occupation for which you are paid" (work). This usually refers to a specific job or the general concept of working.
    *   Sense 2 (`employment%1:04:01`): "the act of using". Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 3 (`employment%1:04:02`): "the act of giving someone a job". This is the process of hiring. Not what is meant by "harms employment" in a macroeconomic sense.
    *   Sense 4 (`employment%1:26:00`): "the state of being employed or having a job". This refers to the condition of having employment.

    *   In economics, "employment" often refers to the total number of people employed or the state of being employed across a population.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 4:
        *   Sense 1: "the occupation for which you are paid" (e.g., "he is looking for employment").
        *   Sense 4: "the state of being employed or having a job" (e.g., "they are looking for employment").
    *   Wait, the examples for Sense 1 and Sense 4 are very similar. Let's look closer.
    *   Sense 1: `employment%1:04:00` (occupation/work).
    *   Sense 4: `employment%1:26:00` (state of being employed).
    *   In the phrase "harms employment", it means it reduces the level of employment (the state of people being employed).

    *   Sense 1 is more about the *job* itself (the occupation).
    *   Sense 4 is more about the *status* of having a job.
    *   In macroeconomic terms ("economic growth, wages and employment"), "employment" refers to the aggregate state of people being employed.

    *   Sense 1: "the occupation for which you are paid"
    *   Sense 4: "the state of being employed or having a job"
    *   If something "harms employment", it harms the state of people being employed.

    *   Sense 1: "he is looking for employment" (looking for a job/work).
    *   Sense 4: "they are looking for employment" (looking for the state of being employed).
    *   Actually, looking at WordNet's structure:
        *   `employment%1:04:00` is under `work`.
        *   `employment%1:26:00` is under `employ`.
    *   In the context of "economic growth, wages and employment", it refers to the employment rate or the general condition of people having jobs. This aligns best with "the state of being employed".

    *   Sense 1: Occupation/Work.
    *   Sense 4: State of being employed.
    *   "Harms employment" = reduces the number of people in the state of being employed.

    *   Sense 1: "the occupation for which you are paid"
    *   Sense 4: "the state of being employed or having a job"
    *   In the context of "economic growth, wages and employment", "employment" is used as a mass noun referring to the general condition or level of people having jobs. Sense 4 fits this "state of being" better than Sense 1's "occupation".

    *   Sense 1: `employment%1:04:00`
    *   Sense 2: `employment%1:04:01`
    *   Sense 3: `employment%1:04:02`
    *   Sense 4: `employment%1:26:00`
    *   The target is Sense 4.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 1 again. "the occupation for which you are paid".
    *   If I say "employment is falling", I mean the state of being employed is decreasing.
    *   If I say "he found employment", I mean he found a job (Sense 1) or he entered the state of being employed (Sense 4).
    *   In the phrase "impact of migration flows on... employment", it's definitely the macroeconomic state.

    *   Sense 1: `employment%1:04:00`
    *   Sense 2: `employment%1:04:01`
    *   Sense 3: `employment%1:04:02`
    *   Sense 4: `employment%1:26:00`
    *   The index for `employment%1:26:00` is 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fear
Target surface form: Fears
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. <t>Fears</t> about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fear%1:12:00:: | definition=an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) | synonyms=fearfulness, fright
2. sense_key=fear%1:12:01:: | definition=an anxious feeling | synonyms=concern, care | examples=care had aged him; they hushed it up out of fear of public reaction
3. sense_key=fear%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of profound respect for someone or something | synonyms=reverence, awe, veneration | examples=the fear of God; the Chinese reverence for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `fear`
    *   Target surface form: `Fears`
    *   Context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `fear%1:12:00`: an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight) [fearfulness, fright]
        2.  `fear%1:12:01`: an anxious feeling [concern, care]
        3.  `fear%1:12:02`: a feeling of profound respect for someone or something [reverence, awe, veneration]

    *   The sentence is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
    *   Here, "Fears" refers to the worries or concerns people have regarding the economic impact of immigration (specifically, the fear of being replaced in the workforce).
    *   It's not a sudden fright or a fight-or-flight response (Sense 1).
    *   It's not reverence or awe (Sense 3).
    *   It is an anxious feeling or concern about a potential negative outcome (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: Too intense (fright/panic).
    *   Sense 2: Fits well (concern/anxious feeling). "Concerns about the impact of immigrants" is a perfect paraphrase.
    *   Sense 3: Completely wrong (reverence).

    *   The best fit is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle
3. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `impact`
    *   Target surface form: `impact`
    *   Context: "Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses the economic effects of migration flows on growth, wages, and employment. It mentions "positive impact of migration flows" and then "Fears about the impact of immigrants".

    *   Sense 1: `the striking of one body against another` (Physical collision) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: `the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat` (Combat/Shock) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: `a forceful consequence; a strong effect` (Effect/Influence) - This fits perfectly. The "impact of immigrants" refers to the effect they have on the economy/labor market.
    *   Sense 4: `influencing strongly` (Impingement/Encroachment) - This is more about the *act* of influencing or intruding, often with a negative connotation of encroachment. While "impact" can be negative, Sense 3 is the standard noun for "effect".

    *   The sentence "Fears about the impact of immigrants..." refers to the *effect* or *consequence* of immigration on the labor market.
    *   Sense 3 definition: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect".
    *   Example for Sense 3: "the book had an important impact on my thinking". This matches the usage of "impact" as a noun meaning "effect".

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `notion`
    *   Target surface form: `notion`
    *   Context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `notion%1:09:01::`: an odd or fanciful or capricious idea (whim, whimsy).
        2.  `notion%1:09:00::`: a general inclusive concept.
        3.  `notion%1:09:02::`: a vague idea in which some confidence is placed (impression, feeling, belief, opinion).
        4.  `notion%1:06:00::`: small personal articles or clothing or sewing items.

    *   The sentence is: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
    *   Here, "notion" refers to a belief or an idea held by people (specifically, the fear that immigrants replace native workers).
    *   It's not a "whim" (sense 1).
    *   It's not "sewing items" (sense 4).
    *   It's not a "general inclusive concept" in the abstract philosophical sense (sense 2), but rather a specific belief or opinion held by a group of people.
    *   Sense 3 ("a vague idea in which some confidence is placed", synonyms: "belief, opinion") fits best. The "notion" here is the belief/opinion that immigrants replace native workers.

    *   Sense 2: "a general inclusive concept". This is often used for abstract categories (e.g., "the notion of justice").
    *   Sense 3: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" (synonyms: belief, opinion).
    *   In the context "the notion that they are liable to replace native workers", it is a specific belief/opinion. While "notion" can sometimes be used for "concept", when it's followed by a "that" clause describing a belief, it usually aligns with sense 3 (belief/opinion).

    *   "Fears... are based on the notion that..."
    *   This strongly suggests a belief or an opinion.
    *   Comparing sense 2 (concept) and sense 3 (belief/opinion):
        *   Concept: "The notion of freedom is complex."
        *   Belief/Opinion: "He had a notion that the world was flat."
    *   The context "the notion that they are liable to replace native workers" fits the "belief/opinion" pattern.

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: Possible, but less precise than sense 3.
    *   Sense 3: Yes, fits "belief/opinion".
    *   Sense 4: No.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worker
Target surface form: workers
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worker%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. sense_key=worker%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. sense_key=worker%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer
4. sense_key=worker%1:05:01:: | definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `worker`
    *   Target surface form: `workers`
    *   Context: "...Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `worker%1:18:00`: a person who works at a specific occupation.
        2.  `worker%1:18:01`: a member of the working class (not necessarily employed).
        3.  `worker%1:18:02`: a person who acts and gets things done.
        4.  `worker%1:05:01`: sterile member of a colony of social insects.

    *   The sentence discusses immigrants replacing "native workers," specifically "unskilled ones," and the effect on "wages."
    *   This refers to people employed in jobs or occupations.

    *   Sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation" - Fits perfectly. The context mentions "unskilled ones" (referring to the type of occupation/skill level) and "wages."
    *   Sense 2: "a member of the working class" - While related, the context is specifically about employment and replacement in the labor market ("replace native workers"), which aligns more closely with the act of working in an occupation than the sociological class.
    *   Sense 3: "a person who acts and gets things done" - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "sterile member of a colony of social insects" - Not applicable.

    *   The context focuses on the economic impact of immigration on the labor market (employment, wages, unskilled labor).
    *   "Native workers" here means people who are employed or seeking employment in specific jobs.
    *   Sense 1 is the most direct fit for "person who works at a specific occupation."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered
2. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "one"
    *   Target surface form: "ones"
    *   Context: "...Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `one%1:09:00::` - a single person or thing (e.g., "he is the best one")
        2.  `one%1:23:00::` - the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number (e.g., "they had lunch at one")

    *   The sentence is: "...replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones..."
    *   In this context, "ones" refers back to "native workers".
    *   "Unskilled ones" means "unskilled native workers".
    *   This is a pronoun usage referring to people/things previously mentioned.

    *   Sense 1: "a single person or thing" (used as a pronoun to avoid repetition). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "the smallest whole number". This does not fit at all.

    *   The target word "ones" is the plural of "one" used as a pronoun referring to "native workers".
    *   Sense 1 is the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
3. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
4. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
5. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
7. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `pressure`
    *   Target surface form: `pressure`
    *   Context: "...exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages."
    *   Surrounding text: Discussing the impact of immigrants on wages, specifically the fear that they replace native workers, thereby pushing wages down.

    *   Sense 1: Physical force per unit area (pascals/dynes). (Incorrect: Not physical force)
    *   Sense 2: Oppressive condition of physical/mental/social/economic distress. (Possible, but "downward pressure on wages" is a specific economic term)
    *   Sense 3: Somatic sensation (skin). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Act of pressing (physical). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Atmospheric pressure. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: State of demanding notice/attention (insistence). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: A force that compels. (Example: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government").

    *   "Downward pressure on wages" refers to an economic force or influence that tends to drive prices (wages) down.
    *   Sense 2 describes a "condition of... economic distress." While wages being low is distress, the *pressure* itself is the force causing the change.
    *   Sense 7 describes "a force that compels." In economics, "downward pressure" is a metaphorical force that compels a value to decrease.

    *   Sense 2: "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress"
    *   Sense 7: "a force that compels"

    In the phrase "exerting downward pressure on wages," the word "pressure" is used as a force (economic influence) that pushes wages in a certain direction. This aligns better with "a force that compels" (Sense 7) than with a "condition of distress" (Sense 2). If it were Sense 2, it would be "the pressure of poverty," not "pressure on wages."

    *   Sense 7: "a force that compels" -> "exerting downward pressure on wages" (The force of increased labor supply compels wages to drop).

    *   Sense 1: Physical (No)
    *   Sense 2: Distress (No)
    *   Sense 3: Sensation (No)
    *   Sense 4: Physical act (No)
    *   Sense 5: Atmospheric (No)
    *   Sense 6: Insistence (No)
    *   Sense 7: Compelling force (Yes)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
2. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention
3. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `experience`
    *   Target surface form: `experience`
    *   Context: "But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `experience%1:09:00::`: the content of direct observation or participation in an event (e.g., "religious experience").
        2.  `experience%1:11:00::`: an event as apprehended (e.g., "surprising experience").
        3.  `experience%1:09:01::`: the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities (e.g., "experience is the best teacher").

    *   The sentence says "But experience shows that...".
    *   This is a common idiomatic expression meaning "based on what has been observed over time" or "empirical evidence shows".
    *   It refers to the collective knowledge gained from observing events over time.

    *   Sense 1: "the content of direct observation or participation in an event". This is more about a specific instance or the quality of the observation.
    *   Sense 2: "an event as apprehended". This refers to a specific occurrence (e.g., "a painful experience").
    *   Sense 3: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities". This fits the usage "experience shows" perfectly, as it refers to the body of knowledge gained through observation/participation.

    *   "Experience shows that..." $\approx$ "Knowledge gained from observation shows that..."
    *   This aligns with Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replacement
Target surface form: replacements
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replacement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. sense_key=replacement%1:11:00:: | definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
3. sense_key=replacement%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor
4. sense_key=replacement%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
5. sense_key=replacement%1:09:00:: | definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
6. sense_key=replacement%1:22:00:: | definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `replacement`
    *   Target surface form: `replacements`
    *   Context: "...Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers... But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor..."

    *   Sense 1: `replacement%1:04:00::` - the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another (Action/Process).
    *   Sense 2: `replacement%1:11:00::` - an event in which one thing is substituted for another (Event).
    *   Sense 3: `replacement%1:18:01::` - a person who follows next in order (Successor).
    *   Sense 4: `replacement%1:18:02::` - someone who takes the place of another person (Surrogate/Alternate).
    *   Sense 5: `replacement%1:09:00::` - a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another (Substitute).
    *   Sense 6: `replacement%1:22:00::` - filling again by supplying what has been used up (Refilling).

    *   The sentence says: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."
    *   Here, "replacements" refers to the immigrants themselves (or the role they play) in relation to "local labor".
    *   It's contrasting "complementary" (adding to/completing) with "replacements" (taking the place of).
    *   The "replacements" are the entities (people/labor) that would take the place of the local labor.

    *   Sense 1 (act of furnishing) - No, it's not the act.
    *   Sense 2 (event) - No, it's not an event.
    *   Sense 3 (successor) - No, they aren't following in a sequence of order.
    *   Sense 4 (someone who takes the place of another person) - This is close, but "local labor" is a collective noun/concept, not necessarily a specific person.
    *   Sense 5 (a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another) - This is the most general and accurate. Immigrants (people) are being discussed as potential substitutes (replacements) for local labor (a thing/group).
    *   Sense 6 (refilling) - No.

    *   Sense 4 is specifically "someone who takes the place of another person".
    *   Sense 5 is "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another".
    *   In the context "replacements of local labor", "local labor" is the entity being replaced. "Labor" can be viewed as a resource (thing) or a group of people. Sense 5 is the standard "substitute" meaning, which fits perfectly here.

    *   The sentence says "immigrants are... replacements of local labor".
    *   Immigrants = replacements.
    *   Replacements = substitutes.
    *   Sense 5: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute". This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings
2. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
3. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `labor`
    *   Target surface form: `labor`
    *   Context: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor..."

    *   Sense 1: `labor%1:04:01` - any piece of work (undertaking, project, task).
    *   Sense 2: `labor%1:14:00` - a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages (labour, working class, proletariat). Example: "shortage of skilled labor in this field".
    *   Sense 3: `labor%1:04:00` - productive work (especially physical work done for wages) (labour, toil).
    *   Sense 4: `labor%1:14:04` - organized attempt by workers to improve status (labor movement).
    *   Sense 5: `labor%1:14:02` - British Labour Party.
    *   Sense 6: `labor%1:14:01` - US Department of Labor.
    *   Sense 7: `labor%1:26:00` - childbirth.

    *   The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment.
    *   It mentions "native workers", "unskilled ones", "downward pressure on wages".
    *   The specific phrase is "complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor".
    *   It also says "shortage of local labor" and "sectors, which do not attract local labor".
    *   In this context, "labor" refers to the workforce or the pool of workers available in a region.

    *   Sense 2: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat). Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
    *   Sense 3: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" (synonyms: labour, toil).

    *   "Local labor" in "shortage of local labor" and "replacements of local labor" refers to the *people* (the workforce), not the *act* of working.
    *   Sense 2 specifically mentions "shortage of skilled labor in this field" as an example, which mirrors the context "shortage of local labor".
    *   Sense 3 refers to the activity of working (toil).

    *   The context refers to the workforce (the people who work).
    *   Sense 2 fits perfectly: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (the workforce).

    *   Sense 1: No (not a project).
    *   Sense 2: Yes (workforce/workers).
    *   Sense 3: No (not the act of working).
    *   Sense 4: No (not the union movement).
    *   Sense 5: No (not the party).
    *   Sense 6: No (not the department).
    *   Sense 7: No (not childbirth).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trade
Target surface form: trades
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trade%1:04:00:: | definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
2. sense_key=trade%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
3. sense_key=trade%1:04:05:: | definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
4. sense_key=trade%1:04:01:: | definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
5. sense_key=trade%1:19:00:: | definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
6. sense_key=trade%1:04:03:: | definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter
7. sense_key=trade%1:14:00:: | definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `trade`
    *   Target surface form: `trades`
    *   Context: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor."

    *   Sense 1: `trade%1:04:00` - the skilled practice of a practical occupation (synonym: craft). Example: "he learned his trade as an apprentice".
    *   Sense 2: `trade%1:04:02` - a particular instance of buying or selling (synonym: deal).
    *   Sense 3: `trade%1:04:05` - the commercial exchange of goods and services.
    *   Sense 4: `trade%1:04:01` - business given to a commercial establishment (synonym: patronage).
    *   Sense 5: `trade%1:19:00` - steady winds (trade wind).
    *   Sense 6: `trade%1:04:03` - an equal exchange (synonym: barter).
    *   Sense 7: `trade%1:14:00` - people who perform a particular kind of skilled work (synonym: craft).

    *   The sentence says immigrants are "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   "Exercising trades" refers to performing skilled work or practical occupations.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 7:
        *   Sense 1: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation" (the activity/skill itself).
        *   Sense 7: "people who perform a particular kind of skilled work" (the group of people).
    *   In the phrase "exercising trades", "trades" refers to the occupations/skills being practiced, not the people themselves. You exercise a skill or a practice, not a group of people.

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation".

    *   Sense 1: skilled practice of a practical occupation. (Correct)
    *   Sense 2: buying/selling instance. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: commercial exchange. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: patronage. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: winds. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: barter. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: people who perform work. (Incorrect - you don't "exercise" people).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shortage
Target surface form: shortage
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shortage%1:26:00:: | definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine
2. sense_key=shortage%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `shortage`
    *   Target surface form: `shortage`
    *   Context: "...exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `shortage%1:26:00::` (an acute insufficiency; synonyms: dearth, famine)
        2.  `shortage%1:07:00::` (the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required; synonyms: deficit, shortfall)

    *   The sentence is talking about "trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   This means there aren't enough local workers to fill the available jobs in those trades.
    *   It describes a state of insufficiency (not enough people).

    *   Sense 1: "an acute insufficiency" (synonyms: dearth, famine). This fits the idea of "not enough local labor."
    *   Sense 2: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" (synonyms: deficit, shortfall). This describes the *amount* of the gap (the deficit itself), rather than the *state* of insufficiency.

    *   "There is a shortage of local labor."
    *   Does it mean "There is an acute insufficiency of local labor" (Sense 1)? Yes.
    *   Does it mean "There is a property of being an amount by which something is less than expected of local labor" (Sense 2)? No, that's grammatically awkward and conceptually slightly different. Sense 2 refers to the *measure* of the shortage (the deficit), whereas Sense 1 refers to the *condition* of there being too little.

    *   Sense 1 (insufficiency/dearth) is the standard way to describe a lack of labor.
    *   Sense 2 (deficit/shortfall) usually refers to a numerical difference (e.g., "a budget shortage" or "a shortfall of 10 units").

    *   The context "shortage of local labor" aligns best with "an acute insufficiency" (Sense 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: labor
Context:
In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
2. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
3. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
5. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
6. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
7. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `labor`
    *   Target surface form: `labor`
    *   Context: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Political party (British Labour Party).
        2.  Social class (working class, proletariat). Example: "shortage of skilled labor in this field".
        3.  Piece of work (undertaking, project).
        4.  US Department of Labor.
        5.  Productive work (physical work for wages).
        6.  Childbirth.
        7.  Labor movement/unions.

    *   The sentence says: "...shortage of local labor."
    *   It refers to the availability of workers (people) in the workforce.
    *   Comparing "local labor" to "native workers" and "unskilled immigrants".
    *   Sense 2: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat). Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field".
    *   Sense 5: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" (synonyms: labour, toil).

    *   Sense 2 refers to the *people* (the workforce/class).
    *   Sense 5 refers to the *activity* (the work itself).
    *   In the phrase "shortage of local labor", "labor" refers to the pool of available workers.
    *   The example for Sense 2 ("there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field") is almost identical to the target context ("shortage of local labor").

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit because it describes the workforce/people available for work, which matches the context of immigration and workers replacing each other.