[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
2. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
4. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
5. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
7. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
8. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
9. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form
12. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
14. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
15. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
16. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
17. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
18. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
21. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 18}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 18}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "develop"
    *   Context: "...a person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "develop" refers to the onset or appearance of a disease (cancer) in a person.

    *   1: generate gradually (customers, market) - No.
    *   2: cause to grow and differentiate (grain, apple) - No.
    *   3: change use of land/resources - No.
    *   4: musical idea - No.
    *   5: chess pieces - No.
    *   6: grow emotionally/mature - No.
    *   7: chess pieces - No.
    *   8: be gradually disclosed/unfolded (plot) - No.
    *   9: chemical solutions (film) - No.
    *   10: happen (news, political movements) - No.
    *   11: expand in a series (math) - No.
    *   12: elaborate theories - No.
    *   13: work out (theory) - No.
    *   14: create by training - No.
    *   15: become technologically advanced - No.
    *   16: come into existence; take on form or shape (religious movement, love) - Possible, but maybe not the best for a disease.
    *   17: geometry - No.
    *   18: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire; example: "The patient developed abdominal pains" - This fits perfectly. Developing a disease or symptom is a change in physical attributes/health.
    *   19: grow, progress, unfold (flower, superpower) - No.
    *   20: gain through experience (aversion, sense of right and wrong) - No.
    *   21: make something new (product, technique) - No.

    *   Sense 18: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with the example "The patient developed abdominal pains". Cancer is a physical condition/disease.
    *   Sense 16: "come into existence; take on form or shape". While cancer "comes into existence", Sense 18 specifically mentions patients and physical attributes/pains, which is the standard way "develop" is used for medical conditions.

    *   The context is about a person developing cancer.
    *   Sense 18 explicitly covers medical symptoms/conditions ("The patient developed abdominal pains").


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerging
Target surface form: Emerging
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "emerging"
    *   Target surface form: "Emerging"
    *   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00`: coming into existence (synonym: emergent; example: an emergent republic)
        2.  `emerging%5:00:00:future:00`: coming to maturity (synonym: rising; example: the rising generation)

    *   The sentence refers to "Emerging genetic tests".
    *   These are tests that are being developed or are just starting to become available.
    *   "Coming into existence" (nascent) fits the idea of new technology/tests being developed.
    *   "Coming to maturity" (rising) usually refers to people or groups (like a generation) growing up or reaching a state of full development.

    *   Sense 1: "coming into existence" (nascent). New tests are coming into existence.
    *   Sense 2: "coming to maturity" (rising). Tests don't typically "come to maturity" in the sense of a "rising generation".

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit for new technology/tests.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "genetic"
    *   Context: "Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, inheritance from parents, defective copies of genes, and predictive cancer diagnosis.

    *   Sense 1: pertaining to or referring to origin (e.g., genetic history of a literary work). -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 2: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (e.g., genetic code). -> *Possible.*
    *   Sense 3: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (e.g., inherited disease). -> *Possible.*
    *   Sense 4: of or relating to the science of genetics (e.g., genetic research). -> *Possible.*

    *   The sentence is "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   The "tests" are designed to look for "defective copy of a suppressor gene" (mentioned in the previous sentence).
    *   These tests analyze the genes themselves (the DNA/genetic material).
    *   Sense 2 ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene") describes the nature of the tests (they test the genes).
    *   Sense 3 ("occurring among members of a family usually by heredity") describes the *trait* or *disease*, not usually the *test* itself (though the test detects a hereditary condition).
    *   Sense 4 ("of or relating to the science of genetics") is broader. While the tests are part of the science, "genetic tests" specifically refer to tests of the genes.

    *   "Genetic tests" is a standard term for tests that analyze DNA/genes.
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics".
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 4: "Genetic research" (Sense 4) vs "Genetic code" (Sense 2). A "genetic test" is more like a "genetic code" analysis than "genetic research" (though it's a tool of the science).
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". The context emphasizes inheritance ("inherited in two copies", "born with one defective copy"). However, the *test* isn't "hereditary"; the *condition* is. The test is *genetic*.

    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics".
    *   In most linguistic datasets (like SemCor), "genetic tests" are categorized under the sense relating to genes (Sense 2) or the science (Sense 4).
    *   Let's re-read: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals".
    *   The tests look for the genes. Therefore, they relate to the genes.

    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
    *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics"
    *   Usually, "genetic test" refers to the analysis of the genes themselves. Sense 2 is more specific to the biological entity (the gene) than Sense 4 (the field of study).

    *   Sense 1: Origin (No)
    *   Sense 2: Relating to genes (Yes)
    *   Sense 3: Hereditary (No - the test isn't hereditary)
    *   Sense 4: Relating to the science (Possible, but Sense 2 is more precise for the object being tested).

    *Self-Correction:* Let's look at the examples.
    Sense 2: "genetic code"
    Sense 4: "genetic research"
    A "genetic test" is a specific application/tool. Is it more like "research" or "code"? It's a test *of* the code.

    Let's check if "genetic" in "genetic tests" is typically mapped to "relating to genes" or "relating to the science of genetics".
    In many WordNet-based disambiguation tasks, "genetic tests" are mapped to the sense "of or relating to genes".

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 3 again. "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". If the test is to find "cancer-susceptible individuals" based on "inherited" genes, is the test "genetic" in the sense of "hereditary"? No, the *susceptibility* is hereditary; the *test* is genetic.

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 4 again.
    Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
    Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics"
    "Genetic tests" are tests *of* genes. Sense 2 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `able`
    *   Target surface form: `able`
    *   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `competent`: have the skills and qualifications to do things well (e.g., able teachers).
        2.  `fit`: having a strong healthy body (e.g., able-bodied).
        3.  `capable`: having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity (e.g., able to learn).
        4.  `able` (general): having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something (e.g., able to swim).

    *   The sentence is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   The subject is "Emerging genetic tests".
    *   The action is "to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals".
    *   The word "able" describes the capacity or possibility of the tests to perform this function.

    *   Sense 1 (competent): Applies to people with skills/qualifications. Tests aren't "competent" in the professional sense.
    *   Sense 2 (fit): Applies to physical health. Tests aren't "fit" or "able-bodied".
    *   Sense 3 (capable): "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity". This is close, but usually refers to biological entities (humans, animals).
    *   Sense 4 (general): "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something". This is the standard usage for "be able to [verb]" when referring to the possibility or capability of a tool, system, or person to achieve a result.

    *   Sense 3: "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity" (Example: "able to learn", "human beings are able to walk").
    *   Sense 4: "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something" (Example: "able to swim", "she was able to program her computer").

    Wait, let's look closer at the WordNet structure. Often, "be able to" is treated as a semi-auxiliary.
    In the context of "tests will be able to spot", it means the tests have the *capacity* or *capability* (the "means") to do it.

    Comparing Sense 3 and Sense 4:
    Sense 3 focuses on "inherent physical or mental ability".
    Sense 4 focuses on "necessary means or skill or know-how".

    A genetic test doesn't have "mental ability" (Sense 3). It has the "necessary means" (the biochemical/technological capability) to spot the individuals (Sense 4).

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: No.
    *   Sense 3: No (too focused on physical/mental ability).
    *   Sense 4: Yes (having the necessary means).

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 3 again. "having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity". "Capacity" is there. But "means" in Sense 4 fits a tool/test better.

    Let's look at the examples:
    Sense 3: "able to learn", "human beings are able to walk".
    Sense 4: "able to swim", "she was able to program her computer".

    Actually, in many WordNet versions, Sense 4 is the most general "be able to" (can). "Tests will be able to spot" is essentially "Tests will can spot" (if 'can' were used that way).

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 3 vs 4.
    Sense 3: inherent physical or mental ability or capacity.
    Sense 4: necessary means or skill or know-how or authority.

    A test's ability to spot something is a result of its design (the means).

    Let's check if there's a distinction between "capable" (Sense 3) and "able" (Sense 4).
    Sense 3 is often used as an adjective ("He is an able student").
    Sense 4 is the one usually followed by "to [verb]".

    The context is "will be able to spot". This matches the "usually followed by 'to'" note in Sense 4.

    Sense 4: "having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something".
    This fits perfectly for a technological tool (the test) having the "means" to achieve the result.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism
2. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `individual`
    *   Target surface form: `individuals`
    *   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `individual%1:18:00::` | definition: a single organism
        2.  `individual%1:03:00::` | definition: a human being | synonyms: person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul

    *   The sentence discusses "genetic tests" to spot "cancer-susceptible individuals."
    *   The preceding sentences mention "A person who is born with one defective copy..." and "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries..."
    *   The context clearly refers to human beings who might be prone to cancer.

    *   Sense 1: "a single organism" (General biological term).
    *   Sense 2: "a human being" (Specific to humans).

    *   While humans are organisms, the context specifically refers to people (patients, "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan", "A person").
    *   In medical and genetic contexts referring to patients or people, "individual" is almost always used as a synonym for "person" or "human being."
    *   Sense 2 is the more specific and accurate fit for "cancer-susceptible individuals" in a medical diagnosis context.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believe
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `believe`
    *   Target surface form: `believe`
    *   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

    *   Sense 1: `credit with veracity` (e.g., "You cannot believe this man") - Focuses on believing a person or source.
    *   Sense 2: `judge or regard; look upon; judge` (synonyms: think, consider, conceive) (e.g., "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart") - Focuses on an opinion or judgment.
    *   Sense 3: `follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer` (e.g., "When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too") - Focuses on religious or ideological faith.
    *   Sense 4: `be confident about something` (synonyms: trust) (e.g., "I believe that he will come back from the war") - Focuses on confidence/trust in an outcome.
    *   Sense 5: `accept as true; take to be true` (e.g., "I believed his report") - Focuses on accepting a statement as fact.

    *   The phrase is "what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Here, "believe" is used to express an opinion, a judgment, or a professional assessment.
    *   It is synonymous with "think" or "consider" (e.g., "what some scientists *think* is a new age...").

    *   Sense 1 (credit with veracity) doesn't fit; they aren't crediting a person.
    *   Sense 2 (judge or regard; think, consider) fits perfectly. "Scientists believe [it] is a new age" $\approx$ "Scientists think [it] is a new age."
    *   Sense 3 (faith/credo) doesn't fit; this is scientific opinion, not religious faith.
    *   Sense 4 (confident/trust) is close, but "believe is" usually denotes a judgment/opinion rather than just confidence in a future event.
    *   Sense 5 (accept as true) usually involves accepting a claim made by someone else. Here, the scientists are forming the judgment themselves.

    *   Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (synonyms: think, consider, conceive). Example: "I believe her to be very smart."
    *   Context: "...what some scientists believe is a new age..."
    *   This matches the structure and meaning of Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
2. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
4. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
5. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
6. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
7. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
8. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
9. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "new"
    *   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Meaning: The context describes a shift in medical capability (predictive cancer diagnosis) due to emerging genetic tests. This "age" is just beginning or has recently come into being.

    *   Sense 1: unprecedented (no previous example) - Too strong. Predictive diagnosis isn't necessarily unprecedented in all forms, but this specific "age" is starting.
    *   Sense 2: late (after medieval times) - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3: other (different from the former) - Possible, but "new age" usually implies something just starting.
    *   Sense 4: late (current stage of language) - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 5: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered - Fits well. A "new age" is one that has recently come into being.
    *   Sense 6: original (gratuitously new/newfangled) - Negative connotation, doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 7: inexperienced (raw) - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 8: unaccustomed (unfamiliar) - Doesn't fit "age".
    *   Sense 9: unaffected by use (like new) - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 10: original (novel, not seen before) - Possible, but Sense 5 is more standard for "a new age" (recently come into being).
    *   Sense 11: early (crops) - Irrelevant.

    *   Sense 5: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being..."
    *   Sense 10: "original and of a kind not seen before" (novel).
    *   In the phrase "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis," the emphasis is on the beginning of a period of time/era. This aligns best with Sense 5 (recently come into being).

    *   Sense 5 is the most general and fitting definition for a "new age" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years
2. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `age`
    *   Target surface form: `age`
    *   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `age%1:28:01`: a late time of life (old age).
        2.  `age%1:07:00`: how long something has existed (duration).
        3.  `age%1:28:00`: a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises (e.g., school age).
        4.  `age%1:28:03`: a prolonged period of time (e.g., "for ages").
        5.  `age%1:28:02`: an era of history having some distinctive feature (e.g., "litigious age").

    *   The phrase is "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   This refers to a new period or era in medical science/history characterized by the ability to predict cancer.

    *   Sense 1 (old age): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (duration): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (time of life/qualification): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (long time): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 (era of history/distinctive feature): Correct. "A new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" fits the definition of an era with a distinctive feature.

    *   Sense 5 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
2. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A passage discussing oncogenes, malignant cells, tumor-suppressor genes, cell growth, genetic tests, and "predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancer%1:05:00::`: Genus of the family Cancridae (crabs).
        2.  `cancer%1:26:00::`: Malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal cell division.
        3.  `cancer%1:17:00::`: Zodiacal constellation.
        4.  `cancer%1:15:00::`: Fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  `cancer%1:18:00::`: Person born under the sign of Cancer.

    *   The text mentions "malignant," "oncogenes," "tumor-suppressor gene," "cell growth," and "diagnosis."
    *   These terms are all related to medicine and oncology.
    *   The specific phrase is "predictive cancer diagnosis."

    *   Sense 1 (Crabs) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (Malignant growth/tumor) - Correct.
    *   Sense 3 (Constellation) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (Zodiac sign) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 (Astrological person) - Incorrect.

    *   The best sense is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
2. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
3. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section
6. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "first"
    *   Target surface form: "first"
    *   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings."
    *   Meaning: Bill and Bonnie Quinlan were among the earliest people to benefit from the new findings.

    *   Sense 1: ranking above all others (foremost, world-class). (e.g., first in her class) - *Not about rank/quality.*
    *   Sense 2: serving to set in motion (inaugural, initiative). (e.g., inaugural issue) - *Not about starting a process.*
    *   Sense 3: preceding all others in time or space or degree. (e.g., first house on the right, first day of spring) - *Fits well; they were the earliest beneficiaries in time.*
    *   Sense 4: serving to begin (beginning). (e.g., first verse) - *Not about the start of a sequence of parts.*
    *   Sense 5: highest in pitch or chief among parts. (e.g., first soprano) - *Not about music/pitch.*
    *   Sense 6: indicating the beginning unit in a series (1st). (e.g., 1st) - *This is the ordinal number. While "first" is an ordinal, in "among the first beneficiaries," it's describing a group that came earliest in time.*

    *   Sense 3 ("preceding all others in time or space or degree") describes the temporal aspect of being "the first" to do something or be something.
    *   Sense 6 ("indicating the beginning unit in a series") is more about the position in a list (1st, 2nd, 3rd).
    *   In "among the first beneficiaries," "first" refers to the time they received the benefit relative to others.

    *   "Among the first" usually means "among the earliest."
    *   Sense 3: "preceding all others in time..." matches "earliest."

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: No.
    *   Sense 3: Yes.
    *   Sense 4: No.
    *   Sense 5: No.
    *   Sense 6: No.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: beneficiary
Target surface form: beneficiaries
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=beneficiary%1:18:00:: | definition=the recipient of funds or other benefits | synonyms=donee
2. sense_key=beneficiary%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=benefactive role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `beneficiary`
    *   Target surface form: `beneficiaries`
    *   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
    *   Meaning: Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are people who benefit from the new scientific findings (predictive cancer diagnosis).

    *   Sense 1: `beneficiary%1:18:00::` | definition: "the recipient of funds or other benefits" | synonyms: "donee"
    *   Sense 2: `beneficiary%1:10:00::` | definition: "the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause" | synonyms: "benefactive role"

    *   Sense 1 refers to a person who receives a benefit (money, advantage, etc.).
    *   Sense 2 refers to a linguistic/semantic role (a technical term in linguistics).

    *   The context describes real people (Bill and Bonnie Quinlan) who are benefiting from medical research.
    *   This fits Sense 1 (recipient of benefits).
    *   It does not fit Sense 2 (a semantic role in a clause).

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
2. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
4. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
6. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
7. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
8. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
9. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "new"
    *   Target surface form: "new"
    *   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings."
    *   Target phrase: "the new findings"

    *   1: Living language (Modern English) - No.
    *   2: After medieval times (New Egyptian) - No.
    *   3: Unfamiliar (new experiences) - No.
    *   4: Gratuitously new (newfangled) - No.
    *   5: Inexperienced (raw recruits) - No.
    *   6: Other than the former (different car) - No.
    *   7: Unprecedented (unexampled prosperity) - No.
    *   8: Unaffected by use (looks like new) - No.
    *   9: Original and of a kind not seen before (novel proof) - Possible, but usually implies a breakthrough in *kind* or *method*.
    *   10: Harvested early (new potatoes) - No.
    *   11: Not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered (a new law; new cars) - This fits "new findings" perfectly.

    *   "Findings" are discoveries.
    *   "New findings" means findings that have recently been made.
    *   Sense 11: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered". This is the most direct fit.

    *   Sense 9 (novel/original) is close, but "new findings" in a scientific context usually refers to the recency of the discovery (Sense 11) rather than the "novelty" in the sense of being a completely new *kind* of thing (though they are often both). However, Sense 11 specifically mentions "discovered".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finding
Target surface form: findings
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures
2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: | definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: | definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `finding`
    *   Target surface form: `findings`
    *   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `finding%1:04:00`: the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation (determination).
        2.  `finding%1:04:01`: the decision of a court on issues of fact or law.
        3.  `finding%1:17:00`: something that is found.

    *   The text discusses genetic research, cancer genes, and new genetic tests for predictive diagnosis.
    *   "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."
    *   In this context, "findings" refers to the results or discoveries made through the research and the development of the genetic tests.

    *   Sense 1: "the act of determining..." (the process).
    *   Sense 2: "the decision of a court..." (legal context).
    *   Sense 3: "something that is found" (the result/discovery).

    *   The "findings" here are the discoveries/results of the genetic research, not the *act* of researching (Sense 1) and certainly not a court decision (Sense 2).
    *   While Sense 3's examples ("findings in the gastrointestinal tract", "archaeological findings") seem more physical, in a scientific context, "findings" almost always refers to the results/discoveries of a study.

    *   Sense 1 is the *process* (determination).
    *   Sense 3 is the *result* (something that is found).
    *   The Quinlans are beneficiaries of the *results* (the knowledge gained), not the *act* of determining.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: couple
Target surface form: couple
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=couple%1:17:00:: | definition=(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines
2. sense_key=couple%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
3. sense_key=couple%1:23:01:: | definition=a small indefinite number | examples=he's coming for a couple of days
4. sense_key=couple%1:14:00:: | definition=a pair who associate with one another | synonyms=twosome, duo, duet | examples=the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome
5. sense_key=couple%1:14:01:: | definition=a pair of people who live together | synonyms=mates, match | examples=a married couple from Chicago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `couple`
    *   Target surface form: `couple`
    *   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  (physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces...
        2.  two items of the same kind (pair, twosome, etc.)
        3.  a small indefinite number (e.g., "a couple of days")
        4.  a pair who associate with one another (e.g., "the engaged couple")
        5.  a pair of people who live together (e.g., "a married couple")

    *   The context mentions "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan".
    *   It mentions "Bonnie became pregnant".
    *   It refers to them as "The Dedham, Mass., couple".
    *   This clearly refers to two people in a romantic/domestic relationship (likely married or living together).

    *   Sense 1: Physics (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Two items of the same kind (Too generic)
    *   Sense 3: Small indefinite number (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: A pair who associate with one another (Possible, but Sense 5 is more specific to a domestic/romantic partnership).
    *   Sense 5: A pair of people who live together (Best fit for a couple having a child/pregnant).

    *   Sense 4: "a pair who associate with one another" (e.g., engaged couple).
    *   Sense 5: "a pair of people who live together" (e.g., married couple).
    *   Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are described as a couple who are expecting a child. This strongly implies a domestic partnership (married or living together). Sense 5 is the most precise fit for a couple in this context.

    *   The target word "couple" refers to Bill and Bonnie Quinlan.
    *   They are a romantic/domestic pair.
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "a pair of people who live together" and gives "a married couple" as an example. This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
2. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
3. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
4. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
7. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
8. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
9. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
10. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Target surface form: `knew`
    *   Context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Meaning: The couple was aware of a specific fact (the 50% chance of risk).

    *   Sense 1: accept (someone) to be what is claimed (acknowledge/recognize). -> No.
    *   Sense 2: have sexual intercourse with. -> No.
    *   Sense 3: know the nature or character of. -> No.
    *   Sense 4: know how to do or perform something. -> No.
    *   Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations (experience). -> No.
    *   Sense 6: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. -> Yes. (Example: "I know that the President lied to the people")
    *   Sense 7: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. -> No.
    *   Sense 8: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different. -> No.
    *   Sense 9: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. -> This is close to Sense 6. Let's compare.
    *   Sense 10: have fixed in the mind (e.g., a language). -> No.
    *   Sense 11: perceive as familiar. -> No.

    *   Sense 6: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
    *   Sense 9: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"
    *   Context: "...knew... that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk..."
    *   This is a piece of information/fact (the probability of risk). Sense 6 fits "aware of a fact or a specific piece of information" perfectly. Sense 9 is more about belief, faith, or certainty of truth (e.g., "I know that I left the key on the table"). While they overlap, Sense 6 is the standard "possess information" sense.

    *   Sense 6: "I know that the President lied to the people" (Fact/Information)
    *   Sense 9: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" (Truth/Belief)
    *   The couple's knowledge of the 50% risk is a piece of genetic information they possessed. Sense 6 is the most precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `even`
    *   Target surface form: `even`
    *   Context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `even%4:02:00::`: intensive, indicates something unexpected (e.g., "even an idiot knows that").
        2.  `even%4:02:03::`: in spite of; notwithstanding (e.g., "even when he is sick, he works").
        3.  `even%4:02:01::`: to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons (e.g., "even worse").
        4.  `even%4:02:04::`: to the full extent (e.g., "loyal even unto death").

    *   "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant..."
    *   Here, "even" is used to emphasize that the knowledge existed *before* a certain point in time (the pregnancy).
    *   It's not comparing degrees (not "even more").
    *   It's not "in spite of" (not "even though she was pregnant, they knew").
    *   It's not "to the full extent" (not "even unto death").
    *   It is used as an intensive to indicate that the timing (before pregnancy) is surprising or noteworthy.

    *   Sense 1: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected".
    *   Example: "even an idiot knows that".
    *   In the context "knew even before Bonnie became pregnant", the "even" emphasizes the earliness of the knowledge, which is an unexpected or noteworthy point in time.

    *   Sense 2 ("in spite of") usually introduces a concessive clause (even if, even though). "Even before" can sometimes be concessive, but here it's emphasizing the time.
    *   Sense 3 ("greater degree") requires a comparison (even more, even better). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4 ("full extent") usually pairs with "unto". Not applicable.

    *   "Even before" is a common construction where "even" acts as an intensive to emphasize the earliness of the event. This fits Sense 1's definition of an intensive indicating something unexpected or surprising (the fact that they knew *that* early).

    *   Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected"
    *   Sense 2: "in spite of; notwithstanding"
    *   "They knew even before she became pregnant."
    *   Is it "In spite of the fact that she wasn't pregnant yet, they knew"? No.
    *   Is it "They knew, and surprisingly, they knew as early as before she became pregnant"? Yes.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: before
Target surface form: before
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even <t>before</t> Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=before%4:02:01:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=ahead, in front | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy
2. sense_key=before%4:02:03:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=earlier | examples=I had known her before; as I said before

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "before"
    *   Target surface form: "before"
    *   Context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even <t>before</t> Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `before%4:02:01::` (at or in the front; ahead, in front) - Spatial.
        2.  `before%4:02:03::` (earlier in time; previously) - Temporal.

    *   The sentence says "knew even before Bonnie became pregnant".
    *   "Before" here refers to a point in time preceding the event of becoming pregnant.
    *   This is clearly a temporal usage, not a spatial one.

    *   Sense 1: Spatial ("at or in the front"). Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: Temporal ("earlier in time; previously"). Correct.

    *   The best sense is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: became
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie <t>became</t> pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
2. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
3. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `become`
    *   Target surface form: `became`
    *   Context: "...The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie <t>became</t> pregnant in 1987..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `become%2:42:01::`: undergo a change or development (e.g., water turned into ice).
        2.  `become%2:42:00::`: come into existence.
        3.  `become%2:30:00::`: enter or assume a certain state or condition (e.g., became annoyed).
        4.  `become%2:42:03::`: enhance the appearance of (e.g., suit).

    *   The phrase is "became pregnant".
    *   "Pregnant" is a state or condition.
    *   "Became" here means Bonnie entered the state of being pregnant.

    *   Sense 1 (undergo a change or development/turn): Usually implies a transformation from one thing to another (water to ice). While pregnancy is a change, "become pregnant" is more about entering a state.
    *   Sense 2 (come into existence): Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3 (enter or assume a certain state or condition): This fits perfectly. "Pregnant" is a state/condition. Examples like "became annoyed" match the pattern of "became pregnant".
    *   Sense 4 (enhance appearance/suit): Not applicable.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pregnant
Target surface form: pregnant
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became <t>pregnant</t> in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:full:00 | definition=filled with or attended with | synonyms=fraught | examples=words fraught with meaning; an incident fraught with danger
2. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:meaningful:00 | definition=rich in significance or implication | synonyms=meaning, significant | examples=a meaning look
3. sense_key=pregnant%3:00:00:: | definition=carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "pregnant"
    *   Target surface form: "pregnant"
    *   Context: "...The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became <t>pregnant</t> in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `pregnant%5:00:00:full:00`: filled with or attended with (e.g., fraught with meaning).
        2.  `pregnant%5:00:00:meaningful:00`: rich in significance or implication (e.g., a meaningful look).
        3.  `pregnant%3:00:00::`: carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life.

    *   The sentence mentions a couple (Bill and Bonnie Quinlan) and the possibility of their "child" having a genetic risk for cancer.
    *   "Bonnie became pregnant" clearly refers to the biological state of carrying a child.

    *   Sense 1: "filled with or attended with" (e.g., "fraught with danger"). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "rich in significance or implication" (e.g., "a pregnant pause"). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "carrying developing offspring within the body". This matches perfectly.

    *   The correct sense index is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: child
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any <t>child</t> of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel
2. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
3. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
4. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `child`
    *   Target surface form: `child`
    *   Context: "...The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any <t>child</t> of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `child%1:18:07::`: a member of a clan or tribe (e.g., children of Israel).
        2.  `child%1:18:06::`: an immature childish person (e.g., baby, stop being a baby).
        3.  `child%1:18:00::`: a young person of either sex (e.g., kid, youngster, minor).
        4.  `child%1:18:01::`: a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age (e.g., they had three children).

    *   The sentence says "any child of theirs".
    *   "Theirs" refers to the couple (Bill and Bonnie Quinlan).
    *   The context is about genetic inheritance (tumor-suppressor genes, retinoblastoma).
    *   The focus is on the relationship between the parents and their potential offspring.

    *   Sense 1 (clan/tribe): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (immature person): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (young person): This refers to the age/stage of life.
    *   Sense 4 (human offspring): This refers to the biological relationship (son or daughter) regardless of age.

    *   The phrase "child of theirs" specifically denotes offspring. While a child is usually a young person (Sense 3), in the context of genetics and parenthood ("any child of theirs"), the primary meaning is "offspring" (Sense 4).
    *   Example for Sense 4: "they had three children". This matches the usage "any child of theirs".

    *   Sense 3: "a young person of either sex" (focus on age).
    *   Sense 4: "a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age" (focus on kinship).
    *   In "any child of theirs", the kinship is the defining characteristic.

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chance
Target surface form: chance
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% <t>chance</t> of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chance%1:26:00:: | definition=a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances | synonyms=opportunity | examples=the holiday gave us the opportunity to visit Washington; now is your chance
2. sense_key=chance%1:07:00:: | definition=a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible | synonyms=probability | examples=the probability that an unbiased coin will fall with the head up is 0.5
3. sense_key=chance%1:26:01:: | definition=the possibility of future success | synonyms=prospect | examples=his prospects as a writer are excellent
4. sense_key=chance%1:04:00:: | definition=a risk involving danger | examples=you take a chance when you let her drive
5. sense_key=chance%1:19:00:: | definition=an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another | synonyms=luck, fortune, hazard | examples=bad luck caused his downfall; we ran into each other by pure chance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `chance`
    *   Target surface form: `chance`
    *   Context: "...any child of theirs had a 50% <t>chance</t> of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `chance%1:26:00::`: possibility due to favorable circumstances (opportunity).
        2.  `chance%1:07:00::`: measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; probability.
        3.  `chance%1:26:01::`: possibility of future success (prospect).
        4.  `chance%1:04:00::`: risk involving danger.
        5.  `chance%1:19:00::`: unknown/unpredictable phenomenon (luck, fortune).

    *   The phrase is "a 50% chance of being at risk".
    *   "50%" is a numerical value representing probability.
    *   The context is genetic inheritance (Mendelian genetics), where the likelihood of inheriting a gene is calculated as a probability.

    *   Sense 1 (opportunity): Not an opportunity in the positive sense.
    *   Sense 2 (probability): Fits perfectly. "50% chance" = "50% probability".
    *   Sense 3 (prospect): Not about success.
    *   Sense 4 (risk): While being at risk is mentioned, "50% chance" refers to the probability of that risk existing, not the act of taking a risk.
    *   Sense 5 (luck): Not referring to luck/fortune here, but a calculated probability.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an <t>eye</t> cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye
2. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
5. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `eye`
    *   Target surface form: `eye`
    *   Context: "...retinoblastoma, an <t>eye</t> cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `eye%1:06:00::`: a small hole or loop (as in a needle)
        2.  `eye%1:08:00::`: the organ of sight
        3.  `eye%1:09:00::`: good discernment
        4.  `eye%1:09:01::`: attention to what is seen
        5.  `eye%1:15:00::`: an area that is approximately central within some larger region

    *   The phrase is "an eye cancer".
    *   "Retinoblastoma" is described as an "eye cancer".
    *   The context mentions "lost an eye to the rare tumor".
    *   This clearly refers to the biological organ used for seeing.

    *   Sense 1: Hole/loop (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Organ of sight (Correct)
    *   Sense 3: Discernment (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Attention (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Central area (Incorrect)

    *   The best sense is index 2.