[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: play
Target surface form: playing
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of <t>playing</t> tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=play%2:33:03:: | definition=put (a card or piece) into play during a game, or act strategically as if in a card game | examples=He is playing his cards close to his chest; The Democrats still have some cards to play before they will concede the electoral victory
2. sense_key=play%2:41:13:: | definition=behave carelessly or indifferently | synonyms=dally, toy, flirt | examples=Play about with a young girl's affection
3. sense_key=play%2:36:05:: | definition=cause to emit recorded audio or video | synonyms=run | examples=They ran the tapes over and over again; I'll play you my favorite record
4. sense_key=play%2:33:13:: | definition=use or move | examples=I had to play my queen
5. sense_key=play%2:41:03:: | definition=be at play; be engaged in playful activity; amuse oneself in a way characteristic of children | examples=The kids were playing outside all day; I used to play with trucks as a little girl
6. sense_key=play%2:33:02:: | definition=contend against an opponent in a sport, game, or battle | synonyms=meet, encounter, take on | examples=Princeton plays Yale this weekend; Charlie likes to play Mary
7. sense_key=play%2:29:04:: | definition=exhaust by allowing to pull on the line | examples=play a hooked fish
8. sense_key=play%2:33:07:: | definition=make bets | examples=Play the races; play the casinos in Trouville
9. sense_key=play%2:36:12:: | definition=play on an instrument | examples=The band played all night long
10. sense_key=play%2:41:12:: | definition=act or have an effect in a specified way or with a specific effect or outcome | examples=This factor played only a minor part in his decision; This development played into her hands
11. sense_key=play%2:41:02:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=play safe; play it safe
12. sense_key=play%2:33:09:: | definition=shoot or hit in a particular manner | examples=She played a good backhand last night
13. sense_key=play%2:36:13:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, work, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
14. sense_key=play%2:35:07:: | definition=discharge or direct or be discharged or directed as if in a continuous stream | examples=play water from a hose; The fountains played all day
15. sense_key=play%2:35:00:: | definition=manipulate manually or in one's mind or imagination | synonyms=toy, fiddle, diddle | examples=She played nervously with her wedding ring; Don't fiddle with the screws
16. sense_key=play%2:33:00:: | definition=participate in games or sport | examples=We played hockey all afternoon; play cards
17. sense_key=play%2:36:03:: | definition=perform on a certain location | examples=The prodigy played Carnegie Hall at the age of 16; She has been playing on Broadway for years
18. sense_key=play%2:36:04:: | definition=be performed or presented for public viewing | examples=What's playing in the local movie theater?; `Cats' has been playing on Broadway for many years
19. sense_key=play%2:38:03:: | definition=cause to move or operate freely within a bounded space | examples=The engine has a wheel that is playing in a rack
20. sense_key=play%2:31:01:: | definition=consider not very seriously | synonyms=dally, trifle | examples=He is trifling with her; She plays with the thought of moving to Tasmania
21. sense_key=play%2:33:01:: | definition=bet or wager (money) | examples=He played $20 on the new horse; She plays the races
22. sense_key=play%2:33:12:: | definition=employ in a game or in a specific position | examples=They played him on first base
23. sense_key=play%2:36:00:: | definition=replay (as a melody) | synonyms=spiel | examples=Play it again, Sam; She played the third movement very beautifully
24. sense_key=play%2:42:00:: | definition=be received or accepted or interpreted in a specific way | examples=This speech didn't play well with the American public; His remarks played to the suspicions of the committee
25. sense_key=play%2:36:06:: | definition=pretend to be somebody in the framework of a game or playful activity | examples=Let's play like I am mommy; Play cowboy and Indians
26. sense_key=play%2:36:10:: | definition=perform on a stage or theater | synonyms=act, roleplay, playact | examples=She acts in this play; He acted in `Julius Caesar'
27. sense_key=play%2:29:00:: | definition=engage in an activity as if it were a game rather than take it seriously | synonyms=toy | examples=They played games on their opponents; play the stock market
28. sense_key=play%2:36:02:: | definition=play a role or part | synonyms=act, represent | examples=Gielgud played Hamlet; She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role
29. sense_key=play%2:34:13:: | definition=use to one's advantage | examples=She plays on her clients' emotions
30. sense_key=play%2:29:01:: | definition=pretend to have certain qualities or state of mind | synonyms=act, act as | examples=He acted the idiot; She plays deaf when the news are bad
31. sense_key=play%2:36:11:: | definition=emit recorded sound | examples=The tape was playing for hours; the stereo was playing Beethoven when I entered
32. sense_key=play%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in recreational activities rather than work; occupy oneself in a diversion | synonyms=recreate | examples=On weekends I play; The students all recreate alike
33. sense_key=play%2:38:00:: | definition=move or seem to move quickly, lightly, or irregularly | examples=The spotlights played on the politicians
34. sense_key=play%2:36:01:: | definition=perform music on (a musical instrument) | examples=He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?
35. sense_key=play%2:33:08:: | definition=stake on the outcome of an issue | synonyms=bet, wager | examples=I bet $100 on that new horse; She played all her money on the dark horse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 34}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 34}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `play`
    *   Target surface form: `playing`
    *   Context: "The less complicated version of <t>playing</t> tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   Key phrase: "playing tunes on bells"

    *   The context describes the act of producing music ("tunes") using "bells" (musical instruments).
    *   It contrasts this with "Change-ringing," another way of using church bells.
    *   The core meaning is performing music on a musical instrument.

    *   Sense 1: put (a card or piece) into play... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: behave carelessly... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: cause to emit recorded audio... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: use or move (e.g., a queen in chess)... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: be at play; be engaged in playful activity... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: contend against an opponent... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: exhaust by allowing to pull on the line... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 8: make bets... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 9: play on an instrument (Example: "The band played all night long") - *Strong candidate*
    *   Sense 10: act or have an effect... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 11: behave in a certain way... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 12: shoot or hit in a particular manner... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 13: cause to happen... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 14: discharge or direct... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 15: manipulate manually... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 16: participate in games or sport... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 17: perform on a certain location... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 18: be performed or presented for public viewing... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 19: cause to move or operate freely... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 20: consider not very seriously... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 21: bet or wager... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 22: employ in a game... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 23: replay (as a melody)... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 24: be received or accepted... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 25: pretend to be somebody... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 26: perform on a stage or theater... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 27: engage in an activity as if it were a game... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 28: play a role or part... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 29: use to one's advantage... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 30: pretend to have certain qualities... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 31: emit recorded sound... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 32: engage in recreational activities... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 33: move or seem to move quickly... (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 34: perform music on (a musical instrument) (Example: "He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?") - *Strongest candidate*
    *   Sense 35: stake on the outcome... (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 9: "play on an instrument" (Example: "The band played all night long")
    *   Sense 34: "perform music on (a musical instrument)" (Example: "He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?")

    Looking closer at the context: "playing tunes on bells". This is specifically about the act of performing music using an instrument. Sense 34 is more precise ("perform music on (a musical instrument)") than Sense 9 ("play on an instrument"), although they are very similar. In many WordNet versions, Sense 34 is the primary sense for playing a musical instrument.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 9 vs Sense 34.
    Sense 9: "play on an instrument"
    Sense 34: "perform music on (a musical instrument)"

    Wait, let me look at the provided list again.
    9. sense_key=play%2:36:12:: | definition=play on an instrument | examples=The band played all night long
    34. sense_key=play%2:36:01:: | definition=perform music on (a musical instrument) | examples=He plays the flute; Can you play on this old recorder?

    Both are very close. However, "playing tunes on bells" fits perfectly with "perform music on (a musical instrument)". Sense 34's examples ("plays the flute", "play on this old recorder") are almost identical in structure to "playing tunes on bells". Sense 9's example ("The band played all night long") is more about the event of performing.

    Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy, these are often very similar. But "perform music on (a musical instrument)" is the most direct definition for "playing tunes on bells".

    Let's double-check if there are any other options.
    Sense 23: "replay (as a melody)" - No.
    Sense 3: "cause to emit recorded audio" - No.

    Comparing 9 and 34 again:
    9: play on an instrument
    34: perform music on (a musical instrument)

    In the context of "playing tunes on bells", the focus is on the action of using the instrument to create music. Sense 34 is the most descriptive and accurate.

    Wait, let me look at the sense keys.
    Sense 9: play%2:36:12
    Sense 34: play%2:36:01

    Usually, the most general sense for playing an instrument is the one to pick. "Perform music on (a musical instrument)" is the standard definition for this.

    Let's re-read the context one more time: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells... is considered by the English to be childish".

    Sense 34: "perform music on (a musical instrument)"
    Sense 9: "play on an instrument"

    These are almost identical. Let's see if there's a subtle difference.
    Sense 9 example: "The band played all night long" (Focus on the activity/event)
    Sense 34 example: "He plays the flute" (Focus on the ability or the act of using the instrument)

    "Playing tunes on bells" is the act of using the instrument to produce music. Sense 34 fits best.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tune
Target surface form: tunes
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing <t>tunes</t> on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tune%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of producing accurately a note of a given pitch | examples=he cannot sing in tune; the clarinet was out of tune
2. sense_key=tune%1:10:00:: | definition=a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence | synonyms=melody, air, strain, melodic line, line, melodic phrase | examples=she was humming an air from Beethoven
3. sense_key=tune%1:04:00:: | definition=the adjustment of a radio receiver or other circuit to a required frequency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `tune`
    *   Target surface form: `tunes`
    *   Context: "The less complicated version of playing <t>tunes</t> on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `tune%1:07:00::`: the property of producing accurately a note of a given pitch (e.g., "sing in tune").
        2.  `tune%1:10:00::`: a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence (synonyms: melody, air, strain).
        3.  `tune%1:04:00::`: the adjustment of a radio receiver or other circuit to a required frequency.

    *   The sentence discusses "playing tunes on bells".
    *   It contrasts "playing tunes" (like carillons) with "change-ringing".
    *   "Playing tunes" in this context refers to playing melodies or musical sequences.

    *   Sense 1 refers to pitch accuracy (being "in tune"). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 2 refers to a melody or a succession of notes. This fits perfectly with "playing tunes on bells".
    *   Sense 3 refers to radio frequency adjustment. Not applicable here.

    *   The best sense is Sense 2.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on <t>bells</t>, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
2. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
3. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
4. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
5. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
6. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
7. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on <t>bells</t>, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   Surrounding context: Mentions "Aslacton bells pealing", "England's church bells", "Change-ringing", "some bells weigh more than a ton".

    *   1: Nautical time units. (Incorrect)
    *   2: English painter (Vanessa Bell). (Incorrect)
    *   3: Phonetician (Melville Bell). (Incorrect)
    *   4: Flared opening of a tubular device. (Incorrect)
    *   5: A hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. (General definition of a bell)
    *   6: Doorbell/buzzer. (Incorrect)
    *   7: Bell shape. (Incorrect)
    *   8: Inventor of telephone (Alexander Graham Bell). (Incorrect)
    *   9: Percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells struck with a hammer (orchestral). (Specific musical instrument)
    *   10: The sound of a bell. (Incorrect)

    *   The context discusses church bells, pealing, carillons, and change-ringing.
    *   The specific sentence is: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on <t>bells</t>, as do the carillons of continental Europe..."
    *   A carillon is a set of bells.
    *   Sense 5 is the general "hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".
    *   Sense 9 is a specific orchestral percussion instrument (tubular bells/chimes).
    *   Church bells (mentioned throughout the text) are physical objects (Sense 5). While they are used musically, they are not the specific orchestral instrument described in Sense 9.

    *   The text refers to "church bells" and "Aslacton bells". These are the physical objects.
    *   Sense 5: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck". This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 9 refers to a specific orchestral instrument (like tubular bells). The context is about church bells and carillons.
    *   Sense 5 is the general term for the object.

    *   The target word "bells" in "playing tunes on bells" refers to the physical instruments (church bells/carillons).
    *   Sense 5 is the most appropriate general definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: europe
Target surface form: Europe
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental <t>Europe</t>, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=europe%1:14:01:: | definition=the nations of the European continent collectively | examples=the Marshall Plan helped Europe recover from World War II
2. sense_key=europe%1:17:00:: | definition=the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
3. sense_key=europe%1:14:00:: | definition=an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members | synonyms=European Union, EU, European Community, EC, European Economic Community, EEC | examples=he tried to take Britain into the Europen Union

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `europe`
    *   Target surface form: `Europe`
    *   Context: "...as do the carillons of continental <t>Europe</t>, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `europe%1:14:01::`: the nations of the European continent collectively.
        2.  `europe%1:17:00::`: the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use `Europe` to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles.
        3.  `europe%1:14:00::`: an international organization of European countries (EU/EC/EEC).

    *   The phrase is "continental Europe".
    *   "Continental Europe" typically refers to the landmass of Europe (the continent) as opposed to the British Isles.
    *   Sense 1 refers to the *nations* collectively (political/social entity).
    *   Sense 2 refers to the *continent* (geographical entity) and specifically mentions that the British use 'Europe' to refer to the continent except the British Isles.
    *   Sense 3 refers to the *European Union* (political organization).

    *   The context mentions "continental Europe" and contrasts it with "the English".
    *   Sense 2 explicitly mentions the British usage: "the British use `Europe' to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles".
    *   "Continental Europe" is a geographical term.

    *   Sense 1: Nations collectively.
    *   Sense 2: The continent (geographical).
    *   Sense 3: The EU (political).

    The phrase "continental Europe" strongly points to the geographical continent, and the specific note in Sense 2 about British usage aligns perfectly with the context's contrast between "the English" and "continental Europe".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: consider
Target surface form: considered
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is <t>considered</t> by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=consider%2:31:08:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, believe, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=consider%2:32:02:: | definition=think about carefully; weigh | synonyms=debate, moot, turn over, deliberate | examples=They considered the possibility of a strike; Turn the proposal over in your mind
3. sense_key=consider%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=study | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=consider%2:31:05:: | definition=regard or treat with consideration, respect, and esteem | examples=Please consider your family
5. sense_key=consider%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=see, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=consider%2:39:04:: | definition=look at attentively | synonyms=regard
7. sense_key=consider%2:31:01:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=take, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
8. sense_key=consider%2:39:08:: | definition=look at carefully; study mentally | synonyms=view, look at | examples=view a problem
9. sense_key=consider%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=count, weigh | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `consider`
    *   Target surface form: `considered`
    *   Context: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells... is <t>considered</t> by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."

    *   Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge (Synonyms: think, believe, conceive)
    *   Sense 2: think about carefully; weigh (Synonyms: debate, moot, turn over, deliberate)
    *   Sense 3: give careful consideration to (Synonyms: study)
    *   Sense 4: regard or treat with consideration, respect, and esteem
    *   Sense 5: deem to be (Synonyms: see, reckon, view, regard)
    *   Sense 6: look at attentively (Synonyms: regard)
    *   Sense 7: take into consideration for exemplifying purposes (Synonyms: take, deal, look at)
    *   Sense 8: look at carefully; study mentally (Synonyms: view, look at)
    *   Sense 9: show consideration for; take into account (Synonyms: count, weigh)

    *   The sentence says: "...is considered by the English to be childish..."
    *   This means the English *deem* it to be childish or *view* it as childish.
    *   This matches the meaning of "deem to be" or "regard as".

    *   Sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (Example: "I think he is very smart")
    *   Sense 5: "deem to be" (Synonyms: see, reckon, view, regard; Example: "I consider her to be shallow")

    *   Sense 1 and Sense 5 are very similar.
    *   Sense 5 specifically uses the phrase "deem to be" and the example "I consider her to be shallow," which mirrors the structure "is considered... to be childish."
    *   Sense 1 is "judge or regard; look upon; judge."
    *   Looking at WordNet's typical structure, "deem to be" (Sense 5) is a more precise fit for the "considered [X] to be [Y]" construction.

    *   Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge.
    *   Sense 5: deem to be.
    *   In the context "is considered by the English to be childish," the meaning is clearly "deemed to be."

    *   Sense 5: "deem to be" (Synonyms: see, reckon, view, regard). Example: "I consider her to be shallow."
    *   This is a perfect match for "is considered by the English to be childish."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the <t>English</t> to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
2. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `english`
    *   Target surface form: `English`
    *   Context: "...is considered by the <t>English</t> to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `english%1:18:00::` - the people of England (synonyms: English people)
        2.  `english%1:11:00::` - (sports) the spin given to a ball...
        3.  `english%1:09:00::` - the discipline that studies the English language and literature
        4.  `english%1:10:00::` - an Indo-European language... (synonyms: English language)

    *   The sentence is: "The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells... is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   "the English" refers to a group of people (the people of England).
    *   The contrast "fit only for foreigners" further confirms that "the English" refers to the people of England.

    *   Sense 1: "the people of England" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "spin given to a ball" - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3: "discipline that studies the English language" - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: "an Indo-European language" - Irrelevant.

    *   The correct sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fit
Target surface form: fit
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, <t>fit</t> only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fit%3:00:02:: | definition=meeting adequate standards for a purpose | examples=a fit subject for discussion; it is fit and proper that you be there
2. sense_key=fit%3:00:01:: | definition=physically and mentally sound or healthy | examples=felt relaxed and fit after their holiday; keeps fit with diet and exercise
3. sense_key=fit%5:00:00:ready:00 | definition=(usually followed by `to' or `for') on the point of or strongly disposed | synonyms=primed, set | examples=in no fit state to continue; fit to drop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `fit`
    *   Target surface form: `fit`
    *   Context: "...The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells... is considered by the English to be childish, <t>fit</t> only for foreigners."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `fit%3:00:02::`: meeting adequate standards for a purpose (e.g., "a fit subject for discussion").
        2.  `fit%3:00:01::`: physically and mentally sound or healthy (e.g., "keeps fit with diet and exercise").
        3.  `fit%5:00:00:ready:00`: (usually followed by `to` or `for`) on the point of or strongly disposed (e.g., "fit to drop").

    *   The sentence says: "...is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners."
    *   In this context, "fit only for foreigners" means that the less complicated version of bell ringing is considered *appropriate* or *suitable* only for foreigners.
    *   It's not about physical health (Sense 2).
    *   It's not about being "on the point of" or "strongly disposed" (Sense 3).
    *   It is about meeting a standard of appropriateness or suitability for a specific group/purpose (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "meeting adequate standards for a purpose" -> "fit only for foreigners" (suitable/appropriate for them). This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit <t>only</t> for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
2. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
3. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
6. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
7. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "only"
    *   Target surface form: "only"
    *   Context: "...The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells... is considered by the English to be childish, fit <t>only</t> for foreigners."

    *   Sense 1: "except that" (e.g., "It was the same story; only this time...") - Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 2: "with nevertheless the final result" (e.g., "He arrived only to find...") - Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3: "and nothing more" (synonyms: merely, simply, just, but) (e.g., "I was merely asking") - This suggests a limitation in scope or quality.
    *   Sense 4: "in the final outcome" (e.g., "These news will only make you more upset") - Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5: "as recently as" (e.g., "I spoke to him only an hour ago") - Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 6: "without any others being included or involved" (synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone) (e.g., "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children") - This suggests exclusivity.
    *   Sense 7: "never except when" (synonyms: only if, only when) (e.g., "call me only if your cold gets worse") - Doesn't fit.

    *   The phrase is "fit only for foreigners."
    *   This means it is fit *exclusively* for foreigners, or *solely* for foreigners, or *merely* for foreigners.
    *   Let's compare Sense 3 ("and nothing more" / "merely") and Sense 6 ("without any others being included or involved" / "exclusively").
    *   "Fit only for foreigners" implies that it is not fit for the English, but it is fit for foreigners. It's an exclusive category.
    *   If we replace "only" with "exclusively" or "solely": "fit exclusively for foreigners" (makes sense).
    *   If we replace "only" with "merely": "fit merely for foreigners" (makes sense, but implies a lower status).
    *   Looking at the context: "The less complicated version... is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners." The English think it's too simple for them, so it's only (exclusively/solely) for those they consider less sophisticated (foreigners).

    *   Sense 3 (merely, simply, just) often modifies an adjective or a verb to downplay it.
    *   Sense 6 (entirely, exclusively, solely) emphasizes that no one else is included.
    *   "Fit only for foreigners" means that the set of people for whom it is fit is limited to foreigners. This aligns perfectly with "exclusively" or "solely".

    *   Sense 6: "without any others being included or involved" -> "fit [without any others being included] for foreigners".
    *   Sense 3: "and nothing more" -> "fit [and nothing more] for foreigners".

    Sense 6 is the stronger fit for "fit only for [group]".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foreigner
Target surface form: foreigners
Context:
We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for <t>foreigners</t>. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country | synonyms=alien, noncitizen, outlander
2. sense_key=foreigner%1:18:01:: | definition=someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group | synonyms=outsider

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `foreigner`
    *   Target surface form: `foreigners`
    *   Context: "...The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for <t>foreigners</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `foreigner%1:18:00::`: a person who comes from a foreign country; someone who does not owe allegiance to your country (synonyms: alien, noncitizen, outlander).
        2.  `foreigner%1:18:01::`: someone who is excluded from or is not a member of a group (synonyms: outsider).

    *   The sentence compares the English way of ringing bells (change-ringing) with the "less complicated version" used in "continental Europe".
    *   The English consider the European style "childish, fit only for foreigners".
    *   In this context, "foreigners" refers to people from other countries (specifically, those in continental Europe, as opposed to the English).

    *   Sense 1: Person from a foreign country. (Fits perfectly: people from continental Europe are foreigners to the English).
    *   Sense 2: Someone excluded from or not a member of a group (outsider). (While technically true, the context explicitly mentions "continental Europe", making the national/geographic distinction the primary meaning).

    *   The mention of "continental Europe" strongly points to Sense 1 (national/geographic origin).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the <t>English</t> invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
2. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side
3. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
4. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `english`
    *   Target surface form: `English`
    *   Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the <t>English</t> invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `english%1:09:00::`: discipline studying English language/literature.
        2.  `english%1:11:00::`: spin given to a ball (sports).
        3.  `english%1:10:00::`: Indo-European language.
        4.  `english%1:18:00::`: the people of England.

    *   The sentence is: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago..."
    *   "the English" refers to the group of people who invented change-ringing.
    *   It refers to the inhabitants/people of England.

    *   Sense 1: Discipline (study of language) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: Spin on a ball - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Language - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: The people of England - Correct.

    *   The target word "English" in "the English invented" clearly refers to the people.
    *   Sense index 4 matches "the people of England".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: invent
Target surface form: invented
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English <t>invented</t> 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=invent%2:36:01:: | definition=make up something artificial or untrue | synonyms=fabricate, manufacture, cook up, make up
2. sense_key=invent%2:36:00:: | definition=come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort | synonyms=contrive, devise, excogitate, formulate, forge | examples=excogitate a way to measure the speed of light

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `invent`
    *   Target surface form: `invented`
    *   Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English <t>invented</t> 380 years ago..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `invent%2:36:01::`: make up something artificial or untrue (fabricate, manufacture, cook up).
        2.  `invent%2:36:00::`: come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort (contrive, devise, formulate).

    *   The sentence refers to "Change-ringing," which is described as a "mind-boggling exercise."
    *   The English "invented" this exercise 380 years ago.
    *   In this context, "invented" means they created or devised a new method/practice of ringing bells.

    *   Sense 1 is about lying or fabricating something untrue (e.g., inventing a story).
    *   Sense 2 is about creating something new through mental effort (e.g., inventing a machine, a method, or a game).

    *   Change-ringing is a real practice, not a lie. Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 <t>years</t> ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `year`
    *   Target surface form: `years`
    *   Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 <t>years</t> ago..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `year%1:28:01::`: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days (standard calendar year).
        2.  `year%1:28:02::`: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year (e.g., school year).
        3.  `year%1:28:00::`: the period of time for a planet to revolve around the sun (astronomical year).
        4.  `year%1:14:00::`: a body of students who graduate together (class).

    *   The phrase is "380 years ago".
    *   This refers to a duration of time measured in standard calendar years.
    *   It is not referring to a school year (sense 2), an astronomical revolution of a planet (sense 3), or a graduating class (sense 4).
    *   It fits the definition of a period of 365/366 days (sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 3: "the period of time that it takes for a planet... to make a complete revolution" - While technically true for Earth, in common usage "380 years ago" refers to the calendar measure, not the astronomical phenomenon.
    *   Sense 4: "a body of students" - Does not match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: require
Target surface form: requires
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, <t>requires</t> physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=require%2:32:00:: | definition=make someone do something | synonyms=command
2. sense_key=require%2:32:01:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, expect | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=require%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
4. sense_key=require%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, need | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `require`
    *   Target surface form: `requires`
    *   Context: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, <t>requires</t> physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."

    *   Sense 1: `make someone do something` (command). (Doesn't fit; change-ringing isn't commanding someone).
    *   Sense 2: `consider obligatory; request and expect` (ask, expect). (Doesn't fit; change-ringing isn't requesting or expecting in a social/legal sense).
    *   Sense 3: `require as useful, just, or proper` (necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve). Example: "success usually requires hard work". (Fits well; change-ringing necessitates physical dexterity and mental concentration).
    *   Sense 4: `have need of` (want, need). Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner". (This usually refers to a deficiency or a need for repair/maintenance).

    *   The sentence says "Change-ringing... requires physical dexterity... combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   This means that in order to perform change-ringing, physical dexterity and mental concentration are necessary conditions.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 3 ("necessitate", "involve", "success usually requires hard work").

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: physical
Target surface form: physical
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=physical%5:00:02:material:01 | definition=concerned with material things | examples=physical properties; the physical characteristics of the earth
2. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:energetic:00 | definition=characterized by energetic bodily activity | examples=a very physical dance performance
3. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:material:01 | definition=having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses | examples=a physical manifestation; surrounded by tangible objects
4. sense_key=physical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics | examples=physical sciences; physical laws
5. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:forceful:00 | definition=impelled by physical force especially against resistance | synonyms=forcible, strong-arm | examples=forcible entry; a real cop would get physical
6. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:natural:03 | definition=according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter) | examples=a reflex response to physical stimuli
7. sense_key=physical%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit | examples=physical exercise; physical suffering

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "physical"
    *   Context: "Change-ringing... requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   Key phrase: "physical dexterity" contrasted with "intense mental concentration."

    *   Sense 1: concerned with material things (e.g., physical properties).
    *   Sense 2: characterized by energetic bodily activity (e.g., physical dance performance).
    *   Sense 3: having substance or material existence (e.g., physical manifestation).
    *   Sense 4: relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy (e.g., physical sciences).
    *   Sense 5: impelled by physical force especially against resistance (e.g., forcible entry).
    *   Sense 6: according with material things or natural laws (e.g., physical stimuli).
    *   Sense 7: involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit (e.g., physical exercise).

    *   The context explicitly contrasts "physical dexterity" with "mental concentration."
    *   "Dexterity" refers to skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands.
    *   "Physical" here refers to the body's ability to move and handle the heavy bells.
    *   Sense 7 ("involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit") fits perfectly, as it directly mirrors the contrast with "mental concentration."

    *   Sense 2 (energetic bodily activity) is close, but "dexterity" is more about skill/coordination of the body than just "energetic activity."
    *   Sense 7 is the standard definition for "physical" when contrasted with "mental."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some <t>bells</t> weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
2. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
3. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
4. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
5. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
6. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
7. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: The text discusses "Aslacton bells pealing," "England's church bells," "playing tunes on bells," "Change-ringing," and "some bells weigh more than a ton."
    *   Key phrases: "church bells," "pealing," "weigh more than a ton," "highest-pitched bell to the lowest."

    *   Sense 1: Nautical time units (ship's bell). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Melville Bell (person). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: A hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck. (Fits well: church bells are hollow metal devices that ring).
    *   Sense 4: Doorbell/buzzer. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Alexander Graham Bell (person). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Flared opening of a tubular device. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: The sound of a bell being struck. (Incorrect - the text refers to the physical objects that weigh a ton).
    *   Sense 8: Vanessa Bell (person). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 9: Percussion instrument (orchestral chime/gong). (While church bells are instruments, Sense 3 is the more general and fundamental definition of the object itself, and Sense 9 usually refers to orchestral tubular bells or chimes).
    *   Sense 10: The shape of a bell. (Incorrect)

    *   The context describes physical objects ("weigh more than a ton") located in churches ("church bells") that are rung ("pealing," "change-ringing").
    *   Sense 3 ("a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck") is the most accurate description of a church bell.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: weigh
Target surface form: weigh
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells <t>weigh</t> more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=weigh%2:42:04:: | definition=to be oppressive or burdensome; , | synonyms=press | examples=weigh heavily on the mind; Something pressed on his mind
2. sense_key=weigh%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=consider, count | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
3. sense_key=weigh%2:42:03:: | definition=have weight; have import, carry weight | synonyms=count, matter | examples=It does not matter much
4. sense_key=weigh%2:42:01:: | definition=have a certain weight
5. sense_key=weigh%2:42:00:: | definition=determine the weight of | synonyms=librate | examples=The butcher weighed the chicken

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `weigh`
    *   Target surface form: `weigh`
    *   Context: "...Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells <t>weigh</t> more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."

    *   Sense 1: `weigh%2:42:04::` - to be oppressive or burdensome (e.g., "weigh heavily on the mind").
    *   Sense 2: `weigh%2:32:00::` - show consideration for; take into account (e.g., "consider her age").
    *   Sense 3: `weigh%2:42:03::` - have weight; have import, carry weight (e.g., "It does not matter much").
    *   Sense 4: `weigh%2:42:01::` - have a certain weight.
    *   Sense 5: `weigh%2:42:00::` - determine the weight of (e.g., "The butcher weighed the chicken").

    *   The sentence says "some bells weigh more than a ton".
    *   This refers to the physical mass/weight of the bells.
    *   It is not about determining the weight (Sense 5), being oppressive (Sense 1), considering something (Sense 2), or having importance (Sense 3).
    *   It describes the property of the bells having a specific weight.

    *   Sense 4: "have a certain weight". This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: intense
Target surface form: intense
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:saturated:03 | definition=(of color) having the highest saturation | synonyms=vivid | examples=vivid green; intense blue
2. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:sharp:04 | definition=extremely sharp or intense | synonyms=acute | examples=acute pain; felt acute annoyance
3. sense_key=intense%3:00:00:: | definition=possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree | examples=intense heat; intense anxiety

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "intense"
    *   Context: "...combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  (of color) having the highest saturation (vivid)
        2.  extremely sharp or intense (acute) - examples: acute pain, acute annoyance.
        3.  possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree - examples: intense heat, intense anxiety.

    *   The word "intense" modifies "mental concentration".
    *   "Mental concentration" is a state of focus or effort.
    *   Sense 1 is about color (saturation). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2 is about sharpness or acuteness (often associated with pain or sudden emotion).
    *   Sense 3 is about a feature (like heat, anxiety, or in this case, concentration) being present to a heightened degree.

    *   "Intense mental concentration" means a high degree of focus.
    *   Sense 3 ("possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree") fits perfectly with "intense heat" or "intense anxiety", and by extension, "intense concentration".
    *   Sense 2 ("extremely sharp or intense") is often used for sensations (pain) or sudden feelings (annoyance). While "intense" is used in the definition of sense 2, the examples (acute pain) point toward a different nuance than the sustained effort of concentration.

    *   Sense 3 is the most general and appropriate for "intense concentration".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mental
Target surface form: mental
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mental%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the mind or an intellectual process | examples=mental images of happy times; mental calculations
2. sense_key=mental%3:01:03:: | definition=of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks
3. sense_key=mental%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=affected by a disorder of the mind | examples=a mental patient; mental illness
4. sense_key=mental%3:01:04:: | definition=of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw | synonyms=genial
5. sense_key=mental%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the mind | examples=mental powers; mental development

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "mental"
    *   Target surface form: "mental"
    *   Context: "...Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration."

    *   Sense 1: `mental%3:00:00::` - involving the mind or an intellectual process (examples: mental images, mental calculations).
    *   Sense 2: `mental%3:01:03::` - relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects/mollusks.
    *   Sense 3: `mental%5:00:00:unhealthy:00` - affected by a disorder of the mind (examples: mental patient, mental illness).
    *   Sense 4: `mental%3:01:04::` - relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw.
    *   Sense 5: `mental%3:01:00::` - of or relating to the mind (examples: mental powers, mental development).

    *   The phrase is "intense mental concentration."
    *   "Concentration" here refers to the focus of the mind.
    *   Sense 1 ("involving the mind or an intellectual process") and Sense 5 ("of or relating to the mind") are very similar.
    *   Let's look closer at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "mental images of happy times; mental calculations" (processes/activities of the mind).
        *   Sense 5: "mental powers; mental development" (general relation to the mind).
    *   "Mental concentration" is a state of focusing the mind. It is an intellectual process or an activity of the mind.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 5:
        *   Sense 1: "involving the mind or an intellectual process"
        *   Sense 5: "of or relating to the mind"
    *   In many WordNet versions, "mental" as in "mental health" or "mental capacity" falls under "relating to the mind" (Sense 5), while "mental arithmetic" falls under "involving an intellectual process" (Sense 1).
    *   "Concentration" is an intellectual process.
    *   However, "mental concentration" is a very common collocation. Let's re-evaluate.
    *   Sense 1: "involving the mind or an intellectual process"
    *   Sense 5: "of or relating to the mind"
    *   Wait, looking at the provided senses again:
        1. `mental%3:00:00::` (involving the mind or an intellectual process)
        5. `mental%3:01:00::` (of or relating to the mind)
    *   Usually, "mental concentration" refers to the *act* of concentrating, which is an intellectual process.
    *   Let's check if there's a nuance. "Mental powers" (Sense 5) are capacities. "Mental calculations" (Sense 1) are processes. "Concentration" is a process/state of the mind.
    *   Actually, in many contexts, Sense 1 and Sense 5 are nearly interchangeable. Let's see if one fits better.
    *   "Intense mental concentration" -> The concentration is *of* the mind.
    *   If I have to choose the *best* one:
        *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
        *   Sense 5: of or relating to the mind.
    *   Concentration is an intellectual process. Therefore, Sense 1 is a very strong candidate.
    *   Let's double-check Sense 5 again. "Mental powers" (capacity), "mental development" (growth).
    *   "Mental concentration" is more like "mental calculation" (an activity) than "mental development" (a state/process of growth).

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 5: of or relating to the mind.
    *   "Mental concentration" describes the *type* of concentration. Concentration is an intellectual process.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: mental images, mental calculations.
        *   Sense 5: mental powers, mental development.
    *   Concentration is more like a calculation (an active process) than a power (a capacity).

    *   Wait, let me search for "mental concentration" in WordNet-based corpora. Often, "mental" in "mental effort" or "mental concentration" is mapped to the sense "of or relating to the mind".
    *   Let's re-read:
        Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
        Sense 5: of or relating to the mind.
    *   If something is "of the mind", it is "mental".
    *   If something "involves the mind", it is "mental".
    *   This is a very fine distinction. Let's look at the sense keys.
        `mental%3:00:00` vs `mental%3:01:00`.
    *   In some versions of WordNet, `3:00:00` is the more general "relating to the mind" and `3:01:00` is also "relating to the mind". This is confusing.
    *   Let's look at the definitions provided *here*:
        1. involving the mind or an intellectual process
        5. of or relating to the mind
    *   "Concentration" is an intellectual process. "Mental concentration" is concentration that involves the mind.
    *   Let's try to see if "mental" in "mental concentration" is more about the *nature* of the concentration (it's a mind-thing) or the *process* (it's an intellectual activity).
    *   Actually, "mental concentration" is almost redundant because concentration is inherently mental. This often points to the more general "of or relating to the mind" (Sense 5).
    *   However, "mental calculations" (Sense 1) are calculations done *in* the mind (as opposed to on paper). "Mental concentration" isn't concentration done *in* the mind as opposed to somewhere else; it's just concentration.
    *   Wait, "mental concentration" is often used to contrast with "physical exertion". The text says "requires physical dexterity... combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   This contrast (physical vs. mental) strongly suggests the general "of or relating to the mind" (Sense 5) rather than "involving an intellectual process" (Sense 1), although both are close.
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 1: "involving the mind or an intellectual process".
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 5: "of or relating to the mind".
    *   If the contrast is Physical vs. Mental, "of or relating to the mind" is the most direct opposite of "physical".

    *   Sense 1: mental images, mental calculations (things done *using* the mind).
    *   Sense 5: mental powers, mental development (things *of* the mind).
    *   "Mental concentration" (the state of the mind) fits better with "mental powers" (Sense 5) than "mental calculations" (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 5: of or relating to the mind.
    *   "Mental concentration" is a state of the mind.
    *   Let's look at the contrast again: "physical dexterity... combined with intense mental concentration."
    *   Physical (body) vs. Mental (mind).
    *   This is the most basic distinction: relating to the body vs. relating to the mind.
    *   Sense 5: "of or relating to the mind".

    *   Sense 1: `mental%3:00:00`
    *   Sense 5: `mental%3:01:00`
    *   In many WordNet versions, `3:00:00` is the primary sense for "relating to the mind". Let me double-check the provided definitions again.
    *   1. involving the mind or an intellectual process
    *   5. of or relating to the mind
    *   Wait, I just noticed something. In some WordNet versions, "mental" (relating to the mind) is the most general sense.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        Sense 1: mental images, mental calculations.
        Sense 5: mental powers, mental development.
    *   "Concentration" is a mental power or a state of the mind.
    *   Let's try Sense 1 again. Is concentration an "intellectual process"? Yes.
    *   Is it "of or relating to the mind"? Yes.
    *   This is very tough. Let's think about the most common usage.
    *   "Mental concentration" -> "Concentration of the mind".
    *   If I search for "mental concentration" in a dictionary, it's usually just "relating to the mind".
    *   Let's look at the contrast "physical dexterity" vs "mental concentration".
    *   Physical (relating to the body) vs Mental (relating to the mind).
    *   This points to Sense 5.

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 5: of or relating to the mind.
    *   If the author meant "intellectual process", they might have used "intellectual concentration" (though that's less common).
    *   "Mental" here is used as the direct opposite of "physical".
    *   Physical = relating to the body.
    *   Mental = relating to the mind.
    *   This is the most fundamental definition of "mental".

    *   Sense 1: `mental%3:00:00`
    *   Sense 5: `mental%3:01:00`
    *   Wait, I just realized that in some WordNet versions, `3:00:00` is the more general one. But I must use the *provided* definitions.
    *   Definition 1: "involving the mind or an intellectual process"
    *   Definition 5: "of or relating to the mind"
    *   "Mental concentration" is concentration *of* the mind.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        Sense 1: mental images, mental calculations. (These are *products* or *activities* of the mind).
        Sense 5: mental powers, mental development. (These are *attributes* or *aspects* of the mind).
    *   Concentration is more of an attribute/state (like a power) than a product (like an image) or a specific activity (like a calculation).

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 5: of or relating to the mind.
    *   "Mental concentration" is a state of the mind.
    *   "Physical dexterity" is a physical attribute.
    *   "Mental concentration" is a mental attribute/state.
    *   This fits Sense 5 ("of or relating to the mind") better than Sense 1 ("involving... an intellectual process").

    *   Wait, let me think one more time. Is concentration a process? Yes, the act of concentrating is a process.
    *   Is it an *intellectual* process? Yes.
    *   But "mental" in "mental concentration" is used to specify *which kind* of concentration (as opposed to, say, the concentration of a solution in chemistry, though that's a different sense of "concentration").
    *   Actually, "mental concentration" is a very common phrase. Let's see how it's usually categorized.
    *   In most contexts, "mental" meaning "of the mind" is the most general sense.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 5 again: "mental powers", "mental development".
    *   "Mental concentration" fits right in with "mental powers".

    *   Sense 1: involving the mind or an intellectual process.
    *   Sense 5: of or relating to the mind.
    *   If I say "mental arithmetic", I mean arithmetic done in the head (Sense 1).
    *   If I say "mental health", I mean the health of the mind (Sense 5).
    *   If I say "mental concentration", I mean the concentration of the mind (Sense 5).
    *   It's not "concentration done in the head" (which would be redundant), but "concentration of the mind" (as opposed to physical effort).

    *   Sense 5 seems the most appropriate for the contrast with "physical dexterity".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concentration
Target surface form: concentration
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concentration%1:09:00:: | definition=complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion
2. sense_key=concentration%1:04:02:: | definition=bringing together military forces
3. sense_key=concentration%1:07:03:: | definition=the spatial property of being crowded together | synonyms=density, denseness, tightness, compactness
4. sense_key=concentration%1:07:01:: | definition=great and constant diligence and attention | synonyms=assiduity, assiduousness
5. sense_key=concentration%1:04:01:: | definition=strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
6. sense_key=concentration%1:07:02:: | definition=the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
7. sense_key=concentration%1:11:00:: | definition=increase in density

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "concentration"
    *   Context: "...Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>."
    *   Key phrase: "intense mental concentration"

    *   Sense 1: "complete attention; intense mental effort" (Synonyms: engrossment, absorption, immersion)
    *   Sense 2: "bringing together military forces"
    *   Sense 3: "the spatial property of being crowded together" (Synonyms: density, denseness, tightness, compactness)
    *   Sense 4: "great and constant diligence and attention" (Synonyms: assiduity, assiduousness)
    *   Sense 5: "strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material"
    *   Sense 6: "the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume"
    *   Sense 7: "increase in density"

    *   The context describes "Change-ringing" as a "mind-boggling exercise" requiring "physical dexterity" and "intense mental concentration."
    *   "Mental concentration" clearly refers to the act of focusing one's mind or paying complete attention.
    *   Sense 1 ("complete attention; intense mental effort") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 4 ("great and constant diligence and attention") is similar, but "intense mental effort" (Sense 1) is a closer match for the "mind-boggling" nature of the exercise described. "Diligence" (Sense 4) implies persistence and hard work over time, whereas "concentration" in the context of a complex mental task usually refers to the focus required *during* the task.

    *   Sense 1: complete attention; intense mental effort.
    *   Sense 4: great and constant diligence and attention.
    *   The phrase "intense mental concentration" is almost a direct paraphrase of "intense mental effort" (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language
2. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `english`
    *   Target surface form: `English`
    *   Context: "Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `english%3:01:01::` (of or relating to the English language)
        2.  `english%3:01:00::` (of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people)

    *   The sentence is: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds'..."
    *   The context discusses church bells in England, the art of change-ringing invented by the English, and the cultural preference of the English regarding bell ringing.
    *   "English bells" refers to bells from England or characteristic of English culture/tradition, not bells related to the English language.

    *   Sense 1: Language (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: England/Culture/People (Correct)

    *   The correct sense index is 2.