[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
4. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early
5. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
6. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
7. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `arise`
    *   Target surface form: `arise`
    *   Context: "He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes..."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "arise" refers to the origin or development of colon cancer resulting from genetic mutations ("hits").

    *   Sense 1: rise to one's feet (Physical movement) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, rise, develop, spring up, grow) - Fits well. Cancer "develops" or "originates" from genetic hits.
    *   Sense 3: move upward (Physical movement) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: get up and out of bed (Physical movement) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: result or issue (come up) - Usually used for situations, problems, or arguments (e.g., "a problem arose").
    *   Sense 6: originate or come into being (come up, bob up) - Usually used for abstract things like questions or issues (e.g., "a question arose").
    *   Sense 7: take part in a rebellion - Incorrect.

    *   Sense 2: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (synonyms: originate, rise, develop, spring up, grow). Example: "A new religious movement originated in that country".
    *   Sense 5: "result or issue" (synonym: come up). Example: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion".
    *   Sense 6: "originate or come into being" (synonyms: come up, bob up). Example: "a question arose".

    The context is about the biological origin/development of a disease (cancer) from a cause (genetic hits). "Develop" and "originate" are strong synonyms here. Sense 2 specifically mentions "develop" and "originate" and "come into existence".

    *   Sense 2: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (originate, develop).
    *   Sense 5: "result or issue" (come up).
    *   Sense 6: "originate or come into being" (come up, bob up).

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 5: Sense 2 is more about the process of coming into existence/developing, which fits the biological context of cancer development. Sense 5 is more about a consequence or a situation occurring.

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 6: Sense 6 is often used for things like "a question arose" or "a problem arose" (sudden appearance). Sense 2 is broader and includes "develop" and "grow", which fits the progression of cancer.

    The sentence says "colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages." The use of "develop" in the next clause strongly supports Sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
2. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
4. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
5. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: "...He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Zodiacal constellation.
        2.  Zodiac sign.
        3.  Malignant growth/tumor (malignant neoplastic disease).
        4.  Genus of crabs.
        5.  Person born under the sign of Cancer.

    *   The context discusses "retinoblastoma", "molecular biologist", "Johns Hopkins Medical School", "chromosome losses", "Wilm's tumor", "colon cancer", "lung cancer", and "cancer suppressor genes".
    *   The specific phrase is "cancer suppressor genes".
    *   This clearly refers to the medical condition of malignant growth/tumors.

    *   Sense 1: Constellation (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Zodiac sign (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Malignant growth or tumor (Correct)
    *   Sense 4: Genus of crabs (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Person born under Cancer (Incorrect)

    *   The best sense is index 3.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "...He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `often%4:02:00::`: many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes). Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee".
        2.  `often%4:02:01::`: frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal). Example: "I don't drink much".
        3.  `often%4:02:02::`: in many cases or instances.

    *   The sentence is: "...because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages."
    *   Here, "it" refers to "colon cancer".
    *   The sentence is saying that in many instances of colon cancer, it develops in stages.
    *   It's not talking about a single instance of cancer happening "many times at short intervals" (Sense 1).
    *   It's not talking about "great quantities" (Sense 2).
    *   It's talking about the frequency of this occurrence across different cases of the disease.

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (Temporal frequency for a single subject).
    *   Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" (Amount/degree).
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" (Frequency across a population or set of occurrences).

    *   "Colon cancer often seems to develop in stages" means "In many cases of colon cancer, it seems to develop in stages." This matches Sense 3 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seems
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `seem`
    *   Target surface form: `seems`
    *   Context: "...He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages."

    *   Sense 1: `appear to one's own mind or opinion` (e.g., "I seem to be misunderstood"). This is usually first-person or subjective internal state.
    *   Sense 2: `give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect` (e.g., "She seems to be sleeping"). Focuses on outward appearance/impression.
    *   Sense 3: `appear to exist` (e.g., "There seems no reason"). Used with existential constructions.
    *   Sense 4: `seem to be true, probable, or apparent` (e.g., "It seems that he is very gifted"). Focuses on the probability or apparent truth of a proposition.

    *   The sentence is: "...because it [colon cancer] often seems to develop in stages."
    *   The author is describing a biological process (colon cancer developing in stages) based on observation and evidence (polyps, progression).
    *   The word "seems" here indicates that based on the available evidence/observations, it *appears to be true* that the cancer develops in stages.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 4:
        *   Sense 2 is more about outward appearance/impression (e.g., "He seems tired").
        *   Sense 4 is more about the apparent truth or probability of a state of affairs (e.g., "It seems that...").
    *   In "it often seems to develop in stages," the "it" refers to the cancer. The phrase "seems to [verb]" is often a way of stating a hypothesis or an observation that appears to be true.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 4: "It seems that he is very gifted." This is a judgment of a state of affairs.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "She seems to be sleeping." This is an observation of an outward state.
    *   Is "developing in stages" an outward aspect (Sense 2) or a probable truth/apparent fact (Sense 4)?
    *   In scientific writing, "seems to" often functions as a hedge for "appears to be true based on evidence."
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    *   The context says: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits'... because it often seems to develop in stages." The "seems to develop in stages" is the evidence supporting the belief. This aligns well with "seem to be true, probable, or apparent."

    *   Sense 1: No (not about the speaker's own mind).
    *   Sense 3: No (not "There seems to be...").
    *   Sense 2 vs 4:
        *   Sense 2: "She seems to be sleeping" (outward appearance).
        *   Sense 4: "It seems that he is very gifted" (apparent truth).
        *   "Colon cancer seems to develop in stages" is more about the apparent nature/truth of the process than a visual "outward aspect."

    *   Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: "look, appear".
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 4: "appear".
    *   Actually, "seem to [verb]" is very common for both.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 2: "She seems to be sleeping" (Observation of a state).
        *   Sense 4: "It seems that he is very gifted" (Conclusion based on evidence).
    *   The sentence "it often seems to develop in stages" is a conclusion based on the observation of polyps and progression. This fits Sense 4 better.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 2 again. "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    *   If I say "The weather seems nice," that's Sense 2.
    *   If I say "It seems that the weather is bad," that's Sense 4.
    *   "Colon cancer seems to develop in stages" is structurally similar to "She seems to be sleeping" (Subject + seem + to be/verb).
    *   However, the meaning is "It appears to be true that colon cancer develops in stages."

    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    *   Example: "It seems that he is very gifted."
    *   Example: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad."
    *   These are impersonal constructions ("It seems that...").
    *   The target sentence is "it [colon cancer] often seems to develop in stages." This is a personal construction (the cancer is the subject).
    *   Does Sense 4 only apply to "It seems that..."? The definition says "seem to be true, probable, or apparent."
    *   Does Sense 2 apply to "it seems to develop in stages"? "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".

    *   Let's compare:
        1.  "The cancer seems to develop in stages." (Observation of a process)
        2.  "She seems to be sleeping." (Observation of a state)
        3.  "It seems that the cancer develops in stages." (Conclusion about a fact)

    *   If the target is "it [cancer] seems to develop," it's structurally closer to "She seems to be sleeping." But the meaning is closer to "It seems that the cancer develops."

    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".

    *   In the context of scientific observation, "seems to" is almost always used to indicate that something *appears to be true* based on the evidence, rather than just having an "outward aspect."

    *   Let's check other sources for "seem to [verb]".
    *   Sense 2: "He seems to be tired." (Outward appearance)
    *   Sense 4: "He seems to have forgotten." (Apparent truth)

    *   "Colon cancer seems to develop in stages" is more like "He seems to have forgotten" (it appears to be the case) than "He seems to be tired" (he looks tired).

    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 2: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    *   And Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    *   If the cancer "seems to develop in stages," it is giving the impression that it develops in stages.
    *   But the "impression" here is a scientific one based on evidence, making it "apparent" or "probable."

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 4 again: "It seems that he is very gifted."
    *   This is a judgment. "Colon cancer seems to develop in stages" is also a judgment/conclusion.

    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "She seems to be sleeping."
    *   This is a direct observation of a current state.

    *   The cancer developing in stages is not a direct observation of a single moment, but a conclusion drawn from observing polyps and progression over time. This points strongly to Sense 4.

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: Outward aspect/impression.
    *   Sense 3: Existential.
    *   Sense 4: True, probable, or apparent.

    *   The context "because it often seems to develop in stages" explains *why* the doctor believed the "multiple hits" theory. The "seeming" is the evidence for the "belief." This is the definition of something being "apparent" or "probable" (Sense 4).

    *   Wait, let me double-check the "It seems that..." vs "Subject seems to..." distinction.
    *   Sense 4: "It seems that he is very gifted."
    *   Target: "it [cancer] often seems to develop in stages."
    *   These are logically equivalent: "It seems that colon cancer often develops in stages."

    *   Sense 2: "She seems to be sleeping."
    *   Is "colon cancer seems to develop in stages" like "she seems to be sleeping"?
    *   "She seems to be sleeping" is based on the outward appearance of her eyes being closed and her breathing slowly.
    *   "Colon cancer seems to develop in stages" is based on the outward appearance of polyps and progression.
    *   It's very close. But "develop in stages" is a process/fact, not just a visual aspect.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms.
    *   Sense 2: look, appear.
    *   Sense 4: appear.
    *   Both use "appear."

    *   Let's think about the nuance. "Seem" in Sense 2 is often about a superficial impression. "Seem" in Sense 4 is about a conclusion that appears to be true.
    *   In a scientific context, "seems to" is used to express a hypothesis that is supported by evidence but not yet proven. This fits "probable or apparent" (Sense 4) much better than "outward aspect" (Sense 2).

    *   Final check:
        *   Sense 2: "She seems to be sleeping" (Visual/Immediate impression)
        *   Sense 4: "It seems that he is very gifted" (Conclusion based on evidence)
        *   Context: "colon cancer... seems to develop in stages" (Conclusion based on evidence of polyps)
        *   Conclusion: Sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
4. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
5. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
7. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
8. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
9. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
10. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
11. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
13. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
14. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
15. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
16. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form
17. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
18. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
19. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
20. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `develop`
    *   Target surface form: `develop`
    *   Context: "...He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages."
    *   Meaning: The context describes how colon cancer progresses or evolves over time, specifically mentioning "in stages" and "preceded by the development of polyps... progressing from less severe to deadly."

    *   1: make something new (product/creation) - No.
    *   2: change use of land/resources - No.
    *   3: musical idea - No.
    *   4: work out (theory) - No.
    *   5: create by training/teaching - No.
    *   6: gain through experience (skill/trait) - No.
    *   7: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment - *Strong candidate.* (Cancer progressing in stages fits "progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of natural growth/differentiation").
    *   8: happen (news/events) - No.
    *   9: elaborate (theories) - No.
    *   10: geometry - No.
    *   11: come into existence; take on form or shape - *Possible*, but "develop in stages" implies a process of progression rather than just originating.
    *   12: grow emotionally/mature - No.
    *   13: chess - No.
    *   14: film - No.
    *   15: technologically advanced - No.
    *   16: series (math) - No.
    *   17: generate gradually (customers/market) - No.
    *   18: be gradually disclosed (plot) - No.
    *   19: chess - No.
    *   20: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) - *Strong candidate.* (Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains").
    *   21: cause to grow (agriculture) - No.

    *   Sense 7: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment." Example: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower."
    *   Sense 20: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)." Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains."

    *   The sentence says "it [colon cancer] often seems to develop in stages."
    *   This describes the *process* of the disease's progression (stages), not just the onset of a symptom.
    *   Sense 7 emphasizes the process of growth, progression, and unfolding.
    *   Sense 20 emphasizes the acquisition of a condition or feature.

    *   "develop in stages" strongly aligns with "progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of... natural growth, differentiation" (Sense 7).
    *   While Sense 20 ("The patient developed abdominal pains") is about acquiring a condition, the phrase "develop in stages" describes the *manner* of the growth/progression of the disease itself.

    *   Sense 7: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve...
    *   Sense 20: come to have or undergo a change of...

    In the context of a disease progressing through stages (polyps -> malignant -> deadly), "progress" and "evolve" (Sense 7) are more precise than "come to have" (Sense 20).

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 20: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". Cancer is a physical change.
    Let me re-read Sense 7: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".

    The text says: "it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps... progressing from less severe to deadly". This describes a progression/evolution of the disease.

    Comparing Sense 7 and Sense 20 again:
    Sense 7: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve"
    Sense 20: "come to have or undergo a change of"

    "Develop in stages" is a classic description of progression. Sense 7 fits "progress" and "evolve" perfectly.

    Let's check Sense 11: "come into existence; take on form or shape". This is more about the start.

    Let's check Sense 8: "happen". No.

    Sense 7 seems the most comprehensive for a disease progressing through stages.

    *Self-Correction:* Let's look at Sense 20 again. "The patient developed abdominal pains." This is about the *patient* developing the symptom. In the target sentence, the *cancer* is the subject: "colon cancer... seems to develop in stages." The cancer itself is progressing. This makes Sense 7 (grow, progress, unfold, or evolve) a better fit than Sense 20 (come to have).

    Sense 7: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
    Context: "colon cancer... develop in stages... progressing from less severe to deadly"
    This is a perfect match for "progress" and "evolve".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
4. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage
6. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
7. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
8. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `stage`
    *   Target surface form: `stages`
    *   Context: "...because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

    *   Sense 1: a section or portion of a journey or course (leg).
    *   Sense 2: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process (degree, level, point).
    *   Sense 3: any distinct time period in a sequence of events (phase).
    *   Sense 4: a large platform for an audience.
    *   Sense 5: a small platform on a microscope.
    *   Sense 6: any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something.
    *   Sense 7: a large coach-and-four (stagecoach).
    *   Sense 8: the theater as a profession.

    *   The context describes the progression of colon cancer: "develop in stages," "increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly."
    *   This refers to the progression of a disease process.
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process."
    *   Sense 3: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events (phase)."

    *   Sense 2 emphasizes the *position* or *level* within a process (e.g., "at what stage are the social sciences?").
    *   Sense 3 emphasizes the *time period* or *phase* in a sequence (e.g., "transitional stage").
    *   In medical contexts, "cancer stages" (Stage I, II, III, IV) refer to the extent of the disease or the specific level of progression. This aligns well with "identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process."
    *   However, "develop in stages" often implies a sequence of phases.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 2: "a remarkable degree of frankness" (Wait, the example "a remarkable degree of frankness" seems to belong to "degree", not "stage". Let me re-read the provided sense 2).
        *   Sense 2: `definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?` (The "degree of frankness" example is weirdly placed, but "at what stage are the social sciences?" fits).
        *   Sense 3: `definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected`.

    *   The text says "progressing from less severe to deadly." This describes a process of progression through levels of severity.
    *   Medical staging of cancer is specifically about the *level* or *extent* of the disease.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 ("position in a continuum or series or especially in a process") and Sense 3 ("distinct time period in a sequence of events").
    *   "Develop in stages" usually means moving through a series of steps or levels.
    *   In the context of cancer, "stages" are specific levels of progression.

    *   Sense 2: "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    *   Sense 3: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
    *   The phrase "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" strongly suggests levels of severity/progression within a process.

    *   Sense 2: position in a process.
    *   Sense 3: time period in a sequence.
    *   Cancer progression is a process. The "stages" are the identifiable positions/levels within that process.

    *   Wait, let me double-check common WordNet usage for "cancer stages". Usually, it's a "phase" or "step".
    *   Sense 2 synonyms: degree, level, point.
    *   Sense 3 synonyms: phase.
    *   "Develop in stages" -> "Develop in phases".
    *   "Identifiable stages" -> "Identifiable levels/phases".
    *   Looking at the context "progressing from less severe to deadly", this describes a progression through levels of severity.

    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    *   Sense 3: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
    *   The cancer is progressing. The stages are the positions it reaches in that process.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 2: "at what stage are the social sciences?" (Position in a process of development).
    *   Sense 3: "transitional stage" (A period of time).
    *   The text says "develop in stages" and "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This sounds more like the *level* of the disease (Sense 2) than a *time period* (Sense 3).

    *   Wait, let me look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 2: "at what stage are the social sciences?"
    *   Sense 3: "we are in a transitional stage".
    *   If I say "The cancer is in stage 4", I am describing its position in the process of progression.

    *   Let's check if "stage" as in "cancer stage" is typically mapped to "phase" or "level".
    *   In many linguistic datasets, "stage" in "stages of a disease" is mapped to the "phase" or "step" sense.
    *   Sense 3: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".

    *   "Develop in stages" -> "Develop in phases".
    *   "Identifiable stages" -> "Identifiable levels".
    *   The phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly" emphasizes the *continuum* of severity.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms again.
    *   Sense 2: degree, level, point.
    *   Sense 3: phase.

    *   If the cancer is "progressing from less severe to deadly", it is moving through different *levels* of severity.

    *   Let's try to find this specific example in a corpus or similar WSD task.
    *   Actually, "stage" in the context of cancer is almost always the "level/position in a process" sense.

    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
    *   Sense 3: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
    *   The cancer's progression is the process. The stages are the positions in that process.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 3: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
    *   Is a cancer stage a "time period"? Not really. It's a state or a level of progression.
    *   Is it a "position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"? Yes.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit.

    *   Wait, let me double-check the "degree of frankness" example in Sense 2.
    *   "a remarkable degree of frankness" -> This example actually fits "degree" (the synonym), not "stage". This suggests the WordNet gloss provided in the prompt might be slightly messy, but the definition "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" is the key.

    *   Let's re-verify Sense 3: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events".
    *   If the text said "the early stages of the disease", that might be a time period. But "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" points to levels of severity.

    *   Final check:
        *   Context: "develop in stages", "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly".
        *   Sense 2: "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
        *   Sense 3: "distinct time period in a sequence of events".
        *   Sense 2 fits the "continuum" and "process" aspect of cancer progression better than the "time period" aspect of Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
2. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
3. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `often%4:02:01::`: frequently or in great quantities (synonyms: much, a great deal). Example: "I don't drink much."
        2.  `often%4:02:02::`: in many cases or instances.
        3.  `often%4:02:00::`: many times at short intervals (synonyms: frequently, oftentimes). Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee."

    *   Sentence: "It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
    *   "It" refers to colon cancer.
    *   The sentence is describing a pattern of disease progression.
    *   Does "often" mean "many times at short intervals" (Sense 3)? No, colon cancer doesn't happen many times at short intervals to the same person in this context; it's talking about the *occurrence* of the disease in a population.
    *   Does "often" mean "in great quantities" (Sense 1)? No, that's usually used as a quantifier (like "much").
    *   Does "often" mean "in many cases or instances" (Sense 2)? Yes. In many cases of colon cancer, it is preceded by polyps.

    *   Sense 1: Quantifier (much). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: Frequency across cases/instances. Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3: Frequency of repetition over time for a single subject. Not applicable.

    *   The target word "often" in "It often is preceded by..." refers to the frequency of this sequence of events occurring across different patients/cases of colon cancer. This aligns with "in many cases or instances."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
2. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
3. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
4. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution
5. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `precede`
    *   Target surface form: `preceded`
    *   Context: "It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel..."
    *   Meaning: Colon cancer is often preceded by the development of polyps. This means the polyps develop *before* the cancer develops.

    *   Sense 1: `move ahead (of others) in time or space` (Synonym: lead). Often implies physical movement or a race.
    *   Sense 2: `be the predecessor of` (Synonym: come before). Example: "Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands." (Focuses on a sequence of people/roles).
    *   Sense 3: `come before` (Synonym: predate). Example: "Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify." (Focuses on position/order, often spatial or structural).
    *   Sense 4: `furnish with a preface or introduction` (Synonym: preface, premise, introduce). (Focuses on adding an introduction).
    *   Sense 5: `be earlier in time; go back further` (Synonyms: predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate). Example: "Stone tools precede bronze tools." (Focuses on chronological order of events or eras).

    *   The context describes a biological process: polyps develop, and then colon cancer develops.
    *   This is a chronological sequence of events.
    *   Sense 5 ("be earlier in time; go back further") fits best for chronological events (like stone tools vs. bronze tools).
    *   Sense 3 ("come before") is often used for position (like adjectives before nouns).
    *   Sense 2 ("be the predecessor of") is often used for people in a role.
    *   Comparing Sense 3 and Sense 5: Sense 5 specifically mentions "be earlier in time," which fits the medical progression (polyps $\rightarrow$ cancer). Sense 3 is more general "come before" (often spatial/structural).

    *   "It [colon cancer] often is preceded by the development of polyps..."
    *   This means the development of polyps happens *earlier in time* than the cancer.
    *   Sense 5: "be earlier in time; go back further".
    *   Sense 3: "come before".
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 3: "Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify" (Spatial/Structural order).
        *   Sense 5: "Stone tools precede bronze tools" (Chronological order).
    *   The medical progression is chronological.

    *   Sense 5 is the most precise fit for chronological precedence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated
2. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
3. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
4. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
5. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
6. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
7. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
8. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
9. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `development`
    *   Target surface form: `development`
    *   Context: "It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..."
    *   Meaning: The process of polyps forming or growing in the bowel.

    *   1: Music (sonata form) - Incorrect.
    *   2: Land/water exploitation - Incorrect.
    *   3: State of improving/result of developing (e.g., chess) - Incorrect.
    *   4: District developed for a purpose - Incorrect.
    *   5: (Biology) Process of an individual organism growing organically (growth, maturation, ontogeny) - This refers to the growth of the *whole* organism.
    *   6: Photosensitive material processing - Incorrect.
    *   7: Recent event - Incorrect.
    *   8: Process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (evolution) - This fits the "identifiable stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly" mentioned in the context.
    *   9: Act of improving by expanding/enlarging/refining (e.g., R&D) - Incorrect.

    *   Sense 5: "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
    *   Sense 8: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".

    The context says: "development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly".
    This describes a progression through stages (benign polyp -> malignant tumor). While it is biological, it's not the growth of an *organism* (Sense 5), but rather the progression of a condition or a specific tissue growth through stages (Sense 8).

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 5: "the process of an individual organism growing organically". A polyp isn't an organism.
    Sense 8: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". This fits the "identifiable stages" and "progressing" description perfectly.

    *   Sense 8: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   Context: "development of polyps... become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly".
    *   This is a clear match.

    *   Sense 5 is about ontogeny (embryo to adult).
    *   Sense 8 is about evolution/progression of a state or thing.

    The development of polyps is the process of them appearing and evolving into cancer. Sense 8 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: "...colon cancer... It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.
        2.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral).

    *   The context discusses colon cancer, the bowel, and malignant growths.
    *   "Polyps in the bowel" refers to growths on the lining of the colon.
    *   Sense 1 describes a vascular growth on a mucous membrane (the bowel lining is a mucous membrane).
    *   Sense 2 describes a stage in the life cycle of coelenterates (like coral or hydra), which is completely unrelated to human colon cancer.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
2. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
3. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
4. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
5. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
6. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
7. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
8. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
9. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
10. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
11. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
12. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
13. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
14. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
15. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
16. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
17. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
18. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
19. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 17}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 17}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "cases" (plural of "case")
    *   Context: "...polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages..."
    *   Meaning: In some *instances* or *examples* of polyps in the bowel, they become malignant.

    *   1: Printing receptacle (No)
    *   2: Actual state of things (No)
    *   3: Housing/outer covering (No)
    *   4: Problem requiring investigation (No)
    *   5: Legal proceeding (No)
    *   6: Statement of facts for argument (No)
    *   7: Enveloping structure (organ/plant) (No)
    *   8: Portable container (No)
    *   9: Grammatical case (No)
    *   10: State of mind (No)
    *   11: Special set of circumstances (Possible, but usually refers to a hypothetical or specific event: "in which case")
    *   12: Quantity in a case (No)
    *   13: Person requiring professional services (No)
    *   14: Person of a specified kind (No)
    *   15: Typeface (No)
    *   16: Door/window frame (No)
    *   17: An occurrence of something; instance, example (Strong candidate: "in some cases" = "in some instances")
    *   18: Pillowcase (No)
    *   19: Person subjected to experimental procedures (No - the context refers to the polyps/condition, not the people themselves, although "cases" often refers to patients in medical contexts, here it's "polyps... which in some cases become..."). Wait, let's re-read: "polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant". This means "in some instances [of polyps]".
    *   20: Display case (No)

    *   Sense 11: "a special set of circumstances" (synonym: event). Example: "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled".
    *   Sense 17: "an occurrence of something" (synonyms: instance, example). Example: "it was a case of bad judgment".

    In the phrase "in some cases", it almost always means "in some instances" or "in some examples".

    *   "polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant"
    *   Substitute Sense 17: "...which in some instances become increasingly malignant." (Fits perfectly)
    *   Substitute Sense 11: "...which in some special sets of circumstances become increasingly malignant." (Less natural, though similar)

    Sense 17 is the standard meaning for "in some cases" when referring to occurrences of a phenomenon.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
2. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
3. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!
4. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `become`
    *   Target surface form: `become`
    *   Context: "...polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly..."

    *   Sense 1: `undergo a change or development` (synonyms: turn; examples: water turned into ice, friend became enemy). This often implies a transformation into something else.
    *   Sense 2: `come into existence` (example: What becomes has duration). This is an existential sense.
    *   Sense 3: `enhance the appearance of` (synonyms: suit; examples: Mourning becomes Electra). This is about aesthetics/appropriateness.
    *   Sense 4: `enter or assume a certain state or condition` (synonyms: go, get; examples: became annoyed, getting more serious). This is about a change in state or quality.

    *   The phrase is "become increasingly malignant".
    *   "Malignant" is a state or condition of the polyps.
    *   "Increasingly" indicates a progression in the degree of that state.
    *   The context describes a process of "progressing from less severe to deadly".

    *   Sense 1 (undergo a change or development) vs. Sense 4 (enter or assume a certain state or condition).
    *   Sense 1 often involves a change of identity (water $\rightarrow$ ice, friend $\rightarrow$ enemy).
    *   Sense 4 involves a change in state or quality (annoyed, more serious).
    *   "Becoming malignant" is a change in the state/condition of the polyps (from benign/less severe to malignant/deadly).
    *   Comparing "become increasingly malignant" to "getting more serious" (Sense 4 example) shows a strong parallel. Both describe a change in the intensity or nature of a condition.

    *   Sense 4: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" fits perfectly with "become increasingly malignant".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
2. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage
3. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
4. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
5. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
6. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
7. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `stage`
    *   Target surface form: `stages`
    *   Context: "...which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
    *   Key phrases: "increasingly malignant", "identifiable stages", "progressing from less severe to deadly", "cascade of genetic damage".

    *   Sense 1: Setting for exhibiting/doing something (metaphorical/literal).
    *   Sense 2: Microscope platform.
    *   Sense 3: Distinct time period in a sequence of events (synonym: phase).
    *   Sense 4: Stagecoach.
    *   Sense 5: Section of a journey (synonym: leg).
    *   Sense 6: Theater profession.
    *   Sense 7: Specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process (synonyms: degree, level, point).
    *   Sense 8: Large platform for audience.

    *   The context describes the progression of cancer (malignancy).
    *   It mentions "identifiable stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly".
    *   This refers to the *degree* or *level* of progression in a biological process.
    *   Sense 3 (distinct time period/phase) and Sense 7 (specific identifiable position in a continuum/process) are the closest.
    *   Sense 3 focuses on *time periods* (phases).
    *   Sense 7 focuses on *positions in a continuum or process* (degree, level, point).
    *   Cancer staging is typically about the *extent* or *level* of the disease (e.g., Stage I, Stage II), which fits "identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (Sense 7) better than just a "time period" (Sense 3).
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 3: "transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised" (time-based phase).
        *   Sense 7: "at what stage are the social sciences?" (level of development/position in a process).
    *   The phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly" strongly suggests a progression through levels or degrees of severity.

    *   Sense 3: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events"
    *   Sense 7: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
    *   In medical terminology, "cancer stages" refer to the extent of the cancer's spread (the "stage" of the disease), which is a position in a process of progression.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 3 and Sense 7 carefully.
    *   Sense 3: "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" (synonym: phase).
    *   Sense 7: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (synonyms: degree, level, point).
    *   The context says "identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly". This describes a progression through levels of severity.
    *   Comparing "phase" (Sense 3) vs "level/degree" (Sense 7).
    *   Cancer staging is the classification of the extent of the cancer. This is a "level" or "position in a process".

    *   Let's check if "stage" in "cancer stages" is usually mapped to Sense 3 or Sense 7 in WSD datasets.
    *   Often, "stage" as in "stage of a disease" is treated as a phase (Sense 3) or a level (Sense 7).
    *   However, "identifiable stages" in the context of "progressing from less severe to deadly" emphasizes the *position* in the progression (the level of malignancy).

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "distinct time period in a sequence of events".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 7: "specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    *   The progression of cancer is a process. The "stages" are the identifiable positions/levels within that process.

    *   Sense 3: "we are in a transitional stage" (time).
    *   Sense 7: "at what stage are the social sciences?" (level of development).
    *   Cancer progression is more like the development of a science (a process moving through levels) than a simple sequence of time periods.

    *   Wait, looking at other WordNet-based tools, "stage" in the context of disease is often mapped to the sense of "phase" or "step".
    *   Let's look at the synonyms again.
    *   Sense 3: phase.
    *   Sense 7: degree, level, point.
    *   "Increasingly malignant in identifiable stages" -> "Increasingly malignant in identifiable levels/degrees". This fits Sense 7 very well.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 3 again. "Distinct time period". While cancer stages happen over time, the "stage" itself is the *state* or *level* of the disease at that time.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 7 is the most precise fit for "identifiable stages" of malignancy.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progress
Target surface form: progressing
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `progress`
    *   Target surface form: `progressing`
    *   Context: "...polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

    *   Sense 1: `develop in a positive way` (e.g., "progressed well in school").
    *   Sense 2: `move forward, also in the metaphorical sense` (e.g., "Time marches on").
    *   Sense 3: `form or accumulate steadily` (e.g., "Resistance... built up quickly").

    *   The context describes the progression of a disease (cancer/polyps) from "less severe to deadly."
    *   Is it "developing in a positive way" (Sense 1)? No, cancer becoming deadly is not positive.
    *   Is it "forming or accumulating steadily" (Sense 3)? While genetic damage accumulates, the word "progressing" here describes the movement through stages (less severe $\rightarrow$ deadly).
    *   Is it "moving forward, also in the metaphorical sense" (Sense 2)? Yes. The disease is advancing or moving forward through stages of severity. In medical contexts, "disease progression" refers to the advancement of the disease.

    *   Sense 1 is positive development. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2 is moving forward/advancing (metaphorical or literal). (Correct - the disease is advancing/moving forward through stages).
    *   Sense 3 is building up/accumulating. (Incorrect - the *damage* accumulates, but the *polyps* are progressing through stages).

    *   The phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly" fits the "move forward/advance" meaning of Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "less"
    *   Target surface form: "less"
    *   Context: "...progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `less%4:02:00::`: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs (e.g., "less interesting", "less expensive").
        2.  `less%4:02:01::`: comparative of little (e.g., "she walks less than she should").

    *   The phrase is "less severe".
    *   "Severe" is an adjective.
    *   "Less" is modifying the adjective "severe" to create a comparative form.

    *   Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs". This matches perfectly ("less severe").
    *   Sense 2: "comparative of little". This usually refers to quantity or degree as a standalone adverb or determiner (e.g., "he works less").

    *   The usage "less severe" is a classic example of using "less" to form the comparative of an adjective.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "severe"
    *   Context: "...progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
    *   Contextual meaning: The text describes the progression of polyps in the bowel becoming increasingly malignant. It moves from "less severe" to "deadly."

    *   Sense 1: very strong or vigorous (e.g., strong winds). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality (e.g., severe pain, severe case of flu). -> This refers to the *experience* or *quality* of a condition.
    *   Sense 3: very bad in degree or extent (e.g., severe worldwide depression, severe damage). -> This refers to the *extent* or *degree* of something bad.
    *   Sense 4: unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment (e.g., severe parent). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm (e.g., dangerous operation, grave situation). -> Synonyms: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening.
    *   Sense 6: severely simple (e.g., stark interior). -> Not applicable.

    *   The context is medical progression: "progressing from less severe to deadly."
    *   "Deadly" is the extreme end of the spectrum.
    *   "Severe" here describes the stage of malignancy/disease.
    *   Comparing Sense 2, 3, and 5:
        *   Sense 2 (intense/unpleasant): Usually describes symptoms (pain) or a specific instance of a disease (a severe case of flu).
        *   Sense 3 (bad in degree or extent): Describes the scale of damage or a general state (severe depression, severe damage).
        *   Sense 5 (threatening great harm/dangerous/serious): Describes a situation or condition that is life-threatening or grave.

    *   The phrase "less severe to deadly" suggests a scale of danger or seriousness.
    *   "Deadly" is a synonym for "life-threatening" or "grave."
    *   Sense 5 synonyms: "dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening."
    *   Sense 3 synonyms: (none provided, but examples are "worldwide depression", "severe damage").
    *   Sense 2 synonyms: "terrible, wicked" (examples: "severe pain", "severe case of flu").

    *   In medical contexts, "severe" often maps to "serious" or "critical."
    *   The progression is: [Mild/Less Severe] -> [Severe/Serious] -> [Deadly/Critical].
    *   Sense 5 specifically lists "serious" and "life-threatening" as synonyms. This fits the "deadly" trajectory perfectly.

    *   Sense 2: "severe case of flu" (a specific instance).
    *   Sense 3: "severe damage" (extent of harm).
    *   Sense 5: "grave situation", "dangerous operation" (threatening great harm).
    *   The polyps are becoming "increasingly malignant... progressing from less severe to deadly." This describes the *danger* or *seriousness* of the condition.

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again: "very bad in degree or extent."
    *   Let's look at Sense 5 again: "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm."
    *   If something is "less severe" than "deadly," it is less "serious" or "dangerous."
    *   Sense 5's synonyms (dangerous, grave, serious, life-threatening) align very well with the progression toward "deadly."

    *   Sense 2: "severe pain" (intensity).
    *   Sense 3: "severe damage" (extent).
    *   Sense 5: "serious/grave" (danger/threat).
    *   The progression of malignancy is a progression of danger/seriousness.

    *   Sense 5: "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm" (Synonyms: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening).
    *   Context: "progressing from less severe to deadly".
    *   "Deadly" is the ultimate form of "threatening great harm."
    *   Therefore, "severe" in this scale refers to the degree of threat/seriousness.

    *   Sense 2: "severe case of flu" (This is a common usage for diseases).
    *   Sense 3: "severe damage" (This is about the amount of damage).
    *   Sense 5: "serious/grave" (This is about the risk/threat).
    *   The text says "progressing from less severe to deadly." This is a scale of risk/threat.

    *   Sense 2: "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality"
    *   Sense 3: "very bad in degree or extent"
    *   Sense 5: "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm"
    *   If we say a tumor is "severe," we usually mean it's "serious" or "advanced" (threatening).
    *   Comparing "severe" to "deadly," the most logical pairing is "serious" to "deadly."

    *   Sense 5: serious, life-threatening.
    *   Context: less severe -> deadly.
    *   This fits perfectly.