[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
4. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
5. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "cell"
    *   Target surface form: "cell"
    *   Context: A passage discussing cancer, genes (tumor-suppressors, oncogenes), proteins, cell division, and malignancy. Specifically: "Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
        2.  (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
        3.  Small room for a monk/nun.
        4.  Room for a prisoner.
        5.  Small unit of a political movement.
        6.  Mobile phone.
        7.  Electric current device.

    *   The context is entirely biological/medical (cancer, genes, proteins, malignancy).
    *   The sentence "Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant" refers to the biological unit of life.

    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." matches perfectly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
2. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!
3. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
4. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `become`
    *   Target surface form: `become`
    *   Context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `become%2:42:00::` (come into existence)
        2.  `become%2:42:03::` (enhance the appearance of / suit)
        3.  `become%2:30:00::` (enter or assume a certain state or condition)
        4.  `become%2:42:01::` (undergo a change or development)

    *   The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
    *   "Malignant" is an adjective describing a state or condition of a cell.
    *   The cell is changing from a normal state to a malignant state.

    *   Sense 1: "come into existence" - Incorrect. The cell already exists; it's changing its state.
    *   Sense 2: "enhance the appearance of / suit" - Incorrect. This is about aesthetics/appropriateness.
    *   Sense 3: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" (synonyms: go, get). Example: "He became annoyed". "Malignant" is a state/condition.
    *   Sense 4: "undergo a change or development" (synonyms: turn). Example: "The water turned into ice".

    *   Sense 3 focuses on assuming a state or condition (often used with adjectives).
    *   Sense 4 focuses on a change or development (often used with nouns or a transformation into something else).
    *   In "become malignant", "malignant" is an adjective.
    *   Comparing "become annoyed" (Sense 3) with "become malignant", they are structurally and semantically very similar (subject + become + adjective).
    *   Comparing "turn into ice" (Sense 4) with "become malignant", Sense 4 usually implies a more fundamental transformation or a change in identity (water -> ice, friend -> enemy). While a cell becoming malignant is a transformation, the linguistic pattern "become [adjective]" strongly aligns with Sense 3.

    *   Sense 3: "enter or assume a certain state or condition"
    *   Sense 4: "undergo a change or development"
    *   Looking at the synonyms: Sense 3 (go, get), Sense 4 (turn).
    *   "The cell got malignant" (colloquial, but fits Sense 3).
    *   "The cell turned malignant" (fits Sense 4).
    *   Wait, let's look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 3: "He became annoyed" (adjective).
    *   Sense 4: "The water turned into ice" (noun), "Her former friend became her worst enemy" (noun).
    *   In the target sentence, "malignant" is an adjective.
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the best fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
4. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
5. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
6. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
7. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
8. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
9. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
10. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
11. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
12. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself
13. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
14. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
15. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
16. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "...but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Target word: `found` (past participle of `find`)

    *   The sentence discusses researchers studying genes (oncogenes).
    *   They "found" these genes in both normal and cancerous cells.
    *   This "finding" is a result of scientific observation/detection/discovery of the presence of these genes in specific locations (cells).

    *   Sense 1: `come upon, as if by accident` (Not accidental; this is research).
    *   Sense 2: `discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of` (Synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice. Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint"). This fits well—detecting the presence of oncogenes in cells.
    *   Sense 3: `make a discovery` (Synonyms: discover. Example: "She found that he had lied to her"). This is more about discovering a fact or a truth.
    *   Sense 4: `come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost` (Not lost items).
    *   Sense 5: `perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place` (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 6: `make a discovery, make a new finding` (Synonyms: discover. Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"). This is about discovering something *new* to science. The oncogenes were already known (discovered in the early 1980s), but researchers found them *in* normal cells.
    *   Sense 7: `get or find back; recover` (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 8: `get something or somebody for a specific purpose` (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 9: `decide on and make a declaration about` (Legal sense, not applicable).
    *   Sense 10: `perceive or be contemporaneous with` (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 11: `succeed in reaching; arrive at` (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 12: `accept and make use of one's personality...` (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 13: `receive a specified treatment (abstract)` (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 14: `come to believe on the basis of emotion...` (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 15: `establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study` (Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain. Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"). This is close, but Sense 2 specifically mentions "existence, presence, or fact of" and "detect," which fits "found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells" better.
    *   Sense 16: `obtain through effort or management` (Not applicable).

    *   Sense 2: `discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of` (Synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice). Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint."
    *   Sense 15: `establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study` (Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain). Example: "find the product of two numbers".

    The context "researchers have found them [oncogenes] in normal as well as in cancerous cells" is very similar to "We found traces of lead in the paint." It's about detecting the presence of a substance/entity in a specific location.

    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" -> "found [oncogenes] in normal as well as in cancerous cells". This is a perfect match for detecting presence.

    *   Sense 6 is about discovering something entirely new (like a new particle).
    *   Sense 15 is about determining a value or a specific fact through study.
    *   Sense 2 is about detecting the presence of something.

    The researchers are detecting the presence of oncogenes in normal cells. Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
4. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `normal`
    *   Target surface form: `normal`
    *   Context: "...researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `normal%3:00:01::`: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
        2.  `normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00`: forming a right angle.
        3.  `normal%3:00:02::`: in accordance with scientific laws.
        4.  `normal%3:00:03::`: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.

    *   The sentence compares "normal" cells with "cancerous" cells.
    *   In a biological/medical context, "normal cells" are those that are not diseased, mutated, or cancerous. They are the standard, healthy state.

    *   Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal". This fits well. A normal cell is a non-cancerous cell (the standard/norm).
    *   Sense 2: "forming a right angle". Incorrect (geometry).
    *   Sense 3: "in accordance with scientific laws". Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: "being approximately average... in e.g. intelligence and development". Incorrect (refers to psychological/developmental norms).

    *   Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of "normal" when contrasted with "cancerous" (abnormal/diseased).

    *   The target word "normal" describes cells that are not cancerous.
    *   Sense 1: "not abnormal". Cancerous cells are abnormal; normal cells are not.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancerous`
    *   Target surface form: `cancerous`
    *   Context: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00`: like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads (metaphorical/figurative).
        2.  `cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02`: relating to or affected with cancer (medical/literal).

    *   The context discusses genes, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, cell division, and malignant cells.
    *   The phrase "normal as well as in cancerous cells" refers to biological cells affected by cancer.

    *   Sense 1 is metaphorical ("remorse was cancerous", "pornography is cancerous").
    *   Sense 2 is medical/biological ("a cancerous growth").

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological.
    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
2. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
3. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
4. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
7. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: A passage discussing cancer, genes (tumor-suppressors, oncogenes), proteins, cell division, and malignant cells.
    *   Specific sentence: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

    *   Sense 1: Small room for monk/nun. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Mobile phone. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Small unit of a political movement. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Electric current device. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Prisoner's room. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: (biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. (Correct)

    *   The context is entirely biological, focusing on cancer, genes, and cell division.
    *   "Cancerous cells" refers to the biological units of the body.
    *   Sense 7 explicitly mentions "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggesting
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `suggest`
    *   Target surface form: `suggesting`
    *   Context: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

    *   Sense 1: `call to mind` (evoke, paint a picture). Example: "this remark evoked sadness". (Doesn't fit; the evidence isn't evoking a memory or image).
    *   Sense 2: `imply as a possibility` (intimate). Example: "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification". (Fits well; the fact that oncogenes are in normal cells implies the possibility that they don't cause cancer alone).
    *   Sense 3: `drop a hint; intimate by a hint` (hint). (Usually refers to human communication/social interaction).
    *   Sense 4: `make a proposal, declare a plan for something` (propose, advise). Example: "the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax". (Doesn't fit; the cells aren't making a proposal).
    *   Sense 5: `suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine` (indicate). Example: "Tetracycline is indicated in such cases". (Doesn't fit; it's not suggesting a treatment).

    *   The context is scientific evidence leading to a conclusion or hypothesis.
    *   "researchers have found them... suggesting that..."
    *   This matches Sense 2: "imply as a possibility". The evidence (finding oncogenes in normal cells) implies that oncogenes alone aren't the cause.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: cause
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
2. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cause`
    *   Target surface form: `cause`
    *   Context: "...suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cause%2:32:00::`: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner (induce, stimulate, have, get, make). Example: "The ads induced me to buy a VCR."
        2.  `cause%2:36:00::`: give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally (do, make). Example: "cause a commotion."

    *   The sentence is: "...suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Here, "cause" means to be the reason for the existence or occurrence of cancer.
    *   Cancer is a condition/disease (an event or state), not an agent that "acts in a specified manner" (which would fit sense 1).
    *   Sense 1 is about causing someone or something *to do* something (causative verb).
    *   Sense 2 is about causing something *to happen* or *to exist* (give rise to).

    *   Sense 1: "cause to do" (e.g., cause someone to buy something).
    *   Sense 2: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" (e.g., cause a commotion, cause a disease).

    *   "Cause cancer" fits perfectly with "give rise to" or "cause to happen/occur."

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
3. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
4. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
5. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific passage discussing genes (tumor-suppressors, oncogenes), cell division, malignant growth, and the biological process of how cancer develops.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancer%1:26:00::`: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division... (Medical/Biological)
        2.  `cancer%1:05:00::`: type genus of the family Cancridae (Biological/Crustacean)
        3.  `cancer%1:18:00::`: (astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer (Astrological)
        4.  `cancer%1:17:00::`: a small zodiacal constellation (Astronomical)
        5.  `cancer%1:15:00::`: the fourth sign of the zodiac (Astrological)

    *   The context mentions "altered genes", "tumor-suppressors", "anti-cancer genes", "cell's growth", "malignant", "oncogenes", and "cell division".
    *   This clearly refers to the medical condition of malignant growth.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical definition perfectly.
    *   Senses 2, 3, 4, and 5 are unrelated to medicine/oncology.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `recent`
    *   Target surface form: `recent`
    *   Context: "In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `new` (e.g., recent graduates, recent addition)
        2.  `of the immediate past or just previous to the present time` (e.g., a late development, their late quarrel)

    *   The phrase is "In recent months".
    *   This refers to a period of time just before the present.
    *   Sense 1 ("new") usually refers to things that have just been created or people who have just finished something (like graduates).
    *   Sense 2 ("of the immediate past or just previous to the present time") specifically describes time periods leading up to now.

    *   "Recent months" fits perfectly with "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time".

    *   Sense 1: new (not quite right for "months")
    *   Sense 2: of the immediate past (perfect for "months")


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `month`
    *   Target surface form: `months`
    *   Context: "In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `month%1:28:01::`: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month).
        2.  `month%1:28:00::`: a time unit of approximately 30 days.

    *   The phrase "In recent months" is a common idiomatic expression referring to a period of time spanning several months.
    *   Does it refer to specific calendar months (January, February, etc.) or just a duration of time (units of ~30 days)?
    *   Usually, "recent months" refers to the period of time leading up to the present, measured in units of months.
    *   Sense 1 (calendar month) refers to the specific divisions (e.g., "last month" meaning the previous calendar month).
    *   Sense 2 (time unit) refers to the duration/amount of time.

    *   "In recent months" typically means "during the last few months."
    *   Comparing "last month" (Sense 1) vs "a month to pay" (Sense 2).
    *   "Recent months" is more about the duration/unit of time passing rather than specific calendar divisions, although the distinction is subtle.
    *   However, in many linguistic datasets (like SemCor), "recent months" is often mapped to the general time unit sense rather than the specific calendar division sense, unless it's referring to a specific month on the calendar.
    *   Let's re-evaluate:
        *   Sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" (e.g., January).
        *   Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days".
    *   "In recent months" refers to a span of time. It doesn't mean "In the recent divisions of the calendar year" as much as "In the recent period of several 30-day units."

    *   Sense 1 is very specific to the calendar (January, February...).
    *   Sense 2 is the general unit of time.
    *   "Recent months" describes a duration of time.

    *   Sense 1: calendar month.
    *   Sense 2: time unit.
    *   "In recent months" -> Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: come
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
2. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
3. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
4. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
5. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
6. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
7. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
8. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
9. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
10. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
11. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
12. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
13. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
14. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
15. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
16. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first
17. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
18. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
19. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
20. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
21. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `come`
    *   Target surface form: `come`
    *   Context: "In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."

    *   The phrase is "have come to believe".
    *   This indicates a transition into a state of belief or a change in understanding over time.

    *   1: exist or occur in a certain point in a series (No)
    *   2: come forth (No)
    *   3: be a native of (No)
    *   4: be found or available (No)
    *   5: move toward, travel toward (No)
    *   6: proceed or get along (No)
    *   7: be received (No)
    *   8: add up in number or quantity (No)
    *   9: happen as a result (No)
    *   10: come from; be connected by blood (No)
    *   11: reach a destination; arrive (No)
    *   12: extend or reach (No)
    *   13: reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position (Example: "We came to understand the true meaning of life") - This matches "come to believe" perfectly.
    *   14: come under, be classified (No)
    *   15: come to pass; arrive (No)
    *   16: have a certain priority (No)
    *   17: cover a certain distance (No)
    *   18: develop into (No)
    *   19: experience orgasm (No)
    *   20: be the product or result (No)
    *   21: come to one's mind; suggest itself (No)

    *   Sense 13: "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position".
    *   Example: "We came to understand the true meaning of life".
    *   Context: "researchers have come to believe".
    *   "Believe" is a state/condition. "Come to believe" means they reached that state of belief.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
4. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
5. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: "In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert..."
    *   Surrounding context: Mentions "tumor-suppressors", "anti-cancer genes", "cell's growth", "malignant", "oncogenes", "cancerous cells".

    *   Sense 1: `cancer%1:05:00::` - genus of the family Cancridae (crabs).
    *   Sense 2: `cancer%1:18:00::` - (astrology) person born while the sun is in Cancer.
    *   Sense 3: `cancer%1:26:00::` - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
    *   Sense 4: `cancer%1:17:00::` - zodiacal constellation.
    *   Sense 5: `cancer%1:15:00::` - fourth sign of the zodiac.

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, discussing genes, tumors, malignancy, and cell division.
    *   Sense 3 specifically describes "malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division". This matches the context perfectly.

    *   Sense 3 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
2. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year
5. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
6. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
8. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
9. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
10. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
11. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
12. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
13. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
14. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
17. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
18. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
19. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
20. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
21. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
23. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
24. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
25. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
26. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 24}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 24}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `turn`
    *   Target surface form: `turn`
    *   Context: "An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   Meaning: The oncogene causes the cells to become malignant.

    *   1: change color (No)
    *   2: change orientation or direction (No)
    *   3: undergo a change or development (become) - *Intransitive* (e.g., "The water turned into ice"). The target usage is transitive ("turn proliferating cells malignant").
    *   4: become officially one year older (No)
    *   5: cause to move around a center (turn over) (No)
    *   6: direct at someone (No)
    *   7: change to the contrary (No)
    *   8: accomplish by rotating (No)
    *   9: pass into a condition gradually (become) - *Intransitive* (e.g., "The weather turned nasty").
    *   10: cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked form (No)
    *   11: shape by rotating on a lathe (No)
    *   12: move around an axis (No)
    *   13: go sour or spoil (No)
    *   14: pass to the other side of (No)
    *   15: twist suddenly (No)
    *   16: cause to move around or rotate (No)
    *   17: alter the functioning or setting of (No)
    *   18: to send or let go (No)
    *   19: undergo a transformation (change state) - *Intransitive* (e.g., "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism").
    *   20: get by buying and selling (No)
    *   21: break and turn over earth (No)
    *   22: let (something) fall or spill (No)
    *   23: cause to move along an axis or into a new direction (No)
    *   24: cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics (e.g., "turn lead into gold").
    *   25: have recourse to (No)
    *   26: channel one's attention (No)

    *   The sentence is: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant..."
    *   Structure: [Subject: oncogene] [Verb: turn] [Object: proliferating cells] [Object Complement: malignant].
    *   Meaning: The oncogene *causes* the cells to *become* malignant.
    *   Sense 24: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics". Example: "The princess turned the frog into a prince". This fits the causative nature of the sentence.

    *   Sense 3: "undergo a change or development" (Intransitive/Become).
    *   Sense 9: "pass into a condition gradually" (Intransitive/Become).
    *   Sense 24: "cause to change or turn into something different" (Transitive/Cause to become).

    The target usage is transitive ("turn [cells] [malignant]"), making Sense 24 the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
2. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
6. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: A scientific text discussing genes, tumor-suppressors, anti-cancer genes, cell division, malignancy, and oncogenes. Specifically, the target word appears in: "An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

    *   Sense 1: Mobile phone. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Monk/nun's room. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Electric cell (battery). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: (Biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. (Correct - fits the context of genes, cancer, and biology perfectly).
    *   Sense 5: Prison cell. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Political movement unit. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb). (Incorrect)

    *   The context is entirely biological (genes, proteins, cancer, malignancy, cell division).
    *   Sense 4 is explicitly defined as the biological unit of organisms.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
3. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
4. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
5. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
6. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
7. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "only"
    *   Target surface form: "only"
    *   Context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just) - *Example: I was merely asking.*
    *   Sense 2: "with nevertheless the final result" - *Example: He arrived only to find his wife dead.*
    *   Sense 3: "as recently as" - *Example: I spoke to him only an hour ago.*
    *   Sense 4: "except that" - *Example: It was the same story; only this time...*
    *   Sense 5: "never except when" (only if, only when) - *Example: call me only if your cold gets worse.*
    *   Sense 6: "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely) - *Example: was entirely to blame.*
    *   Sense 7: "in the final outcome" - *Example: These news will only make you more upset.*

    *   Sentence: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   Meaning: The oncogene turns cells malignant *if and only if* (or *only when*) the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. It specifies a necessary condition.
    *   Substitution test:
        *   "...malignant *merely* after..." (No)
        *   "...malignant *with nevertheless the final result* after..." (No)
        *   "...malignant *as recently as* after..." (No)
        *   "...malignant *except that* after..." (No)
        *   "...malignant *never except when* after..." (Yes, "only after" functions as "never except after")
        *   "...malignant *exclusively* after..." (Close, but "only after" is a temporal/conditional constraint).
        *   "...malignant *in the final outcome* after..." (No)

    *   Sense 5: "never except when" (synonyms: only if, only when).
    *   The phrase "only after" is a classic construction indicating a necessary condition, which aligns perfectly with "never except when".

    *   Sense 6 ("without any others being included or involved") usually refers to a set of people or things (e.g., "only you").
    *   Sense 5 ("never except when") refers to conditions or timing (e.g., "only if", "only when", "only after").

    *   The context "only after" fits Sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%2:30:01::` (suffer or be susceptible to damage) - Intransitive/Passive-like meaning (e.g., "cups damage easily").
        2.  `damage%2:30:00::` (inflict damage upon) - Transitive meaning (e.g., "The snow damaged the roof").

    *   The sentence is: "...after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   The structure is "has been damaged" (passive voice).
    *   In the passive voice, the subject ("the tumor-suppressor gene") is the entity receiving the action of being damaged.
    *   The action of "damaging" something is the act of inflicting damage upon it.

    *   Sense 1: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (Intransitive). Example: "These fine china cups damage easily." This describes a property of the object.
    *   Sense 2: "inflict damage upon" (Transitive). Example: "The snow damaged the roof." This describes the action of causing harm.

    *   "The gene has been damaged" is the passive form of "[Something] damaged the gene."
    *   "[Something] damaged the gene" matches Sense 2 ("inflict damage upon").
    *   Sense 1 is used when the verb is used intransitively to mean "is easily damaged" or "gets damaged" as a characteristic. While "has been damaged" looks like it could be Sense 1, the passive construction "has been [past participle]" almost always maps to the transitive sense of the verb (the action of inflicting damage).

    *   Sense 2: "inflict damage upon". If X damaged the gene, X inflicted damage upon the gene. The gene has been damaged. This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 1: "suffer or be susceptible to damage". This is usually used as "X damages easily".

    *   The target "damaged" in "has been damaged" is the past participle of the transitive verb "to damage" (meaning to inflict damage).

    *   Sense 1: Intransitive (suffer damage).
    *   Sense 2: Transitive (inflict damage).
    *   "has been damaged" = Passive of Transitive.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `inherit`
    *   Target surface form: `inherited`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `obtain from someone after their death` (e.g., castle)
        2.  `receive from a predecessor` (e.g., problems from a previous chair)
        3.  `receive by genetic transmission` (e.g., eyesight from mother)

    *   The sentence discusses "genes," "tumor-suppressor genes," and receiving "two copies, one from each parent."
    *   This is clearly referring to biological/genetic inheritance.

    *   Sense 1: Financial/property inheritance after death. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Metaphorical inheritance of a situation or role. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Genetic transmission. (Correct)

    *   The best sense is index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
4. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copies`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: reproduction of a written record (transcript).
        2.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed (written matter).
        3.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account.
        4.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone, designer dress).

    *   The sentence discusses genes inherited from parents.
    *   "inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to an identical or nearly identical version of that gene on a chromosome.
    *   This fits the general definition of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (Sense 4).
    *   Senses 1, 2, and 3 are related to writing, printing, and journalism, which are completely irrelevant to genetics.

    *   Sense 1: Written record (No)
    *   Sense 2: Matter to be printed (No)
    *   Sense 3: Journalistic material (No)
    *   Sense 4: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (Yes - genes are biological copies/versions).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `parent`
    *   Target surface form: `parent`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `parent%1:18:00::`: a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
        2.  `parent%1:03:00::`: an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

    *   The sentence discusses the inheritance of genes (tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   It mentions that genes are inherited in two copies, one from each "parent".
    *   The context is biological/genetic inheritance.

    *   Sense 1 focuses on the human/social role (father, mother, guardian, nurturing).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the biological organism from which offspring are derived (plant or animal).

    *   While "parent" in common speech often refers to Sense 1, in a scientific context discussing gene inheritance (which applies to all organisms, not just humans), Sense 2 is the more precise biological definition.
    *   However, let's look closer. "One from each parent" in the context of genetics usually refers to the biological parents.
    *   Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth..."
    *   Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained."
    *   The text is about cancer genes, which apply to humans and other animals. The phrase "inherited in two copies, one from each parent" is a standard biological description.
    *   Sense 1 is more specific to humans/social roles ("nurtures and raises a child", "guardian").
    *   Sense 2 is the general biological term for the source organism.

    *   Is the text talking about humans specifically? It mentions "radiation, a chemical", "cell division", "oncogenes". It's general biology/medicine.
    *   In biological terms, the "parent" is the organism from which the offspring inherits genes.
    *   Sense 1's "father or mother" also covers the biological aspect ("one who begets"), but Sense 2 is the broader biological definition ("an organism... from which younger ones are obtained").
    *   Usually, in these WordNet tasks, if the context is scientific/biological, the biological sense is preferred over the human/social sense.

    *   Sense 1: father/mother, begets, gives birth, nurtures, guardian.
    *   Sense 2: organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.
    *   The context "inherited in two copies, one from each parent" fits perfectly with the biological definition of a parent organism.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth...". This *does* cover the biological act of begetting.
    *   However, Sense 2 is specifically defined as "an organism (plant or animal)".
    *   In the context of genetics and cell biology, "parent" refers to the biological source.
    *   Let's compare:
        *   "One from each parent" (human context) -> Sense 1.
        *   "One from each parent" (general biological context) -> Sense 2.
    *   The text discusses "tumor-suppressor genes" and "oncogenes", which are universal to multicellular organisms.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the more accurate linguistic fit for a scientific description of genetic inheritance.

    *   Sense 1: Human-centric (father, mother, child, guardian).
    *   Sense 2: Organism-centric (plant, animal, younger ones).
    *   The context is about genes and cell growth. This is biological.

    *   Sense 1: `parent%1:18:00::`
    *   Sense 2: `parent%1:03:00::`
    *   The context is "inherited in two copies, one from each parent". This is a biological fact about diploid organisms. Sense 2 is the biological definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing.
        2.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account.
        3.  `copy%1:10:00::`: a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record).
        4.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials.

    *   The text discusses genetics: "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   In biology, a "copy" of a gene refers to an identical or nearly identical version of that gene (one on each homologous chromosome).
    *   This fits the general definition of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (Sense 1).
    *   Senses 2, 3, and 4 are related to journalism, printing, or written records, which are completely irrelevant to genetics.

    *   Sense 1: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (Example: "the clone was a copy of its ancestor"). This aligns perfectly with the biological concept of gene copies.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
2. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `need`
    *   Target surface form: `needed`
    *   Context: "Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `need%2:34:00::` (have need of / want, require) - Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner" (implies a deficiency or a need for maintenance).
        2.  `need%2:42:00::` (require as useful, just, or proper / necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve) - Example: "success usually requires hard work" (implies a necessary condition).
        3.  `need%2:34:01::` (have or feel a need for) - Example: "always needing friends and money" (implies a psychological or physical feeling of need).

    *   The sentence is: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."
    *   Here, "needed" is used as a past participle modifying "proteins".
    *   It means the proteins that are *required* or *necessary* for the purpose of controlling cell growth.
    *   It's not about the proteins "feeling" a need (Sense 3) or the proteins "wanting" something (Sense 1).
    *   It's about the proteins being a *requirement* for the process of controlling cell growth.

    *   Sense 1: "have need of" (want, require). Often used for things that are lacking or need repair.
    *   Sense 2: "require as useful, just, or proper" (necessitate, require). This fits the idea of a necessary condition or a requirement for a function to occur.
    *   Sense 3: "have or feel a need for". This is an internal state of the subject.

    *   "Proteins needed to control cell growth" $\approx$ "Proteins required to control cell growth".
    *   This aligns best with Sense 2 ("require as useful, just, or proper").

    *   Sense 1: "This piano wants the attention..." (The piano is the subject that lacks something).
    *   Sense 2: "success usually requires hard work" (Hard work is the necessary condition for success).
    *   In the target sentence, the proteins are the necessary condition for controlling cell growth.

    *   Sense 1: `need%2:34:00::`
    *   Sense 2: `need%2:42:00::`
    *   Sense 3: `need%2:34:01::`
    *   The best fit is Sense 2.