[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
3. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
4. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "cell"
    *   Target surface form: "cells"
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones."
    *   Surrounding context mentions: "colon cell", "malignancy", "chromosome 17", "gene probes", "tumor cells", "DNA", "cancerous ones".

    *   Sense 1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb)
    *   Sense 2: small unit of a political movement (cadre)
    *   Sense 3: (biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
    *   Sense 4: room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell)
    *   Sense 5: device delivering electric current (electric cell)
    *   Sense 6: small room for a monk or nun (cubicle)
    *   Sense 7: hand-held mobile radiotelephone (cellphone)

    *   The context is heavily biological/medical (genes, chromosomes, DNA, cancer, tumor cells).
    *   The phrase "transform normal cells into cancerous ones" clearly refers to biological cells.
    *   Sense 3 is the biological definition.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancerous`
    *   Target surface form: `cancerous`
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02`: relating to or affected with cancer (e.g., "a cancerous growth").
        2.  `cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00`: like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads (e.g., "remorse was cancerous within him").

    *   The text discusses Dr. Vogelstein, genes, chromosome 17, tumor cells, DNA, and p53.
    *   The specific phrase is "transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   This is clearly referring to biological cancer (malignancy), not a metaphorical "evil that grows and spreads."

    *   Sense 1: "relating to or affected with cancer" - Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads" - Does not fit.

    *   The correct sense index is 1.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "one"
    *   Target surface form: "ones"
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `one%1:23:00::`: the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number.
        2.  `one%1:09:00::`: a single person or thing.

    *   The sentence is: "...a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   In this context, "ones" refers back to "cells".
    *   "Cancerous ones" means "cancerous cells".
    *   "Ones" is used here as a pronoun to avoid repeating the noun "cells".

    *   Sense 1: Refers to the number 1. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Refers to a single person or thing (used as a pronoun to replace a noun). (Correct)

    *   The word "ones" is the plural of "one" used as a pronoun referring to "cells".
    *   Sense 2 ("a single person or thing") fits this usage (the pronoun "one" used to refer to a previously mentioned entity).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
2. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
3. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
5. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
6. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
7. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
8. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
9. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
10. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
11. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
12. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
13. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself
16. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53."
    *   Broader context: Researchers were searching for a specific bit of genetic material (a deletion) on chromosome 17. They "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

    *   1: obtain through effort or management (e.g., found time/money) - No.
    *   2: come upon, as if by accident (e.g., happen upon) - No, this was a systematic search.
    *   3: perceive or be contemporaneous with (e.g., witness) - No.
    *   4: decide on and make a declaration about (e.g., find guilty) - No.
    *   5: get something for a specific purpose (e.g., line up a gadget) - No.
    *   6: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (e.g., detect lead in water) - Possible.
    *   7: come upon after searching; find the location of something missed or lost (e.g., find glasses) - Possible, but usually refers to physical objects lost by the owner.
    *   8: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (e.g., find the product of two numbers, find the elusive particle) - Very strong candidate.
    *   9: come to believe on the basis of emotion (e.g., feel) - No.
    *   10: receive a specified treatment (abstract) - No.
    *   11: succeed in reaching; arrive at (e.g., arrow found its mark) - No.
    *   12: make a discovery (e.g., found that he had lied) - Usually used for facts/truths.
    *   13: make a discovery, make a new finding (e.g., Roentgen discovered X-rays, found a new elementary particle) - Very strong candidate.
    *   14: get or find back; recover (e.g., found her voice) - No.
    *   15: find oneself (personality) - No.
    *   16: perceive oneself to be in a certain condition - No.

    *   Sense 6: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice). Example: "detected high levels of lead".
    *   Sense 8: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (determine, find out, ascertain). Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".
    *   Sense 13: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover). Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".

    *   The context describes a scientific process: "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17", "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material".
    *   The "deletion" is a specific genetic feature they were searching for.
    *   Sense 8 specifically mentions "investigation, experiment... or study" and gives the example of a physicist finding an elusive particle.
    *   Sense 13 is also about scientific discovery ("new elementary particle").
    *   Sense 6 is more about detection ("detected high levels of lead").

    *   Sense 8: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    *   Sense 13: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
    *   Looking at the sentence: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
    *   The "deletion" is the object. He didn't "make a discovery" (the act) as much as he "established the existence/location of the deletion" through his investigation.
    *   Wait, let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 8: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize."
        *   Sense 13: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle."
    *   These are very similar. Let's look at the nuances. Sense 8 emphasizes the *process* (calculation, investigation, experiment). Sense 13 emphasizes the *result* (a new finding).
    *   The context says they "experimentally crawled down the length... looking for...". This strongly aligns with the "investigation, experiment" part of Sense 8.

    *   Sense 6: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe).
    *   Sense 8: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    *   Sense 13: "make a discovery, make a new finding".

    In scientific literature, "finding a deletion" usually means identifying its presence and location through experimental means. Sense 8's definition "establish after a... investigation, experiment..." fits perfectly.

    Let's double-check Sense 6 again: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This is also very close. However, Sense 8's explicit mention of "experiment" and "investigation" makes it a more precise fit for the context of genetic research.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 13 again: "make a discovery, make a new finding". This is often used for the *first* time something is found in the world. The deletion they found was a specific one in tumor cells.

    Comparing Sense 8 and Sense 13:
    Sense 8: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
    Sense 13: "make a discovery, make a new finding"

    The example in Sense 8 ("The physicist who found the elusive particle") is almost identical in nature to finding a genetic deletion.

    Let's re-read the context: "When they found it last winter... The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

    Is it Sense 6 (detect)? "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water."
    Is it Sense 8 (establish via experiment)? "The physicist who found the elusive particle..."
    Is it Sense 13 (make a discovery)? "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle."

    The "deletion" is a specific feature of the DNA. Finding it is the result of the experimental search. Sense 8 seems the most comprehensive for this scientific context.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 6 again. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". This is very general. Sense 8 is more specific to the *method* (experiment/investigation).

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 8: "determine, find out, ascertain".
    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 6: "detect, observe, discover, notice".

    "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found..." -> "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein detected..." or "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein determined/ascertained...". "Detected" (Sense 6) sounds very natural. "Determined" (Sense 8) also works.

    However, the context emphasizes the *process* of searching ("experimentally crawled down the length"). This points toward Sense 8.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 13: "make a discovery, make a new finding". This is often used for the *act* of discovery. "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" refers to the object of the discovery.

    Let's compare Sense 8 and Sense 6 one more time.
    Sense 6: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
    Sense 8: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"

    The "deletion" is a fact/presence. The process was an experiment. Sense 8's definition is a more precise description of the scientific process described.

    Wait, I just noticed Sense 13's example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." This is almost exactly the same as Sense 8's example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize."

    Let's look at the difference between 8 and 13 again.
    8: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study.
    13: make a discovery, make a new finding.

    Sense 8 is about the *method* of finding. Sense 13 is about the *novelty* of the finding. The text says they were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." This was a specific search for a known type of thing (a deletion) in a specific place.

    Actually, looking at the examples again:
    Sense 8: "find the product of two numbers" (calculation), "found the elusive particle" (experiment).
    Sense 13: "Roentgen discovered X-rays" (new finding), "found a new elementary particle" (new finding).

    The deletion wasn't a "new" type of thing (like X-rays), but a specific instance of a deletion they were searching for. This leans slightly more toward Sense 8.

    Let's check Sense 6 again: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "detected high levels of lead". This is very similar to finding a deletion.

    Let's think about "found" in "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found".
    If we replace it:
    - "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein detected..." (Sense 6)
    - "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein established after an experiment..." (Sense 8)
    - "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein discovered..." (Sense 13)

    "Detected" and "discovered" both fit well. "Established" is a bit clunky here.

    Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 6: "detect, observe, discover, notice".
    Synonyms for Sense 8: "determine, find out, ascertain".
    Synonyms for Sense 13: "discover".

    If "discover" is a synonym for both 6 and 13, and "detect" is a synonym for 6, and the context is about detecting a genetic deletion...

    Let's re-read the context one more time. "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells... When they found it last winter... The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

    This is a search for a specific, existing thing. Sense 7 is "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost". But that's usually for things like glasses or keys.

    Sense 6: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    Sense 8: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

    The "deletion" is the "existence, presence, or fact" (Sense 6). The "experimentally crawled down" is the "investigation, experiment" (Sense 8).

    Usually, in these WordNet-based tasks, the most specific sense that fits the context is the correct one. Sense 8 is more specific to the scientific method than Sense 6.

    Let's double-check Sense 13 again. "make a discovery, make a new finding". This is often used for the *first* time something is found. The researchers were looking for *the* smallest common bit. This sounds like a discovery.

    Wait, let's look at the examples for Sense 8 again: "find the product of two numbers" and "The physicist who found the elusive particle". Finding a particle is very similar to finding a genetic deletion.

    Let's compare Sense 8 and Sense 6 again.
    Sense 6: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water."
    Sense 8: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize."

    The "elusive particle" example in Sense 8 is a much closer match to a "genetic deletion" than "lead in drinking water" is. Both the particle and the deletion required a systematic, experimental search.

    Therefore, Sense 8 is the strongest candidate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in <t>exactly</t> the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "exactly"
    *   Target surface form: "exactly"
    *   Context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in <t>exactly</t> the same spot as p53."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `exactly%4:02:01::`: indicating exactness or preciseness (synonyms: precisely, just). Example: "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do".
        2.  `exactly%4:02:02::`: in a precise manner (synonyms: precisely, incisively). Example: "she always expressed herself precisely".
        3.  `exactly%4:02:04::`: just as it should be (synonyms: precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button). Example: "'Precisely, my lord,' he said".

    *   The sentence is: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."
    *   Here, "exactly" modifies "the same spot". It emphasizes that the location is identical, precise, or exact.

    *   Sense 1: "indicating exactness or preciseness". Synonyms: "precisely", "just". Example: "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do". This fits perfectly. "Exactly the same spot" means "precisely the same spot".
    *   Sense 2: "in a precise manner". This usually refers to *how* something is done (e.g., speaking precisely). The context is not about the manner of an action, but the identity of a location.
    *   Sense 3: "just as it should be". This is often used as an interjection or to mean "correctly" (e.g., "Precisely, my lord"). This doesn't fit the context of comparing two locations.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit because it indicates the exactness of the match between the deletion's location and the p53 gene's location.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "same"
    *   Target surface form: "same"
    *   Context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53."
    *   Meaning: The location (spot) of the deletion is identical to the location of the p53 gene.

    *   Sense 1: equal in amount or value (e.g., like amounts). -> Not applicable (not talking about amount/value).
    *   Sense 2: closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree (e.g., curtains the same color as the walls). -> This refers to similarity/comparability.
    *   Sense 3: same in identity (e.g., the same man I saw yesterday). -> This refers to being the exact same entity/location.
    *   Sense 4: unchanged in character or nature (e.g., the village stayed the same). -> Not applicable (not talking about change over time).

    *   The sentence says "exactly the same spot as p53".
    *   Is it "similar" (Sense 2) or "identical" (Sense 3)?
    *   In genetics, if a deletion is in the "same spot" as a gene, it means it occupies the exact same physical location on the chromosome. This is a matter of identity (the same location), not just similarity.
    *   Example for Sense 3: "the same man I saw yesterday" (identity).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "curtains the same color as the walls" (similarity in property).
    *   "The same spot" refers to the identity of the location.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit because it refers to identity.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
3. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
4. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
5. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook
6. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
7. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
8. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
9. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
10. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
11. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
12. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
13. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
14. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 14}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 14}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "spot"
    *   Context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53."
    *   Meaning: The context refers to a specific location on a chromosome (chromosome 17).

    *   1: Lamp/spotlight (Incorrect)
    *   2: Entertainment section (Incorrect)
    *   3: Small piece/quantity (Incorrect)
    *   4: Slight attack of illness (Incorrect)
    *   5: Act bringing discredit (Incorrect)
    *   6: Business establishment (Incorrect)
    *   7: Blemish made by dirt (Incorrect)
    *   8: Outstanding characteristic (Incorrect)
    *   9: Short section for advertising (Incorrect)
    *   10: Job in an organization (Incorrect)
    *   11: Playing card with pips (Incorrect)
    *   12: Mark on a die/card (Incorrect)
    *   13: Small contrasting part (e.g., bald spot, leopard's spots) (Incorrect - this refers to a visual mark/patch, not a location)
    *   14: A point located with respect to surface features of some region; synonyms: topographic point, place. (Correct - a location on a chromosome is a specific point/place).

    *   The sentence "The deletion... was in exactly the same spot as p53" means the deletion occurred at the same *location* or *place* on the chromosome.
    *   Sense 14 defines "spot" as "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" and gives synonyms "topographic point, place". This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: said
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had <t>said</t> the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
2. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
5. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
6. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
7. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
8. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
9. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
10. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
11. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `said`
    *   Context: "But Mr. Levine had <t>said</t> the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

    *   1: communicate or express nonverbally (e.g., painting, face) - *Incorrect*
    *   2: have or contain a certain wording or form (e.g., law, passage) - *Incorrect*
    *   3: express a supposition (e.g., "Let us say...") - *Incorrect*
    *   4: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (e.g., pronounce French words) - *Incorrect*
    *   5: indicate (e.g., clock says noon) - *Incorrect*
    *   6: give instructions to or direct somebody (e.g., order, tell) - *Incorrect*
    *   7: recite or repeat a fixed text (e.g., say grace) - *Incorrect*
    *   8: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare (e.g., "I say let's forget this") - *Possible, but usually more about a proposal or strong opinion.*
    *   9: utter aloud (e.g., "She said 'Hello'") - *Incorrect (this is about the act of speaking a specific word/phrase).*
    *   10: express in words (e.g., "He said that he wanted to marry her") - *Strong candidate.*
    *   11: report or maintain (e.g., "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime") - *Strong candidate.*

    *   The sentence is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..."
    *   Mr. Levine is a researcher reporting a finding or maintaining a scientific position/claim based on his experiments.
    *   Sense 10 is a general "express in words" (state, tell).
    *   Sense 11 is "report or maintain" (allege, aver).

    *   In scientific contexts, when a researcher "says" something about a gene's function, they are reporting a finding or maintaining a scientific claim.
    *   Sense 10: "express in words" (general).
    *   Sense 11: "report or maintain" (more specific to claims/assertions).
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 11: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war." These are assertions of fact or belief.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 10: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you." These are more about communication of personal desires or information.

    *   Mr. Levine's statement ("the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth") is a scientific claim/assertion based on his research. This fits "report or maintain" (Sense 11) better than the general "express in words" (Sense 10).

    *   Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 10 vs 11.
    *   Sense 10: state, tell.
    *   Sense 11: allege, aver.
    *   "Mr. Levine had said [that] the p53 gene caused cancer..."
    *   Is he "alleging" it? In a scientific sense, yes, he is maintaining a position.
    *   Is he just "stating" it? Yes.
    *   Usually, in these WSD tasks, "say" meaning "claim" or "assert" (especially when it might be wrong, as it is here—the text says he was "unknowingly observing a damaged form") maps to "report or maintain" (Sense 11).

    *   Sense 10: "He said that he wanted to marry her." (Simple statement of fact/desire).
    *   Sense 11: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." (Assertion/maintenance of a position).
    *   Mr. Levine's claim was a scientific position that turned out to be incorrect. This aligns well with "maintain" or "report" (Sense 11).

    *   Sense 11: report or maintain.
    *   Context: Mr. Levine had said (claimed/maintained) that p53 promoted growth.
    *   This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: caused
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cause`
    *   Target surface form: `caused`
    *   Context: "...Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cause%2:36:00::`: give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally (synonyms: do, make; examples: cause a commotion).
        2.  `cause%2:32:00::`: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner (synonyms: induce, stimulate, have, get, make; examples: The ads induced me to buy a VCR).

    *   The sentence is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..."
    *   Here, "caused" refers to the p53 gene bringing about the condition of "cancer".
    *   "Cancer" is a state or a disease (an occurrence/event), not an agent performing an action.

    *   Sense 1: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur". This fits perfectly. The gene causes the disease (cancer) to occur.
    *   Sense 2: "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner". This requires an agent and an action (e.g., "caused me to buy"). Cancer is not acting in a specified manner here; it is the result.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
2. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
4. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: The text discusses genetic research (Johns Hopkins, chromosome 17, tumor cells, DNA, p53 gene, cancerous cells, growth suppression). Specifically, the sentence is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Zodiacal constellation.
        2.  Zodiac sign.
        3.  Genus of crabs.
        4.  Person born under the sign of Cancer.
        5.  Malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal cell division.

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, focusing on tumors, genes, and cell growth.
    *   Sense 5 ("any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division") fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Astronomy (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Biology/Crustaceans (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Astrology/People (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Medicine/Oncology (Correct)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: promote
Target surface form: promoting
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by <t>promoting</t> growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=promote%2:32:00:: | definition=make publicity for; try to sell (a product) | synonyms=advertise, advertize, push | examples=The salesman is aggressively pushing the new computer model; The company is heavily advertizing their new laptops
2. sense_key=promote%2:41:01:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=advance, boost, further, encourage | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
3. sense_key=promote%2:41:00:: | definition=give a promotion to or assign to a higher position | synonyms=upgrade, advance, kick upstairs, raise, elevate | examples=John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired; Women tend not to advance in the major law firms
4. sense_key=promote%2:33:01:: | definition=be changed for a superior chess or checker piece
5. sense_key=promote%2:33:00:: | definition=change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `promote`
    *   Target surface form: `promoting`
    *   Context: "...Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by <t>promoting</t> growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

    *   Sense 1: `make publicity for; try to sell (a product)` (e.g., advertising)
    *   Sense 2: `contribute to the progress or growth of` (e.g., advance, boost, further, encourage)
    *   Sense 3: `give a promotion to or assign to a higher position` (e.g., job promotion)
    *   Sense 4: `be changed for a superior chess or checker piece`
    *   Sense 5: `change a pawn for a better piece...`

    *   The context discusses a gene (`p53`) and its effect on cell growth ("promoting growth").
    *   In biological terms, "promoting growth" means encouraging or contributing to the increase/proliferation of cells.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "contribute to the progress or growth of".

    *   Sense 1 (Advertising): Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2 (Contribute to growth): Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 (Job promotion): Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4/5 (Chess/Checkers): Not applicable.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
2. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
3. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
4. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair
5. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
6. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
7. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `growth`
    *   Context: "...Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."
    *   Key phrases: "caused cancer by promoting growth", "gene that suppressed growth", "tumor cells", "cancerous ones".

    *   Sense 1: `growth%1:22:02::` - process of becoming larger/longer/more numerous/more important (general increase).
    *   Sense 2: `growth%1:11:01::` - gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence).
    *   Sense 3: `growth%1:26:00::` - (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor).
    *   Sense 4: `growth%1:17:00::` - something grown or growing (e.g., hair).
    *   Sense 5: `growth%1:22:00::` - (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically (maturation/development).
    *   Sense 6: `growth%1:22:01::` - progression from simpler to more complex forms (culture).
    *   Sense 7: `growth%1:14:00::` - vegetation that has grown.

    *   The context is about cancer, tumor cells, and genes (p53) that either promote or suppress "growth".
    *   In the context of cancer, "promoting growth" refers to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, which leads to the formation of a tumor.
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   Sense 1 is a general increase.
    *   Sense 5 is normal biological development.
    *   The text contrasts "promoting growth" (causing cancer) with "suppressed growth" (preventing cancer). This strongly aligns with the pathological meaning of cell proliferation.

    *   Does "promoting growth" mean promoting the *process* of abnormal proliferation (Sense 3) or just a general increase in number (Sense 1)?
    *   In oncology, "cell growth" often refers to proliferation. Sense 3 explicitly links "growth" to "abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   The context mentions "tumor cells" and "cancerous ones".
    *   Sense 3 is the most specific and accurate fit for the pathological context of cancer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were <t>looking for</t> a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `look_for`
    *   Target surface form: `looking for`
    *   Context: "...whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were <t>looking for</t> a gene that suppressed growth."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `look_for%2:35:00::`: try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of (synonyms: search, seek).
        2.  `look_for%2:37:00::`: be excited or anxious about (synonyms: anticipate, look to).

    *   The sentence describes scientists searching for a specific type of gene (one that suppresses growth) to explain cancer.
    *   They are conducting research, using gene probes, and "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" to find it.
    *   This clearly aligns with "trying to locate or discover" or "searching for."

    *   Sense 1: "try to locate or discover" -> Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "be excited or anxious about" -> Does not fit the context of scientific research for a gene.

    *   The correct sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suppress
Target surface form: suppressed
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that <t>suppressed</t> growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suppress%2:30:00:: | definition=to put down by force or authority | synonyms=stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb | examples=suppress a nascent uprising; stamp down on littering
2. sense_key=suppress%2:30:12:: | definition=reduce the incidence or severity of or stop | examples=suppress a yawn; this drug can suppress the hemorrhage
3. sense_key=suppress%2:41:01:: | definition=come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority | synonyms=oppress, crush | examples=The government oppresses political activists
4. sense_key=suppress%2:41:00:: | definition=control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior | synonyms=inhibit, bottle up
5. sense_key=suppress%2:31:00:: | definition=put out of one's consciousness | synonyms=repress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `suppress`
    *   Target surface form: `suppressed`
    *   Context: "...the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that <t>suppressed</t> growth."
    *   Domain: Genetics/Biology (cancer research, p53 gene, tumor cells).

    *   Sense 1: `suppress%2:30:00::` - put down by force or authority (e.g., uprising).
    *   Sense 2: `suppress%2:30:12::` - reduce the incidence or severity of or stop (e.g., suppress a yawn, suppress a hemorrhage).
    *   Sense 3: `suppress%2:41:01::` - come down on or keep down by unjust use of authority (e.g., oppress).
    *   Sense 4: `suppress%2:41:00::` - control and refrain from showing (e.g., emotions).
    *   Sense 5: `suppress%2:31:00::` - put out of one's consciousness (e.g., repress).

    *   The context is about a gene that "suppressed growth" (specifically, the growth of tumor cells).
    *   In biological terms, a "tumor suppressor gene" is one that reduces or stops the growth of cells.
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1 (force/authority) is for social/political contexts.
        *   Sense 2 (reduce incidence/severity or stop) fits biological processes (like hemorrhage or growth).
        *   Sense 3 (unjust authority) is for social/political contexts.
        *   Sense 4 (emotions) is for psychological contexts.
        *   Sense 5 (consciousness) is for psychological contexts.

    *   Sense 2: "reduce the incidence or severity of or stop". Example: "this drug can suppress the hemorrhage".
    *   "Suppressed growth" in the context of a gene means the gene acts to stop or reduce the growth of cells. This aligns perfectly with Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed <t>growth</t>. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
3. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "growth"
    *   Context: "...Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."
    *   Domain: Biology/Genetics/Cancer research.
    *   Meaning: The context discusses genes (p53) that either promote or suppress "growth" in the context of cancer (tumor cells).

    *   Sense 1: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (general increase).
    *   Sense 2: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically (maturation, development).
    *   Sense 3: the gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence).
    *   Sense 4: vegetation that has grown.
    *   Sense 5: a progression from simpler to more complex forms (cultural growth).
    *   Sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor).
    *   Sense 7: something grown or growing (e.g., hair).

    *   The text mentions "tumor cells," "cancerous ones," "promoting growth," and "suppressed growth."
    *   In cancer biology, "growth" usually refers to the proliferation of cells.
    *   Sense 6 specifically mentions "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)."
    *   However, let's look closer at the phrasing: "promoting growth" and "suppressed growth."
    *   Does "growth" here refer to the *process* of the tumor growing (proliferation) or the *tumor itself* (the growth)?
    *   "Promoting growth" usually means promoting the *process* of cell division/proliferation.
    *   Sense 6: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". This can be read as the process (proliferation) or the result (the tumor).
    *   Sense 1: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". Cell proliferation makes the tumor more numerous/larger.
    *   Sense 2: "the process of an individual organism growing organically". This is about maturation/development of an organism, not cancer.

    *   Sense 1 is very general (increase/increment).
    *   Sense 6 is specific to pathology and tumors ("abnormal proliferation of tissue").
    *   The context is explicitly about cancer and tumor cells. "Promoting growth" in the context of cancer refers to the abnormal proliferation of cells.

    *   "promoting growth" -> promoting the abnormal proliferation of tissue.
    *   "suppressed growth" -> suppressed the abnormal proliferation of tissue.
    *   This fits Sense 6 perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: "the increase in unemployment" (too general).
    *   Sense 2: "osseous development in children" (normal biological growth).
    *   Sense 6: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". This is the exact biological mechanism of cancer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists <t>compared</t> the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
2. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
3. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb
4. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `compare`
    *   Target surface form: `compared`
    *   Context: "...when the Johns Hopkins scientists <t>compared</t> the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical..."

    *   Sense 1: `be comparable` (e.g., "This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes"). This is about quality or status.
    *   Sense 2: `consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous` (e.g., "We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans"). This is about making an analogy or equating two things.
    *   Sense 3: `to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb`. (Grammatical sense).
    *   Sense 4: `examine and note the similarities or differences of` (e.g., "John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes..."). This is about analysis/examination to find similarities or differences.

    *   The scientists are looking at two genes (one they found and one found by Mr. Levine).
    *   They are checking if they are the same or different.
    *   The result was that "they found the two were identical".
    *   This is a process of examination to determine similarity/difference.

    *   Sense 1 (be comparable) doesn't fit; they aren't saying the gene "doesn't compare" to the other.
    *   Sense 2 (liken/equate) is about describing things as similar (metaphorically or analogously), not scientifically analyzing them for identity.
    *   Sense 3 (grammar) is completely irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4 (examine and note similarities/differences) fits perfectly. They examined the sequences/properties of the genes to see if they were the same.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself
2. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
3. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
5. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
6. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
7. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
8. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
11. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
12. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
13. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
14. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
15. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
16. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical..."
    *   Meaning: The scientists discovered/detected a specific gene in human cancer cells.

    *   1: find oneself (personality/abilities) - No.
    *   2: get something for a specific purpose (line up) - No.
    *   3: make a discovery, make a new finding (discover) - Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This fits well.
    *   4: succeed in reaching (arrive at) - No.
    *   5: recover/retrieve - No.
    *   6: perceive oneself to be in a condition - No.
    *   7: establish after calculation/investigation (determine/ascertain) - Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". This also fits well.
    *   8: come upon after searching (lost/missed) - No.
    *   9: make a discovery (discover) - Example: "She found that he had lied to her". This is more about discovering a fact.
    *   10: decide/declare (rule) - No.
    *   11: come upon by accident (encounter) - No.
    *   12: obtain through effort (time/money) - No.
    *   13: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, discover, notice) - Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint". This fits very well for finding a gene in cells.
    *   14: receive treatment (abstract) - No.
    *   15: perceive/witness - No.
    *   16: come to believe (feel) - No.

    *   Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover).
    *   Sense 7: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (determine, find out, ascertain).
    *   Sense 13: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice).

    *   The context is about scientists identifying a specific gene in human cancer cells.
    *   "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells"
    *   Sense 13 ("discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of") specifically mentions detecting or observing something (like lead in paint), which is very similar to detecting a gene in cells.
    *   Sense 3 is more general ("make a discovery").
    *   Sense 7 is about establishing a result ("determine").

    Let's look at the examples again:
    *   Sense 3: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
    *   Sense 13: "We found traces of lead in the paint"

    Finding a gene in cancer cells is very similar to finding a particle or finding lead. However, "found the gene" in this context refers to the act of identifying/detecting its presence in the cells.

    Wait, let's re-read the context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." and "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells".

    Sense 13: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice).
    Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover).

    In scientific contexts, "finding a gene" usually means detecting its presence or identifying it. Sense 13's "detect, observe" fits the biological process of identifying a gene sequence in a sample.

    Let's compare Sense 3 and Sense 13 again.
    Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (e.g., X-rays, new elementary particle).
    Sense 13: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (e.g., lead in water, lead in paint).

    The gene was already known (p53), but they found it *in* the human cancer cells. This is more about detecting its presence (Sense 13) than discovering a brand new entity (Sense 3).

    Wait, the text says "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells". They were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. They found a gene (which turned out to be p53).

    Let's look at Sense 13 again: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "make a discovery, make a new finding".

    If they were looking for *any* gene that suppressed growth and they found one, that's a discovery (Sense 3). If they were looking for a specific gene and found it was there, that's detection (Sense 13).

    Context: "the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells..."

    They were searching for a gene with a specific function. They found a gene. This sounds like a discovery of a new finding (Sense 3) or detecting the presence of a gene (Sense 13).

    Let's re-examine Sense 13: "detect, observe, discover, notice". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint".
    Let's re-examine Sense 3: "discover". Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".

    Finding a gene in a cell is very similar to finding a particle or finding lead. However, the "discovery" aspect (Sense 3) often refers to the first time something is found by anyone. Sense 13 is more about detecting the presence of something in a specific sample.

    In the sentence "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells", they are referring to the specific gene they identified in their samples. This aligns well with Sense 13 (detecting the presence of something in a sample).

    Let's double-check Sense 7: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". This is also very close.

    Comparing 3, 7, and 13:
    3: make a discovery (general)
    7: establish/determine (result of study)
    13: detect/observe presence (detecting something in a sample)

    "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" -> they detected/observed the presence of this gene in those cells.

    Let's look at the other "found" in the text:
    1. "When they found it last winter" (the piece of DNA)
    2. "Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice" (that a gene called p53 could transform...) -> This "found" is Sense 7 or 9 (discovered a fact).
    3. "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found" -> This "found" is Sense 13 (detected a deletion).
    4. "the gene they had found in the human cancer cells" -> This "found" is the target.
    5. "they found the two were identical" -> This "found" is Sense 7 or 9 (determined a fact).

    The target "found" refers to the gene itself, not a fact about the gene. "the gene they had found". This means they located/detected the gene.

    Sense 13: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice).
    Sense 3: "make a discovery, make a new finding".

    If you "find a gene in cells", you are detecting its presence. Sense 13 is the most precise for "detecting the presence of [something] in [a sample]".

    Sense 13: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of"
    Synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice.
    Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint".
    This matches "found [a gene] in [human cancer cells]" almost perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: human
Target surface form: human
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `human`
    *   Target surface form: `human`
    *   Context: "...when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `human%3:01:00::` (characteristic of humanity) - e.g., human nature.
        2.  `human%3:01:01::` (relating to a person) - e.g., human subjects.
        3.  `human%3:00:00::` (having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings) - e.g., human beings; the human body.

    *   The phrase is "human cancer cells".
    *   The context compares genes found in "human cancer cells" with genes found in "experiments with mice".
    *   The distinction is between cells from a human (Homo sapiens) and cells from a mouse (Mus musculus).

    *   Sense 1: "characteristic of humanity" (e.g., human nature). This refers to psychological or moral traits. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "relating to a person" (e.g., human subjects). This is often used in medical/experimental contexts to distinguish between humans and animals.
    *   Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings" (e.g., human beings; the human body). This is the general adjective for the species.

    *   "Human cancer cells" refers to cells belonging to the species *Homo sapiens*.
    *   Sense 2 ("relating to a person") and Sense 3 ("having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals") are very close.
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 2: "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects".
        *   Sense 3: "human beings; the human body".
    *   "Human cancer cells" is analogous to "the human body" (Sense 3) or "human subjects" (Sense 2).
    *   However, Sense 3 is the broader definition of the species (Homo sapiens), whereas Sense 2 is often used for "pertaining to" or "relating to".
    *   In biological contexts, "human" as an adjective modifying a biological part (like cells, DNA, or the body) usually maps to the species definition.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
        *   Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals".
        *   Sense 2: "relating to a person".
    *   "Human cancer cells" are cells that have the attributes of humans (specifically, human DNA/biology) as opposed to mouse cells.
    *   Comparing "human cancer cells" to "human body" (Sense 3) vs "human subjects" (Sense 2).
    *   Usually, "human" in "human cells" is a taxonomic descriptor. Sense 3 covers the biological distinction from animals.

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: "relating to a person".
    *   Sense 3: "having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals".
    *   The context explicitly contrasts human cells with mouse cells ("experiments with mice"). This fits the "as opposed to those of animals" part of Sense 3 perfectly.

    *   Sense 3 is the most fitting because it defines the biological distinction between humans and other animals.