[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "deadly"
    *   Context: "...progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
    *   The context describes the progression of polyps in the bowel becoming increasingly malignant (cancerous).
    *   The progression is from "less severe" to "deadly".

    *   Sense 1: `fatal` (of an instrument of certain death) - e.g., deadly poisons, lethal weapon. (Not an instrument).
    *   Sense 2: `noxious` (exceedingly harmful) - e.g., baneful, pernicious. (Too general).
    *   Sense 3: `virulent` (of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect. (Cancer is a disease, but "deadly" here refers to the outcome/lethality rather than the speed/violence of the course).
    *   Sense 4: `unpardonable` (spiritual death) - e.g., seven deadly sins. (Irrelevant).
    *   Sense 5: `toxic` (extremely poisonous) - e.g., venomous snakes. (Irrelevant).
    *   Sense 6: `fatal` (causing or capable of causing death) - e.g., a fatal accident, a deadly enemy.

    *   The context is about cancer progression. A "deadly" cancer is one that causes death.
    *   Sense 3 refers to the *nature* of the disease's course (rapid/violent).
    *   Sense 6 refers to the *result* (causing or capable of causing death).
    *   In the phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly", "deadly" is contrasted with "less severe". "Severe" in medical terms often relates to the degree of illness or the risk of death. "Deadly" here means "fatal" or "lethal" (causing death).

    *   Sense 3: "having a rapid course and violent effect".
    *   Sense 6: "causing or capable of causing death".
    *   While cancer is a disease, the progression from "less severe" to "deadly" most naturally maps to the ability to cause death (lethality) rather than specifically the speed of the course (virulence).

    *   Sense 6 is the most general and accurate description of "deadly" when referring to a condition that can kill the patient.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
2. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `genetic`
    *   Target surface form: `genetic`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `genetic%3:01:02::`: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (synonyms: genic, genetical; examples: genetic code).
        2.  `genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00`: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (synonyms: familial, hereditary, inherited; examples: an inherited disease).
        3.  `genetic%3:01:00::`: of or relating to the science of genetics (synonyms: genetical; examples: genetic research).
        4.  `genetic%3:01:01::`: pertaining to or referring to origin (examples: genetic history).

    *   The context discusses "cancer suppressor genes," "dual chromosome losses," and "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   "Genetic damage" in this context refers to damage occurring at the level of the genes or chromosomes (the physical material of heredity).

    *   Sense 1: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". This fits perfectly. Damage to the genes/chromosomes is "genetic damage".
    *   Sense 2: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". While cancer can be hereditary, the text describes "damage" occurring (likely somatic mutations in the case of colon cancer polyps), not necessarily inherited traits. The focus is on the *nature* of the damage (to the genes), not the *mode of transmission* (heredity).
    *   Sense 3: "of or relating to the science of genetics". "Genetic damage" isn't damage to the *science* of genetics; it's damage to the genes themselves.
    *   Sense 4: "pertaining to or referring to origin". Not applicable here.

    *   The phrase "genetic damage" refers to mutations or alterations in the DNA/genes.
    *   Sense 1 specifically links the term to the gene itself.

    *   Sense 1: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   Context: "cascade of genetic damage", "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage".
    *   This is a direct reference to the genes/chromosomes.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damage`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%1:11:00::`: the occurrence of a change for the worse (synonyms: harm, impairment)
        2.  `damage%1:11:01::`: loss of military equipment (synonyms: equipment casualty)
        3.  `damage%1:04:00::`: the act of damaging something or someone (synonyms: harm, hurt, scathe)
        4.  `damage%1:21:00::`: the amount of money needed to purchase something (synonyms: price, terms)
        5.  `damage%1:04:01::`: any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right (synonyms: wrong, legal injury)

    *   The context discusses "genetic damage" in the context of cancer (colon cancer, Wilm's tumor), specifically referring to "multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes" and "dual chromosome losses."
    *   "Genetic damage" refers to the impairment or negative change in the genetic material (DNA/chromosomes).

    *   Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (harm, impairment). This fits well with genetic mutations or chromosome losses.
    *   Sense 2: "loss of military equipment". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "the act of damaging something or someone". This refers to the *action* of causing harm, whereas the context refers to the *state* or *occurrence* of the damage ("cascade of genetic damage", "signs of genetic damage").
    *   Sense 4: "the amount of money needed to purchase something". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right". Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 describes the *result* or *occurrence* of a change for the worse (impairment).
    *   Sense 3 describes the *act* of damaging.
    *   In "cascade of genetic damage" and "signs of genetic damage," the word "damage" refers to the impairment itself, not the act of causing it.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurring
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil
3. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `occur`
    *   Target surface form: `occurring`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `occur%2:30:00::` (come to pass, happen)
        2.  `occur%2:42:03::` (to be found to exist)
        3.  `occur%2:31:00::` (come to one's mind)

    *   The sentence describes a process: "progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."
    *   "Genetic damage" is an event or a process that is happening over time (a "cascade").
    *   Sense 1: "come to pass", "happen". This fits the idea of a process or event taking place.
    *   Sense 2: "to be found to exist". This usually refers to distribution or presence (e.g., "gold occurs in this region"). While genetic damage "exists", the context "cascade... might be occurring" implies a process of happening/taking place.
    *   Sense 3: "come to one's mind". This is clearly incorrect.

    *   "a cascade of genetic damage might be happening" (Sense 1) vs. "a cascade of genetic damage might be found to exist" (Sense 2).
    *   The phrase "cascade of genetic damage" suggests a sequence of events. "Occurring" here means the events are taking place.

    *   Sense 1: happen, go on, pass off.
    *   Sense 2: be found to exist.
    *   The context "progressing from less severe to deadly" strongly supports the "happening/taking place" meaning of Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman
2. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `student`
    *   Target surface form: `student`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `student%1:18:01::`: a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines (synonyms: scholar, scholarly person, bookman).
        2.  `student%1:18:00::`: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution (synonyms: pupil, educatee).

    *   The phrase is "a doctoral student".
    *   A doctoral student is someone pursuing a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degree at a university/educational institution.
    *   This fits the definition of "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution".
    *   Sense 1 refers to a "scholar" or "learned person" in a more general or established sense (someone who has *already* gained mastery), whereas a doctoral student is in the process of learning/earning the degree.

    *   Sense 1: Scholar/Mastery.
    *   Sense 2: Learner/Enrolled.
    *   "Doctoral student" clearly aligns with Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
3. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
4. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade
9. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
10. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `begin`
    *   Target surface form: `began`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

    *   Sense 1: `begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object` (e.g., begin a cigar, start the soup). -> Doesn't fit "probing of the chromosomes".
    *   Sense 2: `be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series` (e.g., The number 'one' begins the sequence). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3: `begin to speak or say` (e.g., he began). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4: `have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense` (e.g., The DMZ begins right over the hill). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5: `achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative` (e.g., doesn't even begin to deal with). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 6: `have a beginning, of a temporal event` (e.g., WW II began in 1939). -> This is usually intransitive or refers to the event itself starting.
    *   Sense 7: `have a beginning characterized in some specified way` (e.g., The novel begins with a murder). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 8: `begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language` (e.g., She began Russian). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 9: `take the first step or steps in carrying out an action` (synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out; example: We began working at dawn). -> This fits well. "Began months of... probing" means they started the process of probing.
    *   Sense 10: `set in motion, cause to start` (synonyms: lead off, start, commence; example: The U.S. started a war). -> This is more about initiating an external event or process.

    *   The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing..."
    *   Here, "began" means they started the activity of probing.
    *   Sense 9: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action". This matches the context of starting a research process.
    *   Sense 10: "set in motion, cause to start". This is usually used when the subject causes something else to start (e.g., "started a war"). In the target sentence, the subjects (Vogelstein and Fearon) are the ones performing the action (probing).

    *   Sense 9 is the most appropriate because it describes the subjects starting an activity they themselves are performing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `month`
    *   Target surface form: `months`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `month%1:28:01::`: one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month).
        2.  `month%1:28:00::`: a time unit of approximately 30 days.

    *   The sentence says "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing".
    *   This refers to a duration of time (several units of approximately 30 days), not specific calendar months (like January, February, etc.).
    *   Sense 1 refers to the calendar division (e.g., "last month", "the month of May").
    *   Sense 2 refers to the duration/unit of time (e.g., "a month to pay the bill", "months of work").

    *   "months of tedious... probing" describes a period of time.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2 (a time unit of approximately 30 days).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tedious
Target surface form: tedious
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `tedious`
    *   Target surface form: `tedious`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00`: using or containing too many words (long-winded, verbose).
        2.  `tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00`: so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness (boring, dull, irksome, slow).

    *   The word "tedious" describes "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Probing chromosomes is a scientific process. It is not a speech or a piece of writing.
    *   The context mentions "months of tedious and often frustrating probing." This suggests a repetitive, slow, and mentally wearing process.

    *   Sense 1 (prolix) refers to wordiness. This does not fit "probing of the chromosomes."
    *   Sense 2 (uninteresting/boring/irksome) refers to something that causes mental weariness due to lack of interest or repetitive nature. This fits the description of a long, painstaking scientific process.

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
3. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (frequently, oftentimes). Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee". (Temporal frequency)
    *   Sense 2: "in many cases or instances". (Occurrence frequency/probability)
    *   Sense 3: "frequently or in great quantities" (much, a great deal). Example: "I don't drink much". (Quantity/Degree)

    *   The phrase is "tedious and often frustrating probing".
    *   "Often" modifies "frustrating".
    *   Does it mean "many times at short intervals" (Sense 1)? Yes, the probing was frustrating at many points throughout the process.
    *   Does it mean "in many cases or instances" (Sense 2)? This usually applies to general statements about populations or events (e.g., "It often rains in April"). Here, it's describing a specific experience of a specific process.
    *   Does it mean "frequently or in great quantities" (Sense 3)? This sense is usually used as an adverb of degree/quantity (like "much"), often in negative sentences or questions ("I don't travel much"). "Often frustrating" doesn't fit the "great quantities" meaning.

    *   Sense 1 (many times at short intervals/frequently) fits best. The probing was tedious, and throughout that process, it was frequently frustrating.

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" / "frequently".
    *   Sense 2: "in many cases or instances".
    *   Sense 3: "frequently or in great quantities".

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
    Sense 1 is about frequency of occurrence over time.
    Sense 2 is about frequency of occurrence across different instances/cases.

    In "often frustrating probing", the frustration occurred repeatedly during the months of probing. This is a temporal frequency (Sense 1).

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 2 again. "In many cases or instances". If the "probing" is seen as a series of instances, it could be Sense 2. However, "frequently" (Sense 1) is the most natural synonym for "often" when describing a recurring feeling or state during a period of time.

    Let's look at the examples:
    Sense 1: "we often met over a cup of coffee" (Temporal frequency).
    Sense 2: (No example provided, but usually "It often happens that...")
    Sense 3: "I don't drink much" (Quantity).

    "Often frustrating" means it was frustrating many times. This aligns best with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: searching
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
2. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
3. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `search`
    *   Target surface form: `searching`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage."

    *   Sense 1: `search or seek` (synonym: `look`). General seeking.
    *   Sense 2: `inquire into` (synonyms: `research`, `explore`). Academic or systematic investigation.
    *   Sense 3: `try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of` (synonyms: `seek`, `look for`). Specifically looking for a particular thing (clues, a missing person, signs).
    *   Sense 4: `subject to a search` (e.g., searching a person or a house).

    *   The phrase is "searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   They are probing chromosomes to find specific evidence (signs of genetic damage).
    *   This fits the description of "trying to locate or discover" or "trying to establish the existence of" something specific.

    *   Sense 2 (`inquire into`/`research`) describes the overall process (the "probing of the chromosomes" is the research), but "searching for signs" specifically refers to the act of trying to find those signs.
    *   Sense 3 (`try to locate or discover`) is a more precise fit for "searching for [specific evidence/signs]".
    *   Sense 1 is too general.
    *   Sense 4 is about searching a physical space or person for hidden items.

    *   Sense 3: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" -> "searching for signs of genetic damage". This matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signs
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
3. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
4. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign
5. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
6. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
10. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
11. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `sign`
    *   Target surface form: `signs`
    *   Context: "...searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage."
    *   Domain: Medical/Biological research (molecular biology, cancer, chromosomes).

    *   1: Gesture in sign language. (Incorrect)
    *   2: Nonverbal action/gesture encoding a message. (Incorrect)
    *   3: Structure for advertisements (signboard). (Incorrect)
    *   4: Character indicating relation between quantities (e.g., minus sign). (Incorrect)
    *   5: Perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (visible clue). (Possible)
    *   6: Event indicating important things to come (augury). (Incorrect)
    *   7: Indicated pole (polarity). (Incorrect)
    *   8: Linguistic unit (signifier/signified). (Incorrect)
    *   9: Public display of a message. (Incorrect)
    *   10: (Medicine) Objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease. (Strong candidate)
    *   11: Astrology (zodiac). (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 5: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)"
    *   Sense 10: "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease"

    *   The context is specifically about medical research into cancer and genetic damage.
    *   "searching for signs of genetic damage"
    *   Genetic damage is a biological/medical condition/disorder.
    *   Sense 10 is specifically tailored to the medical domain ("objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease").
    *   Sense 5 is a more general version of this.

    *   In medical terminology, a "sign" is an objective finding (observed by a physician/researcher), whereas a "symptom" is a subjective experience (reported by the patient).
    *   Searching for "signs of genetic damage" in chromosomes is exactly what Sense 10 describes: objective evidence of a disorder/disease (genetic damage).

    *   Sense 10 is the most precise fit for the medical context provided.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
3. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `genetic`
    *   Target surface form: `genetic`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `genetic%3:01:02::`: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (synonyms: genic, genetical; examples: genetic code).
        2.  `genetic%3:01:01::`: pertaining to or referring to origin (example: genetic history of a literary work).
        3.  `genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00`: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (synonyms: familial, hereditary; examples: inherited disease).
        4.  `genetic%3:01:00::`: of or relating to the science of genetics (synonyms: genetical; examples: genetic research).

    *   The context discusses "cancer suppressor genes", "chromosomes", "genetic damage", and "genetic deletions".
    *   The specific phrase is "signs of <t>genetic</t> damage".
    *   "Genetic damage" in this context refers to damage to the genes or the DNA sequence (chromosomes).

    *   Sense 1: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". This fits perfectly. Damage to the genes is genetic damage.
    *   Sense 2: "pertaining to or referring to origin". This is about etymology or origins (e.g., literary works). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity". This refers to inherited traits or diseases. While cancer can be inherited, the context here is about the *mechanism* of damage (deletions in chromosomes) occurring in cells, not necessarily the inheritance pattern across generations.
    *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics". This refers to the field of study (e.g., "genetic research"). "Genetic damage" isn't damage to the *science* of genetics, but damage to the genes themselves.

    *   The text mentions "cancer suppressor genes" and "chromosomes".
    *   "Genetic damage" and "genetic deletions" refer to changes in the DNA/genes.
    *   Sense 1 ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene") is the most precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
2. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
3. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
4. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damage`
    *   Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%1:21:00::`: amount of money needed to purchase something (price, terms).
        2.  `damage%1:04:00::`: the act of damaging something or someone (harm, hurt, scathe).
        3.  `damage%1:11:00::`: the occurrence of a change for the worse (harm, impairment).
        4.  `damage%1:11:01::`: loss of military equipment (equipment casualty).
        5.  `damage%1:04:01::`: any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right (wrong, legal injury).

    *   The context discusses "genetic damage" in the context of cancer research, specifically "dual chromosome losses," "cancer suppressor genes," and "genetic deletions."
    *   "Genetic damage" refers to the impairment or harmful change in the genetic material (DNA/chromosomes).

    *   Sense 1 (price): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (the act of damaging): This refers to the *action* of causing harm. While genetic damage is caused by something, the context "searching for signs of genetic damage" refers to the *result* or the *state* of being damaged (the impairment), not the act itself.
    *   Sense 3 (the occurrence of a change for the worse / impairment): This fits well. Genetic mutations or deletions are changes for the worse (impairments) in the genetic code.
    *   Sense 4 (military equipment): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 (legal right): Incorrect.

    *   Sense 2 is "the act of damaging".
    *   Sense 3 is "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (synonyms: harm, impairment).
    *   In "searching for signs of genetic damage," the researchers are looking for the *result* (the impairment/harm) of the process, not the *act* of damaging.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
2. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
3. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
4. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
6. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade
7. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
8. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
9. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
10. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `begin`
    *   Target surface form: `began`
    *   Context: "They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
    *   Sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

    *   Sense 1: have a beginning, of a temporal event (e.g., "WW II began in 1939"). (Intransitive/Temporal)
    *   Sense 2: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action (e.g., "We began working at dawn"). (Transitive/Intransitive - starting an activity)
    *   Sense 3: achieve or accomplish in the least degree (usually negative) (e.g., "doesn't even begin to deal with"). (Degree/Extent)
    *   Sense 4: be the first item or point (e.g., "The number 'one' begins the sequence"). (Position/Order)
    *   Sense 5: have a beginning characterized in some specified way (e.g., "The novel begins with a murder"). (Characteristic start)
    *   Sense 6: begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language (e.g., "She began Russian"). (Language learning)
    *   Sense 7: begin to speak or say (e.g., "he began"). (Speaking)
    *   Sense 8: set in motion, cause to start (e.g., "The U.S. started a war"). (Causative)
    *   Sense 9: have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense (e.g., "The DMZ begins right over the hill"). (Location/Temporal)
    *   Sense 10: begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object (e.g., "begin a cigar"). (Consumption/Specific action)

    *   "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
    *   The subject "They" (Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon) started the process of "uncovering" (discovering/researching).
    *   This fits the pattern of "taking the first step or steps in carrying out an action."

    *   Sense 2: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" (Example: "We began working at dawn"). This matches perfectly. "Uncovering" is the action they started.
    *   Sense 8: "set in motion, cause to start". This is usually used for starting an external event (like a war), not starting an activity oneself.
    *   Sense 10: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object". "Uncovering genetic deletions" is not a limited event like smoking a cigar or eating soup.

    *   The context "They began uncovering..." is a classic use of "begin" as an aspectual verb meaning to start doing something. Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confusing
Target surface form: confusing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a <t>confusing</t> variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:unclear:00 | definition=lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity | synonyms=perplexing, puzzling | examples=sent confusing signals to Iraq; perplexing to someone who knew nothing about it
2. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:disorienting:00 | definition=causing confusion or disorientation | examples=a confusing jumble of road signs; being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "confusing"
    *   Context: "They began uncovering a <t>confusing</t> variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Meaning: The variety of genetic deletions was complex, not easily understood, and lacked a clear pattern initially.

    *   Sense 1: `unclear` - lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity. Synonyms: perplexing, puzzling. Example: "sent confusing signals to Iraq".
    *   Sense 2: `disorienting` - causing confusion or disorientation. Example: "a confusing jumble of road signs".

    *   The "variety of genetic deletions" is described as "confusing".
    *   The context explains *why* it was confusing: "some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both". This describes a pattern that is puzzling or perplexing to the researchers trying to find a coherent picture.
    *   Sense 1 (unclear/perplexing) fits better because the researchers are trying to interpret data and find a meaning/pattern.
    *   Sense 2 (disorienting) usually refers to physical disorientation or a sensory overload (like road signs or being in a hospital).

    *   The data was perplexing/puzzling (Sense 1), not physically disorienting (Sense 2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variety
Target surface form: variety
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variety%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, form | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
2. sense_key=variety%1:07:01:: | definition=a difference that is usually pleasant | synonyms=change | examples=he goes to France for variety; it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic
3. sense_key=variety%1:07:00:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, diversity, multifariousness | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
4. sense_key=variety%1:14:00:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics | examples=varieties are frequently recognized in botany
5. sense_key=variety%1:10:00:: | definition=a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances | synonyms=variety show
6. sense_key=variety%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection containing a variety of sorts of things | synonyms=assortment, mixture, mixed bag, miscellany, miscellanea, salmagundi | examples=a great assortment of cars was on display; he had a variety of disorders

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "variety"
    *   Context: "They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Meaning: The researchers found many different types/kinds of genetic deletions.

    *   Sense 1: a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality (kind, sort, form).
    *   Sense 2: a difference that is usually pleasant (change).
    *   Sense 3: noticeable heterogeneity (diverseness, diversity, multifariousness).
    *   Sense 4: (biology) a taxonomic category... (botany/species).
    *   Sense 5: a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances (variety show).
    *   Sense 6: a collection containing a variety of sorts of things (assortment, mixture, mixed bag).

    *   The sentence says "a confusing variety of genetic deletions".
    *   It describes the deletions as "some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both".
    *   This implies a collection or assortment of different types of deletions.
    *   Sense 6 ("a collection containing a variety of sorts of things", synonyms: assortment, mixture) fits well.
    *   Sense 3 ("noticeable heterogeneity", synonyms: diverseness, diversity) also fits, but Sense 6 specifically refers to a *collection* of different things ("a variety of [plural noun]").
    *   Let's compare Sense 3 and Sense 6.
        *   Sense 3: "the range and variety of his work is amazing" (focuses on the quality of being diverse).
        *   Sense 6: "he had a variety of disorders" (focuses on the collection of different types).
    *   In the context "a confusing variety of genetic deletions", it is very similar to "a variety of disorders".

    *   Sense 1: "a category" (singular). Not "a variety of [plural]".
    *   Sense 2: "a difference that is usually pleasant". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "noticeable heterogeneity". This is the *state* of being varied.
    *   Sense 4: Taxonomic category. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: Variety show. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things". This fits the pattern "a variety of [plural noun]" perfectly.

    *   Example for Sense 6: "he had a variety of disorders".
    *   Context: "a confusing variety of genetic deletions".
    *   The match is very strong.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of <t>genetic</t> deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
4. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `genetic`
    *   Target surface form: `genetic`
    *   Context: "...They began uncovering a confusing variety of <t>genetic</t> deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses cancer suppressor genes, chromosomes, and "genetic damage."

    *   Sense 1: `pertaining to or referring to origin` (e.g., genetic history of a literary work). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: `of or relating to the science of genetics` (e.g., genetic research). -> This is about the *field* of study.
    *   Sense 3: `of or relating to or produced by or being a gene` (e.g., genetic code, genic combinations). -> This refers to the actual genes/DNA.
    *   Sense 4: `occurring among members of a family usually by heredity` (e.g., inherited disease). -> This refers to inheritance/heredity.

    *   The phrase is "genetic deletions."
    *   A "deletion" in this context refers to a mutation where a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA (a gene or genes) is lost.
    *   This is a physical change in the gene/DNA sequence.
    *   Sense 2 (science of genetics) doesn't fit "deletions" (you don't have "science of genetics deletions").
    *   Sense 4 (hereditary) doesn't fit perfectly because the text mentions deletions in polyps and malignant cells, which are often somatic mutations (acquired), not necessarily inherited.
    *   Sense 3 (relating to or being a gene) fits perfectly. A "genetic deletion" is a deletion of genetic material (genes/DNA).

    *   Sense 3: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   "Genetic deletions" = deletions of genes/genetic material.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exist
Target surface form: existing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some <t>existing</t> only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exist%2:42:00:: | definition=have an existence, be extant | synonyms=be | examples=Is there a God?
2. sense_key=exist%2:42:01:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=survive, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `exist`
    *   Target surface form: `existing`
    *   Context: "...They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some <t>existing</t> only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `exist%2:42:00::` (have an existence, be extant; synonym: be)
        2.  `exist%2:42:01::` (support oneself; synonyms: survive, live, subsist)

    *   The sentence describes "genetic deletions" that are "existing only in benign polyps".
    *   In this context, "existing" means that these deletions are present or found in benign polyps.
    *   It does not mean the deletions are "supporting themselves" or "subsisting" (which would be sense 2).
    *   It means they "have an existence" or "are extant" in those specific cells.

    *   Sense 1: "have an existence, be extant" (e.g., "Is there a God?") - This fits perfectly. The deletions *exist* (are present) in the polyps.
    *   Sense 2: "support oneself" (e.g., "exist on such a low wage") - This does not fit. Genetic deletions cannot support themselves financially or biologically in the sense of subsisting.

    *   The correct sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
3. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
4. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
5. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "only"
    *   Target surface form: "only"
    *   Context: "...They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just, but) - Example: "I was merely asking."
    *   Sense 2: "as recently as" - Example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago."
    *   Sense 3: "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone) - Example: "was entirely to blame."
    *   Sense 4: "except that" - Example: "It was the same story; only this time..."
    *   Sense 5: "with nevertheless the final result" - Example: "He arrived only to find his wife dead."
    *   Sense 6: "never except when" (only if, only when) - Example: "call me only if your cold gets worse."
    *   Sense 7: "in the final outcome" - Example: "These news will only make you more upset."

    *   The sentence describes genetic deletions found in different types of cells:
        *   Some existing *only* in benign polyps.
        *   Others in malignant cells.
        *   Many in both.
    *   In this context, "only" means that these specific deletions were found *exclusively* in benign polyps and not in malignant cells.

    *   Sense 1 (merely/simply) is close, but "exclusively" fits better when contrasting groups (benign vs. malignant).
    *   Sense 3 (without any others being included or involved / exclusively / solely) fits perfectly. The deletions are found *solely* in benign polyps.

    *   Sense 1: "merely" (e.g., "It was only a scratch") - focuses on insignificance or limitation of nature.
    *   Sense 3: "exclusively" (e.g., "Available only to members") - focuses on restriction to a specific group or location.
    *   In the context "existing only in benign polyps," the meaning is that they are restricted to that group. This aligns with "exclusively" or "solely."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign <t>polyps</t>, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: The text discusses colon cancer, cancer suppressor genes, and the development of growths in the bowel that can become malignant. Specifically, it mentions "development of polyps in the bowel" and "benign polyps."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.
        2.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g., a hydra or coral).

    *   The context is medical/biological, specifically referring to the bowel (colon) and cancer.
    *   "Polyps in the bowel" and "benign polyps" clearly refer to growths on a mucous membrane (the lining of the colon), not to coelenterates (corals/hydras).

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical description of a growth on a mucous membrane.
    *   Sense 2 describes a stage in the life cycle of certain marine animals.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
2. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
3. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
4. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
5. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: A passage about cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, genetic damage, chromosomes, polyps, malignant cells).
    *   Specific sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

    *   Sense 1: Mobile phone. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Electric cell (battery). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: (Biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. (Correct - fits the context of cancer, chromosomes, and malignancy).
    *   Sense 4: Monk/nun's room. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Political unit/cadre. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Prison cell. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb). (Incorrect)

    *   The context is clearly biological/medical (cancer, genetic deletions, malignant).
    *   "Malignant cells" refers to cancer cells, which are biological cells.
    *   Sense 3 is the biological definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both <t>polyps</t> and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase
2. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: The text discusses colon cancer, cancer suppressor genes, and the development of growths in the bowel that can become malignant. It mentions "benign polyps" and "malignant cells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: A form coelenterates take (e.g., hydra or coral).
        2.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: A small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.

    *   The context is medical, specifically oncology (colon cancer, bowel, malignant cells).
    *   "polyps in the bowel" clearly refers to growths on the mucous membrane of the colon, not coral or hydras.

    *   Sense 1: Coelenterates (biological animals).
    *   Sense 2: Vascular growth on a mucous membrane (medical condition).

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant <t>cells</t>. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
4. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
5. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: A passage about cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, genetic damage, chromosomes, polyps, malignant cells).
    *   Specific sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant <t>cells</t>."

    *   Sense 1: Prison cell (room for prisoner).
    *   Sense 2: Biological cell (basic structural and functional unit of organisms).
    *   Sense 3: Monk/nun's cell (small room).
    *   Sense 4: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
    *   Sense 5: Political cell (nucleus of a movement).
    *   Sense 6: Mobile phone.
    *   Sense 7: Electric cell (battery).

    *   The context is heavily biological/medical: "research teams", "chromosome losses", "cancer", "kidney", "colon cancer", "genes", "polyps", "malignant".
    *   The phrase "malignant cells" refers to cancer cells.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms".