[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
3. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
4. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
5. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
6. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
9. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
10. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
11. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
13. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
14. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
16. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
17. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
19. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
20. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
21. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
22. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
23. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
24. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
25. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
27. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
30. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath
31. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
32. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
33. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
34. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
35. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
36. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 29}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 29}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "hold"
    *   Context: "...they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check."
    *   Meaning: The proteins are preventing or limiting the growth of the cell.

    *   1: hold attention (No)
    *   2: support/carry (No)
    *   3: drink alcohol (No)
    *   4: protect against attack (No)
    *   5: secure for future use (No)
    *   6: cover for protection (No)
    *   7: close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement (restrain, confine) (Possible)
    *   8: maintain theory/feelings (No)
    *   9: have room for (No)
    *   10: be valid/true (No)
    *   11: keep in mind/conviction (No)
    *   12: be pertinent/applicable (No)
    *   13: bind by obligation (No)
    *   14: declare to be (No)
    *   15: contain/have within (No)
    *   16: remain in state (No)
    *   17: be in accord (No)
    *   18: stop dealing with (No)
    *   19: aim/point (No)
    *   20: remain committed to (No)
    *   21: assert or affirm (No)
    *   22: physical support (No)
    *   23: hold in hands (No)
    *   24: organize (No)
    *   25: cause to stop (halt, arrest) (Possible)
    *   26: keep in certain state (No)
    *   27: possess (No)
    *   28: keep from departing (No)
    *   29: lessen intensity; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits (control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate) (Strong candidate)
    *   30: keep from exhaling (No)
    *   31: resist/confront (No)
    *   32: take control (No)
    *   33: capable of holding (No)
    *   34: have rightfully (No)
    *   35: have as major characteristic (No)
    *   36: reserve (No)

    *   Sense 7: "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement" (restrain, confine).
    *   Sense 25: "cause to stop" (halt, arrest).
    *   Sense 29: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" (control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate).

    The phrase "hold [something] in check" is a common idiom meaning to keep something under control or to limit it. Sense 29 explicitly lists "check" as a synonym and mentions "hold or keep within limits."

    *   Context: "proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
    *   Sense 29: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate".
    *   This matches perfectly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
2. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
5. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "cell"
    *   Context: "...they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged... in cell division... cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   Key terms in context: "genes", "cancer", "proteins", "growth", "cell division", "malignant".

    *   Sense 1: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
    *   Sense 2: hand-held mobile radiotelephone.
    *   Sense 3: room where a prisoner is kept.
    *   Sense 4: small room in which a monk or nun lives.
    *   Sense 5: small unit serving as part of a larger political movement.
    *   Sense 6: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
    *   Sense 7: device that delivers an electric current.

    *   The context is clearly biological, discussing genes, cancer, proteins, and cell division.
    *   Sense 1 is the biological definition.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair
4. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
5. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
6. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
7. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `growth`
    *   Target surface form: `growth`
    *   Context: "...When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   Key phrases: "cell's growth", "growth-suppressing proteins", "turn malignant".

    *   Sense 1: `growth%1:22:02::` - process of becoming larger/longer/more numerous/more important (general increase).
    *   Sense 2: `growth%1:22:01::` - progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., culture).
    *   Sense 3: `growth%1:17:00::` - something grown or growing (e.g., hair).
    *   Sense 4: `growth%1:22:00::` - (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically (maturation, development).
    *   Sense 5: `growth%1:26:00::` - (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor).
    *   Sense 6: `growth%1:14:00::` - vegetation that has grown.
    *   Sense 7: `growth%1:11:01::` - gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence).

    *   The context discusses cancer, tumor-suppressors, and cells turning malignant.
    *   "hold a cell's growth in check" refers to the biological process of cell division and increase in number.
    *   Is it Sense 1 (general increase/becoming more numerous)?
    *   Is it Sense 4 (biological maturation/development)?
    *   Is it Sense 5 (abnormal proliferation/tumor)?

    *   Sense 5 refers to the *result* (the tumor itself) or the *abnormal* proliferation. The sentence says "hold a cell's growth in check" to *prevent* it from turning malignant. This suggests the "growth" being checked is the normal biological process of cell proliferation, which, if unchecked, becomes the pathological growth (Sense 5).
    *   Sense 4 refers to the development of an *individual organism* (maturation, ontogeny). Cell growth/division is a part of this, but "cell's growth" usually refers to the increase in size or number of cells.
    *   Sense 1 refers to "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". Cell growth is exactly this: cells becoming more numerous through division.

    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 4.
    *   Sense 1: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous" (synonyms: increase, increment).
    *   Sense 4: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically... changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
    *   The context is about cell division/proliferation. "Hold a cell's growth in check" means preventing the cell from dividing uncontrollably. This fits "becoming more numerous" (Sense 1) better than "maturation/development" (Sense 4).

    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 5: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   The text says "hold a cell's growth in check" and "growth-suppressing proteins". In the context of cancer, "growth" often refers to the proliferation of cells. If the proteins *hold it in check*, they are preventing the *abnormal* proliferation. However, the "growth" being checked is the process of proliferation itself.

    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 5 again.
    *   Sense 1: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous".
    *   Sense 5: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue".
    *   If the proteins "hold a cell's growth in check", they are controlling the process of the cell dividing and increasing in number. This is the definition of proliferation.

    *   Is "cell growth" typically Sense 1 or Sense 4?
    *   Sense 4 is about the *organism* (ontogeny).
    *   Sense 1 is about the *process* of increasing in number.

    *   Let's look at the phrase "growth-suppressing proteins". These proteins suppress the *proliferation* of cells.
    *   Is "proliferation" better described by Sense 1 (becoming more numerous) or Sense 5 (abnormal proliferation)?
    *   The proteins hold the growth *in check* to *prevent* it from becoming malignant. This implies the growth process itself (the proliferation) is what's being controlled.

    *   Let's check if there's a more specific biological sense.
    *   Sense 1: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous"
    *   Sense 4: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically"
    *   Sense 5: "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue"

    *   In "hold a cell's growth in check", "growth" refers to the process of the cell dividing and increasing in number. This is a biological process. While Sense 1 is general, Sense 4 is specifically biological but focuses on the *organism's* development. Sense 5 is specifically pathological.

    *   If the proteins "hold a cell's growth in check", they are preventing the *abnormal* proliferation (Sense 5) or the *general* process of increasing in number (Sense 1). Usually, "cell growth" in a biological context refers to the increase in cell size and number.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This fits "cell growth" perfectly.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 5: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". This is the *result* of the growth not being held in check.

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the most accurate description of the process being suppressed.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 4 again. "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". This is definitely not what "cell growth" means in the context of cancer.

    *   Is it possible it's Sense 5? "hold a cell's growth in check". If "growth" here means "abnormal proliferation", then Sense 5 fits. But usually, you hold the *normal* process in check to *prevent* it from becoming *abnormal*. However, in medical contexts, "growth" is very often used as a synonym for a tumor (Sense 5). But the phrase "hold a cell's growth in check" refers to the *process* of proliferation.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "increase, increment".
    *   Let's look at the definition of Sense 5: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue".

    *   If the proteins "hold a cell's growth in check", they are controlling the *proliferation*. Proliferation is the process of becoming more numerous.

    *   Let's search for "cell growth" in WordNet-like contexts. "Cell growth" is the process of cells increasing in number and size. This is a biological process of becoming more numerous (Sense 1).

    *   Let's re-read the sentence: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check." This means they regulate the normal cell cycle. The normal cell cycle is the process of becoming more numerous.

    *   Sense 1: process of becoming larger or more numerous.
    *   Sense 5: abnormal proliferation of tissue.
    *   The proteins hold the *process* in check. The *result* of the process failing is the "malignant" state (the tumor).

    *   Conclusion: Sense 1 is the best fit for the process of cell proliferation.

    *   Wait, let me think one more time. Could it be Sense 4? "the process of an individual organism growing organically". No, that's too broad.
    *   Could it be Sense 5? "an abnormal proliferation of tissue". If "growth" is used here to mean the proliferation itself, Sense 5 is specifically about *abnormal* proliferation. The proteins hold the growth in check *so that* it doesn't become abnormal/malignant. This implies the "growth" being referred to is the general process of proliferation.

    *   Let's check Sense 1 again. "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This is a perfect fit for cell proliferation.

    *   Wait, I just noticed Sense 1 says "increase, increment".
    *   Let's look at Sense 5 again: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   In the context of "growth-suppressing proteins", they are suppressing the *proliferation* of cells.

    *   Let's search for "cell growth" in a dictionary.
    *   Merriam-Webster: "the process of increasing in physical size" or "the process of developing".
    *   Oxford: "the process of increasing in physical size".

    *   This aligns more with Sense 1 ("becoming larger") than Sense 5 ("abnormal proliferation").

    *   Let's double-check the context one more time. "hold a cell's growth in check... their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   The "growth" is the thing being suppressed. The suppression of cell growth (proliferation) is what prevents malignancy.

    *   Sense 1: process of becoming larger or more numerous.
    *   Sense 5: abnormal proliferation of tissue.
    *   If the proteins "hold a cell's growth in check", they are controlling the *normal* process of proliferation to prevent it from becoming *abnormal* proliferation.

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the most logical choice.

    *   Wait, let me search for "cell growth" and "WordNet".
    *   In many WSD datasets, "cell growth" is mapped to the general "process of increasing in size or number".

    *   Let's re-verify Sense 1 vs Sense 4.
    *   Sense 1: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important"
    *   Sense 4: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically"
    *   "Cell growth" is a biological process, but it's not the growth of an *individual organism* (which would be the whole human growing from a baby to an adult). It's the growth of the *cell* (becoming larger or more numerous).

    *   Final check:
        Sense 1: process of becoming larger/more numerous. (Fits "cell growth")
        Sense 5: abnormal proliferation (tumor). (This is what happens when growth is *not* held in check)

    *   The target is "growth" in "hold a cell's growth in check". This is the process.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again. "the increase in unemployment; the growth of population". These are examples of "becoming more numerous". Cell proliferation is exactly that.

    *   One last look at Sense 5. "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". If the author meant "hold the tumor in check", they would have said "hold the growth in check" (where growth = tumor). But they said "hold a *cell's* growth in check". This points to the process of the cell growing/dividing.

    *   Sense 1 seems the most solid.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%2:30:00::` (inflict damage upon) - Active voice: "The snow damaged the roof."
        2.  `damage%2:30:01::` (suffer or be susceptible to damage) - Passive/Intransitive: "These fine china cups damage easily."

    *   The sentence is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division..."
    *   The structure "are damaged" is passive.
    *   Sense 1 is the active transitive verb "to inflict damage upon". In the passive voice ("are damaged"), it means "damage was inflicted upon them".
    *   Sense 2 is the intransitive/middle voice "to suffer damage" or "to be susceptible to damage".

    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (Transitive). Passive: "The roof was damaged by the snow."
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (Intransitive/Middle). Example: "These fine china cups damage easily."

    *   In the context "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation...", the genes are the recipients of the damage caused by radiation, chemicals, or accidents. This is the passive form of "radiation damages the genes".
    *   Sense 1 (inflict damage upon) fits perfectly when used in the passive voice ("are damaged").
    *   Sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage) describes a property of the object (fragility) or the act of suffering damage. While "suffer damage" is close, the phrasing "are damaged -- perhaps by [agent]" strongly points to the passive of the transitive "inflict damage upon".

    *   "The snow damaged the roof" (Sense 1) -> "The roof was damaged by the snow."
    *   "These fine china cups damage easily" (Sense 2) -> This is an ergative/middle use.

    The context "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation" mirrors "The roof was damaged by the snow."

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
2. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
5. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `radiation`
    *   Context: "...But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
    *   Target surface form: `radiation`

    *   Sense 1: `radiation%1:22:00::` - spontaneous emission of particles/rays in nuclear decay (radioactivity).
    *   Sense 2: `radiation%1:11:00::` - spread of organisms into new habitats.
    *   Sense 3: `radiation%1:26:00::` - syndrome resulting from exposure (radiation sickness).
    *   Sense 4: `radiation%1:19:00::` - energy radiated/transmitted as rays, waves, or particles.
    *   Sense 5: `radiation%1:04:00::` - act of spreading outward from a central source.
    *   Sense 6: `radiation%1:08:00::` - radial arrangement of nerve fibers.
    *   Sense 7: `radiation%1:04:01::` - treatment of disease (radiotherapy).

    *   The sentence discusses how genes can be damaged.
    *   The causes listed are: "radiation", "a chemical", or "a chance accident in cell division".
    *   In this context, "radiation" refers to the physical agent (energy) that causes DNA damage, not the sickness (Sense 3), the treatment (Sense 7), or the process of nuclear decay (Sense 1 - though related, Sense 4 is the broader term for the energy itself).
    *   Sense 4 ("energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles") fits best as the agent causing the damage.
    *   Sense 7 ("treatment of disease") is a specific application of radiation, but the context here is about the *cause* of gene damage (which could be from medical treatment, but is generally referring to the physical phenomenon of ionizing radiation). However, usually, when talking about things that damage genes (like chemicals), we refer to the physical agent.
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 4. Sense 1 is specifically nuclear decay (radioactivity). Sense 4 is the general energy. UV radiation, X-rays, etc., all fit Sense 4.
    *   Let's compare Sense 4 and Sense 7. Sense 7 is the *treatment*. While radiation therapy uses radiation, the sentence lists "radiation" alongside "a chemical" as a cause of damage. It's describing the mechanism of mutation.

    *   "damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident"
    *   Radiation (the energy) damages the DNA.
    *   Sense 4: "energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles". This is the most accurate description of the agent causing the damage.

    *   Sense 1: Radioactivity (the process of emission).
    *   Sense 3: Radiation sickness (the result).
    *   Sense 4: The energy itself.
    *   Sense 7: The medical treatment.

    The context refers to the agent causing the damage. Sense 4 is the most general and appropriate term for the energy that causes such damage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
2. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
3. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
4. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
5. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
6. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
7. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
10. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
11. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times
12. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
13. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
14. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
15. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
16. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
17. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
18. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
19. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
20. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
21. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
22. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
23. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
24. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
25. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
26. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
27. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 25}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 25}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `work`
    *   Target surface form: `work`
    *   Context: "...their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   Meaning: The proteins are no longer performing their intended function (suppressing growth).

    *   1: cause to operate or function (transitive - "works the controls")
    *   2: move into or onto (transitive - "work the raisins into the dough")
    *   3: go sour or spoil (intransitive - "The wine worked")
    *   4: exert oneself (intransitive - "work hard")
    *   5: prepare for crops (transitive - "Work the soil")
    *   6: gratify and charm (transitive - "worked the crowds")
    *   7: operate in or through (transitive - "Work the phones")
    *   8: operate in a certain place (transitive - "works the night clubs")
    *   9: move in an agitated manner (intransitive - "fingers worked with tension")
    *   10: make something (transitive - "molded the rice balls")
    *   11: arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion (intransitive - "worked loose")
    *   12: proceed towards a goal (intransitive - "working on her second martini")
    *   13: behave in a certain way when handled (intransitive - "dough does not work easily")
    *   14: cause to happen (transitive - "work a miracle")
    *   15: be employed (intransitive - "Is your husband working again?")
    *   16: have and exert influence or effect (transitive - "work on her friends")
    *   17: cause to undergo fermentation (transitive - "worked the wine")
    *   18: cause to work (transitive - "working his servants hard")
    *   19: use or manipulate to one's advantage (transitive - "work the system")
    *   20: make uniform (transitive - "work the clay")
    *   21: have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected (intransitive - "The voting process doesn't work as well")
    *   22: provoke or excite (transitive - "worked the crowd... into a frenzy")
    *   23: find the solution to (transitive - "Work out your problems")
    *   24: shape, form, or improve a material (transitive - "work stone into tools")
    *   25: perform as expected when applied (intransitive - "The washing machine won't go"; synonyms: function, operate, go, run)
    *   26: proceed along a path (intransitive - "work one's way through the crowd")
    *   27: give a workout to (transitive - "works me hard")

    *   The proteins "no longer work".
    *   This means they no longer *function* or *operate* as they are supposed to.
    *   Sense 21: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" (e.g., "The voting process doesn't work as well").
    *   Sense 25: "perform as expected when applied" (synonyms: function, operate, go, run) (e.g., "The washing machine won't go").

    *   Sense 21 is often about a plan, a process, or an idea ("How does your idea work in practice?").
    *   Sense 25 is often about a mechanism, a machine, or a biological component ("The washing machine won't go", "Does this old car still run well?").
    *   Proteins acting as growth-suppressors are biological mechanisms. "No longer work" in this context means they no longer function/operate.

    *   Sense 25: "perform as expected when applied" | synonyms=function, operate, go, run.
    *   This fits perfectly for proteins that are supposed to hold cell growth in check but stop doing so.

    *   Sense 1: "cause to operate" (transitive) - No.
    *   Sense 21: "have an effect or outcome" - Close, but Sense 25 is more specific to functioning/operating.
    *   Sense 25: "perform as expected when applied" (function, operate) - Best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
2. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
4. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
5. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: A passage about cancer research, genes, tumor-suppressors, cell division, and cells turning malignant.
    *   Specific sentence: "...their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant."

    *   Sense 1: small room for monk/nun (cubicle) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: any small compartment (honeycomb) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: mobile phone - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: (biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms - Correct.
    *   Sense 5: small unit of a political movement (cadre) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: device delivering electric current (electric cell) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 7: room where a prisoner is kept (jail cell) - Incorrect.

    *   The context mentions "colon cancer", "molecular level", "genes", "cell division", and "malignant".
    *   These are all biological terms.
    *   Sense 4 specifically defines "cell" as the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
3. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
5. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
6. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
7. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
8. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
9. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
10. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
12. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
13. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
14. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
15. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
16. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
17. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
18. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
20. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
21. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
22. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
23. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
24. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
25. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
26. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "turn"
    *   Context: "...and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant."
    *   Meaning: The cells change their state from being "under control" to being "malignant" (cancerous).

    *   1: cause (plastic object) to assume crooked form (No)
    *   2: pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become (Example: "The weather turned nasty") - *Strong candidate*
    *   3: become officially one year older (No)
    *   4: send or let go (No)
    *   5: alter functioning or setting (No)
    *   6: accomplish by rotating (No)
    *   7: cause to move along an axis (No)
    *   8: go sour or spoil (No)
    *   9: have recourse to (No)
    *   10: change color (No)
    *   11: move around an axis (No)
    *   12: channel attention (No)
    *   13: change orientation or direction (No)
    *   14: let fall or spill (No)
    *   15: cause to move around a center to show another side (No)
    *   16: undergo a transformation or a change of position or action (Example: "turned from Socialism to Capitalism") - *Possible, but usually implies a shift in allegiance or a more drastic change in position/action.*
    *   17: twist suddenly to sprain (No)
    *   18: shape by rotating on a lathe (No)
    *   19: pass to the other side of (No)
    *   20: change to the contrary (No)
    *   21: direct at someone (No)
    *   22: cause to move around or rotate (No)
    *   23: get by buying and selling (No)
    *   24: cause to change or turn into something different (transitive) (No, "turn" here is intransitive: "cells... turn malignant")
    *   25: break and turn over earth (No)
    *   26: undergo a change or development; become (Example: "The water turned into ice") - *Strong candidate*

    *   Sense 2: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become" (Example: "The weather turned nasty")
    *   Sense 26: "undergo a change or development; become" (Example: "The water turned into ice")

    *   "Cells... turn malignant."
    *   "Malignant" is an adjective describing a property or attribute.
    *   Sense 2's example "The weather turned nasty" matches the structure "cells turn malignant" (Subject + turn + Adjective).
    *   Sense 26's example "The water turned into ice" matches the structure "Subject + turn into + Noun".

    *   Sense 2: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become"
    *   Sense 26: "undergo a change or development; become"
    *   In "turn malignant", the cells are taking on the property of being malignant. This fits Sense 2 perfectly.

    *   Sense 2: turn + adjective (nasty, angry, malignant)
    *   Sense 26: turn + into + noun (ice, enemy)

    The context "turn malignant" fits Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
2. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `identify`
    *   Target surface form: `identified`
    *   Context: "The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses cancer research, tumor-suppressor genes, and oncogenes. It mentions that scientists call a new class of genes tumor-suppressors and that these genes were recently found/discovered.

    *   Sense 1: `give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property` (Synonym: name).
    *   Sense 2: `identify as in botany or biology, for example` (Synonyms: discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name).
    *   Sense 3: `consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else` (Example: He identified with the refugees).
    *   Sense 4: `consider to be equal or the same` (Example: He identified his brother as one of the fugitives).
    *   Sense 5: `recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something` (Synonym: place).
    *   Sense 6: `conceive of as united or associated` (Example: Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus).

    *   The context is biological/genetic research ("genes", "cancer", "tumor-suppressors", "oncogenes").
    *   The phrase "newly identified genes" refers to genes that have been discovered or characterized by scientists.
    *   Sense 2 specifically mentions "identify as in botany or biology" and lists "discover" as a synonym. This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 1 is about naming or giving characteristics, which is close, but Sense 2 is the specialized biological sense.
    *   Sense 5 is about recognizing a specific individual or object (like a suspect in a lineup).
    *   Senses 3, 4, and 6 are completely irrelevant.

    *   The context is clearly biological.
    *   The action is the discovery/characterization of genes.
    *   Sense 2 is the most precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differ
Target surface form: differ
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions
2. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `differ`
    *   Target surface form: `differ`
    *   Context: "The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `differ%2:32:00::` (be of different opinions / disagree)
        2.  `differ%2:42:00::` (be different)

    *   The sentence compares "newly identified genes" (tumor-suppressors) with "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Genes are biological entities; they cannot have opinions or disagree.
    *   Therefore, "differ" here means that the two types of genes are distinct or different in their characteristics/functions.

    *   Sense 1: "be of different opinions" (disagree). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "be different". This fits perfectly.

    *   The correct sense index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: family
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
3. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship
4. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
5. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
6. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
8. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `family`
    *   Target surface form: `family`
    *   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Key phrase: "family of genes"

    *   Sense 1: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" (synonyms: class, category).
    *   Sense 2: "a loose affiliation of gangsters..." (crime syndicate).
    *   Sense 3: "an association of people who share common beliefs or activities" (fellowship).
    *   Sense 4: "a person having kinship with another or others" (kin).
    *   Sense 5: "people descended from a common ancestor" (family line).
    *   Sense 6: "primary social group; parents and children" (family unit).
    *   Sense 7: "a social unit living together" (household).
    *   Sense 8: "(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera" (taxonomic family).

    *   The context refers to a "family of genes" (oncogenes).
    *   Genes are not people (eliminates 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
    *   Is it a taxonomic group containing one or more genera (Sense 8)? No, genes are not genera; they are molecular sequences. Taxonomic families apply to organisms (e.g., Felidae for cats).
    *   Is it a collection of things sharing a common attribute (Sense 1)? Yes. A "family of genes" refers to a group of genes that share similar sequences or functions.

    *   Sense 1: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" (synonyms: class, category). This fits perfectly. "A class of genes" or "a category of genes" is a common way to describe a gene family.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discover
Target surface form: discovered
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
2. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
4. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
5. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: | definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
6. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
7. sense_key=discover%2:32:04:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
8. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `discover`
    *   Target surface form: `discovered`
    *   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Meaning: Scientists found/identified a family of genes (oncogenes) in the early 1980s.

    *   Sense 1: get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally (learn, hear). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe). -> Possible, but usually refers to detecting a specific instance (e.g., lead in water).
    *   Sense 3: make a discovery (find). -> General.
    *   Sense 4: identify as in botany or biology, for example (identify, name). -> Very strong candidate, as it specifically mentions biology and identifying genes.
    *   Sense 5: see for the first time; make a discovery (North Pole). -> Usually refers to geographical discovery.
    *   Sense 6: make a discovery, make a new finding (Roentgen discovered X-rays). -> Very strong candidate. This is about scientific discovery of a phenomenon or entity.
    *   Sense 7: make known to the public (disclose, reveal). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 8: find unexpectedly (chance upon). -> Not this.

    *   Sense 4: "identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name"
    *   Sense 6: "make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

    *   The context is "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   This is a scientific discovery of a new class of biological entities.
    *   Sense 6 specifically mentions scientific findings (X-rays, elementary particles).
    *   Sense 4 focuses on the act of *identifying* or *naming* a specimen (like identifying a plant species).
    *   While "identified" is used earlier in the sentence ("The newly identified genes"), the "discovered" part refers to the initial scientific finding of the oncogenes.
    *   Comparing "discovered X-rays" (Sense 6) to "discovered genes" (Context), Sense 6 fits the pattern of a scientific breakthrough/finding.

    *   Sense 6: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (e.g., X-rays, elementary particle).
    *   Sense 4: "identify as in botany or biology" (e.g., identifying a specific species).
    *   The discovery of oncogenes was a major scientific finding, not just the identification of a known species.

    *   Sense 6 is the most appropriate for a scientific discovery of a new biological entity/class.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
2. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations
3. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
4. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
5. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
6. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "early"
    *   Target surface form: "early"
    *   Context: "...discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Early stage in language/literature development.
        2.  Expected in the near future.
        3.  Being or occurring at an early stage of development.
        4.  At or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time.
        5.  Belonging to the distant past.
        6.  Very young.

    *   The phrase is "the early 1980s".
    *   "1980s" is a period of time (a decade).
    *   "Early" here modifies "1980s", meaning the beginning part of that decade (e.g., 1980, 1981, 1982).

    *   Sense 1: Language/literature. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Near future. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Early stage of development (e.g., "early forms of life"). (Incorrect - this refers to biological or evolutionary development, not a calendar date).
    *   Sense 4: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events". (Correct - the 1980s is a period of time).
    *   Sense 5: Distant past. (Incorrect - the 1980s is not typically considered the "distant past" in the way "early inhabitants of Europe" are).
    *   Sense 6: Very young. (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 4 specifically mentions "at or near the beginning of a period of time". This fits "early 1980s" perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
2. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
3. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
4. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
5. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
6. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
7. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
8. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
9. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
10. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
11. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
12. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
13. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
16. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
17. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
18. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
19. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
20. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
21. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
22. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning
23. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
24. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
25. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
26. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
27. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
28. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 19}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 19}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `call`
    *   Target surface form: `called`
    *   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes."

    *   The sentence is talking about genes.
    *   A family of genes was discovered in the early 1980s.
    *   These genes are "called oncogenes."
    *   In this context, "called" means they were given the name "oncogenes."

    *   1: stop or postpone (No)
    *   2: order, request, or command to come (No)
    *   3: challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement (No)
    *   4: give the calls for a square dance (No)
    *   5: order, summon, or request for a specific duty (No)
    *   6: call a meeting (No)
    *   7: make a demand (No)
    *   8: utter in a loud voice or announce (No)
    *   9: indicate a decision (No)
    *   10: utter a sudden loud cry (No)
    *   11: require presentation for redemption (No)
    *   12: read aloud to check for omissions (No)
    *   13: declare in the capacity of an umpire (No)
    *   14: demand payment of a loan (No)
    *   15: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality (e.g., "called me a bastard") (Close, but this is more about qualities/labels than a proper name/term).
    *   16: telephone (No)
    *   17: pay a brief visit (No)
    *   18: challenge sincerity (No)
    *   19: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to; synonyms=name (e.g., "named their son David") (This fits best for naming a specific entity or group).
    *   20: lure by imitating animal call (No)
    *   21: make a stop in a harbour (No)
    *   22: rouse from sleep (No)
    *   23: make a prediction (No)
    *   24: greet with a prescribed form (No)
    *   25: order or request (No)
    *   26: send a message by radio/phone (No)
    *   27: utter a characteristic note (No)
    *   28: consider or regard as being (No)

    *   Sense 15: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" (e.g., "called me a bastard").
    *   Sense 19: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to; synonyms=name" (e.g., "named their son David").
    *   Sense 28: "consider or regard as being" (e.g., "I would not call her beautiful").

    In "called oncogenes," "oncogenes" is the name given to that family of genes. This is a naming action. Sense 19 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" and lists "name" as a synonym. While "oncogenes" is a technical term (common noun in a general sense, but a specific name for this class), it fits the "assign a name" pattern better than "ascribe a quality" (Sense 15) or "regard as being" (Sense 28).

    Wait, let's re-examine Sense 15 and 19.
    Sense 15: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality"
    Sense 19: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to"

    "Oncogenes" is a technical term. Is it a "proper name" or a "common noun that reflects a quality"?
    Actually, in many WordNet-style disambiguation tasks, "called [name]" where [name] is the designation of something is mapped to the "name" sense.

    Let's look at the examples again:
    Sense 15: "He called me a bastard" (quality/insult)
    Sense 19: "They named their son David" (proper name)

    Is "oncogenes" more like "David" or "bastard"? It's a designation/name for a class of genes.
    Let's check if there's another sense.
    Sense 28: "consider or regard as being" (e.g., "I would not call her beautiful").

    Actually, looking at the context "a family of genes... called oncogenes," this is clearly assigning a name/term to the group. Between 15 and 19, 19 is the "name" sense.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 19 again: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
    Is "oncogenes" a proper name? No, it's a common noun (a type of gene).
    Is it "a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" (Sense 15)? "Onco-" (tumor) + "gene". It reflects the quality of being a tumor-causing gene.

    Let's re-read Sense 15: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    Example: "He called me a bastard".

    Let's re-read Sense 19: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
    Example: "They named their son David".

    Actually, in many linguistic datasets, "called [term]" for a technical term is often treated as "naming". Let's see if there's any other option.
    Sense 28: "consider or regard as being".

    Let's think about "The genes are called oncogenes."
    If I say "The city is called New York," that's Sense 19.
    If I say "The genes are called oncogenes," is that the same?
    Yes, "oncogenes" is the name of the genes.

    Let's compare:
    "He called the dog Fido" (Sense 19)
    "He called the dog a nuisance" (Sense 15)
    "The genes are called oncogenes" (Sense 19 - it's the name of the group).

    Wait, "oncogenes" is a category/class name, not a unique proper name like "Fido" or "David". But it is the *name* given to that class.

    Let's look at Sense 15 again: "give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    "Oncogene" is a common noun. Does it reflect a quality? Yes, it describes what it is.

    However, usually, "called [X]" where X is the name/term for something is Sense 19. Let's search for how "called" is used for technical terms.
    "The process is called photosynthesis." -> This is naming the process.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 19: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".
    If "oncogenes" is not a proper name, does it still fit? The gloss says "(usually proper)". This implies it can be used for non-proper names as well.

    Let's check Sense 15 again: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    "He called me a bastard." This is more about labeling someone with a characteristic.

    "The genes are called oncogenes" is more about the designation/nomenclature.

    Therefore, Sense 19 is the most likely fit.

    *   Sense 19: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to; synonyms=name.
    *   Context: "genes... called oncogenes".
    *   This is the act of naming the genes.

    (Self-correction): Let me just double-check if there's any other sense.
    Sense 28: "consider or regard as being". "I would not call her beautiful." (Not this).
    Sense 15: "ascribe a quality to...". "He called me a bastard." (Not this).

    Sense 19 seems the strongest.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: | definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding
2. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: | definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `present`
    *   Target surface form: `present`
    *   Context: "Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `present%3:00:02::` - being or existing in a specified place (e.g., "the murderer is present in this room").
        2.  `present%3:00:01::` - temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration (e.g., "the present leader").

    *   The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."
    *   In this context, "present" refers to the existence or presence of oncogenes within the cell.
    *   It's not referring to the current time (temporal sense), but rather to the fact that the genes must be *there* (existing in the cell) for the process to occur.

    *   Sense 1: "being or existing in a specified place" -> Fits perfectly. The "specified place" is the cell.
    *   Sense 2: "temporal sense; intermediate between past and future" -> Does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.