[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English <t>bells</t> are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
2. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
3. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
4. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
6. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
8. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
9. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
10. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: The text discusses "England's church bells," "playing tunes on bells," "carillons of continental Europe," "Change-ringing," "some bells weigh more than a ton," "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,'" and "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound."
    *   Core meaning: Large metal instruments in churches that are rung.

    *   1: Vanessa Bell (painter) - Incorrect.
    *   2: Shape of a bell - Incorrect.
    *   3: Flared opening of a tubular device - Incorrect.
    *   4: Melville Bell (phonetician) - Incorrect.
    *   5: Percussion instrument (set of tuned bells struck with a hammer, orchestral) - Close, but the context is specifically about church bells and change-ringing, not orchestral chimes.
    *   6: A hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck - This is the general definition of a bell, including church bells.
    *   7: Alexander Graham Bell (inventor) - Incorrect.
    *   8: Doorbell/buzzer - Incorrect.
    *   9: The sound of a bell being struck - Incorrect (the text refers to the physical objects that weigh a ton).
    *   10: Nautical time units - Incorrect.

    *   Sense 5 refers to a "set of tuned bells... used as an orchestral instrument."
    *   Sense 6 refers to "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck."
    *   Church bells are hollow metal devices that make a ringing sound. While they can be tuned, they are not primarily "orchestral instruments" in the sense of a tubular bell set used in a symphony. They fit the general definition of Sense 6 perfectly.

    *   The context mentions "church bells," "weigh more than a ton," and "ringers." These are physical objects.
    *   Sense 6 is the most accurate general description of these objects.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: round
Target surface form: rounds
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "<t>rounds</t>, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=round%1:28:01:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
2. sense_key=round%1:04:03:: | definition=the activity of playing 18 holes of golf | synonyms=round of golf | examples=a round of golf takes about 4 hours
3. sense_key=round%1:04:01:: | definition=the usual activities in your day | synonyms=daily round | examples=the doctor made his rounds
4. sense_key=round%1:17:00:: | definition=the course along which communications spread | examples=the story is going the rounds in Washington
5. sense_key=round%1:06:03:: | definition=a crosspiece between the legs of a chair | synonyms=rung, stave
6. sense_key=round%1:04:00:: | definition=(often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order) | examples=the doctor goes on his rounds first thing every morning; the postman's rounds
7. sense_key=round%1:28:00:: | definition=(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive | synonyms=turn, bout
8. sense_key=round%1:13:01:: | definition=a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic) | synonyms=round of drinks | examples=he ordered a second round
9. sense_key=round%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=circle | examples=the machine punched out metal circles
10. sense_key=round%1:10:01:: | definition=an outburst of applause | examples=there was a round of applause
11. sense_key=round%1:15:00:: | definition=a regular route for a sentry or policeman | synonyms=beat | examples=in the old days a policeman walked a beat and knew all his people by name
12. sense_key=round%1:13:00:: | definition=a cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg
13. sense_key=round%1:06:01:: | definition=a charge of ammunition for a single shot | synonyms=unit of ammunition, one shot
14. sense_key=round%1:10:00:: | definition=a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time | synonyms=troll | examples=they enjoyed singing rounds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `round`
    *   Target surface form: `rounds`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Key phrase: "started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale".

    *   1: an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs (cycle, rhythm).
    *   2: activity of playing 18 holes of golf.
    *   3: usual activities in your day (daily round).
    *   4: course along which communications spread.
    *   5: crosspiece between the legs of a chair.
    *   6: series of professional calls (doctor's rounds).
    *   7: sports division (turn, bout).
    *   8: serving to each of a group (drinks).
    *   9: circular or rotating mechanism.
    *   10: outburst of applause.
    *   11: regular route for a sentry or policeman.
    *   12: cut of beef.
    *   13: charge of ammunition.
    *   14: a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time.

    *   The context describes bell ringing.
    *   "Rounds" here refers to a specific sequence of bells ringing one after another in a set order (highest to lowest).
    *   Sense 14 describes a "partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another". While this is about singing, the structure (sequential entry/repetition) is very similar to the musical concept of a "round".
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 1: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs".
    *   Let's re-read the context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale... Then... the ringers begin varying the order".
    *   In change-ringing, "rounds" is the basic sequence where bells ring in order of pitch. It is a recurring sequence.
    *   Is it a "partsong" (Sense 14)? No, it's bells, not voices singing a song.
    *   Is it a "cycle" (Sense 1)? A "recurring sequence of events". This fits the description of a sequence of bells ringing in a specific order that is then repeated or varied.
    *   Let's check if there's a more specific musical sense. Sense 14 is specifically about a "partsong".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm".
    *   Actually, in the context of bell ringing, "rounds" is the name for the sequence of bells rung in numerical order. It's a cycle.

    *   Sense 1: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs" (cycle).
    *   Sense 14: "a partsong in which voices follow each other".
    *   The context says "started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale". This is a sequence.
    *   Is it a "round" in the musical sense of a canon (Sense 14)? No, a canon/round in singing is when the same melody is started by different voices at different times. In bell ringing, "rounds" is just the basic order.
    *   Is it a "cycle" (Sense 1)? Yes, the sequence of bells is a cycle that is repeated.

    *   Wait, let me double-check the definition of "rounds" in bell ringing. "Rounds" is the sequence of bells rung in order of pitch.
    *   Looking at the candidate senses again.
    *   Sense 1: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs".
    *   Sense 14: "a partsong in which voices follow each other".
    *   Neither is a perfect fit for the technical term in campanology, but Sense 1 (cycle/recurring sequence) is much closer than a partsong.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again. "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs".
    *   Is there any other sense?
    *   Sense 6: "a series of professional calls". No.
    *   Sense 11: "a regular route". No.
    *   Sense 14: "a partsong...". No.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1. "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs". A "round" of bells is exactly that—a sequence of bells ringing in order, which is then repeated.

    *   Wait, let me search for "round" in a dictionary for bell ringing.
    *   Oxford English Dictionary or similar: "Rounds: (in change ringing) the sequence of bells rung in order of pitch."
    *   This is a sequence/cycle.

    *   Let's look at the options again.
    *   1: cycle, rhythm.
    *   14: partsong.
    *   If I have to choose the *best* indexed sense from the provided list, Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of a recurring sequence.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 14 again. "a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time". This is a "round" like "Row, Row, Row Your Boat". That's not what's happening with the bells here. The bells are ringing in a scale (highest to lowest).

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

    *   Target: "rounds"
    *   Context: "started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale"
    *   Sense 1: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm"
    *   This fits the description of a sequence of bells ringing in a specific order.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high-pitched
Target surface form: highest-pitched
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high-pitched%3:00:00:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high
2. sense_key=high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01 | definition=set at a sharp or high angle or slant | examples=a high-pitched roof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `high-pitched`
    *   Target surface form: `highest-pitched`
    *   Context: "...Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `high-pitched%3:00:00::`: used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency (synonym: high).
        2.  `high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01`: set at a sharp or high angle or slant (example: a high-pitched roof).

    *   The context discusses church bells, "playing tunes," "descending scale," and "highest-pitched bell to the lowest."
    *   This clearly refers to the auditory pitch (frequency) of the bells, not the angle of a roof.

    *   Sense 1: High in pitch or frequency. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: Sharp or high angle/slant. (Does not match)

    *   The correct sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched <t>bell</t> to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
3. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
4. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
5. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
7. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
10. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bell`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched <t>bell</t> to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses church bells, change-ringing, physical dexterity, and bells weighing more than a ton.

    *   1: Doorbell/buzzer (Incorrect)
    *   2: A hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck (Correct - general definition of a bell)
    *   3: The shape of a bell (Incorrect)
    *   4: Flared opening of a tubular device (Incorrect)
    *   5: Alexander Graham Bell (Incorrect)
    *   6: Vanessa Bell (Incorrect)
    *   7: Percussion instrument (set of tuned bells struck with a hammer, orchestral) (Close, but church bells are usually considered the devices themselves, and the context mentions they weigh more than a ton and are rung in "rounds" - change-ringing).
    *   8: Melville Bell (Incorrect)
    *   9: Nautical time unit (Incorrect)
    *   10: The sound of a bell (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 2: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck"
    *   Sense 7: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument"
    *   The context describes church bells used in change-ringing. These are large, hollow metal devices. While they are instruments, Sense 7 specifically mentions "orchestral instrument" and "set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer" (like tubular bells or glockenspiel), whereas church bells are typically swung or struck by clappers. Sense 2 is the general definition that fits a church bell perfectly.

    *   The target word "bell" in "highest-pitched bell to the lowest" refers to the physical object (the hollow metal device).

    *   Sense 2 is the most accurate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: low
Target surface form: lowest
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the <t>lowest</t> -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=low%5:00:00:dejected:00 | definition=filled with melancholy and despondency | synonyms=gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down | examples=gloomy at the thought of what he had to face; gloomy predictions
2. sense_key=low%3:00:02:: | definition=less than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=low prices; the reservoir is low
3. sense_key=low%5:00:00:contemptible:00 | definition=of the most contemptible kind | synonyms=abject, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy | examples=abject cowardice; a low stunt to pull
4. sense_key=low%3:00:01:: | definition=literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension | examples=low ceilings; low clouds
5. sense_key=low%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=no longer sufficient | synonyms=depleted | examples=supplies are low; our funds are depleted
6. sense_key=low%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, lowly, modest, small | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
7. sense_key=low%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=unrefined in character | examples=low comedy
8. sense_key=low%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=very low in volume | synonyms=low-toned | examples=a low murmur; the low-toned murmur of the surf
9. sense_key=low%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency | synonyms=low-pitched
10. sense_key=low%5:00:00:humble:00 | definition=subdued or brought low in condition or status | synonyms=broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated | examples=brought low; a broken man

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `low`
    *   Target surface form: `lowest`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the <t>lowest</t> -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

    *   The sentence discusses "highest-pitched bell to the lowest".
    *   It mentions a "descending scale".
    *   This clearly refers to the pitch or frequency of the sound produced by the bells.

    *   Sense 1: dejected (melancholy) - No.
    *   Sense 2: less than normal in degree/intensity/amount (low prices) - No.
    *   Sense 3: contemptible (abject) - No.
    *   Sense 4: small elevation (low ceilings) - No.
    *   Sense 5: insufficient (depleted) - No.
    *   Sense 6: inferior in station/quality (humble cottage) - No.
    *   Sense 7: unrefined in character (low comedy) - No.
    *   Sense 8: very low in volume (low murmur) - No.
    *   Sense 9: used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency (low-pitched) - Yes.
    *   Sense 10: humble (subdued/broken) - No.

    *   The context explicitly mentions "highest-pitched bell to the lowest" and a "descending scale".
    *   Sense 9 specifically defines "low" as "used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency" and provides the synonym "low-pitched".
    *   This is a perfect match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a <t>simple</t> descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity
2. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
7. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "simple"
    *   Context: "...a <t>simple</t> descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "simple" describes a descending scale. A descending scale is a basic sequence of notes. It's not "unornamented" (plain), "naive", "easy" (though it might be easy, the focus is on the structure), "retarded", or "mere". It refers to a structure that is not complex or complicated.

    *   Sense 1: `unornamented` (plain) - Usually refers to style or appearance.
    *   Sense 2: `(botany) of leaf shapes` - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3: `naive` (childlike) - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4: `easy and not involved or complicated` (elementary) - This is close, but often refers to the *difficulty* of a task.
    *   Sense 5: `lacking mental capacity` - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 6: `apart from anything else; without additions or modifications` (bare, mere) - "a mere descending scale" doesn't quite fit as well as "not complex".
    *   Sense 7: `having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved` - This describes the structure of the scale (a basic sequence).

    *   Sense 4 (easy) vs. Sense 7 (not complex).
    *   The text contrasts "change-ringing" (a "mind-boggling exercise") with the starting "rounds" (a "simple descending scale").
    *   "Mind-boggling" refers to complexity. Therefore, "simple" here refers to the lack of complexity in the structure of the scale compared to the complex patterns of change-ringing.
    *   Sense 7 specifically mentions "not complex or complicated or involved," which fits the structural description of a scale perfectly.

    *   Sense 7: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved". A descending scale is a basic, non-complex sequence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scale
Target surface form: scale
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scale%1:06:02:: | definition=a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass | synonyms=weighing machine
2. sense_key=scale%1:06:03:: | definition=a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners) | synonyms=plate, shell
3. sense_key=scale%1:24:00:: | definition=relative magnitude | examples=they entertained on a grand scale
4. sense_key=scale%1:17:00:: | definition=a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin | synonyms=scurf, exfoliation
5. sense_key=scale%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) | synonyms=musical scale
6. sense_key=scale%1:20:00:: | definition=a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin | synonyms=scale leaf
7. sense_key=scale%1:06:00:: | definition=an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
8. sense_key=scale%1:05:00:: | definition=a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals
9. sense_key=scale%1:24:03:: | definition=an ordered reference standard | synonyms=scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series | examples=judging on a scale of 1 to 10
10. sense_key=scale%1:24:01:: | definition=the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it | examples=the scale of the map; the scale of the model

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `scale`
    *   Target surface form: `scale`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

    *   The context mentions "highest-pitched bell to the lowest," "descending scale," and "bells."
    *   This clearly refers to a sequence of musical notes (pitches).

    *   1: measuring instrument for weighing (Incorrect)
    *   2: metal sheathing (Incorrect)
    *   3: relative magnitude (Incorrect)
    *   4: thin flake of dead epidermis (Incorrect)
    *   5: (music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (Correct)
    *   6: specialized leaf or bract (Incorrect)
    *   7: indicator having a graduated sequence of marks (Incorrect)
    *   8: flattened rigid plate (animal skin) (Incorrect)
    *   9: ordered reference standard (Incorrect)
    *   10: ratio between size and representation (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme." This matches the context "highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
4. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `use`
    *   Target surface form: `using`
    *   Context: "...a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Meaning: The scale is created by employing or utilizing as many as 12 bells.

    *   Sense 1: Habitually do something (past tense) - *Incorrect* (not "used to").
    *   Sense 2: Take or consume (regularly or habitually) - *Incorrect* (not about drugs/food).
    *   Sense 3: Seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage - *Incorrect* (not about manipulation or social connections).
    *   Sense 4: Put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose (utilize, apply, employ) - *Correct* (the bells are being employed to create the scale).
    *   Sense 5: Avail oneself to (practice, apply) - *Incorrect* (not practicing a religion or principle).
    *   Sense 6: Use up, consume fully (expend) - *Incorrect* (not using up the bells).

    *   The context "a simple descending scale using... 12 bells" means the scale is produced by employing those bells. This fits perfectly with Sense 4 ("put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose").


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
2. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
3. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `church`
    *   Target surface form: `churches`
    *   Context: "...a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `church%1:04:00::`: a service conducted in a house of worship (church service)
        2.  `church%1:14:00::`: one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship (Christian church)
        3.  `church%1:06:00::`: a place for public (especially Christian) worship (church building)
        4.  `church%1:14:01::`: the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church

    *   The sentence says "using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Bells are physical objects located within a physical structure.
    *   "Larger churches" refers to the size of the building/structure that can accommodate more bells.

    *   Sense 1 (service): A service cannot be "larger" in a way that it contains 12 bells.
    *   Sense 2 (denomination): A denomination (group of Christians) doesn't physically contain bells in the way described (though its buildings do).
    *   Sense 3 (building): A church building can be "larger" and can physically house 12 bells.
    *   Sense 4 (congregation): A body of people cannot be "larger" in a way that it physically contains bells.

    *   Sense 3 is the only one that fits the physical context of housing bells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
2. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
3. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
4. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
5. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
6. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
9. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>."
    *   Surrounding context mentions: "church bells", "ring them", "playing tunes on bells", "carillons", "Change-ringing", "some bells weigh more than a ton", "highest-pitched bell to the lowest".

    *   1: Doorbell/buzzer (Incorrect)
    *   2: Melville Bell (Person) (Incorrect)
    *   3: Bell shape (Incorrect)
    *   4: A hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck (Correct - fits "church bells", "weigh more than a ton", "struck")
    *   5: Percussion instrument (orchestral) (Incorrect - these are church bells, not orchestral tubular bells/chimes)
    *   6: The sound of a bell (Incorrect - the text refers to the physical objects being rung)
    *   7: Alexander Graham Bell (Person) (Incorrect)
    *   8: Vanessa Bell (Person) (Incorrect)
    *   9: Nautical time units (Incorrect)
    *   10: Flared opening of a tubular device (Incorrect)

    *   The context describes physical objects in churches that are rung, weigh a ton, and are arranged by pitch. This perfectly matches sense 4: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck".

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "then"
    *   Target surface form: "Then"
    *   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" (e.g., "then he left").
    *   Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence" (e.g., "if he didn't take it, then who did?").
    *   Sense 3: "at that time" (e.g., "I was young then").

    *   The text describes a sequence of events in the process of change-ringing.
    *   Step 1: Bells are started off in "rounds" (descending scale).
    *   Step 2: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order..."
    *   The word "Then" here indicates a temporal sequence (first this happens, then that happens).

    *   Sense 1 (subsequently/soon afterward) fits perfectly. It's used as a sentence connector to show the next step in a process.
    *   Sense 2 (in that case/consequence) does not fit. It's not a conditional or logical consequence.
    *   Sense 3 (at that time) does not fit. It's not referring to a specific point in the past or future, but rather the next step in a sequence.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: signal
Target surface form: signal
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
2. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes
3. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `signal`
    *   Target surface form: `signal`
    *   Context: "Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `signal%1:16:00::`: any incitement to action (e.g., "he awaited the signal to start")
        2.  `signal%1:19:00::`: an electric quantity (voltage or current...)
        3.  `signal%1:10:00::`: any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message (e.g., "signals from the boat")

    *   The sentence describes a process of bell ringing.
    *   The ringers are playing "rounds" (a simple descending scale).
    *   "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order..."
    *   The "signal" here is the trigger or cue that tells the ringers to switch from the simple rounds to the complex changes.

    *   Sense 2 (electric quantity) is clearly wrong.
    *   Sense 3 (nonverbal action/gesture) describes the *medium* of the signal (a gesture), but the primary function in this context is the *purpose* of the signal: to trigger the action of varying the order.
    *   Sense 1 (any incitement to action) fits perfectly. The signal is the cue that incites the ringers to start the next phase of the ringing. The example "he awaited the signal to start" is almost identical in meaning to "at a signal, the ringers begin varying...".

    *   Sense 1: "any incitement to action" -> Fits the context of a cue to start a specific action.
    *   Sense 3: "any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message" -> While the signal might *be* a gesture, the context emphasizes the *timing* and the *triggering* of the action ("at a signal, the ringers begin..."). Sense 1 is more precise for a "cue".

    *   The phrase "at a signal" usually refers to the cue to act. Sense 1's definition "any incitement to action" and example "he awaited the signal to start" align best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
3. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg
4. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `ringer`
    *   Target surface form: `ringers`
    *   Context: The text discusses church bells, the art of change-ringing, and the people who perform this activity. Specifically: "Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `ringer%1:18:01`: a person who is almost identical to another (dead ringer).
        2.  `ringer%1:18:00`: a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses.
        3.  `ringer%1:04:00`: (horseshoes) a successful throw.
        4.  `ringer%1:18:02`: a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation).

    *   The context is explicitly about church bells and the act of ringing them ("England's church bells", "no one to ring them", "Change-ringing", "the ringers begin varying the order").
    *   Sense 4 specifically defines a ringer as "a person who rings church bells".

    *   Sense 1: Not about look-alikes.
    *   Sense 2: Not about competition fraud.
    *   Sense 3: Not about horseshoes.
    *   Sense 4: Matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
2. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
4. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
8. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade
9. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
10. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `begin`
    *   Target surface form: `begin`
    *   Context: "...Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: achieve or accomplish in the least degree (usually negative). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: set in motion, cause to start (transitive, e.g., "started a war"). (Incorrect - "varying" is the action they are doing, not something they are causing to start in another entity).
    *   Sense 3: have a beginning, of a temporal event (intransitive, e.g., "WW II began in 1939"). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: begin an event implied by the nature of the direct object (e.g., "begin a cigar"). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: be the first item or point (e.g., "The number 'one' begins the sequence"). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: have a beginning characterized in some specified way (e.g., "The novel begins with a murder"). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense (e.g., "The DMZ begins right over the hill"). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 8: begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 9: begin to speak or say. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 10: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action (synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out; example: "We began working at dawn").

    *   The sentence is: "the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order..."
    *   Here, "begin" is followed by a gerund ("varying"), indicating the start of an activity.
    *   This matches Sense 10: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" (Example: "We began working at dawn").

    *   Sense 10 is the only one that fits the pattern of starting an activity (begin + -ing form).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vary
Target surface form: varying
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
2. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: | definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu
3. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: | definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart
4. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: | definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `vary`
    *   Target surface form: `varying`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: `become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence` (Intransitive/Linking: "her mood changes").
    *   Sense 2: `make something more diverse and varied` (Transitive: "Vary the menu").
    *   Sense 3: `be at variance with; be out of line with` (Intransitive: "deviate, diverge").
    *   Sense 4: `be subject to change in accordance with a variable` (Intransitive: "Prices vary").

    *   The sentence is: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   Here, "varying" is used transitively. The object is "the order in which the bells sound".
    *   The ringers are actively changing the order to create diversity/variation in the sequence.

    *   Sense 1 is intransitive (the subject becomes different).
    *   Sense 2 is transitive (making something more diverse/varied).
    *   Sense 3 is intransitive (being at variance).
    *   Sense 4 is intransitive (being subject to change).

    *   The usage "varying the order" fits perfectly with "make something more diverse and varied" (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 2: "make something more diverse and varied" -> "varying the order". This matches.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: order
Target surface form: order
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list
2. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: | definition=a request for something to be made, supplied, or served | examples=I gave the waiter my order; the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle
3. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: | definition=(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
4. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: | definition=(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy | synonyms=Holy Order | examples=theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order
5. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: | definition=a degree in a continuum of size or quantity | synonyms=order of magnitude | examples=it was on the order of a mile; an explosion of a low order of magnitude
6. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
7. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: | definition=(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed | examples=the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London
8. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: | definition=a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities | synonyms=purchase order | examples=IBM received an order for a hundred computers
9. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: | definition=a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge) | synonyms=decree, edict, fiat, rescript | examples=a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there
10. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, society, guild, gild, lodge | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
11. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: | definition=a body of rules followed by an assembly | synonyms=rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
12. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: | definition=a group of person living under a religious rule | synonyms=monastic order | examples=the order of Saint Benedict
13. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition of regular or proper arrangement | synonyms=orderliness | examples=he put his desk in order; the machine is now in working order
14. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: | definition=established customary state (especially of society) | examples=order ruled in the streets; law and order
15. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "order"
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Meaning: The sequence or arrangement in which the bells are rung.

    *   1: the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement (ordering) - *This is the act/process.*
    *   2: a request for something to be made, supplied, or served - *Incorrect.*
    *   3: (architecture) Greek architecture style - *Incorrect.*
    *   4: status or rank of a Christian clergyman - *Incorrect.*
    *   5: a degree in a continuum of size or quantity (order of magnitude) - *Incorrect.*
    *   6: logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements (ordering, ordination) - *Example: "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation."* - *This fits well.*
    *   7: a command given by a superior - *Incorrect.*
    *   8: a commercial document (purchase order) - *Incorrect.*
    *   9: a legally binding command (court order) - *Incorrect.*
    *   10: a formal association of people (club) - *Incorrect.*
    *   11: a body of rules followed by an assembly (parliamentary procedure) - *Incorrect.*
    *   12: a group of person living under a religious rule (monastic order) - *Incorrect.*
    *   13: a condition of regular or proper arrangement (orderliness) - *Incorrect.*
    *   14: established customary state (law and order) - *Incorrect.*
    *   15: (biology) taxonomic group - *Incorrect.*

    *   Sense 1: "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement" (the process).
    *   Sense 6: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements" (the sequence itself).
    *   Context: "...varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   In this context, "order" refers to the sequence/arrangement of the bells, not the act of arranging them. Therefore, Sense 6 is the best fit.

    *   Sense 6: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements"
    *   Example: "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation"
    *   This matches "the order in which the bells sound" perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
2. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
3. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
4. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
6. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
7. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
8. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
9. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
10. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: The text discusses church bells in England, the art of change-ringing, the weight of the bells, and the order in which they sound.
    *   Specific sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   1: Alexander Graham Bell (Person) - Incorrect.
    *   2: Vanessa Bell (Person) - Incorrect.
    *   3: A percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells (orchestral) - Close, but the context is church bells.
    *   4: Melville Bell (Person) - Incorrect.
    *   5: Flared opening of a tubular device - Incorrect.
    *   6: Doorbell/buzzer - Incorrect.
    *   7: Nautical time unit - Incorrect.
    *   8: A hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck - This is the general definition of a bell, including church bells.
    *   9: The sound of a bell being struck - The context says "the order in which the bells sound", referring to the objects themselves sounding, not the sound itself.
    *   10: The shape of a bell - Incorrect.

    *   Sense 3 refers to a specific orchestral instrument (tubular bells/chimes).
    *   Sense 8 is the general definition: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck". Church bells fit perfectly into this general category.

    *   The text mentions "church bells", "playing tunes on bells", "some bells weigh more than a ton", and "the order in which the bells sound". These all refer to the physical objects.
    *   Sense 8 is the most accurate general description of these objects.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
4. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom
5. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
7. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `sound`
    *   Target surface form: `sound`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cause to sound` (e.g., sound the bell)
        2.  `make a certain noise or sound` (synonym: go; e.g., The gun went 'bang')
        3.  `utter with vibrating vocal chords` (synonym: voice)
        4.  `measure the depth of (a body of water)` (synonym: fathom)
        5.  `give off a certain sound or sounds` (e.g., This record sounds scratchy)
        6.  `appear in a certain way` (e.g., This sounds interesting)
        7.  `announce by means of a sound` (e.g., sound the alarm)

    *   The sentence is about church bells and change-ringing.
    *   "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   Here, "sound" refers to the bells producing their noise/tone.

    *   Sense 1: `cause to sound`. This is transitive (e.g., "I sound the bell"). In the context "the order in which the bells sound", "sound" is used intransitively.
    *   Sense 2: `make a certain noise or sound`. This is intransitive. Example: "The gun went 'bang'". This fits the action of a bell making its sound.
    *   Sense 3: `utter with vibrating vocal chords`. Not applicable (bells don't have vocal chords).
    *   Sense 4: `measure the depth of (a body of water)`. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: `give off a certain sound or sounds`. Example: "This record sounds scratchy". This is usually a linking verb describing a quality of the sound.
    *   Sense 6: `appear in a certain way`. Example: "This sounds interesting". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 7: `announce by means of a sound`. This is transitive (e.g., "sound the alarm").

    *   The bells are the subjects of the verb "sound".
    *   They are producing their characteristic noise.
    *   Sense 2 ("make a certain noise or sound") fits best for the intransitive use of a bell ringing/sounding.

    *   Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 5.
    *   Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" (synonym: go). "The bells sound" = "The bells go".
    *   Sense 5: "give off a certain sound or sounds" (example: "This record sounds scratchy"). This is typically used as a copular verb (sound + adjective).
    *   In the context "the order in which the bells sound", it means the order in which they produce their sound. This is the basic intransitive meaning of "sound" (to make a sound).

    *   Sense 1: Transitive (cause to sound).
    *   Sense 2: Intransitive (make a noise).
    *   Sense 5: Copular (sound like/sound [adj]).
    *   The context "the order in which the bells sound" uses "sound" as an intransitive verb meaning "to emit sound".

    *   Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" (synonyms: go).
    *   Example: "The gun went 'bang'".
    *   If we replace "sound" with "go" in the sentence: "...the order in which the bells go..." it makes sense in a colloquial way, but more importantly, it captures the act of making the sound.

    *   Is there any other sense?
    *   Sense 1: "sound the bell" (transitive).
    *   Sense 2: "the bell sounds" (intransitive).
    *   The sentence is "...the order in which the bells sound...". This is intransitive.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?
2. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
3. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
5. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `alter`
    *   Target surface form: `altering`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: remove ovaries (neuter, spay) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: make an alteration to (usually clothing) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 3: insert words into texts (interpolate, falsify) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 4: become different (intransitive/state change) - *Incorrect (the context is "altering the steady rhythm", which is transitive)*
    *   Sense 5: cause to change; make different; cause a transformation (transitive) - *Correct*

    *   The sentence says "without altering the steady rhythm".
    *   "Altering" here means changing or modifying the rhythm.
    *   Sense 5 defines "alter" as "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation" with synonyms "change, modify". This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 4 is "become different" (intransitive).
    *   Sense 5 is "cause to change" (transitive).
    *   In "altering the steady rhythm", "altering" takes a direct object ("the steady rhythm"), making it transitive. Therefore, Sense 5 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves
4. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `steady`
    *   Target surface form: `steady`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: `frequent` (relating to a person who does something regularly) - *Incorrect* (not referring to a person).
    *   Sense 2: `stable` (not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall) - *Possible*, but usually refers to prices, stocks, or physical stability.
    *   Sense 3: `unexcitable` (not easily excited or upset) - *Incorrect* (not referring to nerves/emotion).
    *   Sense 4: `not subject to change or variation especially in behavior` (Example: "a steady beat") - *Very strong match*. "Steady rhythm" is almost synonymous with "steady beat".
    *   Sense 5: `resolute` (marked by firm determination) - *Incorrect* (not referring to a person's resolve).
    *   Sense 6: `secure` (securely in position; not shaky) - *Incorrect* (not referring to physical position/shakiness of an object).

    *   The context is "steady rhythm of the striking".
    *   Sense 4 specifically lists "a steady beat" as an example.
    *   A rhythm that doesn't change or vary is exactly what "steady" means in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `rhythm`
    *   Target surface form: `rhythm`
    *   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `rhythm%1:07:01::`: recurring at regular intervals (regular recurrence).
        2.  `rhythm%1:10:00::`: arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements (speech rhythm).
        3.  `rhythm%1:10:01::`: the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music (beat, musical rhythm).
        4.  `rhythm%1:28:00::`: an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs (cycle, round).
        5.  `rhythm%1:04:00::`: natural family planning (rhythm method).

    *   The context describes "change-ringing" of church bells.
    *   The bells are rung in a specific order, and the ringers vary that order "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   This refers to the timing/beat of the bells being struck.

    *   Sense 1: "recurring at regular intervals" (general).
    *   Sense 2: "spoken words" (not applicable).
    *   Sense 3: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" (beat, musical rhythm).
    *   Sense 4: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs" (cycle).
    *   Sense 5: "natural family planning" (not applicable).

    *   The context is about bells playing tunes/scales/changes. This is a musical context.
    *   "Steady rhythm of the striking" refers to the beat or the timing of the strikes.
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions "musical rhythm" and "beat".
    *   Sense 1 is more general ("recurring at regular intervals"). While correct in a broad sense, Sense 3 is more specific to the musical nature of bell ringing.

    *   Is it a "beat" (Sense 3) or just "regular recurrence" (Sense 1)?
    *   In the context of music (which bell ringing is), "rhythm" usually refers to the beat or the pattern of sounds.
    *   The phrase "steady rhythm of the striking" strongly suggests the musical beat.

    *   Sense 3: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat"
    *   This fits perfectly with the context of bells being rung in a sequence.