[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor
2. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
3. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
4. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
5. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
6. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `report`
    *   Target surface form: `reported`
    *   Context: "Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers..."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses scientific research, labs, genes, tumor-suppressors, and discoveries. Dr. Minna and others are researchers.

    *   Sense 1: complain about; make a charge against (e.g., reported her to the supervisor). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism (e.g., Snow reported on China). -> This is about the *role* of a reporter/journalist. While scientific reporting exists, the context here is about announcing a finding.
    *   Sense 3: to give an account or representation of in words (e.g., describe, account). -> General description.
    *   Sense 4: announce one's presence (e.g., report to work). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding (e.g., The team reported significant advances in their research). -> This fits perfectly. The researchers (Dr. Minna and others) are announcing a finding from their scientific investigation.
    *   Sense 6: make known to the authorities (e.g., reported the other to the principal). -> Not applicable.

    *   The context is scientific research.
    *   "reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved..."
    *   This is a classic case of announcing a finding from research.
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" and gives the example "The team reported significant advances in their research." This matches the context exactly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
2. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `involved`
    *   Target surface form: `involved`
    *   Context: "...Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `encumbered`: entangled or hindered (e.g., mired in mire).
        2.  `connected by participation or association or use`: (e.g., people involved, problems involved).
        3.  `enclosed`: enveloped (e.g., castle involved in mist).
        4.  `complex`: highly complex or intricate (e.g., Byzantine tax structure).
        5.  `attached`: emotionally involved.

    *   The sentence discusses a gene (retinoblastoma suppressor gene) and its role/connection to lung cancers.
    *   "the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers" means the gene is associated with or plays a part in the development/occurrence of those cancers.

    *   Sense 1 (encumbered): No. The gene isn't "hindered" or "mired".
    *   Sense 2 (connected by participation or association or use): Yes. The gene is associated with or plays a role in the cancer.
    *   Sense 3 (enclosed): No. The gene isn't "enveloped" in the cancer.
    *   Sense 4 (complex): No. The gene isn't "complex" in this specific grammatical usage ("involved in").
    *   Sense 5 (attached): No. The gene isn't "emotionally involved".

    *   Sense 2 fits perfectly: "connected by participation or association or use". In a biological context, a gene being "involved in" a disease means it is associated with it or participates in the biological pathway leading to it.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
4. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "other"
    *   Target surface form: "other"
    *   Context: "...the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `strange`: very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected.
        2.  `past`: recently past (e.g., "the other evening").
        3.  `not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied` (e.g., "highways and other public works").
        4.  `distant past`: belonging to the distant past (e.g., "former generations").

    *   The sentence is: "...the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."
    *   Here, "other" refers to cancers that are not the "lung cancers" already mentioned.
    *   It indicates additional types of cancers besides the one(s) previously specified.

    *   Sense 1 (strange): Does not fit. The cancers aren't being described as "strange" or "unusual" in a mystical or weird way.
    *   Sense 2 (recently past): Does not fit. It's not referring to time.
    *   Sense 3 (not the same one or ones already mentioned): Fits perfectly. It refers to cancers other than lung cancers.
    *   Sense 4 (distant past): Does not fit. It's not referring to time.

    *   The target word "other" in "several other more common cancers" clearly means "additional" or "different from the ones already mentioned" (lung cancers). This aligns exactly with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should
2. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "more"
    *   Target surface form: "more"
    *   Context: "...as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `more%4:02:01::`: comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent (e.g., "he works more now").
        2.  `more%4:02:00::`: used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs (e.g., "more interesting").

    *   The phrase is "more common cancers".
    *   "Common" is an adjective.
    *   "More" is modifying "common" to create the comparative form "more common".

    *   Sense 1 is the comparative of "much" (adverb/determiner), used as a standalone modifier or quantifying amount (e.g., "I want more").
    *   Sense 2 is the marker used to form the comparative of adjectives (e.g., "more beautiful", "more common").

    *   In "more common cancers", "more" is clearly being used to form the comparative of the adjective "common". This matches Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
9. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "common"
    *   Target surface form: "common"
    *   Context: "...the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "common cancers" refers to cancers that occur frequently in the population (high prevalence).

    *   Sense 1: belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public (e.g., common good). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: of or associated with the great masses of people; lowborn (e.g., common people). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: of low or inferior quality or value (e.g., common cloths). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: to be expected; standard (e.g., common decency). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: characteristic of everyday language (e.g., common parlance). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: commonly encountered; usual (e.g., a common complaint). -> This fits well. "Common cancers" are cancers that are commonly encountered.
    *   Sense 7: lacking refinement or cultivation (e.g., coarse manners). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 8: common to or shared by two or more parties (e.g., a common friend). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 9: having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual (e.g., the common man). -> This is similar to Sense 6, but Sense 6 specifically mentions "commonly encountered" and "usual," which fits the medical context of prevalence better than "no special distinction" or "average."

    *   Sense 6: "commonly encountered" / "usual". Example: "a common (or familiar) complaint".
    *   Sense 9: "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual". Example: "the common man".
    *   In the phrase "more common cancers," the meaning is that these cancers occur more frequently (are more commonly encountered) in the population. Sense 6 is a more precise fit for "frequent/prevalent" than Sense 9, which leans more towards "ordinary/average person."

    *   Sense 6: "commonly encountered" -> "common cancers" (cancers that are commonly encountered). This is the standard way to describe prevalence in medicine.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
2. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
3. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
4. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
5. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancers`
    *   Context: The text discusses p53 genes, tissue from kidney, brain, and skin cancers, tumor-suppressor genes, colon cancer, lung cancer, and the retinoblastoma suppressor gene.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Astrology (person born in Cancer)
        2.  Genus of crabs (Cancridae)
        3.  Zodiac sign
        4.  Constellation
        5.  Malignant growth/tumor (malignant neoplastic disease)

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, focusing on genetics, tumors, and specific types of cancer (kidney, brain, skin, colon, lung).
    *   Sense 5 ("any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division") fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Astrology (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Genus of crabs (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Zodiac sign (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Constellation (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Malignant growth (Correct)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case
2. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `discovery`
    *   Target surface form: `discoveries`
    *   Context: The text discusses scientists pinpointing tumor-suppressor genes, isolating genes on chromosomes, and reporting findings about the retinoblastoma suppressor gene. It mentions "Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead" and "the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests".
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure... (Legal context - Incorrect)
        2.  the act of discovering something (The process/action - Possible, but usually refers to the event of finding)
        3.  a productive insight (breakthrough, find - Refers to the result of the research that provides a new understanding)
        4.  something that is discovered (The object/entity found - e.g., the gene itself)

    *   "Where these discoveries will lead..."
    *   "...turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests..."
    *   The "discoveries" here refer to the findings about the genes (the fact that certain genes are involved in certain cancers).
    *   Is it the *act* of discovering (sense 2)? No, the sentence talks about where the results will lead.
    *   Is it the *thing* discovered (sense 4)? The genes themselves are the things discovered, but "discoveries" in this context usually refers to the scientific breakthroughs/findings.
    *   Is it a *productive insight/breakthrough* (sense 3)? Yes. In scientific contexts, "discoveries" often refers to the breakthroughs or the new knowledge gained (the "finds").

    *   Sense 3: "a productive insight" (synonyms: breakthrough, find).
    *   Sense 4: "something that is discovered".
    *   In "Where these discoveries will lead", the "discoveries" are the scientific breakthroughs regarding the genes. While the genes are the things discovered, the "discovery" as a concept here is the breakthrough that allows for future tests and therapies.
    *   Comparing "breakthrough" (sense 3) vs "something discovered" (sense 4):
        *   "The discovery of the gene" (the act - sense 2).
        *   "The gene was a great discovery" (the thing - sense 4).
        *   "This discovery opens new doors" (the breakthrough/insight - sense 3).
    *   The context "Where these discoveries will lead" and "cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" strongly suggests the "breakthrough" meaning.

    *   Sense 1: Law (No)
    *   Sense 2: Act of discovering (No, the context is about the results)
    *   Sense 3: Productive insight/breakthrough (Yes)
    *   Sense 4: Something discovered (Possible, but sense 3 is more precise for scientific breakthroughs leading to further applications).

    *Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 3 vs Sense 4.*
    Sense 3: "a productive insight" (breakthrough, find).
    Sense 4: "something that is discovered".

    If I say "The discovery of penicillin changed medicine," is "discovery" the act (2), the insight (3), or the drug (4)? Usually, it's the breakthrough (3).
    In "Where these discoveries will lead", it refers to the findings/breakthroughs.

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "breakthrough, find".
    Let's look at the definition for Sense 4: "something that is discovered".

    In the context of "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests", the "discoveries" are the scientific findings. "Find" (as a noun) is a synonym for sense 3.

    Sense 3 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
6. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
7. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "only"
    *   Target surface form: "only"
    *   Context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate."

    *   Sense 1: "except that" (e.g., "It was the same story; only this time...") - Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone) - "Scientists can exclusively speculate"? Not quite.
    *   Sense 3: "and nothing more" (synonyms: merely, simply, just, but) - "Scientists can merely speculate" or "Scientists can simply speculate." This fits well. It implies that speculation is the only thing they can do; they can't know for sure.
    *   Sense 4: "in the final outcome" (e.g., "These news will only make you more upset") - Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5: "with nevertheless the final result" (e.g., "He arrived only to find his wife dead") - Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 6: "as recently as" (e.g., "I spoke to him only an hour ago") - Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 7: "never except when" (synonyms: only if, only when) - Doesn't fit.

    *   "Scientists can only speculate" means they are limited to speculating; they cannot do anything more (like prove it or know for certain).
    *   Synonyms for Sense 3: merely, simply, just.
    *   "Scientists can merely speculate" / "Scientists can simply speculate" / "Scientists can just speculate."
    *   This matches the usage in the sentence perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speculate
Target surface form: speculate
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
4. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "speculate"
    *   Context: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."
    *   Surrounding context: Scientists are finding tumor-suppressor genes and trying to figure out where these discoveries will lead (predictive tests, new therapies).

    *   Sense 1: Invest at a risk (financial). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Talk over conjecturally, review in an idle or casual way. (Possible, but "scientists" usually do more than "idle" talk).
    *   Sense 3: To believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds (theorize, conjecture, hypothesize). (Strong fit: scientists forming hypotheses about future outcomes based on current data).
    *   Sense 4: Reflect deeply on a subject (meditate, ponder). (Possible, but "speculate" in the context of "where these discoveries will lead" is more about conjecture/prediction than deep meditation).

    *   The sentence "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate" means they can only make educated guesses or hypothesize about the future implications.
    *   Sense 3 synonyms: theorize, conjecture, hypothesize. This aligns perfectly with scientific speculation about future results.
    *   Sense 2 is more about casual conversation ("talk over conjecturally").
    *   Sense 4 is more about deep philosophical reflection ("ponder").

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit for scientific conjecture about the future direction of research.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
6. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
7. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major
8. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `major`
    *   Target surface form: `major`
    *   Context: "Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `major%3:00:06::`: of greater importance or stature or rank (e.g., a major artist; a major role)
        2.  `major%3:00:07::`: of greater seriousness or danger (e.g., a major earthquake; a major hurricane)
        3.  `major%3:00:01::`: greater in number or size or amount (e.g., a major portion of the population)
        4.  `major%3:00:05::`: field of academic study
        5.  `major%3:00:02::`: greater in scope or effect (e.g., a major contribution)
        6.  `major%3:00:04::`: scale or mode (music)
        7.  `major%5:00:00:senior:00`: elder of two boys
        8.  `major%3:00:03::`: full legal age

    *   The phrase is "two major pharmaceutical companies".
    *   "Major" here describes the companies.
    *   Does it mean they are larger in size/amount (Sense 3)?
    *   Does it mean they have greater importance, stature, or rank (Sense 1)?
    *   Does it mean they have greater scope or effect (Sense 5)?

    *   Sense 1: "of greater importance or stature or rank" (e.g., a major artist). A "major company" usually refers to its stature, importance, or rank in the industry.
    *   Sense 3: "greater in number or size or amount" (e.g., a major portion). This usually refers to a quantity or a physical size. While companies have size, "major company" typically implies prominence/stature.
    *   Sense 5: "greater in scope or effect" (e.g., a major contribution). This describes the *impact* of an action or thing, not usually the status of an entity like a company.

    *   In the context of "major pharmaceutical companies," it refers to the most prominent, influential, and well-known companies in the industry (stature/rank).
    *   Comparing Sense 1 (importance/stature/rank) and Sense 3 (size/amount): "Major" in "major league" or "major company" aligns better with stature/rank.

    *   Sense 1: "of greater importance or stature or rank" -> Fits "major pharmaceutical companies" perfectly.
    *   Sense 3: "greater in number or size or amount" -> Usually used for quantities (a major part of).

    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate for describing the status of companies.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unit
Target surface form: unit
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: | definition=an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity | synonyms=whole | examples=how big is that part compared to the whole?; the team is a unit
2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: | definition=an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole | examples=the reduced the number of units and installations; the word is a basic linguistic unit
3. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: | definition=a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else | synonyms=building block | examples=units of nucleic acids
4. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization regarded as part of a larger social group | synonyms=social unit | examples=the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit
5. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: | definition=any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange | synonyms=unit of measurement | examples=the dollar is the United States unit of currency; a unit of wheat is a bushel
6. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: | definition=a single undivided whole | examples=an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `unit`
    *   Target surface form: `unit`
    *   Context: "...the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Assemblage of parts regarded as a single entity (whole).
        2.  Individual/group/structure regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole.
        3.  Single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else (building block).
        4.  Organization regarded as part of a larger social group (social unit).
        5.  Division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange.
        6.  Single undivided whole.

    *   The phrase is "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co."
    *   Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. is a large corporation.
    *   The "Squibb unit" refers to a specific division, branch, or organizational part of that corporation.

    *   Sense 1: "assemblage of parts... regarded as a single entity" (Too general, usually refers to a physical object or a team).
    *   Sense 2: "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole" (Possible, but Sense 4 is more specific to organizations).
    *   Sense 3: "single undivided natural thing... building block" (Incorrect, this is for chemistry/biology).
    *   Sense 4: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group" (Synonyms: social unit. Examples: "offensive unit", "soldier... rejoining his unit"). This fits the description of a corporate division/branch.
    *   Sense 5: "division of quantity... standard of measurement" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: "single undivided whole" (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 2 is very broad ("structural or functional constituent of a whole").
    *   Sense 4 is specifically about an "organization regarded as part of a larger social group". A corporate division (the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.) is an organization within a larger organization.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 4: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group". Examples: "offensive unit" (sports team), "soldier... rejoining his unit" (military).
    *   Let me re-read Sense 2: "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole".
    *   In business contexts, a "unit" (like a business unit) is often described as a functional constituent of the company.
    *   However, Sense 4 specifically mentions "organization". A corporate division is an organization.

    *   Sense 4: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group".
    *   Sense 2: "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole".
    *   Comparing "social group" (Sense 4) vs "whole" (Sense 2). A company is a social group/organization.
    *   Looking at WordNet's typical usage: "unit" in a corporate sense (business unit) often maps to the organizational sense.

    *   Sense 4 examples: "offensive unit", "soldier... rejoining his unit". These are specialized organizational units.
    *   Sense 2 examples: "reduced the number of units and installations", "the word is a basic linguistic unit". These are more about components.

    *   Is a corporate division a "social unit" (Sense 4) or a "functional constituent" (Sense 2)?
    *   Actually, looking at the WordNet hierarchy, "unit" as in a military unit or a corporate unit usually falls under the "organization" sense.

    *   Sense 4: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group".
    *   Sense 2: "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole".
    *   If I have to choose the *best* one, Sense 4's focus on "organization" makes it a stronger fit for a corporate division than the very generic "constituent of a whole" in Sense 2.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 4 again. "social unit". Is a company a "social group"? Yes.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. "structural or functional constituent of a whole". A business unit is definitely a functional constituent of a company.

    *   Let's search for "business unit" in WordNet.
    *   Often, "unit" in the sense of a department or division is categorized under the organizational sense.

    *   Sense 4: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group".
    *   Sense 2: "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole".
    *   The "Squibb unit" is a division of a company. A division is an organization.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. "the reduced the number of units and installations". This sounds like physical units or perhaps organizational units. "the word is a basic linguistic unit". This is a structural unit.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 4. "the coach said the offensive unit did a good job". This is a functional group within a team. "the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit". This is a military organization.

    *   Both 2 and 4 are close. But "organization" (Sense 4) is a more precise descriptor for a corporate division than "entity" (Sense 2).

    *   Wait, I just noticed Sense 4 says "social group". Is a corporation a "social group"? In sociological terms, yes. In common terms, it's an organization.

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2 again: "reduced the number of units and installations". This could refer to business units.

    *   Let's think about "unit" in "business unit".
    *   Sense 4: organization part of a larger social group.
    *   Sense 2: constituent of a whole.

    *   Actually, looking at other WSD datasets (like SemCor), "unit" in the sense of a corporate division is often mapped to the "organization" sense.

    *   Sense 4: "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group".
    *   Sense 2: "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole".
    *   The "Squibb unit" is a specific part of the Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. It is an organizational entity.

    *   Let's try to find if there's a better fit.
    *   1: assemblage (no)
    *   3: building block (no)
    *   5: measurement (no)
    *   6: undivided whole (no)

    *   Between 2 and 4:
        Sense 4 is more specific to organizations (military, sports, etc.).
        Sense 2 is more general (linguistic units, structural units).

    *   A corporate division is an organization. Therefore, Sense 4 is the most specific and appropriate.

    *   Wait, let me double-check the "social group" part of Sense 4.
    *   WordNet's "social unit" often includes families, military units, and other organized groups. A corporate division fits this pattern.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 2 one more time. "an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole".
    *   This is also very accurate.

    *   Let's compare:
        Sense 4: organization $\rightarrow$ part of social group.
        Sense 2: entity $\rightarrow$ constituent of a whole.

    *   In the context of "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.", "unit" means a division or branch. A division is an organization.

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 4 again: "offensive unit", "soldier... rejoining his unit". These are both organizational subunits.

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2 again: "units and installations", "linguistic unit". These are more like components.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 4 is the best fit for a corporate division.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: collaborate
Target surface form: collaborating
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `collaborate`
    *   Target surface form: `collaborating`
    *   Context: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies... are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `collaborate%2:41:01::` (cooperate as a traitor)
        2.  `collaborate%2:41:00::` (work together on a common enterprise or project)

    *   The sentence describes pharmaceutical companies working with "gene hunters" to develop predictive tests and therapies.
    *   This is a professional partnership for a scientific/medical goal.
    *   It is not about betrayal or treason.

    *   Sense 1: Traitorous cooperation. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Working together on a common project. (Correct)

    *   The best sense is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
3. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `hunter`
    *   Target surface form: `hunters`
    *   Context: "...two major pharmaceutical companies... are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `someone who hunts game` (huntsman)
        2.  `a constellation on the equator...` (Orion)
        3.  `a person who searches for something` (example: treasure hunter)
        4.  `a watch with a hinged metal lid...` (hunting watch)

    *   The phrase is "gene hunters".
    *   In this context, "gene hunters" refers to scientists or researchers searching for specific genes associated with diseases (like colon and lung cancer mentioned earlier in the text).
    *   This is a metaphorical use of "hunter" meaning someone searching for something (in this case, genes), not someone hunting animals for sport or food.

    *   Sense 1: Hunting game (animals). Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: Constellation. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: A person who searches for something (e.g., treasure hunter). This fits "gene hunter" perfectly.
    *   Sense 4: A type of watch. Incorrect.

    *   The best fit is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
2. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
3. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
4. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
5. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
7. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
9. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
11. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
12. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
13. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
14. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
15. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
16. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
17. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
18. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
20. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
21. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
22. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
23. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 15}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 15}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `turn`
    *   Target surface form: `turn`
    *   Context: "...collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

    *   The phrase is "turn [the anticipated cascade of discoveries] into [predictive tests and... new therapies]".
    *   This means transforming something (discoveries) into something else (tests/therapies).

    *   Sense 1: undergo a transformation or a change of position or action (intransitive/reflexive usually: "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism").
    *   Sense 2: pass to the other side of (physical movement).
    *   Sense 3: change to the contrary (reverse).
    *   Sense 4: break and turn over earth (plow).
    *   Sense 5: let fall or spill from a container.
    *   Sense 6: change orientation or direction.
    *   Sense 7: cause to move around or rotate.
    *   Sense 8: cause a plastic object to assume a crooked form.
    *   Sense 9: pass into a condition gradually (become).
    *   Sense 10: channel attention toward or away from.
    *   Sense 11: shape by rotating on a lathe.
    *   Sense 12: change color.
    *   Sense 13: twist suddenly (sprain).
    *   Sense 14: get by buying and selling (profit).
    *   Sense 15: cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics (Example: "turn lead into gold").
    *   Sense 16: send or let go.
    *   Sense 17: undergo a change or development (become).
    *   Sense 18: become officially one year older.
    *   Sense 19: move around an axis.
    *   Sense 20: alter the functioning or setting of.
    *   Sense 21: cause to move around a center to show another side.
    *   Sense 22: direct at someone.
    *   Sense 23: cause to move along an axis or into a new direction.
    *   Sense 24: have recourse to.
    *   Sense 25: go sour or spoil.
    *   Sense 26: accomplish by rotating.

    *   The context "turn [A] into [B]" matches Sense 15: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics" (Example: "turn lead into gold").
    *   Sense 17 is "undergo a change or development" (intransitive/become), whereas Sense 15 is causative ("cause to change"). In the sentence, the pharmaceutical companies are the agents causing the change.

    *   Sense 15: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics" (Example: "turn lead into gold").
    *   Context: "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests".
    *   This is a perfect match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case
2. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
3. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `discovery`
    *   Target surface form: `discoveries`
    *   Context: The text discusses scientists (Dr. Vogelstein, Ray White, Walter Bodmer, Dr. Minna) searching for genes involved in various cancers (colon, lung). It mentions isolating genes on chromosomes 18, 5, and 3. It then says, "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate," and "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  (law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...
        2.  a productive insight (synonyms: breakthrough, find)
        3.  the act of discovering something (synonyms: find, uncovering)
        4.  something that is discovered

    *   Sense 1: Legal context. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: A productive insight/breakthrough. This is close, as finding a gene is a breakthrough.
    *   Sense 3: The *act* of discovering. The text refers to "these discoveries" (the results of the research) and a "cascade of discoveries" (the things found). It's not talking about the *process* or *act* of finding them, but the results themselves.
    *   Sense 4: Something that is discovered. This fits best. The "discoveries" are the specific genes or genetic links that have been or will be found.

    *   "Where these discoveries will lead..." -> The things discovered (the genes) will lead to something.
    *   "...turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests..." -> The things discovered (the genes/markers) will be turned into tests.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 (insight/breakthrough) and Sense 4 (something discovered): While a gene discovery is a breakthrough, "something that is discovered" is the more direct and general description of the specific findings (the genes) mentioned in the text. In many WordNet-style disambiguation tasks, "something discovered" (the object) is distinguished from "the act of discovering" (the process) and "a breakthrough" (the significance).

    *   Sense 4: "something that is discovered"
    *   Sense 2: "a productive insight" (breakthrough)
    *   In the context of scientific research, "discoveries" usually refers to the findings themselves (the things discovered).

    *   "Where these discoveries will lead..." (The findings)
    *   "...cascade of discoveries..." (The findings)
    *   Sense 4 is the most precise fit for the objects (the genes/links) being discussed.

    *   Sense 3 is the *act*.
    *   Sense 4 is the *thing*.
    *   The text refers to "these discoveries" (referring back to the genes mentioned) and turning them into tests. You turn the *thing discovered* into a test, not the *act of discovering* into a test.

    *   Sense 2 (breakthrough) is often used for the *event* or the *impact*.
    *   Sense 4 (something discovered) is the most basic and accurate description of the genes being identified.

    *   Sense 4: something that is discovered.
    *   Sense 2: a productive insight.
    *   Looking at the phrase "cascade of discoveries", it refers to the sequence of things found.

    *   Sense 4 is the most general and accurate for "the things found".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
6. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
7. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
8. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
9. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
10. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "new"
    *   Context: "...turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies."
    *   Meaning: The context discusses scientific discoveries (genes related to cancer) leading to the development of therapies that didn't exist before.

    *   1: Gratuitously new (newfangled) - No.
    *   2: Original and of a kind not seen before (novel) - Possible, but usually implies a breakthrough in concept.
    *   3: Inexperienced (raw) - No.
    *   4: After medieval times - No.
    *   5: Unfamiliar - No.
    *   6: Harvested early (crops) - No.
    *   7: Current stage of language (Modern) - No.
    *   8: Unprecedented (unexampled) - No.
    *   9: Not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered - This fits well. "New therapies" are therapies that have been recently developed or discovered.
    *   10: Unaffected by use (like new) - No.
    *   11: Other than the former one(s); different - Possible, but "new therapies" in a medical research context usually means newly developed ones.

    *   Sense 2 (novel) vs. Sense 9 (recently come into being/discovered).
    *   "New therapies" in the context of medical research usually refers to treatments that are being developed as a result of new discoveries. Sense 9 ("having just... been made or acquired or discovered") is the standard meaning for "new" in "new technology," "new law," or "new therapies." Sense 2 is more about being "novel" or "original" in a way that breaks a pattern.

    *   Sense 9: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
    *   Example: "a new law; new cars"
    *   This fits "new therapies" perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers <t>say</t> new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
2. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
3. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
4. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
5. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
6. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
7. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
8. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
11. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `say`
    *   Context: "Some researchers <t>say</t> new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

    *   1: recite or repeat a fixed text (e.g., Say grace) - *Incorrect*
    *   2: utter aloud (e.g., She said 'Hello') - *Incorrect*
    *   3: communicate or express nonverbally (e.g., What does this painting say?) - *Incorrect*
    *   4: express in words (state, tell) (e.g., He said that he wanted to marry her) - *Possible*
    *   5: report or maintain (allege, aver) (e.g., He alleged that he was the victim of a crime) - *Possible*
    *   6: give instructions to or direct (order, tell) (e.g., I said to him to go home) - *Incorrect*
    *   7: indicate (e.g., The clock says noon) - *Incorrect*
    *   8: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce) - *Incorrect*
    *   9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare (e.g., I say let's forget this whole business) - *Possible*
    *   10: express a supposition (suppose) (e.g., Let us say that he did not tell the truth) - *Incorrect*
    *   11: have or contain a certain wording or form (read) (e.g., What does the law say?) - *Incorrect*

    *   The sentence is: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs... may be based on..."
    *   The researchers are reporting a scientific hypothesis or a claim based on their findings.
    *   Sense 4 is a general "express in words" (state, tell).
    *   Sense 5 is "report or maintain" (allege, aver). This often implies a claim that might be disputed or a formal report of a finding.
    *   Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare".

    *   In scientific writing, when researchers "say" something, they are typically reporting a finding or maintaining a position/hypothesis.
    *   Comparing Sense 4 and Sense 5:
        *   Sense 4: "express in words" (very general).
        *   Sense 5: "report or maintain" (more specific to claims/assertions).
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 5: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 4: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you."
    *   The context "Some researchers say [that] new cancer drugs... may be based on..." fits the pattern of reporting a claim or maintaining a scientific position.

    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 4 vs Sense 5.
    *   Sense 4 is the most general sense of "say" meaning "state".
    *   Sense 5 is "report or maintain" (allege, aver).
    *   In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "say" in the context of reporting a claim or a finding is often mapped to the "report/maintain" sense if available, or the general "state" sense.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 5: "allege, aver". "Aver" means to state or assert to be the case. "Allege" means to claim that someone has done something illegal or wrong, but it can also mean to claim something without proof.
    *   The researchers are asserting a possibility ("may be based on"). This is a report of a scientific view.

    *   Sense 4: express in words (state, tell)
    *   Sense 5: report or maintain (allege, aver)
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare

    If the researchers are stating a hypothesis, "report or maintain" (Sense 5) fits well because they are maintaining a scientific position. However, "express in words" (Sense 4) is the most basic meaning.

    Let's look at the context again: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs... may be based on..."
    This is a standard way of reporting what a group of people believe or have found.

    Comparing Sense 4 and 5 again:
    Sense 4: "He said that he wanted to marry her" (Direct statement of fact/desire).
    Sense 5: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (Maintaining a position/reporting a state of affairs).

    The researchers' statement "new cancer drugs... may be based on..." is a report of a scientific possibility/position.

    Actually, looking at WordNet's structure, Sense 4 is often the default for "state". Sense 5 is more specific to "allege". Is "say" here "alleging"? Not exactly, but they are "maintaining" a theory.

    Let's check Sense 4 again: "express in words".
    Let's check Sense 5 again: "report or maintain".

    In the sentence "Some researchers say...", they are reporting a scientific view. "Report" is a synonym in Sense 5.

    Let's double-check Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". "I say let's forget this whole business." This is more of a proposal or a strong declaration.

    Between 4 and 5:
    Sense 4 is very general.
    Sense 5 is "report or maintain".
    Scientific reporting often falls under "report or maintain" when it's a claim.

    Let's re-read Sense 5: "report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver".
    "Aver" means "to state or assert to be the case". This fits perfectly.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 4 again: "express in words | synonyms=state, tell".
    "State" also fits perfectly.

    Which one is *better*?
    Usually, when "say" is used to introduce a clause that is a claim or a report of a belief (especially in a journalistic or scientific context), "report or maintain" (Sense 5) is a more precise fit than the general "express in words" (Sense 4).

    Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 5: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." This is very similar to "Researchers say new cancer drugs may be based on...". Both are reporting a belief or a state of affairs.

    Sense 4 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her." (Personal statement).

    Therefore, Sense 5 is the more specific and appropriate choice for reporting a scientific claim.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say <t>new</t> cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
6. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
7. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
8. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
9. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
10. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
11. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "new"
    *   Target surface form: "new"
    *   Context: "Some researchers say <t>new</t> cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."
    *   Meaning: The text is talking about the development of cancer drugs that haven't been created or discovered yet (or have just been discovered/developed).

    *   1: original and of a kind not seen before (novel) - *Possible, but usually implies a breakthrough in kind.*
    *   2: unprecedented (no previous example) - *Too strong.*
    *   3: inexperienced (raw) - *Incorrect.*
    *   4: early (crops) - *Incorrect.*
    *   5: unfamiliar (unaccustomed) - *Incorrect.*
    *   6: gratuitously new (newfangled) - *Incorrect.*
    *   7: other than the former one(s) (different) - *Incorrect (not replacing old drugs, but creating new ones).*
    *   8: current stage of language (Modern) - *Incorrect.*
    *   9: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered - *Fits well. "New cancer drugs" are drugs that have been recently made or discovered.*
    *   10: unaffected by use (like new) - *Incorrect.*
    *   11: in use after medieval times - *Incorrect.*

    *   Sense 1 (original/novel) vs. Sense 9 (recently made/discovered).
    *   Sense 1 is often used for things that are "novel" in a conceptual or theoretical way (e.g., "a novel proof").
    *   Sense 9 is the general sense of "new" meaning recently created or discovered (e.g., "a new law", "new cars").
    *   In the context of "new cancer drugs," it refers to drugs that are being developed or have recently been discovered. This aligns best with Sense 9.

    *   Sense 9: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered"
    *   Example: "a new law; new cars"
    *   Context: "new cancer drugs" (drugs that have been recently made or discovered).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: slow
Target surface form: slow
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to <t>slow</t> or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=slow%2:30:01:: | definition=become slow or slower | synonyms=slow down, slow up, slack, slacken | examples=Production slowed
2. sense_key=slow%2:30:05:: | definition=cause to proceed more slowly | synonyms=slow down, slow up | examples=The illness slowed him down
3. sense_key=slow%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow down, slow up, retard | examples=The car decelerated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `slow`
    *   Target surface form: `slow`
    *   Context: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to <t>slow</t> or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `slow%2:30:01::` (become slow or slower) - Intransitive (e.g., "Production slowed").
        2.  `slow%2:30:05::` (cause to proceed more slowly) - Transitive (e.g., "The illness slowed him down").
        3.  `slow%2:30:00::` (lose velocity; move more slowly) - Intransitive (e.g., "The car decelerated").

    *   The phrase is "drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth".
    *   Here, "slow" is used as a transitive verb. The object is "tumor growth".
    *   The drugs are intended to *cause* the tumor growth to proceed more slowly.

    *   Sense 1: "become slow or slower" (Intransitive). Doesn't fit because there is an object ("tumor growth").
    *   Sense 2: "cause to proceed more slowly" (Transitive). Fits perfectly. The drugs cause the growth to proceed more slowly.
    *   Sense 3: "lose velocity; move more slowly" (Intransitive). Doesn't fit because there is an object.

    *   Sense 2 is the only transitive sense provided and matches the context of causing a process (tumor growth) to happen more slowly.