[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: Evidence
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. <t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved
2. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `evidence`
    *   Target surface form: `Evidence`
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  (law) judicial trial evidence.
        2.  basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief (synonym: grounds). Example: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling".
        3.  an indication that makes something evident. Example: "his trembling was evidence of his fear".

    *   The sentence is about scientific research regarding the p53 suppressor gene and its involvement in other cancers.
    *   "Evidence now is emerging that..." refers to scientific data, findings, or knowledge that supports the belief/theory that the gene is involved in other cancers.

    *   Sense 1 (law): Not applicable. This is a scientific context, not a legal trial.
    *   Sense 2 (basis for belief/knowledge): This fits well. Scientific evidence is the basis for believing a hypothesis (e.g., "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling").
    *   Sense 3 (indication): This usually refers to a sign or symptom (e.g., trembling as evidence of fear). While scientific evidence can be an indication, Sense 2 is more specific to the "body of knowledge/grounds" used in scientific conclusions.

    *   Sense 2: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief". Example: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling".
    *   The context "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too" mirrors the example "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling". Both refer to scientific findings supporting a medical/biological claim.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
2. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now
3. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
6. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
7. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "now"
    *   Target surface form: "now"
    *   Context: "Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Surrounding text: Discusses the discovery of the p53 gene and its role in cancer. It mentions past research (Levine, Vogelstein) and then transitions to current findings ("Evidence now is emerging...").

    *   Sense 1: (prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity. (e.g., "Now the next problem is...")
    *   Sense 2: in the immediate past. (e.g., "told me just now")
    *   Sense 3: in these times; nowadays, today. (e.g., "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles")
    *   Sense 4: at the present moment; at present. (e.g., "goods now on sale")
    *   Sense 5: in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events. (e.g., "President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard")
    *   Sense 6: without delay or hesitation; immediately. (e.g., "he answered immediately")
    *   Sense 7: used to preface a command or reproof or request. (e.g., "now hear this!")

    *   The sentence "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too" describes a current state of scientific knowledge.
    *   It contrasts with the previous descriptions of past discoveries.
    *   "Now" here means "at the present time" or "currently."

    *   Sense 3 ("in these times; nowadays, today") and Sense 4 ("at the present moment; at present") are very similar.
    *   Sense 3 often refers to a general era or a trend over a period of time (e.g., "nowadays").
    *   Sense 4 often refers to the specific current moment or a current state of affairs.
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 3: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets" (general trend/era).
        *   Sense 4: "goods now on sale" (current state).
    *   "Evidence now is emerging" describes a current ongoing process/state of scientific discovery. This fits "at present" (Sense 4) or "nowadays" (Sense 3).
    *   However, in scientific writing, "now" often functions as "currently" or "at present."
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3 vs Sense 4.
        *   Sense 3: "in these times" (broadly).
        *   Sense 4: "at the present moment" (more specific).
    *   "Evidence now is emerging" suggests that as of the time of writing, this is happening. This is a current state.
    *   Comparing "nowadays" (Sense 3) vs "at present" (Sense 4):
        *   "Evidence nowadays is emerging..." (Sounds slightly off).
        *   "Evidence at present is emerging..." (Sounds better).
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again: "in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today".
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again: "at the present moment | synonyms=at present".
    *   In the context of "Evidence now is emerging," it means that in the current period of research, this is what is happening.
    *   Actually, "now" in "Evidence now is emerging" is very similar to "currently."
    *   Let's check if Sense 3 or 4 is a better fit for "currently."
    *   Sense 3: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" (current era).
    *   Sense 4: "goods now on sale" (current state).
    *   "Evidence now is emerging" is a current state of affairs.

    *   Sense 3: "in these times" (general era).
    *   Sense 4: "at the present moment" (specific time).
    *   "Evidence now is emerging" refers to the current state of scientific knowledge. This is more of a "current state" (Sense 4) than a "general era" (Sense 3), although the distinction is subtle.
    *   Let's look at the examples again. "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" (Sense 3) is a general trend. "goods now on sale" (Sense 4) is a current condition. "Evidence now is emerging" is a current condition.

    *   Wait, let me search for how "now" is typically categorized in these contexts.
    *   "Now" as in "currently" often maps to "at the present time."
    *   Sense 3: nowadays, today.
    *   Sense 4: at present.
    *   "Evidence at present is emerging" vs "Evidence nowadays is emerging."
    *   "At present" is a much more natural fit.

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: No.
    *   Sense 3: Possible, but "nowadays" is less fitting.
    *   Sense 4: Strong fit ("at present").
    *   Sense 5: No (this is not a historical narrative).
    *   Sense 6: No.
    *   Sense 7: No.

    *   Sense 4: "at the present moment" / "at present".
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging..."
    *   This fits perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerging
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth
2. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
5. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `emerge`
    *   Target surface form: `emerging`
    *   Context: "Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Meaning: Evidence is becoming known or apparent.

    *   Sense 1: `happen or occur as a result of something` (e.g., a conflict emerged from the disagreement).
    *   Sense 2: `come up to the surface of or rise` (e.g., emotions emerge).
    *   Sense 3: `become known or apparent` (e.g., results emerged from the study).
    *   Sense 4: `come out of` (e.g., water issued from the hole).
    *   Sense 5: `come out into view, as from concealment` (e.g., emerged from his office).

    *   The sentence says "Evidence now is emerging...".
    *   "Evidence" doesn't physically rise to a surface (Sense 2), come out of a hole (Sense 4), or step out of an office (Sense 5).
    *   It's not "happening as a result" in the sense of an event occurring (Sense 1), but rather that information is becoming available/known.
    *   Sense 3 ("become known or apparent") fits perfectly. The example "Some nice results emerged from the study" is very similar to "Evidence now is emerging".

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "involved"
    *   Target surface form: "involved"
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too."
    *   Meaning: The p53 suppressor gene plays a role in, is connected to, or is part of the process of other cancers.

    *   Sense 1: emotionally involved (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 2: entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 3: enveloped (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 4: highly complex or intricate (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 5: connected by participation or association or use (Applicable: the gene is connected to the occurrence/process of other cancers).

    *   The sentence says the gene is "involved in other cancers". This means the gene is associated with or plays a part in the development of those cancers.
    *   Sense 5 ("connected by participation or association or use") fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Emotional (No)
    *   Sense 2: Mired/Hindered (No)
    *   Sense 3: Enveloped (No)
    *   Sense 4: Complex (No)
    *   Sense 5: Connected/Associated (Yes)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
3. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "other"
    *   Target surface form: "other"
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `other%5:00:02:past:00`: belonging to the distant past (early, former).
        2.  `other%5:00:00:strange:00`: very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected.
        3.  `other%3:00:00::`: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied.
        4.  `other%5:00:00:past:00`: recently past.

    *   The sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   The context discusses the p53 gene's role in cancer formation. It mentions breast tumors specifically after this sentence.
    *   "Other cancers" refers to types of cancer different from the ones previously discussed or implied in the general context of cancer research mentioned earlier.

    *   Sense 1 (distant past): Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 2 (strange/unusual): Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3 (not the same one/ones already mentioned): Fits perfectly. "Other cancers" means cancers besides the ones already discussed.
    *   Sense 4 (recently past): Doesn't fit.

    *   Sense 3 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
2. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
3. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancers`
    *   Context: The text discusses genetic research (p53 gene), tumors, malignant growth, and cancer-suppressing genes. Specifically, "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Astrology (person born in Cancer)
        2.  Astronomy (constellation)
        3.  Biology (genus Cancer - crabs)
        4.  Astrology (zodiac sign)
        5.  Medicine (malignant growth/tumor)

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, focusing on gene mutations, tumors, and cell division.
    *   "cancers" in "involved in other cancers, too" refers to different types of malignant growths/tumors.

    *   Sense 5: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too
2. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "too"
    *   Target surface form: "too"
    *   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `too%4:02:01::` (in addition, also, as well)
        2.  `too%4:02:00::` (to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits, excessively)

    *   The sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   The word "too" is used at the end of the clause.
    *   It means that in addition to the cancers already mentioned (or implied), it is involved in *other* cancers as well.
    *   It is not describing a degree (e.g., "too many cancers" or "too cancerous").

    *   Sense 1: "in addition", "also", "as well". (Matches perfectly).
    *   Sense 2: "to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits", "excessively". (Does not match).

    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
2. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
3. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
4. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
5. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
6. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself
7. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
8. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
9. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
10. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
13. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
14. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
15. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
16. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

    *   The sentence describes researchers conducting a study on breast tumors and discovering a specific genetic mutation (chromosome 17 mutation at the p53 spot).
    *   The structure is "Researchers... have found that [fact/discovery]."

    *   Sense 1: `make a discovery` (synonym: discover). Example: "She found that he had lied to her." (Fits the "found that..." structure).
    *   Sense 2: `perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place`. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: `come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions...` (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: `come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost`. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: `establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study` (synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain). Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." (Strong candidate).
    *   Sense 6: `accept and make use of one's personality...` (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: `get or find back; recover the use of`. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 8: `perceive or be contemporaneous with`. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 9: `obtain through effort or management`. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 10: `come upon, as if by accident`. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 11: `decide on and make a declaration about` (rule). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 12: `make a discovery, make a new finding` (synonyms: discover). Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle." (Strong candidate).
    *   Sense 13: `get something or somebody for a specific purpose`. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 14: `discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of` (synonyms: detect, observe, discover, notice). Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint." (Strong candidate).
    *   Sense 15: `receive a specified treatment (abstract)`. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 16: `succeed in reaching; arrive at`. (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 1: `make a discovery` (general, often used with "found that...").
    *   Sense 5: `establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study`. (This fits the scientific context perfectly).
    *   Sense 12: `make a discovery, make a new finding` (often refers to the object discovered, e.g., "found a new particle").
    *   Sense 14: `discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of` (often refers to detecting a substance or a specific fact).

    *   The sentence is: "Researchers... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..."
    *   This is a result of a scientific investigation/study.
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study."
    *   Sense 1 is more general ("make a discovery").
    *   Sense 12 is also about discovery but often focuses on the *thing* discovered (the particle).
    *   Sense 14 is about detecting the presence of something.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "She found that he had lied to her." (This is a discovery of a fact).
    Let's look at the examples for Sense 5: "find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize."

    Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 5.
    Sense 1: `make a discovery` (synonym: discover).
    Sense 5: `establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study` (synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain).

    In scientific papers, "found that..." usually means "determined through study that...".
    Looking at the provided senses again:
    Sense 1: `make a discovery` | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her.
    Sense 5: `establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study` | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize.

    The context "Researchers... have found that..." is a classic expression of a scientific result established through study. Sense 5 is the most precise fit for "establish after a... study".

    Wait, let me check Sense 14 again: `discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of` | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint.
    The researchers found that a mutation *existed* in 23 of 38 tumors. This is very close to Sense 14.

    Let's compare Sense 1, 5, and 14.
    Sense 1: General discovery.
    Sense 5: Establish via study/experiment.
    Sense 14: Detect existence/presence.

    The sentence "Researchers... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..." is reporting the *result* of their study.

    If I look at the examples for Sense 1: "She found that he had lied to her." (Discovery of a fact).
    If I look at the examples for Sense 5: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." (Discovery of a thing via study).
    If I look at the examples for Sense 14: "We found traces of lead in the paint." (Detection of presence).

    The phrase "found that [clause]" is very common for Sense 1 and Sense 5. However, Sense 5's definition "establish after a... study" is a perfect match for "Researchers... have found".

    Let's double-check Sense 12: `make a discovery, make a new finding` | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle. (This is very similar to Sense 5 and Sense 1).

    Wait, let's look at the nuances again.
    Sense 1: `make a discovery` (general).
    Sense 5: `establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study`.
    Sense 12: `make a discovery, make a new finding`.
    Sense 14: `discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of`.

    The researchers are reporting a finding from their study. "Establish after a... study" (Sense 5) is the most precise description of this scientific process.

    Let's re-read the context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..."
    This is a result established through a study of 38 tumors.

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 5 again:
    Sense 1: "She found that he had lied to her." (Not necessarily a study).
    Sense 5: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize." (Result of investigation).

    Actually, looking at the WordNet structure (which these senses are based on), "find" as in "discover a fact" is often Sense 1 or Sense 5. Let's look at the synonyms.
    Sense 1: discover.
    Sense 5: determine, find out, ascertain.

    "Researchers... have determined that..." or "Researchers... have ascertained that..." fits perfectly.

    Let's check Sense 14 again: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    "Researchers... have discovered the fact that in 23 of 38 breast tumors..."

    Wait, let's look at the examples for Sense 14: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint." These are about detecting a substance.

    Let's look at Sense 1: "She found that he had lied to her." This is "found that [clause]".
    Let's look at Sense 5: "find the product of two numbers." (Calculation).

    Actually, "found that [clause]" is very often Sense 1 in these datasets. Let me re-examine Sense 1 and Sense 5.
    Sense 1: make a discovery.
    Sense 5: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study.

    The context is explicitly about researchers and their findings. This points strongly to Sense 5.

    Let's check Sense 12: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
    Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle."

    Wait, Sense 1, 5, 12, and 14 are all very similar.
    1: make a discovery
    5: establish after a study
    12: make a discovery, make a new finding
    14: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of

    Let's look at the specific phrasing: "found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated".
    This is a specific result (a statistic/fact) from a study.
    Sense 5: "establish after a... study". This is the most precise.

    Let's double-check Sense 1 again. "She found that he had lied to her." This is a discovery of a fact, but not necessarily through a formal study.

    Let's double-check Sense 14. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint." (This is finding a *thing*).

    The target is "found that [clause]".
    Sense 1: "She found that he had lied to her."
    Sense 5: "The physicist who found the elusive particle..." (Wait, the example is "found [object]", not "found that [clause]").

    Wait, if the example for Sense 1 is "found that [clause]" and the example for Sense 5 is "found [object]", does that change things?
    Sense 1: "She found that he had lied to her."
    Sense 5: "find the product of two numbers", "found the elusive particle".

    However, the *definition* of Sense 5 is "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". This is exactly what the researchers did.

    Let's look at Sense 12: "make a discovery, make a new finding". Example: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle."

    Let's look at Sense 14: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint."

    If I have to choose the *best* one:
    The researchers conducted a study (investigation) and established a fact (that 23 of 38 tumors had a mutation). This matches the definition of Sense 5 perfectly.

    Let's re-verify Sense 1: "make a discovery". This is very general.
    Sense 5: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". This is specific to the scientific context.

    In fine-grained WSD, the more specific sense that fits the context is usually the correct one.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 14 again. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of".
    "Researchers... have found [the fact] that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated".
    This also fits. But Sense 5's "establish after a... study" is even more specific to the "Researchers" part of the sentence.

    Let's compare Sense 5 and Sense 14 one more time.
    Sense 5: establish after a study.
    Sense 14: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of.

    The sentence is about the *result* of the research. "Researchers... have found that..."
    This is a standard way to report a finding from a study.

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 5: determine, find out, ascertain.
    "Researchers... have determined that..." (Perfect).
    "Researchers... have ascertained that..." (Perfect).

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 14: detect, observe, discover, notice.
    "Researchers... have detected that..." (Doesn't fit as well with "that [clause]").
    "Researchers... have observed that..." (Fits).

    Sense 5 seems the strongest because it explicitly mentions "investigation, experiment, survey, or study".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: breast
Target surface form: breast
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: | definition=meat carved from the breast of a fowl | synonyms=white meat
2. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: | definition=the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen | synonyms=chest | examples=he beat his breast in anger
3. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: | definition=the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest
4. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: | definition=either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman | synonyms=bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `breast`
    *   Target surface form: `breast`
    *   Context: "...Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `breast%1:13:00`: meat carved from the breast of a fowl (white meat).
        2.  `breast%1:08:01`: the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen (chest).
        3.  `breast%1:05:00`: the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest.
        4.  `breast%1:08:00`: either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman (bosom, etc.).

    *   The context mentions "breast tumors" and "breast cancer" in the context of women ("predispose women to the cancer").
    *   This refers specifically to the mammary glands.

    *   Sense 1: Fowl meat (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 2: General chest area (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: Animal chest (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman (Correct).

    *   The target word "breast" in "breast tumors" refers to the mammary gland, which matches sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
3. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "...Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: reproduction of a written record (transcript).
        2.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed (written matter).
        3.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone).
        4.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The sentence refers to "one copy of chromosome 17".
    *   In biology, chromosomes come in pairs (one from each parent). Each individual chromosome in a pair is a "copy" of the same genetic information (though they may have slight variations).
    *   Sense 1 (written record), Sense 2 (printed matter), and Sense 4 (journalistic material) are clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing") fits best, as a chromosome in a pair is essentially a biological copy of the other. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" strongly supports the biological application.

    *   Sense 3 is the only one that fits the biological context of chromosomes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
3. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
4. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook
5. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
6. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
7. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
8. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
9. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
10. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
12. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 14}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 14}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `spot`
    *   Target surface form: `spot`
    *   Context: "...one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies."
    *   Meaning: The word "spot" refers to a specific location on a chromosome where a gene is located.

    *   1: a small piece or quantity of something (e.g., a spot of tea) - *Incorrect*
    *   2: a slight attack of illness (e.g., a touch of rheumatism) - *Incorrect*
    *   3: a job in an organization (e.g., a post in the treasury) - *Incorrect*
    *   4: an act that brings discredit (e.g., a blot on his copybook) - *Incorrect*
    *   5: a lamp (spotlight) - *Incorrect*
    *   6: an outstanding characteristic (e.g., high points of the movie) - *Incorrect*
    *   7: a small contrasting part of something (e.g., a bald spot, leopard's spots) - *Incorrect*
    *   8: a playing card with pips - *Incorrect*
    *   9: a blemish made by dirt (e.g., smudge on cheek) - *Incorrect*
    *   10: a section of an entertainment program - *Incorrect*
    *   11: a short section/illustration for advertising - *Incorrect*
    *   12: a mark on a die or playing card - *Incorrect*
    *   13: a business establishment for entertainment (night spot) - *Incorrect*
    *   14: a point located with respect to surface features of some region (synonyms: topographic point, place) - *Correct*

    *   The context "at the spot where gene p53 lies" describes a specific location or point on a chromosome.
    *   Sense 14 defines "spot" as "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" and gives synonyms "topographic point, place". While a chromosome isn't a geographic region in the traditional sense, in linguistic and semantic terms, "spot" here refers to a specific location/place.

    *   Sense 7 (small contrasting part) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 14 (point located with respect to surface features/place) is the best fit for a specific location on a chromosome.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
2. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
5. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
6. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
7. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
8. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
11. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `say`
    *   Context: "The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

    *   1: give instructions/direct (order, tell) - *Not applicable.*
    *   2: have/contain certain wording (read) - *Not applicable.*
    *   3: express a supposition (suppose) - *Not applicable.*
    *   4: recite/repeat fixed text (grace) - *Not applicable.*
    *   5: indicate (clock says noon) - *Not applicable.*
    *   6: report or maintain (allege, aver) - *Possible (reporting a scientific claim).*
    *   7: utter aloud (say 'Hello') - *Too literal/physical.*
    *   8: speak/pronounce in a certain way (articulate) - *Not applicable.*
    *   9: state as opinion/judgment (declare) - *Possible, but usually more about a personal decision or strong opinion.*
    *   10: express in words (state, tell) - *Very general, fits well.*
    *   11: communicate nonverbally - *Not applicable.*

    *   The sentence is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene... may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   This is a report of a scientific conclusion or hypothesis.
    *   Sense 6 (report or maintain) and Sense 10 (express in words) are the strongest candidates.
    *   Sense 6 (report or maintain; synonyms: allege, aver) often implies a claim that might be disputed or a formal assertion.
    *   Sense 10 (express in words; synonyms: state, tell) is the most general sense of communicating information.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 6: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 10: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you."
    *   In scientific reporting, "scientists say" usually means they are stating their findings or conclusions. This is a form of reporting/maintaining a position based on evidence.
    *   However, "say" in "The scientists say that..." is most commonly mapped to the general "state" or "report" sense.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 6 vs Sense 10.
        *   Sense 6: report or maintain (allege, aver).
        *   Sense 10: express in words (state, tell).
    *   In many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "say" in the context of reporting a statement ("X says that Y") is often mapped to the most general sense of stating/expressing in words.
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 6 again: "report or maintain". This fits "The scientists say that..." very well because they are maintaining a scientific position.
    *   Let's look at Sense 10 again: "express in words". This is very broad.
    *   Comparing "report or maintain" (6) and "express in words" (10). "Report" is a very precise fit for scientific communication.
    *   Let's check if there's a better one. Sense 9 (state as opinion/judgment) is also close, but "say" here is reporting a conclusion based on data, not just a personal opinion.
    *   Actually, in many WordNet-based tasks, "say" meaning "to state that" is often Sense 10 (express in words). Let's look at the examples for 10: "He said that he wanted to marry her." This is a direct parallel to "The scientists say that...".
    *   Sense 6 examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime." This has a stronger connotation of "claiming" something that might be questioned.
    *   The scientists are stating a conclusion based on their research. This is a standard "state that" construction.

    *   Sense 10: express in words (state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."
    *   Sense 6: report or maintain (allege, aver). Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime."
    *   The sentence "The scientists say that..." is a standard reporting clause. Sense 10 is the most general and common fit for "say that [clause]".

    *   Sense 10 is the most general "state" sense.
    *   Sense 6 is more about "claiming" or "averring".
    *   The context is a scientific report. "The scientists say that..." is a neutral statement of their conclusion.
    *   Therefore, Sense 10 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
2. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
3. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

    *   Sense 1: `often%4:02:01::` - frequently or in great quantities (synonyms: much, a great deal). Example: "I don't drink much." (This is usually used in negative contexts or as a quantifier of amount/degree).
    *   Sense 2: `often%4:02:02::` - in many cases or instances.
    *   Sense 3: `often%4:02:00::` - many times at short intervals (synonyms: frequently, oftentimes). Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee." (This refers to temporal frequency).

    *   "breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families"
    *   Does it mean "many times at short intervals" (Sense 3)? No, cancer doesn't strike the same family members repeatedly at short intervals in this context; it means it happens in many different families.
    *   Does it mean "frequently or in great quantities" (Sense 1)? No, "much" doesn't fit here ("breast cancer much strikes...").
    *   Does it mean "in many cases or instances" (Sense 2)? Yes. It means that in many instances of breast cancer, it is found to strike multiple members of certain families.

    *   Sense 2 fits perfectly: "in many cases or instances".

    *   Sense 3 is about temporal frequency (how often something happens over time).
    *   Sense 2 is about prevalence or occurrence across different cases.
    *   The sentence is talking about the prevalence of familial breast cancer, not how frequently it happens to one person or one family over a short period.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strike
Target surface form: strikes
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strike%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
2. sense_key=strike%2:38:08:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
3. sense_key=strike%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
4. sense_key=strike%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
5. sense_key=strike%2:35:03:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
6. sense_key=strike%2:42:00:: | definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
7. sense_key=strike%2:35:10:: | definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
8. sense_key=strike%2:35:00:: | definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
9. sense_key=strike%2:41:00:: | definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
10. sense_key=strike%2:35:09:: | definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
11. sense_key=strike%2:36:02:: | definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
12. sense_key=strike%2:32:00:: | definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
13. sense_key=strike%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
14. sense_key=strike%2:31:00:: | definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain
15. sense_key=strike%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
16. sense_key=strike%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
17. sense_key=strike%2:41:02:: | definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
18. sense_key=strike%2:35:02:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
19. sense_key=strike%2:36:00:: | definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
20. sense_key=strike%2:35:08:: | definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
21. sense_key=strike%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 18}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 18}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `strike`
    *   Target surface form: `strikes`
    *   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

    *   The sentence discusses breast cancer affecting multiple family members.
    *   "strikes" here means the disease (cancer) is affecting or afflicting people.

    *   1: drive something violently into a location (hit) - No.
    *   2: occupy or take on (assume) - No.
    *   3: cause to experience suddenly (Panic struck me) - Close, but usually refers to emotions or ideas.
    *   4: find unexpectedly (chance upon) - No.
    *   5: produce by manipulating keys/strings - No.
    *   6: touch or seem as if touching visually/audibly - No.
    *   7: smooth with a strickle - No.
    *   8: deliver a sharp blow - No.
    *   9: stop work (walk out) - No.
    *   10: pierce with force - No.
    *   11: form by stamping/printing - No.
    *   12: indicate time (clock struck) - No.
    *   13: cause to form an electric arc - No.
    *   14: arrive at after reckoning (strike a balance) - No.
    *   15: make a strategic offensive assault - No.
    *   16: have an emotional or cognitive impact (struck me as odd) - No.
    *   17: attain (come to a pace) - No.
    *   18: affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely (hit; "He was stricken with cancer") - This fits perfectly.
    *   19: produce by ignition (strike a match) - No.
    *   20: remove by erasing - No.
    *   21: hit against; come into sudden contact with - No.

    *   Sense 18: "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager"
    *   The context "breast cancer often strikes multiple members" matches "afflict suddenly, usually adversely" and the example "stricken with cancer".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `member`
    *   Target surface form: `members`
    *   Context: "...since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

    *   Sense 1: External body part (extremity, appendage).
    *   Sense 2: Anything that belongs to a set or class (e.g., snakes in Reptilia).
    *   Sense 3: Male organ of copulation (penis).
    *   Sense 4: Organization that is a member of another organization (e.g., Canada in UN).
    *   Sense 5: One of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined/participate in a group organization).

    *   The phrase is "multiple members of certain families".
    *   In this context, "members" refers to people within a family.
    *   A family is a social group.
    *   Sense 5 refers to "one of the persons who compose a social group".
    *   Sense 2 is more general ("anything that belongs to a set or class"), but Sense 5 is more specific to people in a social group (like a family).

    *   Sense 2: "anything that belongs to a set or class"
    *   Sense 5: "one of the persons who compose a social group"
    *   While a family can be seen as a "set", it is primarily a "social group". In common English usage, "family members" refers to the people in the family. Sense 5 is the most precise fit for people in a social group.

    *   Sense 1: No.
    *   Sense 2: Possible, but less specific than 5.
    *   Sense 3: No.
    *   Sense 4: No.
    *   Sense 5: Yes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "certain"
    *   Context: "...since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Usage: "certain families"

    *   Sense 1: definite but not specified or identified (e.g., "a certain sum", "to a certain degree").
    *   Sense 2: established irrevocably (e.g., "fate is sealed").
    *   Sense 3: established beyond doubt or question; definitely known (e.g., "what is certain is...").
    *   Sense 4: exercising or taking care (e.g., "be certain to disconnect").
    *   Sense 5: having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident (e.g., "felt certain of success").
    *   Sense 6: reliable in operation or effect (e.g., "a quick and certain remedy").
    *   Sense 7: certain to occur; destined or inevitable (e.g., "he was certain to fail").

    *   In the phrase "certain families", the word "certain" is used as an adjective modifying "families".
    *   It doesn't mean the families are "confident" (Sense 5), "inevitable" (Sense 7), "reliable" (Sense 6), "careful" (Sense 4), or "established beyond doubt" (Sense 3).
    *   It means "some specific families, though not explicitly named or identified in the text" or "particular families".
    *   This matches Sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified".

    *   Sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified" -> "certain families" (some specific families, but not all and not named). This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
2. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
3. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
4. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
5. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
6. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
7. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `family`
    *   Target surface form: `families`
    *   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

    *   Sense 1: A person having kinship (kin, kinsperson). (Singular person)
    *   Sense 2: A social unit living together (household).
    *   Sense 3: Primary social group; parents and children (family unit).
    *   Sense 4: A collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category).
    *   Sense 5: People descended from a common ancestor (family line, kinfolk).
    *   Sense 6: Organized crime (syndicate).
    *   Sense 7: Biology taxonomic group (genera).
    *   Sense 8: Association of people sharing beliefs (fellowship).

    *   The sentence discusses breast cancer striking "multiple members of certain families" and mentions the gene being "inherited in a damaged form."
    *   Inheritance happens through biological lineage/descent from common ancestors.
    *   "Members of certain families" in the context of genetic inheritance refers to biological kinship/lineage.

    *   Sense 2 (household) is about living together.
    *   Sense 3 (family unit) is about parents and children.
    *   Sense 5 (people descended from a common ancestor) is about lineage and kinfolk.
    *   In the context of genetic predisposition and inheritance, "families" refers to the broader group of people sharing a common genetic ancestry (lineage), not just a nuclear family unit (Sense 3) or a household (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 5: "people descended from a common ancestor" / "family line, folk, kinfolk". This fits perfectly with the concept of inheriting a damaged gene.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `inherit`
    *   Target surface form: `inherited`
    *   Context: "...the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `receive by genetic transmission` (Example: "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother")
        2.  `receive from a predecessor` (Example: "The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair")
        3.  `obtain from someone after their death` (Example: "I inherited a castle from my French grandparents")

    *   The sentence discusses a "gene" (p53) and how it being "inherited in a damaged form" can "predispose women to the cancer."
    *   This clearly refers to biological/genetic transmission from parents to offspring.

    *   Sense 1: `receive by genetic transmission` - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: `receive from a predecessor` - Too general/metaphorical (e.g., business, politics).
    *   Sense 3: `obtain from someone after their death` - Refers to legal inheritance (money, property).

    *   The correct sense is 1.