[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: need
Context:
Conversely, there are the majority of unsuccessful schools, and we know which efforts at educational reform are doomed beforehand. We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing <t>need</t>. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%1:26:00:: | definition=a condition requiring relief | synonyms=demand | examples=she satisfied his need for affection; God has no need of men to accomplish His work
2. sense_key=need%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of extreme poverty or destitution | synonyms=indigence, penury, pauperism, pauperization | examples=their indigence appalled him; a general state of need exists among the homeless
3. sense_key=need%1:03:00:: | definition=the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior | synonyms=motivation, motive | examples=we did not understand his motivation; he acted with the best of motives
4. sense_key=need%1:17:00:: | definition=anything that is necessary but lacking | synonyms=want | examples=he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs; I tried to supply his wants

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `need`
    *   Target surface form: `need`
    *   Context: "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing <t>need</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: The author is critiquing Gov. Bill Clinton's call for a "comprehensive child-development policy," suggesting instead that the governors themselves need a "comprehensive development policy."

    *   Sense 1: `a condition requiring relief` (synonym: demand; example: "need for affection").
    *   Sense 2: `a state of extreme poverty or destitution` (synonyms: indigence, penury; example: "state of need exists among the homeless").
    *   Sense 3: `the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal` (synonyms: motivation, motive).
    *   Sense 4: `anything that is necessary but lacking` (synonym: want; example: "meet his simple needs").

    *   The sentence says a "comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need."
    *   Here, "need" refers to something that is necessary but currently lacking (the development policy for governors).
    *   Sense 2 (poverty) is clearly wrong.
    *   Sense 3 (psychological motivation) is clearly wrong.
    *   Sense 1 (condition requiring relief) vs. Sense 4 (anything that is necessary but lacking).
    *   Sense 1 often refers to a state of deficiency (e.g., "need for affection").
    *   Sense 4 refers to the *thing* that is necessary but lacking (e.g., "supply his wants").
    *   In the sentence, "a comprehensive development policy... would seem to be a more pressing need," the "need" *is* the policy. The policy is the thing that is necessary but lacking.

    *   Sense 1: "a condition requiring relief" (The *condition* of needing a policy).
    *   Sense 4: "anything that is necessary but lacking" (The *policy itself* is the need).
    *   Comparing "a more pressing need" (the policy) with "a condition requiring relief" vs "anything that is necessary but lacking."
    *   If the policy *is* the need, Sense 4 fits best.

    *   Sense 1: "she satisfied his need for affection" (The need is the *lack* of affection).
    *   Sense 4: "he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs" (The needs are the *things* he requires).
    *   In the target sentence, "a comprehensive development policy... would be a more pressing need," the policy is the thing required. This aligns perfectly with Sense 4.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extend
Target surface form: extending
Context:
We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is <t>extending</t> the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extend%2:30:09:: | definition=expand the influence of | synonyms=expand | examples=The King extended his rule to the Eastern part of the continent
2. sense_key=extend%2:30:12:: | definition=increase in quantity or bulk by adding a cheaper substance | synonyms=stretch | examples=stretch the soup by adding some more cream; extend the casserole with a little rice
3. sense_key=extend%2:30:01:: | definition=extend in scope or range or area | synonyms=widen, broaden | examples=The law was extended to all citizens; widen the range of applications
4. sense_key=extend%2:30:06:: | definition=continue or extend | synonyms=carry | examples=The civil war carried into the neighboring province; The disease extended into the remote mountain provinces
5. sense_key=extend%2:40:05:: | definition=make available; provide | synonyms=offer | examples=extend a loan; The bank offers a good deal on new mortgages
6. sense_key=extend%2:34:00:: | definition=use to the utmost; exert vigorously or to full capacity | synonyms=strain | examples=He really extended himself when he climbed Kilimanjaro; Don't strain your mind too much
7. sense_key=extend%2:29:00:: | definition=extend one's limbs or muscles, or the entire body | synonyms=stretch | examples=Stretch your legs!; Extend your right arm above your head
8. sense_key=extend%2:30:02:: | definition=lengthen in time; cause to be or last longer | synonyms=prolong, protract, draw out | examples=We prolonged our stay; She extended her visit by another day
9. sense_key=extend%2:35:10:: | definition=open or straighten out; unbend | examples=Can we extend the legs of this dining table?
10. sense_key=extend%2:38:14:: | definition=cause to move at full gallop | synonyms=gallop | examples=Did you gallop the horse just now?
11. sense_key=extend%2:29:01:: | definition=thrust or extend out | synonyms=exsert, stretch out, put out, hold out, stretch forth | examples=He held out his hand; point a finger
12. sense_key=extend%2:42:02:: | definition=reach outward in space | synonyms=poke out, reach out | examples=The awning extends several feet over the sidewalk
13. sense_key=extend%2:30:15:: | definition=prolong the time allowed for payment of | examples=extend the loan
14. sense_key=extend%2:42:01:: | definition=span an interval of distance, space or time | synonyms=cover, continue | examples=The war extended over five years; The period covered the turn of the century
15. sense_key=extend%2:40:04:: | definition=offer verbally | synonyms=offer | examples=extend my greetings; He offered his sympathy
16. sense_key=extend%2:38:10:: | definition=extend or stretch out to a greater or the full length | synonyms=unfold, stretch, stretch out | examples=Unfold the newspaper; stretch out that piece of cloth
17. sense_key=extend%2:42:03:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, pass, lead | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "extending" (lemma: "extend")
    *   Context: "What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years."
    *   Meaning: The governor wants to make the educational system cover a wider range of ages (including children under five).

    *   1: expand the influence of (e.g., rule) - Not about influence.
    *   2: increase in quantity/bulk by adding cheaper substance (e.g., soup) - Not about bulk/dilution.
    *   3: extend in scope or range or area (e.g., law extended to all citizens, widen range of applications) - This fits well. The "educational system" is the scope/range, and it's being widened to include pre-K.
    *   4: continue or extend (e.g., war carried into province) - More about physical spread or continuation of an event.
    *   5: make available; provide (e.g., loan) - Not about providing a loan.
    *   6: use to the utmost (e.g., strain) - Not about exertion.
    *   7: extend limbs/muscles (e.g., stretch legs) - Not physical stretching.
    *   8: lengthen in time (e.g., prolong stay) - Not about making a visit longer.
    *   9: open or straighten out (e.g., table legs) - Not physical straightening.
    *   10: cause to move at full gallop - Not about horses.
    *   11: thrust or extend out (e.g., hold out hand) - Not physical thrusting.
    *   12: reach outward in space (e.g., awning) - Not physical reach.
    *   13: prolong time for payment (e.g., loan) - Not about payment.
    *   14: span an interval of distance, space or time (e.g., war extended over five years) - This is more about the *state* of spanning, whereas the context is about the *action* of expanding the scope.
    *   15: offer verbally (e.g., greetings) - Not about greetings.
    *   16: extend or stretch out to full length (e.g., unfold newspaper) - Not physical unfolding.
    *   17: stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope (e.g., service runs to Cranbury) - Similar to 14, more about the state of spanning.

    *   The context is "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years."
    *   This means increasing the *scope* or *range* of the system to include a new group (children under five).
    *   Sense 3: "extend in scope or range or area" (synonyms: widen, broaden; example: "The law was extended to all citizens"). This matches perfectly.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the <t>educational</t> system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `educational`
    *   Target surface form: `educational`
    *   Context: "...extending the <t>educational</t> system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `educational%3:01:00::`: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology)
        2.  `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00`: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film)

    *   The word "educational" appears twice in the final two sentences:
        1.  "...extending the educational system..."
        2.  "...not an educational program."
    *   In both cases, it refers to the formal system of schooling/education (the "educational system", "educational program" in the sense of schooling).
    *   Sense 1 ("relating to the process of education") fits the description of a system or program designed for education.
    *   Sense 2 ("providing knowledge" / "instructive") usually describes a specific piece of content (like a film, a book, or an experience) that teaches something.

    *   "Educational system" refers to the structure and process of education.
    *   "Educational program" (in contrast to "child-care program") refers to the formal process of schooling.
    *   Sense 1 is about the *process* or *system* of education.
    *   Sense 2 is about the *effect* of being instructive.

    *   Sense 1: relating to the process of education. (Fits "educational system", "educational program").
    *   Sense 2: providing knowledge. (Fits "educational film", "educational experience").

    The context is clearly about the formal system of education (schooling), not whether a specific thing is instructive.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: system
Target surface form: system
Context:
We really do know all we need to know, if only we could assimilate this knowledge into our thinking. In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational <t>system</t> down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=system%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole | synonyms=scheme | examples=a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going
2. sense_key=system%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, organisation | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here
3. sense_key=system%1:09:02:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, organisation | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
4. sense_key=system%1:09:01:: | definition=a procedure or process for obtaining an objective | examples=they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation
5. sense_key=system%1:08:00:: | definition=a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts | examples=the body has a system of organs for digestion
6. sense_key=system%1:27:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium | examples=in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface; a system generating hydrogen peroxide
7. sense_key=system%1:08:01:: | definition=the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole | examples=exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system
8. sense_key=system%1:06:00:: | definition=instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity | examples=he bought a new stereo system; the system consists of a motor and a small computer
9. sense_key=system%1:09:00:: | definition=a complex of methods or rules governing behavior | synonyms=system of rules | examples=they have to operate under a system they oppose; that language has a complex system for indicating gender

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `system`
    *   Target surface form: `system`
    *   Context: "...What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational <t>system</t> down to the pre-kindergarten years."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `system%1:14:00::`: a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole (synonym: scheme; example: production and distribution system).
        2.  `system%1:07:00::`: an ordered manner; orderliness (synonym: organization; example: establish some system around here).
        3.  `system%1:09:02::`: an organized structure for arranging or classifying (synonym: arrangement; example: organization of topics).
        4.  `system%1:09:01::`: a procedure or process for obtaining an objective (example: devise a system that did not depend on cooperation).
        5.  `system%1:08:00::`: a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs (example: digestive system).
        6.  `system%1:27:00::`: (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in equilibrium.
        7.  `system%1:08:01::`: the living body as interdependent components (example: alcohol out of his system).
        8.  `system%1:06:00::`: instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts (example: stereo system).
        9.  `system%1:09:00::`: a complex of methods or rules governing behavior (synonym: system of rules; example: operate under a system they oppose).

    *   The phrase is "educational system".
    *   An "educational system" refers to the organized structure of schools, policies, and administration that provides education in a society.
    *   It's a large-scale organization consisting of interrelated parts (schools, teachers, curricula, government bodies).

    *   Sense 1: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole". This fits well. An educational system is a unified whole made of interrelated elements (schools, boards, etc.).
    *   Sense 2: "an ordered manner; orderliness". Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3: "an organized structure for arranging or classifying". Doesn't fit (this is more about taxonomy or layout).
    *   Sense 4: "a procedure or process for obtaining an objective". Too narrow.
    *   Sense 5: Biological organs. Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 6: Physical chemistry. Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 7: Living body. Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 8: Interacting artifacts (hardware). Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 9: "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior". This is close, but "educational system" usually refers to the institutional structure rather than just the rules.

    *   Sense 1: "a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole". Example: "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption". This is very similar to an educational system (a vast system of schools, funding, and administration).
    *   Sense 9: "a complex of methods or rules governing behavior". Example: "operate under a system they oppose". This is more about a political or legal system.

    *   An educational system is a social system. Sense 1 is the most general definition of a system as a complex of interrelated parts forming a whole.

    *   Sense 1: `system%1:14:00::`
    *   Sense 2: `system%1:07:00::`
    *   Sense 3: `system%1:09:02::`
    *   Sense 4: `system%1:09:01::`
    *   Sense 5: `system%1:08:00::`
    *   Sense 6: `system%1:27:00::`
    *   Sense 7: `system%1:08:01::`
    *   Sense 8: `system%1:06:00::`
    *   Sense 9: `system%1:09:00::`

    The index for `system%1:14:00::` is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether <t>desirable</t> or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `desirable`
    *   Target surface form: `desirable`
    *   Context: "Whether <t>desirable</t> or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `desirable%3:00:00::`: worth having or seeking or achieving (e.g., a desirable job).
        2.  `desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00`: worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse (e.g., suitable for their son).

    *   The sentence is discussing a "comprehensive child-development policy" and whether it's a "child-care program" or an "educational program."
    *   The phrase "Whether desirable or not" refers to whether the program (extending the educational system to pre-kindergarten) is a good idea, worth implementing, or beneficial.

    *   Sense 1: "worth having or seeking or achieving" fits perfectly. The author is questioning if the policy is beneficial or worth pursuing.
    *   Sense 2: "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse" is completely irrelevant to a child-care program.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care <t>program</t>, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours
2. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
3. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
6. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
7. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
8. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `program`
    *   Target surface form: `program`
    *   Context: "...this is a child-care <t>program</t>, not an educational program."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses Gov. Bill Clinton's proposal for a "comprehensive child-development policy for children under five," which the author describes as "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years."

    *   Sense 1: A performance at a public presentation (e.g., a concert program).
    *   Sense 2: A series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished (e.g., a six-step plan).
    *   Sense 3: An announcement of events (e.g., a sports program).
    *   Sense 4: A political party's platform (e.g., party program).
    *   Sense 5: Computer science instructions (e.g., computer program).
    *   Sense 6: Radio or television show (e.g., TV program).
    *   Sense 7: A system of projects or services intended to meet a public need (e.g., public works program, day care program).
    *   Sense 8: An integrated course of academic studies (e.g., university program).

    *   The context refers to a "child-care program."
    *   It's described as a "comprehensive child-development policy" and "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years."
    *   This fits the description of a "system of projects or services intended to meet a public need."
    *   Example for Sense 7: "working mothers rely on the day care program." This is almost identical to "child-care program."

    *   Sense 2 (plan) is too general.
    *   Sense 4 (political platform) is related because a governor is proposing it, but the "program" itself is the service being provided, not just the political platform.
    *   Sense 8 (academic course) is close because it mentions "educational program," but "child-care program" specifically refers to the service/system provided for children.

    *   Sense 7: "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" (Example: "day care program").
    *   This matches "child-care program" perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an <t>educational</t> program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film
2. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `educational`
    *   Target surface form: `educational`
    *   Context: "...extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an <t>educational</t> program."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00`: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film).
        2.  `educational%3:01:00::`: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology).

    *   The sentence is: "Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
    *   The author is contrasting "child-care" with "educational."
    *   The context discusses the "educational system" and "schooling."
    *   An "educational program" in this context refers to a program designed for the process of education (schooling, curriculum, formal learning) rather than just providing care (child-care).

    *   Sense 1: "providing knowledge" (instructive). This usually describes a specific piece of content (a book, a film, a trip) that teaches something.
    *   Sense 2: "relating to the process of education." This describes things associated with the system, the field, or the formal process of schooling.

    *   Is the "program" being described as "instructive" (providing knowledge) or as "relating to the process of education" (part of the schooling system)?
    *   The contrast is between "child-care" (supervision/care) and "educational" (schooling/instructional system).
    *   "Educational program" here refers to a program that is part of the educational process/system.
    *   Comparing "educational film" (Sense 1) vs "educational psychology" (Sense 2). "Educational program" fits better with the systemic/process meaning (Sense 2) than the "instructive" meaning (Sense 1), especially when contrasted with "child-care."

    *   Sense 1: Instructive (e.g., "That documentary was very educational").
    *   Sense 2: Relating to education (e.g., "The educational standards of the state").
    *   In "educational program," the author is talking about the nature of the program (whether it's for care or for education/schooling). This aligns more with Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
In this respect, it would be helpful if our political leaders were mute, rather than eloquently "concerned. "They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational <t>program</t>. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
2. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours
3. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
4. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
5. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
6. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
7. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
8. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `program`
    *   Target surface form: `program`
    *   Context: "...this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses Gov. Bill Clinton's proposal for a "comprehensive child-development policy for children under five," which the author describes as "extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years."

    *   Sense 1: `an integrated course of academic studies` (curriculum, syllabus).
    *   Sense 2: `a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation`.
    *   Sense 3: `a document stating the aims and principles of a political party` (platform).
    *   Sense 4: `(computer science) a sequence of instructions...`.
    *   Sense 5: `a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need` (e.g., "day care program", "program of public works").
    *   Sense 6: `a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished` (plan).
    *   Sense 7: `an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event`.
    *   Sense 8: `a radio or television show`.

    *   The context mentions "child-care program" and "educational program."
    *   The author is talking about a "comprehensive child-development policy" and "extending the educational system."
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "working mothers rely on the day care program" as an example. This aligns perfectly with "child-care program."
    *   Sense 1 ("integrated course of academic studies") might seem plausible for "educational program," but the author is contrasting "child-care program" (a service/system) with "educational program" (also a service/system in this context, though perhaps with a different goal).
    *   Wait, let's look closer at the contrast: "this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
    *   If "child-care program" is Sense 5 (a system of services to meet a public need), then "educational program" in this specific contrast is likely also Sense 5 (a system of services/projects intended to meet a public need, specifically education).
    *   Sense 1 is more about the *curriculum* (the specific studies), whereas the context is about the *system* or *policy* of providing these services to children under five.

    *   Sense 5: "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" (Example: "day care program").
    *   The context "child-care program" and "educational program" fits this definition of a public service/system perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Curriculum/Syllabus. (Too narrow).
    *   Sense 6: Plan/Steps. (Too general).
    *   Sense 3: Political platform. (The *policy* is political, but the *program* itself is the service being provided).

    *   The target word is the second "program" in "this is a child-care program, not an educational program."
    *   Both "child-care program" and "educational program" here refer to systems of services provided to the public.
    *   Sense 5 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We <t>know</t> that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
2. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
3. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
4. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
5. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
6. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
7. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
8. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
9. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
10. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Target surface form: `know`
    *   Context: "We <t>know</t> that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Sexual intercourse.
        2.  Distinguish/recognize difference.
        3.  Familiar/acquainted with person/object.
        4.  Cognizant/aware of a fact or specific piece of information.
        5.  Know nature/character of.
        6.  Know how to do something.
        7.  Aware of the truth of something; belief/faith; regard as true beyond doubt.
        8.  Firsthand knowledge of states/emotions.
        9.  Fixed in the mind (e.g., a language).
        10. Accept power/authority.
        11. Perceive as familiar.

    *   The sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..."
    *   The object of "know" is a clause: "that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade".
    *   This is a statement of fact or a claim based on evidence/knowledge.

    *   Sense 4: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" (Example: "I know that the President lied to the people").
    *   Sense 7: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" (Example: "I know that I left the key on the table").

    *   Sense 4 is about possessing information/facts.
    *   Sense 7 is about belief, faith, or certainty about the truth of something.
    *   In the context "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance...", the author is referring to established information or research findings (facts).
    *   Comparing the examples:
        *   Sense 4: "I know that the President lied to the people" (Fact/Information).
        *   Sense 7: "I know that I left the key on the table" (Certainty/Belief).
    *   The context "We know that..." in an argumentative essay about education usually refers to known facts or data.

    *   Sense 4: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information"
    *   Sense 7: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"
    *   Looking at the sentence again: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..."
    *   This sounds like a statement of a known fact (Sense 4) rather than a personal belief or faith (Sense 7).

    *   Sense 4: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information"
    *   Sense 7: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"
    *   Wait, let's look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 4: "I know that the President lied to the people"
    *   Sense 7: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"
    *   "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" is very similar to "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance". Both are statements about scientific or empirical truth.
    *   However, Sense 4 is "possess knowledge or information about".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 7: "be aware of the truth of something".
    *   Actually, in many WordNet-based datasets, "know that [clause]" often maps to Sense 4 (information) or Sense 7 (truth).
    *   Let's look at the nuance:
        *   Sense 4: Cognizant of a fact.
        *   Sense 7: Aware of the truth/belief.
    *   In the context of "We know that [educational research finding]", it's more about possessing the information/fact.

    *   Sense 4: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information"
    *   Sense 7: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"
    *   The sentence "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance..." is presenting a piece of information as a known fact.
    *   Sense 4 seems slightly more fitting for "possessing knowledge/information" (like research results).

    *   Sense 4: "I know that the President lied to the people"
    *   Sense 7: "I know that I left the key on the table"
    *   The "President lied" example is a fact. The "key on the table" example is a personal certainty.
    *   The "early exposure" example is a general fact/finding.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 7 again. "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun". This is a scientific truth.
    *   Is "early exposure to schooling improves performance" a scientific truth or a piece of information?
    *   Usually, "know that [clause]" where the clause is a fact is Sense 4.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 4: "cognize, cognise".
    *   Let's look at Sense 7 again: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt".
    *   The phrase "We know that..." in this context is used to introduce a premise based on evidence. This aligns well with "be cognizant or aware of a fact".

    *   Sense 4: Cognizant of a fact/information.
    *   Sense 7: Aware of the truth/belief/faith.
    *   The context is an argument about education policy. "We know that [fact]" is a common way to introduce evidence. This is possessing information.

    *   Sense 4: "I know that the President lied to the people" (Fact)
    *   Sense 7: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" (Truth)
    *   This is a very fine distinction. However, "possess knowledge or information about" (Sense 4) is a broader and more common application for "we know that [research finding]".

    *   Sense 4: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information"
    *   Sense 7: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"
    *   The sentence "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance..." is stating a known fact. Sense 4 fits "aware of a fact".

    *   Sense 4: "I know that the President lied to the people"
    *   Sense 7: "I know that I left the key on the table"
    *   The "President lied" example is a specific piece of information. The "key" example is a personal conviction.
    *   The "early exposure" example is a general piece of information/fact.
    *   Sense 4 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: very
Target surface form: very
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that <t>very</t> early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=very%4:02:00:: | definition=used as intensifiers; `real' is sometimes used informally for `really'; `rattling' is informal | synonyms=really, real, rattling | examples=she was very gifted; he played very well
2. sense_key=very%4:02:01:: | definition=precisely so | examples=on the very next page; he expected the very opposite

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "very"
    *   Target surface form: "very"
    *   Context: "We know that <t>very</t> early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `very%4:02:00::` (intensifier): "used as intensifiers", synonyms: "really", "real", "rattling". Example: "she was very gifted".
        2.  `very%4:02:01::` (precisely so): "precisely so". Example: "on the very next page".

    *   The phrase is "very early exposure".
    *   In this context, "very" modifies the adjective "early".
    *   It is used to intensify the degree of "earliness".
    *   Substituting "really" (synonym of sense 1): "really early exposure" (makes sense).
    *   Substituting "precisely" (sense 2): "precisely early exposure" (does not make sense).

    *   Sense 1 is an intensifier.
    *   Sense 2 is used for emphasis or precision (e.g., "the very best", "the very moment").
    *   "Very early" clearly fits the intensifier usage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very <t>early</t> exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
2. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
5. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations
6. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "early"
    *   Target surface form: "early"
    *   Context: "We know that very <t>early</t> exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `early%3:00:02::`: being or occurring at an early stage of development (e.g., "early forms of life").
        2.  `early%3:00:00::`: at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time (e.g., "early morning").
        3.  `early%5:00:00:young:00`: very young (e.g., "at an early age").
        4.  `early%5:00:00:past:00`: belonging to the distant past (e.g., "early inhabitants of Europe").
        5.  `early%5:00:01:future:00`: expected in the near future (e.g., "early end to the negotiations").
        6.  `early%3:00:01::`: of an early stage in the development of a language or literature.

    *   The sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade..."
    *   "Early exposure" refers to exposure that happens when the children are very young (pre-kindergarten years, as mentioned in the previous sentences).
    *   The context discusses "children under five" and "pre-kindergarten years."

    *   Sense 1: "being or occurring at an early stage of development". This fits well, as childhood is a stage of development.
    *   Sense 2: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events". This is more general (like "early morning").
    *   Sense 3: "very young". This is an adjective describing a person/entity. "Early exposure" doesn't mean the *exposure* is young, but that it happens *when the child is young*. However, "early age" is the example.
    *   Sense 4: "distant past". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "near future". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: "language or literature". Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1: "being or occurring at an early stage of development". Example: "early forms of life".
    *   Sense 3: "very young". Example: "at an early age".

    Wait, let's look at the grammar. "Early exposure".
    Is "exposure" young? No.
    Is "exposure" occurring at an early stage of development? Yes.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "very young". Usually, this describes the subject (e.g., "an early bird" - no, that's different; "early childhood"). If the phrase was "early children", it would be sense 3. But it's "early exposure".

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events". Exposure at the beginning of the educational course of events.

    Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2 again.
    Sense 1: "being or occurring at an early stage of development".
    Sense 2: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events".

    "Early exposure to schooling" happens during the early stage of a child's development.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "in an early stage; early forms of life".
    Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "early morning; an early warning".

    "Early exposure" fits "occurring at an early stage of development" (Sense 1) better than "at the beginning of a period of time" (Sense 2), although Sense 2 is a close general meaning. However, the context is specifically about child development (children under five, pre-kindergarten).

    Wait, let me check Sense 3 again: "very young". Example: "at an early age".
    In "early exposure", "early" modifies "exposure". "Exposure" isn't "young". But "early" in "early age" modifies "age". "Age" isn't "young" either; the *person* at that age is young.

    Actually, looking at WordNet's structure:
    `early%5:00:00:young:00` (adj) = very young.
    `early%3:00:02::` (adj) = being or occurring at an early stage of development.

    If I say "early childhood", is that Sense 1 or Sense 3?
    If I say "early exposure", it's something that *occurs* at an early stage.

    Let's double-check Sense 1: "being or occurring at an early stage of development".
    This seems the most precise for "early exposure" in the context of child development.

    Sense 1: "being or occurring at an early stage of development"
    Sense 2: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events"
    Sense 3: "very young"

    "Early exposure" -> Exposure that occurs at an early stage of development. (Sense 1)
    "Early exposure" -> Exposure that occurs at the beginning of a period of time. (Sense 2)

    Given the context of "child-development policy" and "children under five", Sense 1 is more specific and fitting.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again. "very young". Example: "at an early age".
    If "early" in "early age" is Sense 3, then "early" in "early exposure" might be Sense 3 if it's used as a synonym for "at a young age". But "exposure" itself isn't young.

    Let's re-read Sense 1: "being or occurring at an early stage of development".
    This fits "early exposure" perfectly.

    Sense 1: `early%3:00:02::`
    Sense 2: `early%3:00:00::`
    Sense 3: `early%5:00:00:young:00`

    Comparing "early exposure" to "early forms of life" (Sense 1). Both describe something that exists or happens at an early stage of development.

    Comparing "early exposure" to "early morning" (Sense 2). "Early morning" is a time of day.

    Comparing "early exposure" to "early age" (Sense 3). "Early age" refers to being young.

    Sense 1 is the strongest fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exposure
Target surface form: exposure
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early <t>exposure</t> to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exposure%1:04:01:: | definition=abandoning without shelter or protection (as by leaving as infant out in the open)
2. sense_key=exposure%1:06:00:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, picture, pic
3. sense_key=exposure%1:23:00:: | definition=the intensity of light falling on a photographic film or plate | examples=he used the wrong exposure
4. sense_key=exposure%1:04:05:: | definition=presentation to view in an open or public manner | examples=the exposure of his anger was shocking
5. sense_key=exposure%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of exposing film to light
6. sense_key=exposure%1:09:00:: | definition=aspect resulting from the direction a building or window faces | examples=the studio had a northern exposure
7. sense_key=exposure%1:26:01:: | definition=the state of being vulnerable or exposed | synonyms=vulnerability | examples=his vulnerability to litigation; his exposure to ridicule
8. sense_key=exposure%1:07:00:: | definition=vulnerability to the elements; to the action of heat or cold or wind or rain;  or | examples=exposure to the weather; they died from exposure
9. sense_key=exposure%1:10:00:: | definition=the disclosure of something secret | examples=they feared exposure of their campaign plans
10. sense_key=exposure%1:04:06:: | definition=the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience | examples=she denounced the exposure of children to pornography

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `exposure`
    *   Target surface form: `exposure`
    *   Context: "We know that very early <t>exposure</t> to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

    *   1: abandoning without shelter (infant) - No.
    *   2: photograph/print - No.
    *   3: intensity of light on film - No.
    *   4: presentation to view in public - No.
    *   5: act of exposing film to light - No.
    *   6: direction a building faces - No.
    *   7: state of being vulnerable (e.g., to litigation) - No.
    *   8: vulnerability to elements (weather) - No.
    *   9: disclosure of something secret - No.
    *   10: the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience (example: exposure of children to pornography) - Yes.

    *   The sentence says "very early exposure to schooling".
    *   This means subjecting children to the experience of schooling.
    *   Sense 10 ("the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience") fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 10: "the act of subjecting someone to an influencing experience"
    *   Context: "exposure to schooling"
    *   Match: High.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: schooling
Target surface form: schooling
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to <t>schooling</t> improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=schooling%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=school | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
2. sense_key=schooling%1:04:01:: | definition=the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)
3. sense_key=schooling%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of teaching at school

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "schooling"
    *   Target surface form: "schooling"
    *   Context: "We know that very early exposure to <t>schooling</t> improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `schooling%1:09:00::`: the process of being formally educated at a school (synonym: school)
        2.  `schooling%1:04:01::`: the training of an animal (especially the training of a horse for dressage)
        3.  `schooling%1:04:00::`: the act of teaching at school

    *   The sentence discusses "child-development policy," "educational system," "pre-kindergarten years," and "performance in the first grade."
    *   "exposure to schooling" refers to the experience of the child being educated/taught in a school setting.

    *   Sense 1: "the process of being formally educated at a school" - This fits perfectly. The child is exposed to the process of being educated.
    *   Sense 2: "the training of an animal" - Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3: "the act of teaching at school" - This refers to the teacher's action (the act of teaching), whereas "exposure to schooling" refers to the student's experience (the process of being educated).

    *   "Exposure to schooling" implies the child is receiving the education.
    *   Sense 1 (process of being educated) is a better fit for the student's experience than Sense 3 (act of teaching).

    *   Sense 1: process of being formally educated.
    *   Sense 3: act of teaching.
    *   In "exposure to schooling," the "schooling" is the thing the child is exposed to. Being exposed to the process of being educated (Sense 1) is more natural than being exposed to the act of teaching (Sense 3), although they are close. However, "schooling" as a noun often refers to the education received.

    *   Sense 1: "the process of being formally educated at a school"
    *   Sense 3: "the act of teaching at school"
    *   If a child is exposed to "schooling," they are exposed to the system/process of education. Sense 1 is the standard meaning for a student's education.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: improve
Target surface form: improves
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling <t>improves</t> performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=improve%2:30:01:: | definition=to make better | synonyms=better, amend, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The editor improved the manuscript with his changes
2. sense_key=improve%2:30:00:: | definition=get better | synonyms=better, ameliorate, meliorate | examples=The weather improved toward evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `improve`
    *   Target surface form: `improves`
    *   Context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling <t>improves</t> performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `improve%2:30:01::`: to make better (transitive)
        2.  `improve%2:30:00::`: get better (intransitive)

    *   Sentence: "We know that very early exposure to schooling <t>improves</t> performance in the first grade..."
    *   Subject: "very early exposure to schooling"
    *   Object: "performance in the first grade"
    *   Action: "improves"

    *   Sense 1: "to make better" (transitive). Example: "The editor improved the manuscript..." (The editor makes the manuscript better).
    *   Sense 2: "get better" (intransitive). Example: "The weather improved toward evening." (The weather became better).

    *   In the context, "exposure to schooling" (subject) is acting upon "performance" (object) to make it better.
    *   This is a transitive usage.
    *   Sense 1 is transitive ("to make better").
    *   Sense 2 is intransitive ("get better").

    *   The usage matches Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves <t>performance</t> in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
5. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `performance`
    *   Context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves <t>performance</t> in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "performance" refers to how well students do in school (their academic achievement or the act of doing the work successfully).

    *   Sense 1: `performance%1:10:00::` - a dramatic or musical entertainment (e.g., a play). -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 2: `performance%1:04:01::` - the act of presenting a play or piece of music. -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 3: `performance%1:22:00::` - process or manner of functioning or operating (e.g., engine operation). -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 4: `performance%1:04:00::` - the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it. Synonyms: execution, carrying out. Example: "experience generally improves performance". -> *Fits well.*
    *   Sense 5: `performance%1:04:03::` - any recognized accomplishment. Example: "his performance under stress". -> *Close, but Sense 4 focuses more on the act of doing/achieving success in a task (like schooling).*

    *   The sentence says "early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade". This refers to the students' ability to perform tasks, achieve results, and apply knowledge in a school setting.
    *   Sense 4 specifically mentions "doing something successfully" and "using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it," which aligns perfectly with academic performance.
    *   Sense 5 is more about a specific "accomplishment" (a singular event or a high-level achievement), whereas Sense 4 is more about the general ability/act of performing well.

    *   Sense 4: "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it".
    *   This matches the context of academic performance (how well a child does in school).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the <t>first</t> grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section
3. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
4. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
6. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "first"
    *   Target surface form: "first"
    *   Context: "...very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the <t>first</t> grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Target phrase: "the first grade"

    *   Sense 1: preceding all others in time or space or degree (e.g., the first house on the right).
    *   Sense 2: highest in pitch or chief among parts (e.g., first soprano).
    *   Sense 3: serving to begin (synonym: beginning) (e.g., the first verse).
    *   Sense 4: ranking above all others (synonym: foremost) (e.g., first in her class).
    *   Sense 5: indicating the beginning unit in a series (synonym: 1st).
    *   Sense 6: serving to set in motion (synonym: inaugural) (e.g., inaugural issue).

    *   "First grade" refers to the initial year of elementary school in a sequence of grades (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.).
    *   This is a numerical position in a series.
    *   Sense 5 ("indicating the beginning unit in a series", synonym "1st") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 1 ("preceding all others in time or space") is similar but more general.
    *   Sense 3 ("serving to begin") is more about the opening part of a single entity (like a verse of a poem).
    *   Sense 4 is about rank/quality.
    *   Sense 6 is about initiation.

    *   "First grade" is the 1st grade.
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "indicating the beginning unit in a series" and the synonym "1st". This is the standard way to describe grade levels.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: grade
Target surface form: grade
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=grade%1:07:01:: | definition=the gradient of a slope or road or other surface | examples=the road had a steep grade
2. sense_key=grade%1:26:00:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=level, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=grade%1:07:02:: | definition=the height of the ground on which something stands | synonyms=ground level | examples=the base of the tower was below grade
4. sense_key=grade%1:09:00:: | definition=a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance) | synonyms=mark, score | examples=she made good marks in algebra; grade A milk
5. sense_key=grade%1:05:00:: | definition=a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed
6. sense_key=grade%1:23:00:: | definition=one-hundredth of a right angle | synonyms=grad
7. sense_key=grade%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
8. sense_key=grade%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
9. sense_key=grade%1:10:00:: | definition=a degree of ablaut | synonyms=gradation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `grade`
    *   Target surface form: `grade`
    *   Context: "...We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Gradient of a slope.
        2.  Relative position/degree of value (e.g., lumber).
        3.  Height of the ground.
        4.  Number or letter indicating quality (mark/score).
        5.  Variety of cattle.
        6.  One-hundredth of a right angle.
        7.  A body of students who are taught together (class, form, course).
        8.  Position on a scale of intensity/amount/quality.
        9.  Degree of ablaut.

    *   The phrase is "the first grade".
    *   The context is "exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade".
    *   This clearly refers to a level of schooling or a group of students at a specific level of education.

    *   Sense 7: "a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy". This fits perfectly with "first grade" in the context of schooling.

    *   Sense 4 (mark/score) is about the result of a test, not the level of schooling.
    *   Sense 2 (relative position/value) is about quality of materials.
    *   Sense 8 (position on a scale) is too general.

    *   Sense 7 is the correct one.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
2. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
3. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
4. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder
5. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `difference`
    *   Context: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away."
    *   Meaning: The text discusses the effect of early schooling on performance. It says performance improves initially, but then the *advantage* or *distinction* in performance between those who had early schooling and those who didn't disappears.

    *   Sense 1: a disagreement or argument (dispute). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: a significant change (e.g., "made a real difference"). -> This refers to an effect or impact.
    *   Sense 3: a variation that deviates from the standard or norm (deviation). -> Not quite.
    *   Sense 4: the number that remains after subtraction (mathematical). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: the quality of being unlike or dissimilar (distinction/gap). -> This refers to the state of being different.

    *   The sentence says "the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   What is the "difference"? It's the gap in performance between the group that had early schooling and the group that didn't.
    *   Is it a "significant change" (Sense 2)? No, the *change* isn't being washed away; the *gap* created by the change is.
    *   Is it "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" (Sense 5)? Yes, the difference in performance levels (the gap/distinction) is what is being washed away.

    *   Sense 2: "his support made a real difference" (meaning it had a significant effect).
    *   Sense 5: "there are many differences between jazz and rock" (meaning distinctions).
    *   In the context "the difference is quickly washed away," it refers to the *distinction* in performance levels between two groups. This aligns best with Sense 5 (the quality of being unlike or dissimilar).

    *Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 2.*
    "his support made a real difference" -> "difference" here means a positive effect or a change in outcome.
    In the context "the difference is quickly washed away," the "difference" is the *result* of the early schooling (the improved performance). If the improvement is the "difference," then Sense 2 (a significant change/effect) might fit.

    Let's look at Sense 5 again: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar."
    If Group A (early schooling) performs better than Group B (no early schooling), there is a *difference* (a gap/distinction) between them. When that gap disappears, the "difference is washed away."

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 5:
    Sense 2: "a significant change" (often used as "make a difference").
    Sense 5: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" (the state of being different).

    In "the difference is quickly washed away," the author is referring to the *gap* in performance. A gap is a state of being dissimilar/unlike in value.

    Let's check if there are other senses.
    Sense 3: "variation that deviates from the standard". Not really.

    Let's re-read: "very early exposure to schooling improves performance... but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."
    The "difference" is the *improvement* (the gap created by the schooling).
    If I say "The difference between the two groups vanished," I am using Sense 5.
    If I say "The training made a difference," I am using Sense 2.
    Here, the "difference" is the *thing* that was created (the gap) and then disappeared.

    Sense 5: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar".
    Example: "there are many differences between jazz and rock".
    In the context, the "difference" is the disparity in performance. This is a quality of being unlike.

    Sense 2: "a significant change".
    Example: "the difference in her is amazing".
    This refers to a change *within* a person or a change in a situation.

    The context "the difference is quickly washed away" refers to the *gap* between the treated group and the control group. This is a distinction/dissimilarity.

    Therefore, Sense 5 is the most accurate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: quickly
Target surface form: quickly
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "quickly"
    *   Context: "...We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `quickly%4:02:00::`: with rapid movements (rapidly, speedily)
        2.  `quickly%4:02:02::`: with little or no delay (promptly)
        3.  `quickly%4:02:03::`: without taking pains (cursorily)

    *   The sentence says "the difference is quickly washed away."
    *   This means the advantage gained from early schooling disappears rapidly over time.
    *   It refers to the speed/rate at which the difference vanishes.

    *   Sense 1: "with rapid movements" / "rapidly". While "rapid movements" often implies physical motion, "rapidly" is a general synonym for speed of change or occurrence.
    *   Sense 2: "with little or no delay" / "promptly". This usually refers to the time between a trigger and an action (e.g., "he responded quickly").
    *   Sense 3: "without taking pains" / "cursorily". This refers to lack of thoroughness (e.g., "he read the book quickly").

    *   "Washed away" in this context is metaphorical for "disappearing" or "vanishing."
    *   The disappearance happens at a fast rate.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 1 (rapidly) fits the rate of change better than Sense 2 (promptly/without delay). "Promptly" would imply it happened immediately after the first grade, whereas "rapidly" describes the speed of the process of disappearing.

    *   Sense 1: "rapidly, speedily" -> "the difference is rapidly washed away." (Fits well)
    *   Sense 2: "promptly" -> "the difference is promptly washed away." (Less natural, implies a specific trigger)
    *   Sense 3: "cursorily" -> "the difference is cursorily washed away." (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.