[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a <t>young</t> molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
3. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "young"
    *   Target surface form: "young"
    *   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein, a <t>young</t> molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  (living things/persons) in an early period of life or development or growth (synonym: immature).
        2.  suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh (synonyms: youthful, vernal).
        3.  not tried or tested by experience (synonyms: unseasoned, untested, untried).
        4.  being in its early stage (e.g., a young industry).
        5.  (of crops) harvested at an early stage of development.

    *   The phrase is "a young molecular biologist".
    *   This refers to Dr. Vogelstein, a person.
    *   In this context, "young" describes his age or stage of life/career.

    *   Sense 1: "in an early period of life or development or growth" (used of living things especially persons). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh". This is more about appearance or spirit than chronological age.
    *   Sense 3: "not tried or tested by experience". While a young biologist might be inexperienced, "young" here primarily refers to his age/career stage, not necessarily a lack of skill or testing.
    *   Sense 4: "being in its early stage" (used for industries, time). Not applicable to a person.
    *   Sense 5: "harvested at an early stage" (used for crops). Not applicable to a person.

    *   Sense 1 is the most direct and standard meaning of "young" when describing a person's age.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, <t>believed</t> Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `believe`
    *   Target surface form: `believed`
    *   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, <t>believed</t> Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment..."

    *   Sense 1: `be confident about something` (synonym: trust). Example: "I believe that he will come back from the war."
    *   Sense 2: `credit with veracity`. Example: "You cannot believe this man."
    *   Sense 3: `follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer`. Example: "When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too."
    *   Sense 4: `judge or regard; look upon; judge` (synonyms: think, consider, conceive). Example: "I believe her to be very smart."
    *   Sense 5: `accept as true; take to be true`. Example: "I believed his report."

    *   The sentence says: "Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was right".
    *   This means Dr. Vogelstein accepted the proposition "Dr. Knudson was right" as true.
    *   Let's compare Sense 4 and Sense 5.
        *   Sense 4 (`judge or regard; look upon; judge`): "I believe her to be very smart." (This is more about an opinion or judgment of a quality).
        *   Sense 5 (`accept as true; take to be true`): "I believed his report." (This is about accepting a claim or a fact).
    *   In the context, Dr. Knudson made an "audacious claim" (that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers). Dr. Vogelstein "believed Dr. Knudson was right". This is accepting a claim/proposition as true.

    *   Sense 1: Confidence/Trust. (Possible, but Sense 5 is more precise for accepting a claim).
    *   Sense 2: Crediting a person with veracity. (Vogelstein didn't just believe Knudson as a person, but believed the specific claim he made).
    *   Sense 3: Religious/Credo faith. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Judging/Regarding. (Usually used for opinions/characteristics).
    *   Sense 5: Accepting as true. (Fits perfectly: accepting the claim that Knudson was right).

    *   "believed Dr. Knudson was right" $\approx$ "accepted as true that Dr. Knudson was right".
    *   This aligns best with Sense 5.

    *Wait*, let me double-check Sense 4 again. "I believe her to be very smart" vs "I believe Dr. Knudson was right".
    Sense 4 synonyms: think, consider, conceive.
    Sense 5: accept as true.

    If I say "I believe he is right", am I judging him to be right (Sense 4) or accepting the fact that he is right (Sense 5)?
    Usually, "believe [that] X is true" is Sense 5.
    "Believe [someone] to be [something]" is often Sense 4.

    Let's look at the examples again:
    Sense 4: "I believe her to be very smart" (judgment/opinion).
    Sense 5: "I believed his report" (accepting a claim as true).

    Dr. Knudson made a claim. Dr. Vogelstein believed the claim (that Knudson was right). This is accepting a claim as true.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "be confident about something". "I believe that he will come back from the war." This is also close, but Sense 5 is the standard for "accepting a proposition as true".

    Actually, looking at WordNet's structure (if I recall correctly), `believe` as in "believe that..." often maps to "accept as true".

    Let's compare:
    - "I believe (that) he is right." (Sense 5: accept as true)
    - "I believe him to be right." (Sense 4: judge/regard)

    The sentence is "believed Dr. Knudson was right" (the "that" is implied). This strongly points to Sense 5.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again: "be confident about something".
    Example: "I believe that he will come back from the war."
    This is very similar to "I believe that Dr. Knudson was right."

    However, Sense 5 "accept as true; take to be true" is the most direct fit for accepting a scientific claim.

    Let's check Sense 4 again: "judge or regard; look upon; judge".
    "I believe her to be very smart."
    "I believe Dr. Knudson was right."
    Is "being right" a quality or a truth-value? It's a truth-value.

    Sense 5: "I believed his report." (The report contains claims; he accepted them as true).
    "I believed Dr. Knudson was right." (The claim is that he was right; Vogelstein accepted it as true).

    Sense 5 seems the most accurate.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: right
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was <t>right</t>, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
2. sense_key=right%3:00:02:: | definition=free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth | synonyms=correct | examples=the correct answer; the correct version
3. sense_key=right%3:00:03:: | definition=of or belonging to the political or intellectual right
4. sense_key=right%5:00:00:outside:00 | definition=(of the side of cloth or clothing) facing or intended to face outward | examples=the right side of the cloth showed the pattern; be sure your shirt is right side out
5. sense_key=right%3:00:01:: | definition=in conformance with justice or law or morality | examples=do the right thing and confess
6. sense_key=right%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=having the axis perpendicular to the base | examples=a right angle
7. sense_key=right%3:00:04:: | definition=correct in opinion or judgment | synonyms=correct | examples=time proved him right
8. sense_key=right%5:00:00:appropriate:00 | definition=appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person's character, needs | synonyms=proper | examples=everything in its proper place; the right man for the job
9. sense_key=right%5:00:00:right-handed:00 | definition=intended for the right hand | synonyms=right-hand | examples=a right-hand glove
10. sense_key=right%5:00:01:proper:00 | definition=socially right or correct | synonyms=correct | examples=it isn't right to leave the party without saying goodbye; correct behavior
11. sense_key=right%5:00:00:satisfactory:00 | definition=in or into a satisfactory condition | examples=things are right again now; put things right
12. sense_key=right%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=precisely accurate | synonyms=veracious | examples=a veracious account
13. sense_key=right%5:00:02:proper:00 | definition=in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure | synonyms=correct | examples=what's the right word for this?; the right way to open oysters
14. sense_key=right%3:00:00:: | definition=being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the east when facing north | examples=my right hand; right center field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "right"
    *   Target surface form: "right"
    *   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was <t>right</t>, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment..."
    *   Meaning: Dr. Vogelstein believed Dr. Knudson's claim/theory was correct.

    *   1: opportune (most suitable for a purpose) - No.
    *   2: free from error; conforming to fact or truth (e.g., correct answer) - Possible.
    *   3: political/intellectual right - No.
    *   4: side of cloth facing outward - No.
    *   5: conformance with justice/law/morality - No.
    *   6: perpendicular - No.
    *   7: correct in opinion or judgment (e.g., time proved him right) - Very strong fit.
    *   8: appropriate for a condition/purpose - No.
    *   9: right-handed - No.
    *   10: socially right or correct - No.
    *   11: satisfactory condition - No.
    *   12: precisely accurate (veracious account) - Possible, but usually refers to a statement/account rather than a person's judgment.
    *   13: accord with accepted standards of usage/procedure - No.
    *   14: side of the body (east when facing north) - No.

    *   Sense 2: "free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth" (synonym: correct). Example: "the correct answer".
    *   Sense 7: "correct in opinion or judgment" (synonym: correct). Example: "time proved him right".

    *   The context is "believed Dr. Knudson was right". This refers to Dr. Knudson's *claim* or *opinion* about cancer.
    *   Sense 7 specifically mentions being "correct in opinion or judgment" and provides the example "time proved him right", which mirrors the structure "believed Dr. Knudson was right".

    *   Sense 7 is the most precise fit for a person being "right" about a theory or claim.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set_out
Target surface form: set out
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and <t>set out</t> to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set_out%2:35:00:: | definition=lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line | synonyms=range, array, lay out | examples=lay out the clothes; lay out the arguments
2. sense_key=set_out%2:38:00:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set off | examples=The family took off for Florida
3. sense_key=set_out%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, start, set about | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `set_out`
    *   Target surface form: `set out`
    *   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was right, and <t>set out</t> to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."

    *   Sense 1: `lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line` (e.g., lay out clothes, lay out arguments).
    *   Sense 2: `leave` (e.g., depart, start out, set forth).
    *   Sense 3: `take the first step or steps in carrying out an action` (e.g., begin, start out, set about).

    *   The context says Dr. Vogelstein "set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment".
    *   This means he began the process of repeating the experiment.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 3: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" (synonyms: begin, start out).

    *   Sense 1 (lay out) doesn't fit (he's not arranging the experiment in a line).
    *   Sense 2 (leave/depart) doesn't fit (he's not physically leaving a location in this specific phrase "set out to [do something]").

    *   Sense 3 is the correct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: repeat
Target surface form: repeat
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to <t>repeat</t> the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=repeat%2:36:01:: | definition=repeat an earlier theme of a composition | synonyms=reprise, reprize, recapitulate
2. sense_key=repeat%2:41:00:: | definition=do over | synonyms=take over | examples=They would like to take it over again
3. sense_key=repeat%2:30:00:: | definition=happen or occur again | synonyms=recur | examples=This is a recurring story
4. sense_key=repeat%2:32:01:: | definition=to say again or imitate | synonyms=echo | examples=followers echoing the cries of their leaders
5. sense_key=repeat%2:36:00:: | definition=make or do or perform again | synonyms=duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate | examples=He could never replicate his brilliant performance of the magic trick
6. sense_key=repeat%2:32:00:: | definition=to say, state, or perform again | synonyms=reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell | examples=She kept reiterating her request

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `repeat`
    *   Target surface form: `repeat`
    *   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein... set out to <t>repeat</t> the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."
    *   Meaning: To perform the same experiment again to see if the results are consistent or applicable to other cases.

    *   Sense 1: `repeat an earlier theme of a composition` (reprise, recapitulate) - Not applicable (not a musical/literary composition).
    *   Sense 2: `do over` (take over) - Usually means to do something again because it was done wrong or to start over. Not the best fit for a scientific experiment.
    *   Sense 3: `happen or occur again` (recur) - This is intransitive (e.g., "the accident repeated"). The context is transitive ("repeat the Cavenee experiment").
    *   Sense 4: `to say again or imitate` (echo) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: `make or do or perform again` (duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate) - This fits perfectly. In science, "repeating an experiment" means replicating it to verify results.
    *   Sense 6: `to say, state, or perform again` (reiterate, iterate, restate) - This usually refers to speech or a specific action performed again, but "replicate" (Sense 5) is the standard term for scientific experiments.

    *   Sense 5 specifically lists "replicate" as a synonym.
    *   The context is "repeat the Cavenee experiment".
    *   Replicating an experiment is the core of the scientific method.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiment
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee <t>experiment</t> in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `experiment`
    *   Target surface form: `experiment`
    *   Context: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `experiment%1:04:01::`: a venture at something new or different (e.g., growing a beard).
        2.  `experiment%1:09:00::`: the testing of an idea (e.g., an experiment in living).
        3.  `experiment%1:04:00::`: the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation (synonym: experimentation).

    *   The context describes a scientific setting: "medicine", "gene", "cancer", "molecular biologist", "Johns Hopkins Medical School", "cells from other cancers", "research teams", "chromosome losses".
    *   The phrase "repeat the Cavenee experiment" refers to a specific scientific procedure or study conducted by Cavenee.
    *   This is a controlled scientific investigation.

    *   Sense 1: "a venture at something new or different" (too casual, not scientific).
    *   Sense 2: "the testing of an idea" (more general, often used for social or personal experiments).
    *   Sense 3: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" (fits perfectly with scientific research and repeating a specific study).

    *   Sense 3 is the most precise fit for a scientific experiment in a medical/biological research context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in <t>cells</t> from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
2. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
3. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
4. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
7. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cell`
    *   Target surface form: `cells`
    *   Context: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in <t>cells</t> from other cancers."
    *   Key surrounding words: "medicine", "gene", "cancer", "molecular biologist", "experiment", "chromosome losses".

    *   Sense 1: Mobile phone. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Political movement unit (cadre). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Prison cell. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Monk/nun's room. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Electric current device. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: (Biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. (Correct)

    *   The context is clearly biological/medical (cancer, genes, molecular biologist).
    *   "cells from other cancers" refers to biological cells.
    *   Sense 7 matches this perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from <t>other</t> cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
3. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "other"
    *   Target surface form: "other"
    *   Context: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from <t>other</t> cancers."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `other%5:00:02:past:00`: belonging to the distant past (early, former).
        2.  `other%5:00:00:strange:00`: very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected.
        3.  `other%3:00:00::`: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied.
        4.  `other%5:00:00:past:00`: recently past.

    *   The sentence is: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."
    *   The context mentions "retinoblastoma" (a specific cancer) and then refers to "other cancers" (cancers that are not retinoblastoma).
    *   This fits the definition of "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied."

    *   Sense 1: Distant past? No.
    *   Sense 2: Strange/unusual? No.
    *   Sense 3: Not the same one already mentioned? Yes (not retinoblastoma).
    *   Sense 4: Recently past? No.

    *   Sense 3 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other <t>cancers</t>. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
2. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
3. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
4. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancers`
    *   Context: The text discusses medicine, genes, "malignant growth," "retinoblastoma," "Fox Chase Cancer Research Center," "molecular biologist," "cells from other cancers," and "childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Zodiac sign (astrology).
        2.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        3.  Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
        4.  Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
        5.  Genus of crabs (biology).

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, referring to diseases caused by abnormal cell division (retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor).
    *   Sense 2: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Zodiac sign (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Malignant growth (Correct)
    *   Sense 3: Person born under Cancer (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Constellation (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (Incorrect)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: teams
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research <t>teams</t> in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something
2. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `team`
    *   Target surface form: `teams`
    *   Context: "His was one of two research <t>teams</t> in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `team%1:14:01::`: two or more draft animals that work together to pull something.
        2.  `team%1:14:00::`: a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad.

    *   The context refers to "research teams" reporting scientific findings about cancer.
    *   This describes a group of people working together on a scientific project.

    *   Sense 1: Draft animals. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: A cooperative unit. (Correct - a research team is a cooperative unit of people).

    *   The best fit is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to <t>report</t> dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor
2. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
3. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
4. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
5. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
6. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `report`
    *   Target surface form: `report`
    *   Context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to <t>report</t> dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `report%2:32:02`: complain about; make a charge against.
        2.  `report%2:32:01`: make known to the authorities.
        3.  `report%2:32:04`: announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding.
        4.  `report%2:32:00`: to give an account or representation of in words.
        5.  `report%2:32:03`: announce one's presence.
        6.  `report%2:32:13`: be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism.

    *   The sentence describes research teams announcing their findings ("dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer").
    *   This is a scientific context where results of an experiment/investigation are being shared.

    *   Sense 1 (complain/charge): Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2 (authorities): Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3 (announce result of investigation/finding): This fits perfectly. Example: "The team reported significant advances in their research."
    *   Sense 4 (give account/describe): This is more general. While reporting is describing, Sense 3 is more specific to the *result of an investigation*.
    *   Sense 5 (announce presence): Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6 (journalism/cover): Not applicable.

    *   The context is about research teams reporting scientific findings. Sense 3 specifically mentions "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" and provides an example about a team reporting advances in research. This is the most precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dual
Target surface form: dual
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report <t>dual</t> chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:plural:00 | definition=a grammatical number category referring to two items or units as opposed to one item (singular) or more than two items (plural) | examples=ancient Greek had the dual form but it has merged with the plural form in modern Greek
2. sense_key=dual%5:00:02:multiple:00 | definition=having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities; ; - R.W.Emerson; -Frederick Harrison | synonyms=double, twofold, treble, threefold | examples=a double (or dual) role for an actor; the office of a clergyman is twofold; public preaching and private influence
3. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:multiple:00 | definition=consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs | synonyms=double, duple | examples=an egg with a double yolk; a double (binary) star

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "dual"
    *   Target surface form: "dual"
    *   Context: "...report <t>dual</t> chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer..."
    *   Meaning: The context refers to the loss of *both* copies of the same gene (two copies). "Dual chromosome losses" means two chromosomes (or the two alleles of a gene on those chromosomes) were lost.

    *   Sense 1: Grammatical number category (dual vs. singular vs. plural). (Incorrect: This is about linguistics).
    *   Sense 2: Having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities (e.g., dual role). (Incorrect: This is about nature/quality, not quantity).
    *   Sense 3: Consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs (e.g., double yolk, binary star). (Correct: "Dual chromosome losses" refers to the loss of two components/copies).

    *   The context explicitly mentions "loss of both copies of the same gene".
    *   "Dual" here means "two" or "double".
    *   Sense 3 fits perfectly as it describes something consisting of or involving two parts/components.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
2. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
5. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
6. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing
7. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `loss`
    *   Target surface form: `losses`
    *   Context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   Meaning: In this biological/genetic context, "chromosome losses" refers to the disappearance or absence of chromosomes (specifically, the loss of both copies of a gene/chromosome).

    *   Sense 1: Experience of losing a loved one (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 2: Business loss (cost > revenue) (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: The act of losing someone or something (General act of losing) (Possible, but maybe too general).
    *   Sense 4: Something that is lost (e.g., "the car was a total loss", "loss of livestock") (Strong candidate: the chromosomes themselves are what was lost).
    *   Sense 5: Gradual decline in amount or activity (e.g., "weight loss") (Incorrect - chromosome loss in cancer is usually a discrete event/deletion, not a gradual decline).
    *   Sense 6: Euphemism for death (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: Disadvantage resulting from losing something (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 8: Military personnel lost (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something"
    *   Sense 4: "something that is lost"

    In the phrase "dual chromosome losses", "losses" refers to the specific instances or events where chromosomes were lost.
    Example for Sense 4: "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt". Here, "loss of livestock" refers to the livestock that were lost.
    Example for Sense 3: "everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock". Here, "loss" refers to the act/event of losing the competition.

    In genetics, "loss of heterozygosity" or "chromosome loss" refers to the state or the event of the chromosome being gone.
    Looking at "dual chromosome losses", it describes the *things* (the chromosomes) that are missing.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 4: "something that is lost".
    If the text says "report dual chromosome losses", it means they reported that two chromosomes were lost. The "losses" are the missing chromosomes.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something".
    If "losses" refers to the *act* of losing the chromosomes, it would be the process.

    Comparing "loss of livestock" (Sense 4) with "chromosome losses":
    "Loss of livestock" = the livestock that were lost.
    "Chromosome losses" = the chromosomes that were lost.

    This fits Sense 4 better than Sense 3.

    *   Sense 4: "something that is lost"
    *   Context: "dual chromosome losses" -> the chromosomes that were lost.
    *   Example: "loss of livestock" -> the livestock that were lost.

    This seems the most precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: childhood
Target surface form: childhood
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare <t>childhood</t> cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=childhood%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of a child between infancy and adolescence | synonyms=puerility
2. sense_key=childhood%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of person's life when they are a child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `childhood`
    *   Target surface form: `childhood`
    *   Context: "...report dual chromosome losses for a rare <t>childhood</t> cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `childhood%1:26:00::`: the state of a child between infancy and adolescence (synonym: puerility).
        2.  `childhood%1:28:00::`: the time of person's life when they are a child.

    *   The phrase is "childhood cancer".
    *   In this context, "childhood" describes the type of cancer, specifically one that occurs during the period of a person's life when they are a child.
    *   Sense 1 refers to the *state* of being a child (often used in a more abstract or behavioral sense, like "the childhood of a movement" or "puerility").
    *   Sense 2 refers to the *time period* of a person's life.

    *   "Childhood cancer" refers to cancer that occurs during the *time* of childhood.
    *   Comparing the two:
        *   Sense 1: "the state of a child between infancy and adolescence"
        *   Sense 2: "the time of person's life when they are a child"
    *   Usually, when describing diseases or events happening at a certain age, we refer to the time period. "Childhood cancer" = cancer occurring during the time of childhood.

    *   Sense 1 (state/puerility) is more about the quality or condition.
    *   Sense 2 (time of life) is the standard meaning for "childhood" when used as a modifier for things that happen during that age (e.g., childhood obesity, childhood memories, childhood cancer).

    *   Sense 2 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood <t>cancer</t> of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
2. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
5. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: The text discusses gene loss, retinoblastoma, Fox Chase Cancer Research Center, molecular biologists, Wilm's tumor (childhood cancer of the kidney), and colon cancer.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cancer%1:05:00::` (genus of the family Cancridae - crabs)
        2.  `cancer%1:15:00::` (zodiac sign)
        3.  `cancer%1:17:00::` (constellation)
        4.  `cancer%1:26:00::` (malignant growth/tumor)
        5.  `cancer%1:18:00::` (person born under the sign of Cancer)

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, focusing on tumors, genes, and diseases (retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, colon cancer).
    *   Sense 4 ("any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division") fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Biological (crabs) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (zodiac sign) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Astronomy (constellation) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Medical (malignant growth) - Correct.
    *   Sense 5: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
2. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
3. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
4. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
5. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
6. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
7. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
8. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
9. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
10. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
11. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
12. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
13. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
14. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
15. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
16. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
17. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
18. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
19. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
20. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
21. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning
22. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
23. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
24. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
25. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
26. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
27. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
28. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 20}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 20}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `call`
    *   Target surface form: `called`
    *   Context: "...report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor."

    *   The sentence describes a specific type of cancer (childhood cancer of the kidney) and gives its name ("Wilm's tumor").
    *   The word "called" here is used to introduce the name of the cancer.

    *   1: utter in a loud voice (No)
    *   2: declare as umpire (No)
    *   3: indicate a decision (No)
    *   4: challenge sincerity (No)
    *   5: square dance calls (No)
    *   6: read aloud (No)
    *   7: consider or regard as being (e.g., "I would not call her beautiful") - This is about opinion/judgment.
    *   8: pay a brief visit (No)
    *   9: order/summon for duty (No)
    *   10: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality (e.g., "He called me a bastard") - This is more about labeling/insulting/describing.
    *   11: make a demand (cards) (No)
    *   12: order/request to come (No)
    *   13: call a meeting (No)
    *   14: challenge to make good on a statement (No)
    *   15: lure animals (No)
    *   16: stop in a harbor (No)
    *   17: demand payment of loan (No)
    *   18: send a message/radio (No)
    *   19: stop/postpone (No)
    *   20: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to (synonym: name) (e.g., "They named their son David") - This fits perfectly. "Wilm's tumor" is the proper name assigned to that specific cancer.
    *   21: rouse from sleep (No)
    *   22: order/request a strike (No)
    *   23: call a bond (No)
    *   24: utter a sudden loud cry (No)
    *   25: telephone (No)
    *   26: make a prediction (No)
    *   27: greet with a title (No)
    *   28: utter a characteristic note (No)

    *   Sense 7: "consider or regard as being" (e.g., "I would not call her beautiful"). This is more about subjective assessment.
    *   Sense 10: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" (e.g., "He called me a bastard"). This is about categorization or labeling.
    *   Sense 20: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" (synonym: name). "Wilm's tumor" is the proper name of the disease.

    *   The context "a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor" is a classic usage of "called" meaning "named" or "given the name". This aligns best with Sense 20.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_to
Target surface form: turned
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next <t>turned</t> his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_to%2:30:00:: | definition=direct one's interest or attention towards; go into | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
2. sense_key=turn_to%2:32:01:: | definition=speak to | synonyms=address | examples=He addressed the crowd outside the window

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `turn_to`
    *   Target surface form: `turned`
    *   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein next <t>turned</t> his attention colon cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `turn_to%2:30:00::`: direct one's interest or attention towards; go into.
        2.  `turn_to%2:32:01::`: speak to (synonym: address).

    *   The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer..." (Note: There's a missing "to" in the provided text "attention colon cancer", but the meaning is clearly "turned his attention to colon cancer").
    *   The action is shifting focus or interest from one research topic (Wilm's tumor) to another (colon cancer).

    *   Sense 1: "direct one's interest or attention towards". This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "speak to". This does not match.

    *   The best sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the <t>second</t> biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "second"
    *   Target surface form: "second"
    *   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the <t>second</t> biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `second%5:00:00:ordinal:00`: coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude.
        2.  `second%3:00:00::`: a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first.

    *   The sentence says "the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   This refers to a ranking or order of magnitude (biggest, second biggest).
    *   This matches the definition "coming next after the first in... degree or magnitude".

    *   Sense 1: Ordinal number (2nd). Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Musical/subordinate part (e.g., second flute). Does not fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: big
Target surface form: biggest
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second <t>biggest</t> cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=big%5:00:00:proud:00 | definition=feeling self-importance | synonyms=swelled, vainglorious | examples=too big for his britches; had a swelled head
2. sense_key=big%5:00:00:heavy:08 | definition=marked by intense physical force | examples=a big wind
3. sense_key=big%3:00:01:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=large | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
4. sense_key=big%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, large, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child
5. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intemperate:00 | definition=prodigious | synonyms=heavy | examples=big spender; big eater
6. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:01 | definition=given or giving freely | synonyms=bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, handsome, giving | examples=was a big tipper; the bounteous goodness of God
7. sense_key=big%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=significant | examples=graduation was a big day in his life
8. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
9. sense_key=big%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=large, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
10. sense_key=big%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=(of animals) fully developed | synonyms=adult, full-grown, fully grown, grown, grownup | examples=an adult animal; a grown woman
11. sense_key=big%5:00:00:loud:00 | definition=loud and firm | examples=a big voice; big bold piano sounds
12. sense_key=big%5:00:02:proud:00 | definition=exhibiting self-importance | synonyms=boastful, braggart, bragging, braggy, cock-a-hoop, crowing | examples=big talk
13. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=large, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `big`
    *   Target surface form: `biggest`
    *   Context: "...colon cancer, the second <t>biggest</t> cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "biggest cancer killer" refers to the cancer that causes the most deaths (highest number/magnitude of deaths).

    *   Sense 1: proud (feeling self-importance) - No.
    *   Sense 2: heavy (intense physical force) - No.
    *   Sense 3: above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent (synonym: large) - Yes. "Biggest cancer killer" means the one with the largest number of deaths.
    *   Sense 4: pregnant - No.
    *   Sense 5: intemperate (prodigious, e.g., big spender) - No.
    *   Sense 6: generous (giving freely) - No.
    *   Sense 7: important (significant, e.g., big day) - While "biggest" can sometimes mean "most important," in the context of "cancer killer," it specifically refers to the quantity of deaths.
    *   Sense 8: intense (very intense, e.g., big rage) - No.
    *   Sense 9: conspicuous (prominent, e.g., big figure) - No.
    *   Sense 10: mature (fully developed) - No.
    *   Sense 11: loud (loud and firm) - No.
    *   Sense 12: proud (exhibiting self-importance) - No.
    *   Sense 13: generous (magnanimous) - No.

    *   The phrase "second biggest cancer killer" refers to the number of deaths caused by the cancer.
    *   Sense 3: "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent". This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
2. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
4. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A passage discussing Dr. Knudson, Dr. Vogelstein, retinoblastoma, colon cancer, lung cancer, and cancer suppressor genes.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Zodiacal constellation.
        2.  Zodiac sign.
        3.  Genus of crabs.
        4.  Person born under the sign of Cancer.
        5.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).

    *   The context mentions "Fox Chase Cancer Research Center", "retinoblastoma", "all cancers", "cells from other cancers", "childhood cancer of the kidney", "colon cancer", "lung cancer", and "cancer suppressor genes".
    *   This is clearly referring to the medical condition involving malignant growths.

    *   Sense 1: Constellation (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Zodiac sign (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Genus of crabs (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Person born under Cancer (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Malignant growth or tumor (Correct)

    *   The target word "cancer" in "the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer" refers to the disease.
    *   Sense 5 matches this definition perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: killer
Target surface form: killer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=killer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who causes the death of a person or animal | synonyms=slayer
2. sense_key=killer%1:09:00:: | definition=a difficulty that is hard to deal with | examples=that exam was a real killer
3. sense_key=killer%1:26:00:: | definition=the causal agent resulting in death | synonyms=cause of death | examples=heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States
4. sense_key=killer%1:05:00:: | definition=predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas | synonyms=killer whale, orca, grampus, sea wolf, Orcinus orca

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "killer"
    *   Target surface form: "killer"
    *   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Someone who causes death (slayer).
        2.  A difficulty hard to deal with (e.g., a hard exam).
        3.  The causal agent resulting in death (e.g., heart disease).
        4.  Killer whale (orca).

    *   The sentence refers to "colon cancer" as the "second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   In this context, "killer" refers to a disease (colon cancer) that causes death.

    *   Sense 1: "someone who causes the death of a person or animal" (Usually refers to a person/animal agent).
    *   Sense 2: "a difficulty that is hard to deal with" (Metaphorical, like an exam).
    *   Sense 3: "the causal agent resulting in death" (Example: "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States"). This matches the context perfectly.
    *   Sense 4: "predatory black-and-white toothed whale" (Biological animal).

    *   The context "cancer killer" and the comparison to "lung cancer" align exactly with the example provided in Sense 3 ("heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States").


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `u.s.`
    *   Target surface form: `U.S.`
    *   Context: "...colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `u.s.%1:14:00::`: The federal government of the United States.
        2.  `us%1:15:00::`: The North American republic (the country/geographic entity).

    *   The sentence discusses cancer statistics ("second biggest cancer killer in the U.S.").
    *   Cancer killers are measured by the population of a country, not by the government.
    *   Therefore, "U.S." refers to the country (the United States of America), not the federal government.

    *   Sense 1: Government.
    *   Sense 2: Country.
    *   The context clearly points to Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `believe`
    *   Target surface form: `believed`
    *   Context: "He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `believe%2:31:03::`: be confident about something (synonym: trust)
        2.  `believe%2:31:04::`: judge or regard; look upon; judge (synonyms: think, consider, conceive)
        3.  `believe%2:31:00::`: accept as true; take to be true
        4.  `believe%2:31:01::`: follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer
        5.  `believe%2:31:02::`: credit with veracity

    *   The sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes..."
    *   In this context, "believed" means he held a hypothesis or a theory. He thought it was likely or true based on the evidence (the stages of development).
    *   It's not about trusting a person (sense 1 or 5).
    *   It's not about religious faith (sense 4).
    *   It's between sense 2 (judge/regard/think/consider) and sense 3 (accept as true).

    *   Sense 2: `judge or regard; look upon; judge` (synonyms: think, consider, conceive). Example: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart."
    *   Sense 3: `accept as true; take to be true`. Example: "I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War."

    *   "He believed colon cancer might also arise..."
    *   This is a scientific hypothesis. He *thought* or *considered* it to be the case.
    *   Sense 3 usually involves accepting a statement or a report as true (e.g., "I believe you").
    *   Sense 2 is more about an opinion, a judgment, or a conceptualization (e.g., "I believe that...").
    *   Wait, let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "I believe that he will come back from the war" (confidence/trust).
        *   Sense 2: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart" (opinion/judgment).
        *   Sense 3: "I believed his report" (accepting a claim as true).
    *   In the context "He believed colon cancer might also arise...", he is forming a hypothesis. This is closer to "thinking" or "considering" (Sense 2) than "accepting a report as true" (Sense 3).
    *   However, "believe that [clause]" often maps to "accept as true" or "think".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
        *   Sense 3: "accept as true; take to be true".
        *   Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge".
    *   If he believes a scientific theory, he accepts that theory as true (or likely true).
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: "think, consider, conceive".
    *   "He thought colon cancer might also arise..." fits perfectly.
    *   "He accepted as true that colon cancer might also arise..." also fits, but "believe" in the sense of a hypothesis is often categorized as "think/consider".

    *   Sense 3 is often used for believing *someone* or believing *a story*.
    *   Sense 2 is often used for believing *that* something is the case (opinion/hypothesis).
    *   Example for Sense 2: "I believe her to be very smart" (I think she is).
    *   Example for Sense 3: "I believed his report" (I accepted the report as true).
    *   The target sentence is "He believed [that] colon cancer might also arise...". This is a belief about a state of affairs, not a belief in a person's veracity or a specific report.

    *   Sense 1: be confident about something.
    *   Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge (think, consider).
    *   Sense 3: accept as true; take to be true.
    *   In scientific contexts, "believing" a hypothesis is usually "thinking" it to be true.
    *   Let's compare:
        *   "I believe that the earth is round." (Sense 2 or 3?)
        *   "I believe you." (Sense 3 or 5?)
    *   Looking at WordNet's typical distinctions:
        *   `believe.n.01` (accept as true) vs `believe.n.02` (think/consider).
        *   Actually, looking at the provided senses:
            *   Sense 3: accept as true; take to be true.
            *   Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge.
    *   If he believes a theory, he accepts it as true. But if he's hypothesizing ("might also arise"), he's considering it a possibility.
    *   "He believed colon cancer might also arise..." -> "He thought colon cancer might also arise..."
    *   This aligns better with Sense 2 (think, consider).

    *   Sense 3: "I believed his report" (The report is the object).
    *   Sense 2: "I believe her to be very smart" (The object is the person, the complement is the belief).
    *   Wait, the target sentence is "He believed [that] colon cancer might also arise...". The object is a clause.
    *   In "I believe that he will come back from the war" (Sense 1 example), it's a clause.
    *   Wait, Sense 1 is "be confident about something".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (synonyms: think, consider, conceive).
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "accept as true; take to be true".
    *   If he believes a hypothesis, he accepts it as true.
    *   Let's look at the context again: "He believed colon cancer might also arise... because it often seems to develop in stages." This is a reasoning process leading to a conclusion/belief.
    *   This sounds like "thinking" or "considering" (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 2: "I believe her to be very smart" (Opinion/Judgment).
    *   Sense 3: "I believed his report" (Accepting a claim).
    *   The target "He believed colon cancer might also arise..." is an opinion/hypothesis based on observation.
    *   Let's check Sense 2 synonyms again: "think, consider, conceive".
    *   "He thought colon cancer might also arise..." (Perfect fit).
    *   "He accepted as true that colon cancer might also arise..." (A bit clunky, but possible).

    *   Sense 1: be confident about something.
    *   Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge.
    *   Sense 3: accept as true; take to be true.
    *   Sense 4: follow a credo.
    *   Sense 5: credit with veracity.
    *   The most natural fit for a scientific hypothesis is "think/consider" (Sense 2).

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again: "accept as true; take to be true".
    *   If I say "I believe that the earth is flat," am I accepting it as true (Sense 3) or judging it to be flat (Sense 2)?
    *   Usually, "believe that..." is Sense 3 (accept as true).
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 3: "I believed his report" (The report is the thing accepted as true).
        *   Sense 2: "I believe her to be very smart" (This is a judgment/opinion).
    *   Is "colon cancer might also arise from multiple hits" a judgment/opinion or something he accepts as true?
    *   It's a hypothesis he's adopting. He accepts the possibility as true.
    *   Actually, "believe" in the sense of "think" (Sense 2) is very common for hypotheses.
    *   Let's try to replace "believed" with "thought": "He thought colon cancer might also arise..." (Natural).
    *   Replace with "accepted as true": "He accepted as true that colon cancer might also arise..." (Less natural).
    *   Replace with "judged": "He judged that colon cancer might also arise..." (Possible, but less natural).

    *   Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge (think, consider, conceive).
    *   Sense 3: accept as true; take to be true.
    *   In many WordNet-based datasets, "believe that [clause]" where it means "think" is mapped to the "think/consider" sense.

    *   "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."
    *   This is a conclusion drawn from evidence. He *considers* it to be the case.
    *   Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (synonyms: think, consider, conceive).
    *   This fits the cognitive process of forming a scientific hypothesis.

    *   Sense 1: "I believe that he will come back from the war" (be confident about something).
    *   Wait, if Sense 1 is "be confident about something" and the example is "I believe that he will come back from the war", then "He believed colon cancer might also arise" could be Sense 1?
    *   No, "be confident" is stronger than "might also arise". "Might" indicates a hypothesis, not a confidence.
    *   So Sense 2 (think/consider) is better than Sense 1.

    *   Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge (think, consider, conceive).
    *   Sense 3: accept as true; take to be true.
    *   If the sentence was "He believed the theory," it would be Sense 3.
    *   If the sentence is "He believed [that] colon cancer might also arise," it's more like "He thought [that]...".
    *   Let's go with Sense 2.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 3 again. "accept as true; take to be true".
    *   If you believe a hypothesis, you are accepting it as true.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War". These are about believing *someone's* account.
    *   Sense 2 examples: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart". These are about *opinions/judgments*.
    *   A scientific hypothesis ("colon cancer might also arise from multiple hits") is more of a judgment/opinion based on evidence than it is about accepting a report.

    *   Sense 2: think, consider, conceive.
    *   Sense 3: accept as true.
    *   "He believed colon cancer might also arise..." -> "He thought colon cancer might also arise..."
    *   This is a very strong match for Sense 2.