[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

finish_reason: length

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "dubious"
    *   Context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
    *   Candidate Senses:
        1.  `dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02`: fraught with uncertainty or doubt (e.g., "they were doubtful that the cord would hold").
        2.  `dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00`: not convinced (e.g., "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious").
        3.  `dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00`: open to doubt or suspicion (e.g., "the candidate's doubtful past").

    *   The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over."
    *   The following sentence says: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
    *   Dr. Vogelstein is the subject. He is feeling a certain way about the proposition "that the search was over."
    *   He is not "questionable" (Sense 3) himself; rather, he is not convinced that the search had ended.

    *   Sense 1 (`uncertain`): "fraught with uncertainty or doubt". Example: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold". This describes a state of uncertainty about a future outcome or a fact.
    *   Sense 2 (`unconvinced`): "not convinced". Example: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious". This describes a person's mental state of not being persuaded.
    *   Sense 3 (`questionable`): "open to doubt or suspicion". Example: "the candidate's doubtful past". This describes the *object* of doubt, not the person doubting.

    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   This structure ("X was dubious that Y") is very similar to "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" (Sense 1).
    *   However, "dubious" in the sense of "not convinced" (Sense 2) also fits perfectly.
    *   Let's look closer at the difference between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" (often used for the situation or the person's feeling about a possibility).
        *   Sense 2: "not convinced" (specifically about a claim or a conclusion).
    *   In the context, Dr. Vogelstein has found the piece of DNA, but he isn't sure if that means the search is *actually* over because of previous knowledge about p53. He is not convinced by the current finding.

    *   Sense 1 example: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" (uncertainty about a result).
    *   Sense 2 example: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" (not convinced by an argument).
    *   The context "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" is a statement of his lack of conviction/certainty regarding the conclusion that the search was finished.

    *   Wait, let's re-read Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "not convinced".
    *   If someone is "dubious that [something is the case]", they are generally "unconvinced" or "doubtful".
    *   Looking at WordNet's structure (if I recall), "dubious" as "unconvinced" is often used when a person is the subject. "Dubious" as "questionable" is used when the thing being doubted is the subject.
    *   Between Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" (uncertainty about a future event).
        *   Sense 2: "remained dubious" (not convinced by an argument/evidence).
    *   Dr. Vogelstein's doubt stems from existing evidence (Arnold Levine's work on p53). He is not convinced that the current finding is the final answer. This aligns well with Sense 2.

    *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" (often describes the situation, but the example "they were doubtful that..." shows it can describe the person).
    *   Sense 2: "not convinced".
    *   In "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over", he is the one experiencing the doubt. He is not convinced.

    *   Let's check Sense 1 again: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold". This is almost the exact same syntactic structure as "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over".
    *   Let's check Sense 2 again: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious". Here, "dubious" is used as a predicate adjective without a "that" clause.

    *   Wait, let's look at the definitions again.
        *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt"
        *   Sense 2: "not convinced"
    *   If I say "I am dubious that it will rain," I am uncertain. If I say "I am dubious of your claims," I am unconvinced.
    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." This is a feeling of uncertainty/doubt about the state of the search.

    *   Actually, looking at many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "dubious that..." often maps to the "unconvinced" or "doubtful" sense.
    *   Let's compare "uncertain" vs "unconvinced".
        *   Uncertain: I don't know if it's true.
        *   Unconvinced: I have reason to believe it might not be true / I'm not persuaded.
    *   The text says: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that... Arnold Levine had found... p53 could transform normal cells". This means he has a specific reason to be skeptical. He is *unconvinced* that the search is over because he knows about p53.

    *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt"
    *   Sense 2: "not convinced"
    *   Sense 3: "open to doubt" (not applicable)

    *   If the person is the subject and they are not persuaded by the evidence, "unconvinced" (Sense 2) is a very strong fit.

    *   Wait, let me re-read the Sense 1 example: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold". This is a prediction about the future.
    *   Dr. Vogelstein's doubt is about whether the current discovery *actually* means the search is over. This is more about being unconvinced by the current evidence.

    *   Let's double-check the WordNet sense keys if possible (though I shouldn't use them in the output).
        *   `dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02`
        *   `dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00`
    *   In many contexts, "dubious" meaning "unconvinced" is the one used when a person is the subject and they are skeptical.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt". This can describe a person's state of mind.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "not convinced". This also describes a person's state of mind.

    *   Is there a nuance?
        *   "I am dubious that..." (I doubt that...)
        *   "I am dubious about..." (I am skeptical of...)
    *   The sentence "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" means "Dr. Vogelstein doubted that the search was over."

    *   Looking at the examples again:
        *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
        *   Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"

    *   The structure of Sense 1's example is a perfect match for the target sentence.
    *   However, the *reason* for the doubt (the p53 evidence) makes "unconvinced" (Sense 2) a very strong semantic fit.

    *   Let's think about "uncertain" vs "unconvinced" again.
        *   Uncertain: "I'm not sure."
        *   Unconvinced: "I don't believe it (despite the evidence presented)."
    *   Dr. Vogelstein found the DNA (the evidence), but he didn't believe it meant the search was over. That is the definition of being unconvinced.

    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt". This is a broader definition.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "not convinced". This is more specific.

    *   In fine-grained WSD, the more specific sense that fits the context is usually preferred.

    *   Wait, let me search for "dubious that" in a corpus.
        *   "He was dubious that the plan would work." (Unconvinced/Doubtful)
        *   "She was dubious that he was telling the truth." (Unconvinced/Skeptical)

    *   If I have to choose between "uncertain" and "unconvinced":
        *   Uncertainty is often about a lack of information.
        *   Being unconvinced is often about having information that contradicts the claim.
    *   Dr. Vogelstein *had* information (about p53) that made him doubt the conclusion. Therefore, "unconvinced" is the better fit.

    *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt"
    *   Sense 2: "not convinced"
    *   Sense 3: "open to doubt or suspicion" (This describes the *thing* being doubted, e.g., "a dubious claim").

    *   The target is "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious". He is the one doubting. So it's either 1 or 2.
    *   Given the context of having prior knowledge (p53) that makes him skeptical of the current finding, "unconvinced" (Sense 2) is the most precise.

    *   Wait, let me re-read the Sense 1 example one more time: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold". This is almost identical in structure to "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over".
    *   Does "doubtful that" = "uncertain that" or "unconvinced that"?
    *   If I say "I doubt that the cord will hold," I am not convinced it will hold.

    *   Let's look at the WordNet synonyms for Sense 1: "doubtful".
    *   Let's look at the WordNet synonyms for Sense 3: "doubtful, dubitable, in question".

    *   This is tricky. Let's re-examine Sense 2: "not convinced".
    *   If the target sentence is "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over," and the next sentence is "His doubts stemmed from the fact that...", it's describing his state of mind.

    *   Let's try to see if "dubious" in Sense 2 is typically used with a "that" clause.
        *   "They remained dubious." (Predicate adjective)
        *   "He was dubious about the results." (With "about")
    *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold." (With "that" clause)

    *   If the WordNet example for Sense 1 specifically uses the "that" clause construction ("doubtful that..."), and the target sentence uses the "dubious that..." construction, it's a very strong signal.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "not convinced".

    *   Is "not convinced" different from "fraught with doubt"?
        *   "I am unconvinced that the search is over" = "I doubt that the search is over."
        *   "I am uncertain whether the search is over" = "I don't know if the search is over."

    *   The sentence "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" means he *doubted* it was over, not that he was simply *unsure*.

    *   Wait, Sense 1's synonym is "doubtful".
    *   If "dubious" = "doubtful", and the example is "they were doubtful that the cord would hold", then Sense 1 is a very strong candidate.

    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "not convinced".
    *   Is there a difference between "doubtful that" and "unconvinced that"?
        *   "I am doubtful that he will come" (I think he probably won't).
        *   "I am unconvinced that he will come" (I don't believe the evidence that he will come).

    *   In the context, Dr. Vogelstein has evidence (p53) that makes him think the search might *not* be over. This means he is not convinced by the current finding.

    *   Let's search for "dubious" in a dictionary.
        *   Merriam-Webster:
            1.  feeling doubt; unconvinced.
            2.  fraught with uncertainty or doubt.
            3.  open to question.

    *   This matches the three senses provided.
        *   Sense 2: "not convinced" (feeling doubt)
        *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" (uncertainty)
        *   Sense 3: "open to doubt or suspicion" (questionable)

    *   Now, which one fits "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over"?
        *   He felt doubt. He was unconvinced.

    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
        *   Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"

    *   The example for Sense 1 is a person being doubtful about a future event.
    *   The example for Sense 2 is a person remaining unconvinced after an argument.

    *   Dr. Vogelstein's situation is more like Sense 2: he has seen the evidence (the DNA piece) but remains unconvinced that it's the final answer because of other evidence (p53).

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1 again. "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
    *   If a *person* is "fraught with doubt", they are feeling doubtful.
    *   If a *situation* is "fraught with uncertainty", it is uncertain.

    *   This is a very fine distinction. Let's look at the structure again.
        *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
        *   This is a direct expression of doubt.

    *   Let's compare:
        1.  "I am dubious that the search is over." (I doubt it.)
        2.  "The search is dubious." (The search is questionable.)
        3.  "The results are dubious." (The results are questionable.)

    *   The target is definitely not Sense 3.
    *   Between 1 and 2:
        *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" (Example: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold")
        *   Sense 2: "not convinced" (Example: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious")

    *   The target sentence "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" is almost identical in structure to the example for Sense 1.

    *   Let's think about the meaning again.
        *   "Doubtful that the cord would hold" = "Uncertain if the cord would hold" or "Unconvinced that the cord would hold"?
        *   Usually, "doubtful that" means you think it's unlikely.

    *   If Dr. Vogelstein was "dubious that the search was over," he thought it was unlikely that the search was over.

    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "not convinced".
        *   If you are "not convinced that the search is over," you also think it's unlikely (or at least not certain) that the search is over.

    *   This is incredibly close. Let's look at the synonyms.
        *   Sense 1: doubtful
        *   Sense 2: (no synonyms listed)
        *   Sense 3: doubtful, dubitable, in question

    *   Wait, Sense 1 and Sense 3 both have "doubtful" as a synonym.
        *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" (person is the subject)
        *   Sense 3: "the candidate's doubtful past" (thing is the subject)

    *   So, "doubtful" can mean either "uncertain" (Sense 1) or "questionable" (Sense 3).

    *   Now, where does "unconvinced" (Sense 2) fit in?
        *   "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"
        *   This is a specific kind of doubt: not being persuaded by an argument.

    *   Is Dr. Vogelstein being persuaded by an argument?
        *   The "argument" here is the evidence: "When they found it [the piece of DNA]... Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
        *   The evidence (finding the DNA) suggested the search was over, but he was not convinced.

    *   This fits Sense 2 ("not convinced") very well.

    *   Let's re-examine Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
        *   Example: "


status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only valid JSON exactly like {"sense_index": 1}.

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `dubious`
    *   Context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02`: fraught with uncertainty or doubt (e.g., "they were doubtful that the cord would hold").
        2.  `dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00`: not convinced (e.g., "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious").
        3.  `dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00`: open to doubt or suspicion (e.g., "the candidate's doubtful past").

    *   The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   The following sentence says: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
    *   Dr. Vogelstein is the subject. He is feeling a state of doubt/uncertainty regarding a proposition ("that the search was over").

    *   Sense 3 ("questionable") describes the *object* of doubt (e.g., a "dubious record"). Dr. Vogelstein himself is not "questionable" (suspicious); he is the one *feeling* the doubt. So, Sense 3 is out.
    *   Sense 1 ("uncertain") and Sense 2 ("unconvinced") both describe a person's state of mind.
    *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" (Example: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold").
    *   Sense 2: "not convinced" (Example: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious").

    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   This structure ("dubious that [clause]") is very similar to the example in Sense 1 ("doubtful that the cord would hold").
    *   Sense 2 ("unconvinced") often appears as a predicate adjective without a "that" clause following it immediately, or it refers to a state of not being persuaded by an argument.
    *   However, "dubious that..." is a common way to express uncertainty about a fact or outcome.
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" (synonym: doubtful).
        *   Sense 2: "not convinced".
    *   In the context, Dr. Vogelstein has a reason for his doubt (the work of Arnold Levine). He isn't just "uncertain" in a vague way; he is "not convinced" that the search is over because he knows about p53.
    *   Wait, let's re-read the examples.
        *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" (uncertainty about a future/unknown outcome).
        *   Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" (refusal to be convinced by evidence).
    *   In the text, Dr. Vogelstein has evidence (Arnold Levine's work) that makes him doubt the conclusion. This aligns well with "unconvinced".
    *   However, the grammatical construction "dubious that..." is almost identical to the example for Sense 1 ("doubtful that...").
    *   Let's check WordNet's typical usage. "Dubious" meaning "unconvinced" is often used when someone is skeptical. "Dubious" meaning "uncertain" is often used when the situation itself is uncertain or the person is unsure.
    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." -> He was not convinced that the search was over.
    *   If we replace "dubious" with "doubtful" (Sense 1 synonym), it fits perfectly.
    *   If we replace "dubious" with "unconvinced" (Sense 2), it also fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt"
    *   Sense 2: "not convinced"
    *   The context says "His doubts stemmed from...". This suggests a state of being unconvinced by the current finding because of prior knowledge.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" (uncertainty about a result).
        *   Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" (skepticism).
    *   Dr. Vogelstein's state is one of skepticism based on existing knowledge. He is not just "uncertain" (like not knowing if a cord will hold); he is "unconvinced" that the discovery is the final answer.

    *   Wait, looking at the WordNet sense keys provided:
        *   `dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02`
        *   `dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00`
        *   `dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00`
    *   In many linguistic datasets (like SemCor), "dubious that..." is often mapped to the "unconvinced" or "doubtful" sense.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "not convinced".
    *   If someone is "dubious that X is true", they are "not convinced that X is true".
    *   If someone is "doubtful that X will happen", they are "uncertain that X will happen".
    *   "The search was over" is a state of affairs. Dr. Vogelstein is not convinced of this state.

    *   Let's compare:
        *   "I am dubious that he will win." (Uncertain/Doubtful)
        *   "I am dubious that his explanation is true." (Unconvinced/Skeptical)
    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over." (He is skeptical/unconvinced).

    *   Actually, looking at the provided examples again:
        *   Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
        *   Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"
    *   The sentence "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" mirrors the structure of the Sense 1 example ("they were doubtful that...").

    *   Let's double-check the definition of Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
    *   Let's double-check the definition of Sense 2: "not convinced".
    *   If he is "unconvinced", he is "fraught with doubt".
    *   Is there a nuance? "Unconvinced" usually implies a reaction to an argument or evidence. "Uncertain" can be a general state.
    *   Dr. Vogelstein's doubt "stemmed from the fact that...". This means he had evidence that made him unconvinced.

    *   Let's search for "dubious that" in corpora. It's very common.
    *   Often, "dubious" meaning "unconvinced" is used when the person is skeptical.
    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" = Dr. Vogelstein was skeptical that the search was over.

    *   Let's look at the senses again.
        1. uncertain/doubtful
        2. unconvinced
        3. questionable

    *   If I have to choose the *best* one:
        Sense 2 ("unconvinced") specifically captures the skepticism based on evidence (the Arnold Levine research).
        Sense 1 ("uncertain") is more general.

    *   Wait, let me look at the examples one more time.
        Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
        Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"
        The example for Sense 1 uses the "that" clause. The example for Sense 2 does not. This is a strong hint in these types of tasks.

    *   Let's re-read: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
    *   This matches the pattern "doubtful that [clause]" in Sense 1.

    *   Let's check if "unconvinced" can also take a "that" clause. Yes, "He was unconvinced that the search was over."
    *   But the provided example for Sense 1 specifically uses that structure.

    *   Let's think about the meaning again.
        Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt"
        Sense 2: "not convinced"
        Is there a difference between being "doubtful that" and "unconvinced that"?
        "Doubtful" often suggests a probability (I doubt it will happen).
        "Unconvinced" often suggests a lack of belief in a claim (I am not convinced by this).
        "The search was over" is a claim/conclusion. Dr. Vogelstein is not convinced by it.

    *   However, in many WordNet-based tasks, the example sentences are the strongest clues.
        Example 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
        Target: "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over"
        The structural similarity is very high.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 2 again. "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious". Here, "dubious" is used as a predicate adjective describing the person's state of mind after hearing an argument.

    *   Let's compare "uncertain" vs "unconvinced" in this context.
        If he is "uncertain", he doesn't know.
        If he is "unconvinced", he believes the opposite or believes there's more to it.
        The text says "His doubts stemmed from the fact that... Arnold Levine had found... p53 could transform normal cells". This means he has a reason to believe the search is *not* over. This is the definition of being unconvinced.

    *   Wait, let me look at the senses one more time.
        Sense 1: `dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02` | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful
        Sense 2: `dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00` | definition=not convinced

    *   In many contexts, "doubtful" and "unconvinced" are nearly synonymous. But "unconvinced" is more specific to the situation of being presented with a conclusion and not accepting it.

    *   Let's try to find this specific sentence in a dataset. (Searching...) This looks like it might be from a science article.
    *   If I search for "dubious that the search was over", it's a common phrasing.

    *   Let's reconsider the "that" clause.
        Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
        Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"
        If the task is fine-grained, the distinction between "uncertain" and "unconvinced" is key.
        "Uncertain" = I don't know if it's true.
        "Unconvinced" = I don't believe it's true (despite the evidence presented).

    *   Dr. Vogelstein found the gene, but he was "dubious that the search was over." He had evidence (Levine's work) that suggested the search should continue. He wasn't just "uncertain"; he was "unconvinced" that this discovery was the end of the story.

    *   Wait, let me look at the synonyms for Sense 1: "doubtful".
        "Dr. Vogelstein was doubtful that the search was over." (Perfect fit).
        "Dr. Vogelstein was unconvinced that the search was over." (Perfect fit).

    *   Let's look at the sense keys again.
        `dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02`
        `dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00`
        In some versions of WordNet, "dubious" as "unconvinced" is the primary sense for a person feeling doubt.

    *   Let's re-examine the examples one more time.
        Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" (uncertainty about a future event)
        Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" (skepticism about a claim)
        "The search was over" is more like a claim/conclusion than a future event.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 ("unconvinced") seems slightly more precise for the context of a scientist evaluating a result.

    *   Wait, I just noticed something. Let me re-read Sense 1's definition: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
        And Sense 2's definition: "not convinced".
        If you are "not convinced", you are "fraught with doubt".

    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
        Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"
        The "that" clause in Sense 1 is very tempting. Let me search for "dubious that" in a dictionary.
        Merriam-Webster: "dubious"
        1: hesitating or doubting: *dubious about the outcome*
        2: not to be relied upon : QUESTIONABLE: *a dubious claim*
        3: lacking confidence : *dubious of the truth of the statement*

    *   Looking at the WordNet senses provided:
        Sense 1: uncertain/doubtful
        Sense 2: unconvinced
        Sense 3: questionable

    *   If we use the "doubtful that" example from Sense 1, it's a very strong match for "dubious that".

    *   Let's think about the difference between "uncertain" and "unconvinced" again.
        Uncertain: "I'm not sure if it's raining."
        Unconvinced: "He told me it's raining, but I'm unconvinced."
        In the context: "They found it... Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
        This is exactly the "unconvinced" scenario. He was presented with a result (they found the gene) but he didn't believe it meant the search was over.

    *   So, Sense 2 is the more precise meaning.

    *   Wait, let me double-check the "doubtful that" example in Sense 1 again.
        "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
        Is that "uncertainty" or "unconvinced"?
        It's uncertainty about a future outcome.

    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
        Is this uncertainty about a future outcome or being unconvinced by a current result?
        It's being unconvinced by a current result.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is a better fit for the *meaning*, while Sense 1 is a better fit for the *structure* of the example. In fine-grained WSD, meaning usually trumps structure.

    *   Let's re-read the context one more time.
        "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
        This is a classic "unconvinced" scenario. He has a reason to be skeptical.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 again. "fraught with uncertainty or doubt".
        If you are "unconvinced", you are "fraught with doubt".
        Is there any reason to prefer Sense 1?
        The synonym "doubtful" is listed for Sense 1.
        "Dr. Vogelstein was doubtful that the search was over."
        This sounds very natural.

    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again. "not convinced".
        "Dr. Vogelstein was not convinced that the search was over."
        This also sounds very natural and perhaps more precise.

    *   Let's search for "dubious" in a few more contexts.
        "I am dubious about the results" (unconvinced/skeptical)
        "The results are dubious" (questionable - Sense 3)
        "I am dubious whether he will come" (uncertain - Sense 1)

    *   "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."
        This is more like "I am dubious about the results" than "I am dubious whether he will come."

    *   Wait, let me re-read the Sense 1 example: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold".
        This is actually very similar to "I am dubious whether he will come." It's about the probability of an outcome.

    *   "The search was over" is a conclusion. Being "dubious" about a conclusion is being "unconvinced".

    *   Let's compare:
        1. Uncertain/Doubtful (Probability/Certainty)
        2. Unconvinced (Belief/Skepticism)
        3. Questionable (Quality/Reliability)

    *   Dr. Vogelstein's state: Skepticism based on prior knowledge.
    *   This is Sense 2.

    *   Let me just check one more time. Could it be Sense 1?
        "fraught with uncertainty or doubt"
        If you are unconvinced, you are in a state of doubt.
        But "unconvinced" is a more specific and better fit for "skeptical of a conclusion".

    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        Sense 1: "they were doubtful that the cord would hold"
        Sense 2: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious"
        In Sense 2, the person is presented with an argument and remains dubious.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


attempt_kind: initial

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search
2. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
3. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
4. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
5. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `search`
    *   Target surface form: `search`
    *   Context: "...looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells... When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `search%1:04:01::`: boarding and inspecting a ship (Incorrect)
        2.  `search%1:22:00::`: operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property (lookup) (Too technical/computational)
        3.  `search%1:09:00::`: examination of alternative hypotheses (Incorrect)
        4.  `search%1:04:00::`: activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone (hunt, hunting)
        5.  `search%1:04:02::`: an investigation seeking answers (e.g., search of the ledgers)

    *   The researchers were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material".
    *   They "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17".
    *   When they found the piece of DNA, Vogelstein wondered if the "search" was over.
    *   This describes a process of looking for a specific physical/biological entity (a gene/piece of DNA).

    *   Sense 4: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone" (synonyms: hunt, hunting).
    *   Sense 5: "an investigation seeking answers" (example: search of the ledgers).

    *   Sense 4 is about looking for a *thing* (the gene).
    *   Sense 5 is about an *investigation* seeking answers.
    *   The context says they were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material". This fits "looking thoroughly in order to find something" (Sense 4) very well.
    *   However, scientific research is often described as an "investigation seeking answers" (Sense 5).
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 5: "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing". This is looking through a set of records to find information.
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone".
    *   In this context, they are looking for a specific piece of DNA. This is a "hunt" for a gene.

    *   Sense 4: activity of looking thoroughly to find something.
    *   Sense 5: investigation seeking answers.
    *   The phrase "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material" directly maps to "looking thoroughly in order to find something".

    *   Sense 4: hunt, hunting. (Searching for a gene is often called a "gene hunt").
    *   Sense 5: investigation seeking answers.

    Wait, let's re-read Sense 5: "an investigation seeking answers".
    Example: "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing".
    The "search of the ledgers" is looking through the ledgers to find a specific piece of information.

    Let's re-read Sense 4: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone".
    Example: "hunt, hunting".

    In the context, they are looking for a specific piece of DNA (the "smallest common bit of genetic material"). This is a physical (though microscopic) thing.

    Comparing 4 and 5:
    4 is more general "looking for something".
    5 is "investigation seeking answers".

    The text says "looking for the smallest common bit... When they found it... the search was over."
    This strongly implies the "search" refers to the activity of looking for that specific bit of genetic material.

    Is it an "investigation seeking answers" (5) or "looking thoroughly to find something" (4)?
    Finding a gene is finding a "something".

    Let's check if "search" in "the search for the gene" is typically 4 or 5.
    Sense 4: "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something"
    Sense 5: "an investigation seeking answers"

    Actually, looking at the examples for Sense 5 ("search of the ledgers"), it's very similar to looking through a chromosome. But "search of the ledgers" is looking for a specific entry (something).

    Let's look at Sense 4 again. "Hunt" is a very common synonym for searching for a gene (e.g., "the hunt for the gene").

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 5: "an investigation seeking answers". This is more abstract. The researchers were looking for a specific piece of DNA.

    Wait, let's look at the WordNet hierarchy if possible (mentally).
    Search (4) -> hunt.
    Search (5) -> investigation.

    The context "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material" is a very literal "looking for something".

    Let's double-check Sense 2: "an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property". This sounds like a database search or a specific algorithmic search. While they are searching a chromosome, it's not a "lookup" in the computational sense.

    Let's double-check Sense 3: "the examination of alternative hypotheses". They aren't examining hypotheses; they are looking for a physical piece of DNA.

    Between 4 and 5:
    4: activity of looking thoroughly to find something.
    5: investigation seeking answers.

    "Looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material" -> "looking thoroughly in order to find something".

    Sense 4 seems the most direct fit.

    *Self-Correction:* Let me look at Sense 5 again. "an investigation seeking answers". "the outcome justified the search". This is more about the overall quest. "the search for the gene" could be seen as an investigation. But the immediate preceding sentence is "looking for the smallest common bit... When they found it... the search was over." This links "search" directly to the act of "looking for [the bit]".

    Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise
2. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `doubt`
    *   Target surface form: `doubts`
    *   Context: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `doubt%1:07:00::`: uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something (synonyms: dubiousness, doubtfulness, question).
        2.  `doubt%1:09:00::`: the state of being unsure of something (synonyms: uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness).

    *   The sentence says Dr. Vogelstein was "dubious that the search was over."
    *   "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
    *   The "doubts" refer to his uncertainty regarding whether the search for the gene was actually over, given the previous findings by Arnold Levine.

    *   Sense 1: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something".
    *   Sense 2: "the state of being unsure of something".

    *   Sense 1 focuses on the *object* of the doubt (the truth/factuality of a specific claim or existence of something).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the *state* of the person (being unsure).

    *   In the context, "His doubts stemmed from..." refers to the specific uncertainties he had about the conclusion (that the search was over).
    *   Looking at the synonyms:
        *   Sense 1: dubiousness, doubtfulness, question.
        *   Sense 2: uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness.
    *   The sentence "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over" directly leads into "His doubts...".
    *   Is he in a "state of being unsure" (Sense 2) or does he have "uncertainty about the truth/factuality" of the statement "the search was over" (Sense 1)?
    *   Usually, when "doubts" is plural ("His doubts"), it refers to the specific points of uncertainty (Sense 1) rather than the general state of being unsure (Sense 2).
    *   Sense 1: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality... of something". The "something" here is the claim that the search was over.
    *   Sense 2: "the state of being unsure of something". This is more of a general psychological state.

    *   "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
    *   If it were Sense 2 (the state), it would more likely be "His doubt stemmed from..." (singular) or "His uncertainty stemmed from...".
    *   Plural "doubts" often aligns with specific questions or uncertainties about a fact (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something.
    *   Sense 2: the state of being unsure of something.
    *   The context is about whether the search was over (a fact/truth).

    *   Sense 1: "the dubiousness of his claim" (Example).
    *   Sense 2: (No example provided, but synonyms like "incertitude" suggest a state).

    *   The context "dubious that the search was over" -> "His doubts" strongly points to the uncertainty regarding the truth of the statement "the search was over". This fits Sense 1 better.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed
2. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
3. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
4. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `stem`
    *   Target surface form: `stemmed`
    *   Context: "His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `stem%2:30:01::` (remove the stem from - NLP context)
        2.  `stem%2:30:00::` (stop the flow of a liquid)
        3.  `stem%2:42:00::` (grow out of, have roots in, originate in)
        4.  `stem%2:42:03::` (cause to point inward)

    *   The sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..."
    *   Here, "stemmed from" indicates the origin or cause of the doubts.
    *   Comparing this to the candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1 (NLP/botany): Incorrect.
        *   Sense 2 (stop flow): Incorrect.
        *   Sense 3 (originate in): Correct. "His doubts originated from the fact that..."
        *   Sense 4 (point inward): Incorrect.

    *   Sense 3: "grow out of, have roots in, originate in"
    *   Example: "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war"
    *   This matches the usage "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
2. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
3. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts
4. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "fact"
    *   Context: "His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Meaning: The "fact" refers to the occurrence/existence of a previous discovery by Arnold Levine.

    *   Sense 1: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" (Focuses on the *statement* or *assertion*).
    *   Sense 2: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" (Focuses on the *piece of information*).
    *   Sense 3: "a concept whose truth can be proved" (Focuses on the *provability* or *scientific status*).
    *   Sense 4: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" (Focuses on the *event* or *existence* itself).

    *   The sentence says "His doubts stemmed from the fact that... Arnold Levine had found...".
    *   Is it a "statement" (Sense 1)? No, the doubts stem from the *reality* of the discovery, not the statement about it.
    *   Is it a "piece of information" (Sense 2)? It could be, but "fact that [clause]" often refers to the state of affairs described in the clause.
    *   Is it a "concept whose truth can be proved" (Sense 3)? No, this is about the nature of facts vs. hypotheses.
    *   Is it "an event known to have happened" (Sense 4)? Yes, the discovery by Arnold Levine is an event that happened.

    *   Sense 2: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
    *   Sense 4: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"

    In the phrase "the fact that [clause]", the word "fact" often functions as a nominalizer for the proposition in the clause.
    Example: "The fact that he is late is annoying." (The event/state of him being late).
    Example: "The fact that Levine had found..." (The event/occurrence of Levine finding...).

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 4:
    Sense 2 is more about the *information* (the data point).
    Sense 4 is more about the *event/existence* (the reality).

    In "His doubts stemmed from the fact that...", the cause of the doubts is the *reality* of the previous discovery, not just a "piece of information" about it.

    Let's look at the examples:
    Sense 2: "collect all the facts of the case" (pieces of information).
    Sense 4: "your fears have no basis in fact" (no basis in reality/events that happened).

    The context "the fact that [clause]" almost always aligns with the reality/event (Sense 4) rather than a specific "piece of information" (Sense 2) or a "statement" (Sense 1).

    Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 4.
    Sense 2: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
    Sense 4: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"

    If I say "The fact that it is raining", is that a piece of information (2) or an event known to have happened (4)? It's the state of affairs (the event/existence).

    Let's check common usage in WSD datasets (like SemCor). "The fact that..." usually maps to the sense of "reality" or "the state of affairs".

    Sense 4: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"
    Sense 2: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"

    The discovery by Arnold Levine is an event that happened. The "fact" is that this event occurred. This fits Sense 4 better than Sense 2, which treats a fact as a "piece of information" (like a clue in a case).

    Sense 1: Statement/Assertion. (Incorrect)
    Sense 2: Piece of information. (Possible, but less precise than 4)
    Sense 3: Provable concept. (Incorrect)
    Sense 4: Event known to have happened. (Best fit)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "several"
    *   Target surface form: "several"
    *   Context: "...His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `distinct and individual` (e.g., "three several times")
        2.  `(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many` (e.g., "several letters came in the mail")
        3.  `considered individually` (synonyms: respective, various; e.g., "specialists in their several fields")

    *   The phrase is "several years earlier".
    *   Here, "several" is modifying "years".
    *   It indicates a quantity of years (more than a few, but not a huge number).

    *   Sense 1 ("distinct and individual") doesn't fit the context of counting years.
    *   Sense 2 ("of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many") fits perfectly. It's used with a count noun ("years") to indicate a small but indefinite number.
    *   Sense 3 ("considered individually", synonyms: respective, various) doesn't fit. "Respective years earlier" or "various years earlier" doesn't make sense in this context.

    *   The word "several" in "several years earlier" is clearly used as a quantifier meaning "more than two or three". This matches Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
3. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `year`
    *   Target surface form: `years`
    *   Context: "...His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `year%1:28:01::`: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days (standard calendar year).
        2.  `year%1:28:00::`: the period of time for a planet to revolve around the sun (astronomical year).
        3.  `year%1:28:02::`: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year (e.g., school year).
        4.  `year%1:14:00::`: a body of students who graduate together (class).

    *   The phrase is "several years earlier".
    *   This refers to a duration of time measured in standard calendar years.
    *   It is not referring to planetary orbits (Sense 2).
    *   It is not referring to a specific academic or fiscal period (Sense 3).
    *   It is not referring to a graduating class (Sense 4).
    *   It fits the definition of a period of 365/366 days (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" - Matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "earlier"
    *   Target surface form: "earlier"
    *   Context: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `earlier%4:02:00::` (earlier in time; previously) - Synonyms: before.
        2.  `earlier%4:02:02::` (comparatives of 'soon' or 'early') - Synonyms: sooner.
        3.  `earlier%4:02:04::` (before now) - Synonyms: in the first place, in the beginning, originally.

    *   The sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher... had found..."
    *   "Several years earlier" refers to a point in time preceding the event just mentioned (Dr. Vogelstein finding the deletion last winter).
    *   It means "previously" or "before that time".

    *   Sense 1: "earlier in time; previously". This fits perfectly. "Several years previously" or "several years before".
    *   Sense 2: "comparatives of 'soon' or 'early'". This usually refers to a relative point in time compared to a deadline or expectation (e.g., "came earlier than expected"). While "earlier" is technically a comparative, the meaning here is "previously".
    *   Sense 3: "before now" (in the first place, originally). This is usually used as an adverbial phrase meaning "at the start" or "initially" (e.g., "Why didn't you tell me earlier/in the first place?"). It doesn't fit the "several years earlier" construction as well as Sense 1.

    *   "Several years earlier" = "Several years before [the time mentioned]".
    *   Sense 1 definition: "earlier in time; previously".
    *   Sense 1 synonym: "before".
    *   This is the most accurate fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
2. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
3. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
4. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself
5. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
6. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
7. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
8. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
9. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
10. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
13. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
14. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
15. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
16. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `find`
    *   Target surface form: `found`
    *   Context: "...Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

    *   The sentence describes a scientific discovery made through experiments.
    *   "Arnold Levine had found in experiments with mice that [fact/conclusion]."
    *   The "finding" is a conclusion or a fact established through scientific investigation.

    *   Sense 1: succeed in reaching; arrive at (e.g., arrow found its mark) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: make a discovery, make a new finding (e.g., Roentgen discovered X-rays) - *Possible, but usually refers to the object discovered (the X-ray) rather than a fact/conclusion.*
    *   Sense 3: make a discovery (e.g., She found that he had lied to her) - *Possible, refers to discovering a fact.*
    *   Sense 4: find oneself (personality/abilities) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 5: come upon by accident (e.g., find this idea in Plato) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 6: perceive oneself to be in a condition - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 7: perceive or be contemporaneous with - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 8: come to believe on basis of emotion/intuition - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 9: receive a specified treatment (abstract) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 10: recover/retrieve - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 11: decide on and make a declaration (rule) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 12: obtain through effort (time/money) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 13: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain) - *Strong candidate. The context explicitly mentions "experiments with mice".*
    *   Sense 14: get something for a specific purpose - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 15: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (synonyms: detect, observe) - *Possible, but usually refers to detecting a substance or presence (e.g., lead in water).*
    *   Sense 16: come upon after searching (lost items) - *Incorrect*

    *   Sense 3: "make a discovery" (Example: "She found that he had lied to her"). This is a general discovery of a fact.
    *   Sense 13: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain). This specifically mentions "experiment", which matches the context "found in experiments with mice".

    *   The context is a scientific paper/article describing research.
    *   "found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform..."
    *   This is a classic case of establishing a scientific fact through experimentation. Sense 13 is the most precise fit.

    *   Sense 13: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    *   Context: "found in experiments with mice that..."
    *   This is a perfect match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard
3. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `experiment`
    *   Target surface form: `experiments`
    *   Context: "...Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `experiment%1:04:00::`: the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation (synonym: experimentation).
        2.  `experiment%1:04:01::`: a venture at something new or different (example: grow a beard).
        3.  `experiment%1:09:00::`: the testing of an idea (synonym: experimentation; example: experiment in living).

    *   The context describes scientific research involving gene probes, chromosomes, tumor cells, and specifically "experiments with mice" to see if a gene (p53) could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.
    *   This is a classic scientific context involving controlled tests/investigations in a laboratory setting.

    *   Sense 1: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation". This fits perfectly with scientific research using mice to test a hypothesis about a gene.
    *   Sense 2: "a venture at something new or different". This is more about personal trial and error (like growing a beard), not scientific research.
    *   Sense 3: "the testing of an idea". While scientific experiments test ideas, this sense is often used more broadly or metaphorically ("experiment in living"). Sense 1 is more specific to the "controlled test" nature of laboratory science.

    *   Sense 1 is the most precise fit for "experiments with mice" in a medical/genetic research context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
2. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball
3. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
4. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `mouse`
    *   Target surface form: `mice`
    *   Context: "...Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Person who is quiet or timid.
        2.  Computer mouse.
        3.  Small rodent.
        4.  Swollen bruise (black eye).

    *   The context mentions "experiments with mice" in the context of genetic research (gene p53, cancer, cells).
    *   This clearly refers to the animal used in laboratory research.

    *   Sense 1: Person (timid) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: Computer device - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Small rodent - Correct.
    *   Sense 4: Bruise - Incorrect.

    *   The best sense is index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
2. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
3. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
4. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
5. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
6. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
7. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
8. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
9. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
10. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning
11. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
12. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
13. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
14. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
15. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
16. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
17. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
18. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
19. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
20. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
21. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
22. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
23. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
24. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
25. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
26. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
27. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
28. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `call`
    *   Target surface form: `called`
    *   Context: "...a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Meaning: The gene is named "p53".

    *   1: send a message (radio, phone) - No.
    *   2: stop/postpone (weather) - No.
    *   3: indicate a decision (balls/strikes) - No.
    *   4: demand payment (loan) - No.
    *   5: call a meeting - No.
    *   6: telephone - No.
    *   7: pay a brief visit - No.
    *   8: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to (synonym: name) - Yes. "a gene called p53" means "a gene named p53".
    *   9: greet with a title/name (address) - No.
    *   10: rouse from sleep - No.
    *   11: utter a characteristic note (animal) - No.
    *   12: declare as umpire - No.
    *   13: order/summon for duty - No.
    *   14: square dance calls - No.
    *   15: order/request to come - No.
    *   16: order/request a command for (strike) - No.
    *   17: utter in a loud voice - No.
    *   18: challenge sincerity - No.
    *   19: challenge to make good on statement - No.
    *   20: consider or regard as being - No.
    *   21: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun - No (p53 is a proper name for the gene).
    *   22: redemption of bond - No.
    *   23: read aloud (roll call) - No.
    *   24: lure animals - No.
    *   25: sudden loud cry - No.
    *   26: demand a card/suit (bid) - No.
    *   27: make a prediction - No.
    *   28: stop in a harbour - No.

    *   Sense 8: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" (synonym: name). Example: "They named their son David".
    *   Sense 21: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality". Example: "He called me a bastard".
    *   In the context "a gene called p53", "p53" is the specific name assigned to that gene. This fits Sense 8 perfectly.

    *   Sense 8 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `transform`
    *   Target surface form: `transform`
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Key phrase: "transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

    *   Sense 1: change in outward structure or looks (metamorphose, e.g., into a monster).
    *   Sense 2: increase or decrease (alternating current or voltage).
    *   Sense 3: change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell...
    *   Sense 4: subject to a mathematical transformation.
    *   Sense 5: change from one form or medium into another (translate, e.g., collage into oil).
    *   Sense 6: change or alter in form, appearance, or nature (transmute, e.g., experience transformed her).
    *   Sense 7: convert (one form of energy) to another.

    *   The context is biological/medical: "gene called p53", "normal cells into cancerous ones".
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions changing a cell into a genetically distinct cell via DNA. While the context mentions p53 (a gene) and cells becoming cancerous, "transformation" in oncology specifically refers to the process where a normal cell becomes a cancer cell.
    *   Sense 6 is a general "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature".
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 3: "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell...". This is a very specific biological process (bacterial transformation).
    *   Is the transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous cell the same as bacterial transformation? No. In oncology, "transformation" is the process of a cell becoming malignant.
    *   Does Sense 6 fit better? "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature". A normal cell changing into a cancerous cell is a change in nature/function.
    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 3. "change (a bacterial cell)...". The context is about human/mouse cells (p53 gene), not necessarily bacterial cells.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 6 vs Sense 1. Sense 1 is "outward structure or looks". Sense 6 is "form, appearance, or nature". Cancerous transformation is a change in nature.

    *   Sense 1: Outward structure/looks (too superficial).
    *   Sense 3: Bacterial transformation (too specific and technically incorrect for mammalian cells becoming cancerous).
    *   Sense 6: Change or alter in form, appearance, or nature. This is the most general and accurate description of a cell becoming cancerous.

    *   In biology, "transformation" can mean several things:
        1.  Bacterial transformation (Sense 3).
        2.  Oncogenic transformation (the process of a normal cell becoming a cancer cell).
    *   Since Sense 3 is explicitly limited to "bacterial cell" and "introduction of DNA from another cell", it doesn't fit the p53 mechanism (which is usually a mutation or deletion of the gene within the cell, not necessarily introduction of foreign DNA).
    *   Therefore, Sense 6 ("change or alter in form, appearance, or nature") is the best fit.

    *   Sense 6: "change or alter in form, appearance, or nature".
    *   Context: "transform normal cells into cancerous ones".
    *   This fits perfectly as a change in the nature of the cell.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle
4. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "normal"
    *   Target surface form: "normal"
    *   Context: "...a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `normal%3:00:01::`: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
        2.  `normal%3:00:02::`: in accordance with scientific laws.
        3.  `normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00`: forming a right angle.
        4.  `normal%3:00:03::`: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.

    *   The sentence describes the transformation of "normal cells" into "cancerous ones."
    *   In a biological/medical context, "normal cells" are those that are healthy, functioning correctly, and not mutated or malignant.
    *   This contrasts "normal" with "cancerous" (abnormal/malignant).

    *   Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal." This fits well. A normal cell is one that is not abnormal (i.e., not cancerous).
    *   Sense 2: "in accordance with scientific laws." This is too broad and doesn't fit the specific biological contrast.
    *   Sense 3: "forming a right angle." This is a geometric definition. Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development." This refers to human development/psychology. Incorrect.

    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate because "normal cells" are defined by their lack of abnormality (cancer).