[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scope
Target surface form: scope
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the <t>scope</t> for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scope%1:06:02:: | definition=a magnifier of images of distant objects | synonyms=telescope
2. sense_key=scope%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of the environment in which a situation exists | synonyms=setting, background | examples=you can't do that in a university setting
3. sense_key=scope%1:07:00:: | definition=an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: | synonyms=range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit | examples=the range of a supersonic jet; a piano has a greater range than the human voice
4. sense_key=scope%1:06:01:: | definition=electronic equipment that provides visual images of varying electrical quantities | synonyms=oscilloscope, cathode-ray oscilloscope, CRO

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "scope"
    *   Target surface form: "scope"
    *   Context: "The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the <t>scope</t> for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `scope%1:06:02::`: magnifier of images of distant objects (telescope).
        2.  `scope%1:26:00::`: state of the environment (setting, background).
        3.  `scope%1:07:00::`: an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control (range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit).
        4.  `scope%1:06:01::`: electronic equipment (oscilloscope).

    *   The sentence says "widens the scope for finding new forms of life".
    *   "Widens the scope" means it increases the range, extent, or possibility of where/how something can be found or applied.
    *   Comparing this to the candidate senses:
        *   Sense 1 (telescope) - Incorrect.
        *   Sense 2 (setting/background) - Incorrect.
        *   Sense 3 (range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit) - Correct. "Widens the range/reach for finding new forms of life."
        *   Sense 4 (oscilloscope) - Incorrect.

    *   Sense 3 fits perfectly as it refers to the extent or range of possibility/operation.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: forms
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new <t>forms</t> of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
2. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
3. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
4. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
5. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation
6. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
7. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
8. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
9. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
10. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
11. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
12. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
13. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
14. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
15. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
16. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `form`
    *   Target surface form: `forms`
    *   Context: "The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new <t>forms</t> of life on Earth and possibly beyond."

    *   1: spatial arrangement (shape)
    *   2: perceptual structure (shape, pattern)
    *   3: arrangement of elements in composition/discourse
    *   4: particular mode of manifestation
    *   5: mold for concrete
    *   6: spatial attributes (outline)
    *   7: category of things distinguished by common characteristic (kind, sort, variety)
    *   8: phonological/orthographic sound/appearance of a word
    *   9: printed document
    *   10: (physical chemistry) distinct state of matter (phase)
    *   11: visual appearance
    *   12: ability to perform well
    *   13: (biology) group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways (variant, strain)
    *   14: human body
    *   15: body of students (class)
    *   16: mannequin

    *   The phrase is "new forms of life".
    *   In this context, "forms of life" refers to different types, kinds, or varieties of living organisms (especially those that might be fundamentally different from known life, like arsenic-based life).
    *   Sense 7: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art". This fits well.
    *   Sense 13: "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms". This is too narrow. The text is talking about "new types of life" (as mentioned in the title), not just trivial variants within a species.

    *   Sense 7 (kind, sort, variety) is the most appropriate for "forms of life" when referring to different types of biological existence.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earth
Target surface form: Earth
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in <t>Earth</t>, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earth%1:27:00:: | definition=the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface | synonyms=ground | examples=they dug into the earth outside the church
2. sense_key=earth%1:17:01:: | definition=the solid part of the earth's surface | synonyms=land, dry land, ground, solid ground, terra firma | examples=the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land; the earth shook for several minutes
3. sense_key=earth%1:09:00:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, world | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
4. sense_key=earth%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=world, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=earth%1:15:00:: | definition=the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell) | examples=it was hell on earth
6. sense_key=earth%1:06:00:: | definition=a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage) | synonyms=ground
7. sense_key=earth%1:27:01:: | definition=once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `earth`
    *   Target surface form: `Earth`
    *   Context: "Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere... While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in <t>Earth</t>, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential."
    *   Key phrases: "life on Earth", "elsewhere", "finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond", "discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth".

    *   Sense 1: loose soft material (soil/ground).
    *   Sense 2: solid part of the surface (land/terra firma).
    *   Sense 3: concerns of this life (worldly concerns).
    *   Sense 4: the 3rd planet from the sun (the planet we live on).
    *   Sense 5: abode of mortals (contrasted with Heaven/Hell).
    *   Sense 6: electrical ground.
    *   Sense 7: one of four elements (ancient philosophy).

    *   The context discusses "life on Earth", "elsewhere", and "beyond".
    *   It compares Earth to other potential locations for life in the universe.
    *   This clearly refers to the planet as a whole, not just the soil (Sense 1), the land surface (Sense 2), or a spiritual concept (Sense 3, 5).
    *   Sense 4 ("the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on") fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 4 is the correct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that <t>life</t> has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
2. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
3. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
7. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard
8. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
9. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
10. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
11. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
12. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
13. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
14. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `life`
    *   Target surface form: `life`
    *   Context: "Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere... they say it shows that <t>life</t> has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential."

    *   Sense 1: `living things collectively` (e.g., "oceans are teeming with life")
    *   Sense 2: `animation and energy in action or expression` (e.g., "give life to it")
    *   Sense 3: `a living person` (e.g., "saved a life")
    *   Sense 4: `the condition of living or the state of being alive` (e.g., "while there's life there's hope")
    *   Sense 5: `the period during which something is functional` (e.g., "battery had a short life")
    *   Sense 6: `the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones` (e.g., "no life on the moon")
    *   Sense 7: `a prison term` (e.g., "got life")
    *   Sense 8: `a motive for living` (e.g., "pottery was his life")
    *   Sense 9: `the period between birth and the present time` (e.g., "known him all his life")
    *   Sense 10: `the period from the present until death` (e.g., "emperor for life")
    *   Sense 11: `the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities` (e.g., "complexities of life")
    *   Sense 12: `the course of existence of an individual` (e.g., "new life in Australia")
    *   Sense 13: `an account of the series of events making up a person's life` (e.g., "biography")
    *   Sense 14: `a characteristic state or mode of living` (e.g., "social life")

    *   The context discusses "new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere," "new forms of life," and "life has possibilities beyond the major elements."
    *   This refers to the biological concept of life as a phenomenon or the collective existence of living organisms.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 ("living things collectively") and Sense 6 ("the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones").
    *   "New types of life" and "new forms of life" suggest the phenomenon/category of living things.
    *   "Life has possibilities beyond the major elements" suggests the biological phenomenon/mechanism of life.
    *   Sense 6 ("the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones") fits best when talking about the chemical/biological requirements for life to exist (e.g., "no life on the moon," "possibilities beyond the major elements").
    *   Sense 1 ("living things collectively") is more about the presence of organisms (e.g., "teeming with life").

    *   The sentence "life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential" refers to the *nature* or *phenomenon* of life (what constitutes life), rather than just a collection of living things.
    *   Sense 6: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones." This aligns perfectly with the discussion of chemical elements (arsenic) and the definition of what can be considered "life."

    *   Sense 1: living things collectively.
    *   Sense 6: the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones.
    *   The context is about the *definition* and *possibilities* of life (biological phenomenon), not just the *presence* of living things.

    *   Sense 6 is the most precise fit for the scientific context of biological requirements for life.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possibility
Target surface form: possibilities
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has <t>possibilities</t> beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00:: | definition=capability of existing or happening or being true | synonyms=possibleness | examples=there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired
2. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, theory | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03:: | definition=a future prospect or potential | examples=this room has great possibilities
4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01:: | definition=a possible alternative | synonyms=possible action, opening | examples=bankruptcy is always a possibility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `possibility`
    *   Target surface form: `possibilities`
    *   Context: "Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere... they say it shows that life has <t>possibilities</t> beyond the major elements that have been considered essential."
    *   Key phrase: "life has possibilities beyond the major elements..."

    *   Sense 1: `capability of existing or happening or being true` (possibleness). Example: "there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired". (Abstract quality of being possible).
    *   Sense 2: `a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified...` (hypothesis, theory). Example: "a scientific hypothesis...". (A specific scientific guess).
    *   Sense 3: `a future prospect or potential`. Example: "this room has great possibilities". (Potential for development or variety).
    *   Sense 4: `a possible alternative`. Example: "bankruptcy is always a possibility". (A specific option or outcome).

    *   The sentence says "life has possibilities beyond the major elements".
    *   This means life has the *potential* to exist in forms or ways that weren't previously thought possible.
    *   It's not talking about a specific hypothesis (Sense 2), a single alternative outcome (Sense 4), or the abstract quality of being possible (Sense 1).
    *   It's talking about the *potential* or *range of possibilities* for how life can be structured.
    *   Comparing "this room has great possibilities" (Sense 3) with "life has possibilities beyond the major elements", both refer to potential/capacity for something to be or happen.

    *   Sense 1: "possibleness" (The *fact* that it is possible).
    *   Sense 3: "future prospect or potential" (The *range* of what could be).
    *   In "life has possibilities", it refers to the potential for life to take different forms. This aligns best with "potential".

    *   Sense 3: "a future prospect or potential".
    *   Context: "life has possibilities beyond the major elements".
    *   This fits perfectly. Life has the potential to exist using different elements.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: element
Target surface form: elements
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major <t>elements</t> that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=element%1:15:00:: | definition=the most favorable environment for a plant or animal | examples=water is the element of fishes
2. sense_key=element%1:27:00:: | definition=any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter | synonyms=chemical element
3. sense_key=element%1:27:01:: | definition=one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe | examples=the alchemists believed that there were four elements
4. sense_key=element%1:26:00:: | definition=the situation in which you are happiest and most effective | examples=in your element
5. sense_key=element%1:25:00:: | definition=a straight line that generates a cylinder or cone
6. sense_key=element%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system | synonyms=component, constituent | examples=spare components for cars; a component or constituent element of a system
7. sense_key=element%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, constituent, factor, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `element`
    *   Target surface form: `elements`
    *   Context: "While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major <t>elements</t> that have been considered essential."
    *   Key surrounding words: "arsenic", "nutrients", "bacteria", "life", "essential".

    *   Sense 1: Favorable environment (e.g., water for fish).
    *   Sense 2: Chemical element (substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances).
    *   Sense 3: Ancient/medieval cosmology (earth, air, fire, water).
    *   Sense 4: Situation where one is happiest (in your element).
    *   Sense 5: Geometry (line generating cylinder/cone).
    *   Sense 6: Physical artifact/component of a system.
    *   Sense 7: Abstract part/factor/ingredient.

    *   The text discusses "arsenic-tolerant microbe", "arsenic as one of its nutrients", and "major elements that have been considered essential" for life.
    *   Arsenic is a chemical element.
    *   The context is clearly about chemistry and biology (the chemical building blocks of life).

    *   Sense 2 ("any of the more than 100 known substances... that cannot be separated into simpler substances") fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 6 and 7 refer to components or parts, but in the context of "arsenic" and "essential elements for life", the specific chemical meaning (Sense 2) is the most precise.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organism
Target surface form: organism
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This <t>organism</t> has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organism%1:14:00:: | definition=a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body | examples=the social organism
2. sense_key=organism%1:03:00:: | definition=a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently | synonyms=being

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `organism`
    *   Target surface form: `organism`
    *   Context: A text about an arsenic-tolerant microbe (bacteria) that can use arsenic as a nutrient. The sentence is: "This <t>organism</t> has dual capability."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `organism%1:14:00::`: a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body (e.g., "the social organism").
        2.  `organism%1:03:00::`: a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently (synonym: being).

    *   The context describes a "strange bacteria" and a "microbe".
    *   Bacteria are biological living things.
    *   The sentence "This organism has dual capability" refers directly to the bacteria.

    *   Sense 1 is metaphorical/analogous (e.g., a social organization acting like a body).
    *   Sense 2 is the literal biological definition of a living thing.

    *   The bacteria is a literal living thing, not a metaphorical system.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: capability
Target surface form: capability
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual <t>capability</t>." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=capability%1:26:00:: | definition=the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment | synonyms=capacity | examples=the capability of a metal to be fused
2. sense_key=capability%1:09:00:: | definition=an aptitude that may be developed | synonyms=capableness, potentiality
3. sense_key=capability%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally | synonyms=capableness | examples=he worked to the limits of his capability

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `capability`
    *   Context: "This organism has dual <t>capability</t>." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."
    *   Meaning: The organism has the ability or power to do two different things (grow with phosphorus or arsenic).

    *   Sense 1: `capability%1:26:00::` - "the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment" (e.g., metal being fused). -> *Incorrect. This is about material properties/susceptibility.*
    *   Sense 2: `capability%1:09:00::` - "an aptitude that may be developed" (synonyms: capableness, potentiality). -> *Incorrect. This refers to potential or a skill that can be learned/developed.*
    *   Sense 3: `capability%1:07:00::` - "the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally" (synonyms: capableness). -> *Correct. This refers to the inherent ability or power to perform a task or function (in this case, biological function).*

    *   The organism *is* capable of growing with either phosphorus or arsenic. This is a physical/biological capability.
    *   Sense 3 fits best as it describes the general quality of being capable.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: phosphorus
Target surface form: phosphorus
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either <t>phosphorus</t> or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=phosphorus%1:27:00:: | definition=a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms | synonyms=P, atomic number 15
2. sense_key=phosphorus%1:17:00:: | definition=a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky | synonyms=morning star, daystar, Lucifer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: phosphorus
    *   Target surface form: phosphorus
    *   Context: A scientific report about a microbe that can use arsenic as a nutrient instead of phosphorus.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `phosphorus%1:27:00::`: A multivalent nonmetallic element (chemical element P, atomic number 15).
        2.  `phosphorus%1:17:00::`: A planet (Venus) seen before sunrise (morning star).

    *   The context discusses "microbe", "nutrients", "bacteria", "major elements", "essential", and "arsenic".
    *   The sentence "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic" clearly refers to chemical elements used as nutrients for biological growth.

    *   Sense 1 describes the chemical element phosphorus.
    *   Sense 2 describes the planet Venus.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or <t>arsenic</t>." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: arsenic
    *   Target surface form: arsenic
    *   Context: A scientific report about a microbe that can use arsenic as a nutrient, potentially replacing phosphorus.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `arsenic%1:27:01::`: A white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic (a specific compound).
        2.  `arsenic%1:27:00::`: A very poisonous metallic element (the element As, atomic number 33).

    *   The text discusses a microbe that can use arsenic as a nutrient, comparing it to phosphorus (another element).
    *   "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."
    *   Phosphorus is a chemical element. The comparison strongly suggests that "arsenic" here refers to the element itself, not a specific compound like arsenic trioxide.
    *   The context is about the fundamental building blocks of life (elements).

    *   Sense 1: Arsenic trioxide (a compound).
    *   Sense 2: Arsenic (the element).

    *   The context refers to the element.

    *   Sense index 2 corresponds to the element.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some <t>form</t> of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
4. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
5. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
6. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
7. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
8. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
9. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
10. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
11. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
12. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
13. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
14. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
15. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation
16. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 12}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 12}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "form"
    *   Context: "...though it falls short of being some <t>form</t> of truly 'alien' life,"
    *   Sentence meaning: The speaker is saying that while the bacteria is peculiar, it isn't a *type* or *kind* of alien life.

    *   1: Phonological/orthographic sound/appearance of a word. (Incorrect)
    *   2: Body of students. (Incorrect)
    *   3: Physical chemistry state of matter. (Incorrect)
    *   4: Biology: group within a species (variant/strain). (Possible, but "alien life" is a broader category than a strain within a species).
    *   5: Mannequin. (Incorrect)
    *   6: Arrangement of elements in composition/discourse. (Incorrect)
    *   7: Particular mode in which something is manifested. (Possible, but usually refers to an abstract quality like "resentment took the form of hostility").
    *   8: Visual appearance. (Incorrect)
    *   9: Spatial attributes/shape. (Incorrect)
    *   10: Human body. (Incorrect)
    *   11: Spatial arrangement vs substance. (Incorrect)
    *   12: Category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality (kind, sort, variety). (Strong candidate: "some form of truly 'alien' life" $\approx$ "some kind of truly 'alien' life").
    *   13: Ability to perform well. (Incorrect)
    *   14: Perceptual structure. (Incorrect)
    *   15: Mold for concrete. (Incorrect)
    *   16: Printed document. (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 4 (Biology: variant/strain) is too specific. The text is talking about "alien life" in general, not a specific strain of a known species.
    *   Sense 7 (Mode of manifestation) is close, but usually applies to how a feeling or abstract concept shows up.
    *   Sense 12 (Category/Kind/Sort/Variety) fits perfectly. "Some form of truly 'alien' life" means "some kind of truly 'alien' life."

    *   Sense 12: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?"
    *   Context: "...some form of truly 'alien' life..."
    *   Substitution: "...some kind of truly 'alien' life..." (Works perfectly).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' <t>life</t>," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
2. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
3. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
4. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
5. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
6. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
7. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
8. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
11. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
12. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
13. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `life`
    *   Target surface form: `life`
    *   Context: "Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere... 'That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' <t>life</t>,' commented Paul C. W. Davies..."
    *   Key phrases: "new types of life", "finding new forms of life", "life has possibilities beyond the major elements", "alien life", "essential for life".

    *   1: period from present until death (e.g., emperor for life) - No.
    *   2: organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones (e.g., no life on the moon) - This fits well. It refers to the biological concept of life.
    *   3: a living person (e.g., saved a life) - No.
    *   4: period between birth and present (e.g., known him all his life) - No.
    *   5: motive for living (e.g., pottery was his life) - No.
    *   6: living things collectively (e.g., oceans are teeming with life) - This is very close. "New types of life" could mean living things collectively.
    *   7: experience of being alive/human events (e.g., complexities of life) - No.
    *   8: period during which something is functional (e.g., battery had a short life) - No.
    *   9: animation and energy (e.g., give life to it) - No.
    *   10: course of existence of an individual (e.g., new life in Australia) - No.
    *   11: biography (e.g., account of events) - No.
    *   12: characteristic state or mode of living (e.g., social life) - No.
    *   13: condition of living or state of being alive (e.g., while there's life there's hope) - This is also close.
    *   14: prison term (e.g., life sentence) - No.

    *   Sense 2: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones" (Example: "there is no life on the moon").
    *   Sense 6: "living things collectively" (Example: "the oceans are teeming with life").
    *   Sense 13: "the condition of living or the state of being alive" (Example: "life depends on many chemical and physical processes").

    *   The context discusses "new types of life", "new forms of life", "alien life", and "essential for life".
    *   "Alien life" and "life on the moon" (from Sense 2's example) are almost identical in meaning.
    *   "New types of life" refers to the biological phenomenon/category of living organisms.
    *   Sense 6 ("living things collectively") usually refers to the presence of organisms in a place (e.g., "teeming with life").
    *   Sense 13 ("the condition of living") refers to the state of being alive.
    *   Sense 2 ("the organic phenomenon") is the most precise fit for "alien life" and "forms of life" in a scientific/biological context.

    *   "alien life" -> "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones" (Sense 2).
    *   "essential for life" -> "the organic phenomenon..." (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 2: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones"
    *   Example: "there is no life on the moon"
    *   This matches "alien life" and "life on Earth, or elsewhere" perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the <t>report</t> appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
2. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
3. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
6. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report
7. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `report`
    *   Target surface form: `report`
    *   Context: "...commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the <t>report</t> appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science."
    *   Key clues: "co-author", "appearing in... the journal Science".

    *   Sense 1: `report%1:10:01::` - act of informing by verbal report (account). (Incorrect: This is a written document in a journal).
    *   Sense 2: `report%1:10:03::` - a written document describing the findings of some individual or group (study, written report). (Strong candidate: "co-author", "journal Science", "findings" implied by the discovery of bacteria).
    *   Sense 3: `report%1:10:02::` - an essay (especially one written as an assignment) (composition, paper). (Incorrect: This is a scientific publication, not a student assignment).
    *   Sense 4: `report%1:11:00::` - a sharp explosive sound. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: `report%1:10:00::` - a short account of the news (news report, story). (Incorrect: While it's news, the "co-author" and "journal Science" point to the original research paper/study).
    *   Sense 6: `report%1:09:00::` - general estimation/reputation. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: `report%1:10:04::` - written evaluation of a student (report card). (Incorrect).

    *   The context describes a scientific discovery published in a peer-reviewed journal (*Science*).
    *   The person is a "co-author" of the "report".
    *   Sense 2 specifically mentions "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" and lists "study" as a synonym. This perfectly matches a scientific paper.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: edition
Target surface form: edition
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online <t>edition</t> of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=edition%1:10:00:: | definition=an issue of a newspaper | examples=he read it in yesterday's edition of the Times
2. sense_key=edition%1:09:00:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, variation | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=edition%1:14:00:: | definition=all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time | examples=the first edition appeared in 1920; it was too late for the morning edition
4. sense_key=edition%1:10:02:: | definition=the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `edition`
    *   Target surface form: `edition`
    *   Context: "...report appearing in Thursday's online <t>edition</t> of the journal Science."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `edition%1:10:00::`: an issue of a newspaper.
        2.  `edition%1:09:00::`: something a little different from others of the same type (version, variant).
        3.  `edition%1:14:00::`: all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time (e.g., first edition, morning edition).
        4.  `edition%1:10:02::`: the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published.

    *   The word "edition" refers to "Thursday's online edition of the journal Science".
    *   "Science" is a scientific journal.
    *   "Thursday's online edition" refers to a specific issue/release of the journal published on a specific day.

    *   Sense 1: "an issue of a newspaper". While "Science" is a journal, not a newspaper, the concept of a daily or weekly "issue" is very similar.
    *   Sense 2: "something a little different from others of the same type" (version). This is too general.
    *   Sense 3: "all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time". Examples: "the first edition appeared in 1920; it was too late for the morning edition". This fits the concept of a specific issue (like the "morning edition" or "Thursday's edition").
    *   Sense 4: "the form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published". This usually refers to the revised version of a book (e.g., 2nd edition).

    *   Sense 1 is specifically for newspapers.
    *   Sense 3 is broader ("all of the identical copies... offered to the public at the same time") and includes examples like "morning edition", which mirrors "Thursday's online edition".
    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "an issue of a newspaper".
    *   Sense 3: "all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time".
    *   In many WordNet versions, "edition" as in a newspaper issue is often mapped to a specific sense.
    *   Let's re-evaluate "Thursday's online edition of the journal Science".
    *   A journal issue is very similar to a newspaper issue.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 3: "it was too late for the morning edition". This is almost identical to "Thursday's online edition".

    *   Sense 1: `edition%1:10:00::` (newspaper issue)
    *   Sense 3: `edition%1:14:00::` (identical copies offered at the same time)
    *   Actually, in WordNet, "morning edition" is often listed under the sense that refers to the specific issue of a periodical.
    *   Let's check the glosses again.
    *   Sense 1: "an issue of a newspaper"
    *   Sense 3: "all of the identical copies of something offered to the public at the same time"
    *   "Thursday's online edition" refers to the specific release/issue of the journal for that day.
    *   Is a journal a newspaper? No.
    *   Is it "all of the identical copies... offered to the public at the same time"? Yes.

    *   Sense 1: Newspaper issue.
    *   Sense 3: General issue/release (includes "morning edition").
    *   Since "Science" is a journal, Sense 3 is a better fit than Sense 1 (which is restricted to newspapers).

    *   Sense 4 is for books (revised versions).
    *   Sense 2 is for versions/variants.
    *   Sense 3 fits the "issue" meaning best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: journal
Target surface form: journal
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the <t>journal</t> Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=journal%1:06:01:: | definition=a record book as a physical object
2. sense_key=journal%1:21:00:: | definition=a ledger in which transactions have been recorded as they occurred | synonyms=daybook
3. sense_key=journal%1:10:01:: | definition=a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations | synonyms=diary
4. sense_key=journal%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical dedicated to a particular subject | examples=he reads the medical journals
5. sense_key=journal%1:06:00:: | definition=the part of the axle contained by a bearing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `journal`
    *   Target surface form: `journal`
    *   Context: "...commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the <t>journal</t> Science."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `journal%1:06:01::`: a record book as a physical object.
        2.  `journal%1:21:00::`: a ledger in which transactions have been recorded as they occurred (daybook).
        3.  `journal%1:10:01::`: a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations (diary).
        4.  `journal%1:10:00::`: a periodical dedicated to a particular subject (e.g., medical journals).
        5.  `journal%1:06:00::`: the part of the axle contained by a bearing.

    *   The context mentions "the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science."
    *   "Science" is a well-known academic/scientific periodical.
    *   The phrase "online edition" strongly suggests a publication/periodical.

    *   Sense 1 (physical record book) - No.
    *   Sense 2 (ledger/daybook) - No.
    *   Sense 3 (diary) - No.
    *   Sense 4 (periodical dedicated to a particular subject) - Yes. This fits perfectly with "Science" (the journal).
    *   Sense 5 (axle part) - No.

    *   The best sense is index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: element
Target surface form: elements
Context:
The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major <t>elements</t> have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. But the researchers found that the bacteria, discovered in Mono Lake, Calif., is able to continue to grow after substituting arsenic for phosphorus.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=element%1:27:01:: | definition=one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe | examples=the alchemists believed that there were four elements
2. sense_key=element%1:15:00:: | definition=the most favorable environment for a plant or animal | examples=water is the element of fishes
3. sense_key=element%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, constituent, factor, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony
4. sense_key=element%1:25:00:: | definition=a straight line that generates a cylinder or cone
5. sense_key=element%1:26:00:: | definition=the situation in which you are happiest and most effective | examples=in your element
6. sense_key=element%1:27:00:: | definition=any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter | synonyms=chemical element
7. sense_key=element%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system | synonyms=component, constituent | examples=spare components for cars; a component or constituent element of a system

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `element`
    *   Target surface form: `elements`
    *   Context: "Six major <t>elements</t> have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur."
    *   Key clues: The list provided (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur) consists of chemical elements from the periodic table.

    *   Sense 1: Ancient/medieval cosmology (earth, air, fire, water). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Favorable environment for plant/animal. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Abstract part of something (component, factor). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Geometry (line generating cylinder/cone). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Situation where one is happiest. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Chemical element (substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances). (Correct)
    *   Sense 7: Artifact/individual part of a composite entity. (Incorrect)

    *   The context explicitly lists chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, etc.).
    *   Sense 6 specifically defines "chemical element".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for <t>life</t> - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. But the researchers found that the bacteria, discovered in Mono Lake, Calif., is able to continue to grow after substituting arsenic for phosphorus.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
2. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
3. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
4. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
5. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard
7. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
8. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
9. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
10. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
11. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
12. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
13. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
14. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 12}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "life"
    *   Target surface form: "life"
    *   Context: "Six major elements have long been considered essential for <t>life</t> - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses the discovery of bacteria that can use arsenic, widening the scope for finding "new forms of life," and mentions that "life has possibilities beyond the major elements."

    *   1: period between birth and present (e.g., "all his life") - No.
    *   2: period during which something is functional (e.g., "battery had a short life") - No.
    *   3: the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones (e.g., "no life on the moon") - This fits well. It refers to the biological phenomenon.
    *   4: a living person (e.g., "saved a life") - No.
    *   5: characteristic state or mode of living (e.g., "social life") - No.
    *   6: prison term (e.g., "got life") - No.
    *   7: motive for living (e.g., "pottery was his life") - No.
    *   8: living things collectively (e.g., "oceans are teeming with life") - This is a strong candidate.
    *   9: biography (e.g., "account of the series of events") - No.
    *   10: course of existence of an individual (e.g., "new life in Australia") - No.
    *   11: period from present until death (e.g., "emperor for life") - No.
    *   12: the condition of living or the state of being alive (e.g., "life depends on many chemical and physical processes") - This also fits well.
    *   13: animation and energy (e.g., "give life to it") - No.
    *   14: experience of being alive (e.g., "complexities of life") - No.

    *   Sense 3: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones"
    *   Sense 8: "living things collectively"
    *   Sense 12: "the condition of living or the state of being alive"

    *   Context: "Six major elements have long been considered essential for <t>life</t> - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur."
    *   The sentence is talking about the chemical requirements for the *existence* of life (the biological phenomenon/state).
    *   Sense 3 ("the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones") is often used in scientific contexts regarding the definition or requirements of life (e.g., "searching for life on Mars").
    *   Sense 12 ("the condition of living or the state of being alive") is very similar. Let's look at the example for Sense 12: "life depends on many chemical and physical processes." This is almost identical in meaning to the target sentence ("Six major elements have long been considered essential for life").
    *   Sense 8 ("living things collectively") would mean "essential for living things," which is also true, but the phrasing "essential for life" usually refers to the state or phenomenon of being alive.

    *   Sense 3: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones" (Example: "there is no life on the moon")
    *   Sense 12: "the condition of living or the state of being alive" (Example: "life depends on many chemical and physical processes")

    The target sentence "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life" is almost a paraphrase of the example for Sense 12 ("life depends on many chemical and physical processes").

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 3: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones". This is often used when talking about the *existence* of life in a general sense (like on other planets).

    Let's look at the context again: "widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond." This phrasing ("forms of life") often aligns with Sense 8 (living things collectively) or Sense 3.

    However, the specific target sentence is "Six major elements have long been considered essential for <t>life</t>".

    Comparing Sense 3 and Sense 12 again:
    Sense 3: organic phenomenon.
    Sense 12: condition of living / state of being alive.

    If we say "carbon is essential for life," we mean it's essential for the *state* of being alive or the *phenomenon* of life.

    Let's check WordNet's typical usage.
    Sense 12 example: "life depends on many chemical and physical processes"
    Target: "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life"

    These are nearly identical in structure and meaning.

    Let's double-check Sense 3: "there is no life on the moon". This refers to the presence of living organisms.

    If the sentence was "Is there life on Mars?", that would be Sense 3 or 8.
    If the sentence is "Carbon is essential for life," it's talking about the requirements for the state of being alive.

    Therefore, Sense 12 seems the most precise fit for the specific target sentence.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again. "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones".
    And Sense 12: "the condition of living or the state of being alive".

    Actually, in many WordNet-based datasets, "essential for life" or "the requirements for life" often maps to the "organic phenomenon" or "state of being alive".

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 12's example: "life depends on many chemical and physical processes".
    Target: "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life".
    These are extremely close.

    Let's check Sense 3's example: "there is no life on the moon". This is about the *presence* of life.

    Let's check Sense 8: "the oceans are teeming with life". This is about the *abundance* of living things.

    The target sentence is about the *requirements* for life to exist. This aligns best with the "condition of living" or "state of being alive" (Sense 12).

    Wait, let me search for "essential for life" in WordNet contexts.
    Often, "life" in "essential for life" is treated as the biological phenomenon.

    Let's look at the senses again.
    3: organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones.
    12: condition of living or the state of being alive.

    Is there a subtle difference?
    "The condition of living" (12) sounds more like the *experience* or the *biological state* of an individual or species.
    "The organic phenomenon" (3) sounds more like the *concept* of life as a whole.

    "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life" -> Essential for the phenomenon of life to occur.

    Let's re-read the example for 12: "life depends on many chemical and physical processes". This is almost exactly the same as "Six major elements are essential for life".

    Let's re-read the example for 3: "there is no life on the moon". This is about the *existence* of living organisms.

    The target sentence is about the *chemical basis* of life. This matches the example for Sense 12 perfectly.

    Target: "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life"
    Sense 12: "the condition of living or the state of being alive" (Example: "life depends on many chemical and physical processes")
    Sense 3: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones" (Example: "there is no life on the moon")

    The target sentence is about the *requirements* for life, which is exactly what the example for Sense 12 is about.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 3 again. "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones". This is a very broad definition.

    Let's look at the context again. The whole passage is about "new forms of life" and "life has possibilities beyond the major elements". This is all about the biological phenomenon.

    If I have to choose between 3 and 12:
    Sense 12's example "life depends on many chemical and physical processes" is a near-perfect match for "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life".

    Let's check if there's any other sense.
    Sense 8: "living things collectively". "Essential for living things collectively"? No, that's not how it's usually phrased.

    Final check:
    Sense 12: condition of living / state of being alive.
    Example: "life depends on many chemical and physical processes".
    Target: "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life".
    The match is very strong.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carbon
Target surface form: carbon
Context:
The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - <t>carbon</t>, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. But the researchers found that the bacteria, discovered in Mono Lake, Calif., is able to continue to grow after substituting arsenic for phosphorus.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carbon%1:27:00:: | definition=an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds | synonyms=C, atomic number 6
2. sense_key=carbon%1:06:00:: | definition=a copy made with carbon paper | synonyms=carbon copy
3. sense_key=carbon%1:27:01:: | definition=a thin paper coated on one side with a dark waxy substance (often containing carbon); used to transfer characters from the original to an under sheet of paper | synonyms=carbon paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `carbon`
    *   Target surface form: `carbon`
    *   Context: "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - <t>carbon</t>, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `carbon%1:27:00::`: an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element... occurs in all organic compounds.
        2.  `carbon%1:06:00::`: a copy made with carbon paper.
        3.  `carbon%1:27:01::`: a thin paper coated on one side with a dark waxy substance...

    *   The context mentions "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur."
    *   The word "carbon" is listed as one of the "major elements" essential for life.
    *   This clearly refers to the chemical element.

    *   Sense 1: Chemical element (C, atomic number 6). Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Carbon copy. Does not match.
    *   Sense 3: Carbon paper. Does not match.

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: phosphorus
Target surface form: phosphorus
Context:
The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, <t>phosphorus</t> and sulfur. But the researchers found that the bacteria, discovered in Mono Lake, Calif., is able to continue to grow after substituting arsenic for phosphorus.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=phosphorus%1:27:00:: | definition=a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms | synonyms=P, atomic number 15
2. sense_key=phosphorus%1:17:00:: | definition=a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky | synonyms=morning star, daystar, Lucifer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: phosphorus
    *   Target surface form: phosphorus
    *   Context: A scientific discussion about bacteria that can use arsenic instead of phosphorus as a nutrient. It mentions phosphorus as one of the "six major elements" essential for life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur).
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `phosphorus%1:27:00::`: A multivalent nonmetallic element (atomic number 15), found in phosphate rocks and living cells.
        2.  `phosphorus%1:17:00::`: A planet (usually Venus) seen before sunrise (morning star).

    *   The context explicitly refers to "major elements," "nutrients," "living cells," and lists it alongside carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
    *   This clearly refers to the chemical element.

    *   Sense 1 is the chemical element.
    *   Sense 2 is the astronomical term for Venus.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. But the researchers found that the bacteria, discovered in Mono Lake, Calif., is able to continue to grow after substituting <t>arsenic</t> for phosphorus. "It makes you wonder what else is possible," said Ariel D. Anbar of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `arsenic`
    *   Target surface form: `arsenic`
    *   Context: A scientific report about bacteria that can grow using arsenic instead of phosphorus. It mentions "Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur." and "substituting arsenic for phosphorus."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `arsenic%1:27:01::`: A white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic (a compound).
        2.  `arsenic%1:27:00::`: A very poisonous metallic element (the element As, atomic number 33).

    *   The text explicitly lists "carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur" as "major elements".
    *   It then says the bacteria can substitute "arsenic for phosphorus".
    *   Since phosphorus is an element, and the context is discussing the essential elements for life, "arsenic" here refers to the chemical element (As), not specifically the trioxide compound.

    *   Sense 1: Arsenic trioxide (a specific compound).
    *   Sense 2: The metallic element (As).

    *   The context clearly refers to the element.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: phosphorus
Target surface form: phosphorus
Context:
While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. But the researchers found that the bacteria, discovered in Mono Lake, Calif., is able to continue to grow after substituting arsenic for <t>phosphorus</t>. "It makes you wonder what else is possible," said Ariel D. Anbar of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=phosphorus%1:17:00:: | definition=a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky | synonyms=morning star, daystar, Lucifer
2. sense_key=phosphorus%1:27:00:: | definition=a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms | synonyms=P, atomic number 15

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: phosphorus
    *   Target surface form: phosphorus
    *   Context: The text discusses bacteria that can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic, mentioning it as one of the six major elements essential for life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur).
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `phosphorus%1:17:00::`: a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise (morning star).
        2.  `phosphorus%1:27:00::`: a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family... occurs in all living cells... atomic number 15.

    *   The context explicitly mentions "major elements that have been considered essential" and lists "carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur."
    *   It discusses biological growth and substitution with arsenic.
    *   This clearly refers to the chemical element, not the planet Venus.

    *   Sense 1: Planet/Morning star (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 2: Chemical element (Correct).