[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: kill
Target surface form: killing
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively <t>killing</t> almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=kill%2:35:06:: | definition=hit with so much force as to make a return impossible, in racket games | examples=She killed the ball
2. sense_key=kill%2:39:00:: | definition=be the source of great pain for | examples=These new shoes are killing me!
3. sense_key=kill%2:30:08:: | definition=end or extinguish by forceful means | synonyms=stamp out | examples=Stamp out poverty!
4. sense_key=kill%2:30:03:: | definition=cause to cease operating | examples=kill the engine
5. sense_key=kill%2:41:01:: | definition=thwart the passage of | synonyms=shoot down, defeat, vote down, vote out | examples=kill a motion; he shot down the student's proposal
6. sense_key=kill%2:35:02:: | definition=deprive of life | examples=AIDS has killed thousands in Africa
7. sense_key=kill%2:30:02:: | definition=destroy a vitally essential quality of or in | examples=Eating artichokes kills the taste of all other foods
8. sense_key=kill%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with hilarity, pleasure, or admiration | examples=The comedian was so funny, he was killing me!
9. sense_key=kill%2:42:00:: | definition=be fatal | examples=cigarettes kill; drunken driving kills
10. sense_key=kill%2:35:05:: | definition=hit with great force | examples=He killed the ball
11. sense_key=kill%2:35:01:: | definition=cause the death of, without intention | examples=She was killed in the collision of three cars
12. sense_key=kill%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly | examples=This man killed several people when he tried to rob a bank; The farmer killed a pig for the holidays
13. sense_key=kill%2:30:00:: | definition=mark for deletion, rub off, or erase | synonyms=obliterate, wipe out | examples=kill these lines in the President's speech
14. sense_key=kill%2:30:04:: | definition=tire out completely | examples=The daily stress of her work is killing her
15. sense_key=kill%2:34:00:: | definition=drink down entirely | synonyms=toss off, pop, bolt down, belt down, pour down, down | examples=He downed three martinis before dinner; She killed a bottle of brandy that night

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `kill`
    *   Target surface form: `killing`
    *   Context: "Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively <t>killing</t> almost 200,000 Americans a year."

    *   The sentence discusses cancer (colon, lung, breast) and its lethality.
    *   It states that these cancers are "killing almost 200,000 Americans a year."
    *   The meaning is clearly "causing death."

    *   1: hit with force (racket games) - No.
    *   2: source of great pain - No.
    *   3: end or extinguish by forceful means (e.g., poverty) - No.
    *   4: cause to cease operating (e.g., engine) - No.
    *   5: thwart passage (e.g., motion) - No.
    *   6: deprive of life (Example: "AIDS has killed thousands in Africa") - This fits perfectly.
    *   7: destroy essential quality - No.
    *   8: overwhelm with hilarity - No.
    *   9: be fatal (Example: "cigarettes kill") - This is close, but "killing almost 200,000 Americans" implies the action of causing death to specific subjects, whereas "cigarettes kill" is more of a general property.
    *   10: hit with great force - No.
    *   11: cause death without intention (collision) - No.
    *   12: cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly - No (cancer isn't "intentional").
    *   13: mark for deletion - No.
    *   14: tire out completely - No.
    *   15: drink down entirely - No.

    *   Sense 6: "deprive of life" (Example: "AIDS has killed thousands in Africa").
    *   Sense 9: "be fatal" (Example: "cigarettes kill").
    *   In the context "killing almost 200,000 Americans a year", the cancers are the agents depriving people of life. This matches the structure of the AIDS example in Sense 6. Sense 9 is more about the general quality of being fatal.

    *   Sense 6: "deprive of life" (Example: "AIDS has killed thousands in Africa")
    *   Context: "...cancers... collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year."
    *   The parallel between "AIDS has killed thousands" and "cancers... killing almost 200,000" is very strong.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: Americans
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 <t>Americans</t> a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%1:10:00:: | definition=the English language as used in the United States | synonyms=American English, American language
2. sense_key=american%1:18:01:: | definition=a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country
3. sense_key=american%1:18:00:: | definition=a native or inhabitant of the United States

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `american`
    *   Target surface form: `Americans`
    *   Context: "...collectively killing almost 200,000 <t>Americans</t> a year."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses cancer research, mentioning laboratories in the U.S., Canada, and Britain. It specifically mentions the number of deaths in the context of these cancers.

    *   Sense 1: `american%1:10:00::` - the English language as used in the United States. (Incorrect: The context is about people dying, not a language).
    *   Sense 2: `american%1:18:01::` - a native or inhabitant of a North American or Central American or South American country. (Broad definition).
    *   Sense 3: `american%1:18:00::` - a native or inhabitant of the United States. (Specific definition).

    *   The sentence says "collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year."
    *   The preceding sentence mentions "laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain".
    *   In common usage, especially in a context mentioning the "U.S." specifically alongside other countries (Canada, Britain), "Americans" almost always refers to citizens/residents of the United States.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 (all of the Americas) and Sense 3 (USA), Sense 3 is the standard interpretation in this context.

    *   Sense 3 is the most precise and likely intended meaning.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a <t>year</t>. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `year`
    *   Target surface form: `year`
    *   Context: "...collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a <t>year</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `year%1:28:01::`: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days (twelvemonth, yr).
        2.  `year%1:28:02::`: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity (e.g., school year).
        3.  `year%1:28:00::`: the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun.
        4.  `year%1:14:00::`: a body of students who graduate together (class).

    *   The phrase is "200,000 Americans a year".
    *   This refers to a rate of occurrence over a standard 365/366-day period.

    *   Sense 1: Standard calendar year (365/366 days). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: A specific part of a year for an activity (like a school year). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 3: Astronomical definition (revolution around the sun). While technically true for Earth, the context is statistical/demographic, not astronomical.
    *   Sense 4: A graduating class. Not applicable.

    *   The most appropriate sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: Right
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. <t>Right</t> now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
2. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
3. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
4. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
5. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
6. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
7. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
8. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
9. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right
10. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "right"
    *   Target surface form: "Right"
    *   Context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Usage: "Right now"

    *   1: moral/social standards (justly) - No.
    *   2: (Southern regional) very/great degree - No.
    *   3: interjection expressing agreement - No.
    *   4: precisely, exactly (e.g., "stand right here!") - Possible, but usually refers to location or specific point.
    *   5: completely (e.g., "right at home") - No.
    *   6: exactly (synonym: flop) - No.
    *   7: in the right manner (properly) - No.
    *   8: toward or on the right (direction) - No.
    *   9: in an accurate manner (correctly) - No.
    *   10: immediately (e.g., "right after dinner") - "Right now" means immediately or at this very moment.

    *   "Right now" is a common temporal expression.
    *   Sense 10: "immediately" (example: "she called right after dinner").
    *   Sense 4: "precisely, exactly" (example: "stand right here!").
    *   Comparing "Right now" (at this exact moment) with "immediately" (Sense 10) and "precisely" (Sense 4).
    *   In the phrase "Right now", "right" acts as an intensifier for the time adverb "now".
    *   Looking at Sense 10: "immediately". "Right after dinner" is very similar to "Right now".
    *   Looking at Sense 4: "precisely, exactly". "Right now" can mean "exactly now".
    *   However, in most linguistic datasets (like WordNet), "right now" is often associated with the sense of "immediately" or "at this moment".
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 10: "immediately". "Right after dinner" = immediately after dinner. "Right now" = immediately now (at this moment).
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 4: "precisely, exactly". "Stand right here" = stand exactly here. "Right now" = exactly now.
    *   Wait, "Right now" usually means "at the present time".
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 4: "stand right here!" (spatial precision)
        *   Sense 10: "she called right after dinner" (temporal immediacy)
    *   "Right now" is temporal. Sense 10 is temporal.

    *   Sense 10: immediately.
    *   Context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing..."
    *   This means "At this moment" or "Currently".
    *   "Immediately" fits the temporal aspect of "right now" better than "precisely" (which is often spatial in the examples provided).

    *   Sense 4: precisely, exactly.
    *   Sense 10: immediately.
    *   "Right now" = "Immediately now" or "Exactly now"?
    *   Actually, "right now" is often categorized under the "immediately" sense in WordNet-based disambiguation tasks for temporal modifiers.

    *   Sense 10: immediately. Example: "right after dinner".
    *   "Right now" is a very close parallel to "right after dinner". Both use "right" to emphasize the immediacy of the time expression.

    *   Sense 10 is the best fit for the temporal intensifier in "Right now".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right <t>now</t> about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now
2. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
3. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
4. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
7. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "now"
    *   Target surface form: "now"
    *   Context: "Right <t>now</t> about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."

    *   Sense 1: in the immediate past (e.g., "told me just now") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 2: preface a command/reproof/request (e.g., "now hear this!") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 3: in these times; nowadays (e.g., "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles") - *Possible, but usually refers to a broader era.*
    *   Sense 4: prefatory or transitional (e.g., "Now the next problem is...") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 5: without delay or hesitation (e.g., "he answered immediately") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 6: in the historical present (e.g., "President Kennedy now calls in...") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 7: at the present moment (e.g., "goods now on sale") - *Correct.*

    *   The sentence says "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing..."
    *   "Right now" emphasizes the current moment or the current state of affairs.
    *   Comparing Sense 3 (nowadays/these times) and Sense 7 (at the present moment):
        *   Sense 3 is more about general trends or eras.
        *   Sense 7 is more about the specific current time.
        *   "Right now" strongly aligns with "at the present moment" (Sense 7).

    *   Sense 7: "at the present moment" / "at present".
    *   Context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing..."
    *   This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now <t>about</t> a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
2. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
3. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
4. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
5. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded
6. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
7. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "about"
    *   Target surface form: "about"
    *   Context: "Right now <t>about</t> a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Target word usage: "about a dozen laboratories"

    *   Sense 1: in the area or vicinity (around) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: movement to/among many places (around) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 3: in rotation or succession - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 4: (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct (approximately, roughly) - *Correct*
    *   Sense 5: (of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished (almost) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 6: in or to a reversed position or direction (around) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 7: all around or on all sides (around) - *Incorrect*

    *   The phrase "about a dozen laboratories" indicates an approximate number.
    *   Sense 4 specifically deals with imprecise quantities ("approximately", "roughly").

    *   Sense 4 matches perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratories
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen <t>laboratories</t>, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `laboratory`
    *   Target surface form: `laboratories`
    *   Context: "Right now about a dozen <t>laboratories</t>, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `laboratory%1:15:00::`: A region resembling a laboratory (testing ground).
        2.  `laboratory%1:06:00::`: A workplace for the conduct of scientific research (lab, research lab).

    *   The context mentions "scientists", "cancer-suppressors", "discovery", "researchers", "gene", "research teams", and "unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes".
    *   The "laboratories" are located in the U.S., Canada, and Britain and are "racing to unmask" genes.
    *   This clearly refers to actual scientific research facilities (workplaces), not metaphorical "testing grounds" (regions).

    *   Sense 1: Metaphorical/Region (e.g., "Pakistan is a laboratory..."). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: Physical workplace for scientific research. This fits perfectly.

    *   The best sense is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the <t>U.S.</t>, Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `u.s.`
    *   Target surface form: `U.S.`
    *   Context: "...Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the <t>U.S.</t>, Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `u.s.%1:14:00::`: The federal government of the United States.
        2.  `us%1:15:00::`: The North American republic (the country).

    *   The sentence lists "the U.S., Canada and Britain".
    *   Canada and Britain are countries.
    *   Therefore, "U.S." in this list refers to the country (the United States of America), not the federal government.

    *   Sense 1: Government.
    *   Sense 2: Country.
    *   The context clearly points to the country.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: race
Target surface form: racing
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are <t>racing</t> to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=race%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=rush | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze
2. sense_key=race%2:33:00:: | definition=compete in a race | synonyms=run | examples=he is running the Marathon this year; let's race and see who gets there first
3. sense_key=race%2:41:03:: | definition=to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others | examples=We are racing to find a cure for AIDS
4. sense_key=race%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=rush, hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `race`
    *   Target surface form: `racing`
    *   Context: "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are <t>racing</t> to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Meaning: The laboratories are working as fast as possible, likely in competition with each other, to achieve a scientific goal (unmasking genes).

    *   Sense 1: `cause to move fast or to rush or race` (transitive, e.g., racing rats through a maze). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: `compete in a race` (physical race, e.g., running a marathon). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: `to work as fast as possible towards a goal, sometimes in competition with others` (Example: "We are racing to find a cure for AIDS"). -> This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 4: `move fast` (physical movement, e.g., cars racing down the street). -> Not applicable.

    *   The context describes laboratories working quickly to find genes.
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions working fast towards a goal, often in competition, and provides a near-identical example ("racing to find a cure for AIDS").


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask <t>other</t> suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
3. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
4. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "other"
    *   Target surface form: "other"
    *   Context: "...Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask <t>other</t> suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `other%5:00:00:past:00`: recently past (e.g., "the other evening")
        2.  `other%5:00:00:strange:00`: very unusual; different in character or quality (e.g., "a strange, other dimension")
        3.  `other%3:00:00::`: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied (e.g., "highways and other public works")
        4.  `other%5:00:02:past:00`: belonging to the distant past (e.g., "former generations")

    *   The sentence says: "...racing to unmask <t>other</t> suspected tumor-suppressing genes."
    *   Previous context mentions two cancer-suppressors already discovered (retinoblastoma gene and p53).
    *   The "other" genes are those *additional* to the ones already mentioned.

    *   Sense 1 (recently past) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (strange/unusual) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (not the same one or ones already mentioned) - Correct. This fits perfectly as it refers to genes besides the two already discussed.
    *   Sense 4 (distant past) - Incorrect.

    *   The target word "other" refers to additional genes beyond the ones already mentioned. This matches sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have <t>about</t> seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded
2. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
3. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
4. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
5. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
6. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
7. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "about"
    *   Target surface form: "about"
    *   Context: "They have <t>about</t> seven candidates."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses research into tumor-suppressing genes. "Right now about a dozen laboratories... are racing... They have about seven candidates."

    *   Sense 1: (of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but (e.g., "the job is about done").
    *   Sense 2: in or to a reversed position or direction (e.g., "about face").
    *   Sense 3: all around or on all sides (e.g., "clothes lying about").
    *   Sense 4: (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct (e.g., "approximately an hour").
    *   Sense 5: in rotation or succession (e.g., "turn about is fair play").
    *   Sense 6: movement to or among many different places (e.g., "wandering about").
    *   Sense 7: in the area or vicinity (e.g., "standing about").

    *   The sentence is "They have about seven candidates."
    *   "Seven candidates" is a quantity.
    *   "About" here modifies the number "seven," indicating that the number is an approximation.
    *   This matches Sense 4: "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct" (synonyms: approximately, roughly).

    *   Sense 1 is for states/actions (almost done).
    *   Sense 2 is for direction.
    *   Sense 3 is for location.
    *   Sense 4 is for quantities. (Correct)
    *   Sense 5 is for rotation.
    *   Sense 6 is for movement.
    *   Sense 7 is for vicinity.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
2. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
3. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
4. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
6. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
7. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
9. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
10. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
11. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `say`
    *   Context: "Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Meaning: Researchers are stating a conclusion or a finding based on their research.

    *   1: have or contain a certain wording or form (e.g., "What does the law say?") - No.
    *   2: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare (e.g., "I say let's forget this whole business") - Possible, but usually more about a personal opinion or a proposal.
    *   3: give instructions to or direct somebody (e.g., "I said to him to go home") - No.
    *   4: communicate or express nonverbally (e.g., "What does this painting say?") - No.
    *   5: utter aloud (e.g., "She said 'Hello'") - No.
    *   6: indicate (e.g., "The clock says noon") - No.
    *   7: express a supposition (e.g., "Let us say that he did not tell the truth") - No.
    *   8: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (e.g., "She pronounces French words in a funny way") - No.
    *   9: report or maintain (synonyms: allege, aver) (e.g., "He said it was too late to intervene in the war") - This fits well for reporting scientific findings or claims.
    *   10: express in words (synonyms: state, tell) (e.g., "He said that he wanted to marry her") - This is a very general sense of communicating information.
    *   11: recite or repeat a fixed text (e.g., "Say grace") - No.

    *   Sense 9: "report or maintain" (synonyms: allege, aver). This is often used when reporting what someone else has claimed or found, especially in a formal or journalistic context.
    *   Sense 10: "express in words" (synonyms: state, tell). This is the most general sense.

    Looking at the context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial..."
    This is a report of a scientific claim/finding. In journalistic writing (which this text appears to be), "say" often functions as "report" or "claim" (Sense 9).

    Let's re-examine Sense 9 vs Sense 10.
    Sense 9: "report or maintain" (allege, aver).
    Sense 10: "express in words" (state, tell).

    Example for Sense 9: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
    Example for Sense 10: "He said that he wanted to marry her."

    The sentence "Researchers say the inactivation..." is reporting a scientific position or finding. This aligns closely with "report or maintain".

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare".
    "Researchers say [their judgment/conclusion]..."

    Comparing 2, 9, and 10:
    10 is the most general.
    9 is specifically about reporting or maintaining a position/claim.
    2 is about stating an opinion/judgment.

    In scientific reporting, "Researchers say" is almost always used to report their findings or claims. Sense 9 ("report or maintain") fits this "reporting" aspect best.

    Let's double-check Sense 9 synonyms: "allege, aver". "Aver" means to state or assert to be the case. "Allege" means to claim that someone has done something illegal or wrong, but in a broader sense, to claim without proof.

    Let's look at Sense 10 again: "express in words" (state, tell).

    Actually, looking at many WSD datasets (like SemCor), "say" in the context of "Researchers say..." or "Experts say..." is often mapped to the sense of reporting information or stating a claim.

    Let's re-read Sense 9: "report or maintain".
    Let's re-read Sense 10: "express in words".

    If I have to choose the *best* one:
    Sense 9 is more specific to the act of reporting a claim or finding.
    Sense 10 is the general act of speaking.

    In the sentence "Researchers say the inactivation... appears crucial", they are reporting a conclusion.

    Let's check Sense 2 again: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare".
    "Researchers say [their judgment]..."

    Comparing 2 and 9:
    Sense 2: "I say let's forget this whole business" (more of a proposal or a strong personal opinion).
    Sense 9: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (reporting a claim/position).

    Sense 9 seems the most appropriate for reporting scientific claims.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 10 again. "He said that he wanted to marry her." This is a simple report of a statement.

    Is there a difference between "reporting a claim" (9) and "expressing in words" (10)?
    Yes. Sense 10 is the basic act of communication. Sense 9 is about the *content* being a report or a maintenance of a position.

    Let's look at the context again: "Researchers say the inactivation... appears crucial..."
    This is a classic reporting verb.

    Let's check Sense 9 again: "report or maintain".
    Synonyms: allege, aver.
    Example: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war."

    This matches the usage "Researchers say [that]..." very well.

    Let's quickly check if Sense 10 is better.
    Sense 10: "express in words".
    Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."

    The difference is subtle. However, in the context of scientific reporting, "say" is used to attribute a claim. Sense 9 ("report or maintain") captures this attribution of a claim/position better than the general "express in words".

    Wait, let me look at Sense 2 again. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare".
    "Researchers say [their judgment]..."
    But the example "I say let's forget this whole business" is more like a suggestion.

    Let's compare 9 and 10 one more time.
    9: report or maintain (allege, aver)
    10: express in words (state, tell)

    In many WordNet-based tasks, "say" as a reporting verb for a fact or claim is often Sense 9.

    Let's re-verify:
    Sense 9: report or maintain.
    Sense 10: express in words.

    If the researchers are stating a finding, they are reporting it.

    Final check:
    Context: "Researchers say the inactivation... appears crucial..."
    Sense 9: report or maintain.
    Sense 10: express in words.

    Sense 9 is a more precise fit for reporting a scientific claim.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alone
Target surface form: alone
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alone%4:02:01:: | definition=without anybody else or anything else | synonyms=solo, unaccompanied | examples=the child stayed home alone; the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing
2. sense_key=alone%4:02:00:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, only | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "alone"
    *   Target surface form: "alone"
    *   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `alone%4:02:01::`: without anybody else or anything else (solo, unaccompanied).
        2.  `alone%4:02:00::`: without any others being included or involved (entirely, exclusively, solely, only).

    *   The sentence discusses the "inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination".
    *   "Alone" here means that the inactivation of *one* gene by itself (solely/exclusively) or the inactivation of *multiple* genes together (in combination) can lead to cancer.
    *   It's not about being "unaccompanied" in a social or physical sense (like a child staying home alone), but rather about being the *sole* factor or one of several factors.

    *   Sense 1: "without anybody else or anything else" (solo, unaccompanied). Example: "the child stayed home alone". This is more about physical isolation or lack of company.
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely, only). Example: "was entirely to blame". This fits the context of "solely" or "only" the inactivation of genes.

    *   "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, [solely] or in combination..."
    *   This matches Sense 2 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: combination
Target surface form: combination
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=combination%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
2. sense_key=combination%1:14:03:: | definition=an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
3. sense_key=combination%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
4. sense_key=combination%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding
5. sense_key=combination%1:14:02:: | definition=a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock | examples=he forgot the combination to the safe
6. sense_key=combination%1:14:04:: | definition=a coordinated sequence of chess moves
7. sense_key=combination%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose | examples=they were a winning combination

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "combination"
    *   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Meaning: The inactivation of genes can happen individually ("alone") or when multiple genes are inactivated together ("in combination").

    *   Sense 1: "the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order" (Mathematical/Combinatorial sense).
    *   Sense 2: "an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose" (Political/Economic alliance).
    *   Sense 3: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities" (A set of things together).
    *   Sense 4: "the act of combining things to form a new whole" (The process of combining).
    *   Sense 5: "a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock" (Lock combination).
    *   Sense 6: "a coordinated sequence of chess moves" (Chess combination).
    *   Sense 7: "a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose" (A team/group).

    *   The phrase "alone or in combination" refers to whether one gene is inactivated or multiple genes are inactivated together.
    *   This describes a *collection* or *assemblage* of inactivated genes acting together.
    *   Sense 3 ("a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities") fits best.
    *   Sense 4 ("the act of combining") refers to the process, but "in combination" usually refers to the state of being combined (the result/assemblage).

    *   "alone or in combination" is a common phrase meaning "individually or together as a group/set".
    *   Sense 3: "a collection of things that have been combined". This matches the idea of multiple genes acting together.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
2. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft
3. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
5. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
6. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
7. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `appear`
    *   Target surface form: `appears`
    *   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "appears" means that based on the evidence, it *seems* or *is likely* that the inactivation of these genes is crucial.

    *   Sense 1: come into being or existence (e.g., Homo sapiens appeared). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: present oneself formally (e.g., appear in court). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: seem to be true, probable, or apparent (e.g., It appears that the weather... is very bad). -> This fits well. It's about a conclusion based on evidence.
    *   Sense 4: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (e.g., She seems to be sleeping). -> This is more about visual appearance or a general impression of a state, whereas Sense 3 is more about a proposition being true/probable.
    *   Sense 5: appear as a character on stage. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: be issued or published. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 7: come into sight or view. -> Incorrect.

    *   Sense 3: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" (synonym: seem).
    *   Sense 4: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" (synonyms: look, seem).
    *   Context: "...the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Comparison: Is the inactivation "looking" crucial (outward aspect) or does it "seem to be true/probable" that it is crucial? In scientific writing, "appears" is used to express a conclusion based on evidence, which aligns perfectly with Sense 3 ("seem to be true, probable, or apparent").

    *   Sense 3: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" (propositional).
    *   Sense 4: "This appears to be a very difficult problem" (impression/aspect).
    *   Wait, "This appears to be a very difficult problem" (Sense 4) is very similar to "the inactivation... appears crucial" (Target).
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 3: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 4: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    *   In the sentence "the inactivation... appears crucial", the researchers are stating a probable fact based on evidence. This is a claim about truth/probability (Sense 3) rather than a visual or superficial impression (Sense 4).

    *   Sense 3: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"
    *   Sense 4: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
    *   "Crucial to the development of cancer" is not an "outward aspect" or "impression" in the way "sleeping" or "difficult" (in some contexts) might be. It's a scientific conclusion about a causal relationship. Therefore, Sense 3 is the better fit.

    *   Sense 3: "It seems that he is very gifted" / "It appears that the weather... is very bad".
    *   Target: "...the inactivation... appears crucial..."
    *   This is a classic use of "appear" as a hedge for a scientific claim, meaning "it seems to be true that...".

    *   Sense 3: seem to be true, probable, or apparent.
    *   Sense 4: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect.
    *   If I say "He appears tired," that's Sense 4 (outward aspect).
    *   If I say "It appears that he is tired," that's Sense 3 (probable).
    *   If I say "The inactivation appears crucial," it's more like "It appears that the inactivation is crucial." This is a statement of probability/truth based on evidence.

    *   Sense 3 is the most accurate for scientific claims of probability.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crucial
Target surface form: crucial
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crucial%3:00:00:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
2. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information
3. sense_key=crucial%5:00:00:material:02 | definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `crucial`
    *   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Meaning: The inactivation of these genes is essential or necessary for the development of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: `of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis` (Synonyms: important; Examples: crucial moment, crucial election).
    *   Sense 2: `of the greatest importance` (Synonyms: all-important, essential, of the essence; Examples: all-important subject, crucial information).
    *   Sense 3: `having crucial relevance` (Examples: crucial to the case; relevant testimony).

    *   The context describes a biological mechanism: "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial to the development of... cancer."
    *   In this context, "crucial" means that the inactivation is a necessary or essential step/factor in the process of cancer development.
    *   Sense 1 focuses on a "crisis" or a "moment" (temporal/situational urgency).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on being "essential" or "of the greatest importance" (general necessity/importance).
    *   Sense 3 focuses on "relevance," often in a legal or evidentiary context ("crucial to the case").

    *   Is it "vital to the resolution of a crisis" (Sense 1)? No.
    *   Is it "having crucial relevance" (Sense 3)? While it is relevant, "crucial" here means more than just relevant; it means it's a key driver or essential requirement for the disease to develop.
    *   Is it "of the greatest importance" / "essential" (Sense 2)? Yes. In biological terms, if something is "crucial to the development" of a disease, it means it is essential or a key requirement for that process to occur.

    *   Sense 2's synonyms "essential" and "all-important" fit the biological context of a necessary condition for a process.

    *   Sense 1: Crisis/Moment (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Essential/Greatest importance (Correct)
    *   Sense 3: Relevance/Case (Incorrect)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
2. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated
3. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
4. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
5. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
6. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
7. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
8. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
9. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "development"
    *   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Meaning: The process by which cancer forms and grows in the body.

    *   Sense 1: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) (evolution).
    *   Sense 2: (music) section of a composition.
    *   Sense 3: making land/water more profitable (exploitation).
    *   Sense 4: (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level (growth, maturation).
    *   Sense 5: a district developed for a purpose.
    *   Sense 6: a state in which things are improving; result of developing.
    *   Sense 7: act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining (e.g., R&D).
    *   Sense 8: a recent event.
    *   Sense 9: processing photosensitive material.

    *   The context is about the biological process of cancer forming.
    *   Sense 4 specifically mentions "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events...". While cancer isn't a healthy "organism" in the normal sense, it is a biological process of growth and progression of cells.
    *   Sense 1 is a more general "process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 4: Sense 4 is specifically biological. Cancer development (oncogenesis/tumorigenesis) is a biological process of cell growth and change.

    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 4: "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level". This usually refers to embryology or maturation (ontogeny).
    *   Does cancer "development" fit "changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" or "growing organically"? Yes, in a pathological sense.
    *   Does it fit Sense 1? "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". This is very broad.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 4 vs Sense 1. In medical contexts, "development of a disease" often refers to the process of the disease coming into being and progressing.
    *   Looking at Sense 4 again: "synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis".
    *   Looking at Sense 1 again: "synonyms=evolution".
    *   Actually, "development of cancer" is the process of the disease evolving/progressing.
    *   Let's check if there's a better fit. Sense 7 (improving/refining) is wrong. Sense 8 (recent event) is wrong.
    *   Is cancer "development" the same as "growth" (Sense 4)? Yes, often.
    *   Is it "evolution" (Sense 1)? In a general sense, yes.
    *   However, Sense 4 is explicitly labeled "(biology)". Cancer is a biological process.

    *   Sense 1: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage"
    *   Sense 4: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"
    *   Cancer is not an "individual organism" (though it behaves like one), but the *development* of cancer is the process of cells changing and growing.
    *   Actually, looking at how WordNet is often used, "development of a disease" is frequently mapped to the general process of progression (Sense 1) or the biological growth (Sense 4).
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage". This fits the progression from healthy cells to cancerous cells perfectly.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 4: "the process of an individual organism growing organically". This is more about the life cycle of a creature.
    *   Cancer is the *development* of a disease. The "development of cancer" is the process of the disease occurring and progressing.
    *   If I have to choose between a general "process of passing to a different stage" and "biological growth of an organism", Sense 1 is a safer and more accurate fit for the *onset and progression* of a disease.

    *   Wait, let me search for "development of cancer" in WordNet-based corpora.
    *   Often, "development of [disease]" is treated as the process of it coming into existence.
    *   Sense 1: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage".
    *   Sense 4: "the process of an individual organism growing organically".
    *   Cancer is not an organism. The *person* is the organism. The cancer is a pathology.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 (the general process of passing to a different stage) is more appropriate than Sense 4 (the growth of an organism).

    *   Sense 1: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage"
    *   Sense 4: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically"
    *   The context says "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer". This refers to the process of the disease arising and progressing. This fits Sense 1 better than the biological maturation of an organism (Sense 4).

    *   Sense 1: "the development of his ideas took many years" (process of passing by degrees to a different stage).
    *   Sense 4: "indicator of osseous development in children" (biological growth/maturation).
    *   "Development of cancer" is more like the "development of ideas" (a process of progression) than "osseous development" (biological maturation of a healthy body part).

    *   Sense 1: General process of progression/evolution.
    *   Sense 4: Biological growth/maturation of an organism.
    *   Cancer development is the progression of a disease. Sense 1 fits best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scourge
Target surface form: scourges
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scourge%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, threat | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood
2. sense_key=scourge%1:06:00:: | definition=a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor) | synonyms=flagellum
3. sense_key=scourge%1:26:00:: | definition=something causing misery or death | synonyms=bane, curse, nemesis | examples=the bane of my life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `scourge`
    *   Target surface form: `scourges`
    *   Context: "...the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `scourge%1:18:00::`: a person who inspires fear or dread (terror, threat).
        2.  `scourge%1:06:00::`: a whip used to inflict punishment (flagellum).
        3.  `scourge%1:26:00::`: something causing misery or death (bane, curse, nemesis).

    *   The word "scourges" refers to "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Cancer is a disease that causes misery and death.
    *   It is not a person (Sense 1).
    *   It is not a whip (Sense 2).
    *   It fits the definition of "something causing misery or death" (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 3: "something causing misery or death" (synonyms: bane, curse, nemesis). This perfectly describes cancer in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
2. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
3. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
4. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A text discussing genes (p53), tumor-suppressing genes, malignant growths in colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix.
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Zodiac sign (Cancer the Crab).
        2.  Constellation.
        3.  Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division.
        4.  Person born under the sign of Cancer.
        5.  Genus of crabs (Cancridae).

    *   The context mentions "healthy colon cells cancerous", "lung and breast cancers", "lethal forms of the disease", "tumor-suppressing genes", "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix".
    *   This clearly refers to the medical condition of malignant tumors.

    *   Sense 1: Zodiac sign (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Constellation (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Malignant growth or tumor (Correct)
    *   Sense 4: Person born under the sign (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (Incorrect)

    *   The best sense is index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
2. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "brain"
    *   Target surface form: "brain"
    *   Context: "...development of such scourges as cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `brain%1:09:00::`: mental ability (brainpower)
        2.  `brain%1:18:00::`: someone with exceptional intellectual ability (genius)
        3.  `brain%1:09:01::`: that which is responsible for thoughts/feelings (mind/psyche)
        4.  `brain%1:08:00::`: part of the central nervous system enclosed within the skull (encephalon)
        5.  `brain%1:13:00::`: brain of animals used as meat

    *   The context mentions "cancer of the brain", listed alongside other organs/tissues like "the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix".
    *   Cancer is a biological disease affecting physical tissues/organs.
    *   Therefore, "brain" here refers to the physical organ.

    *   Sense 1: Mental ability (Abstract) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: A genius person (Person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Mind/psyche (Abstract/Psychological) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Part of the central nervous system enclosed within the skull (Physical organ) - Correct.
    *   Sense 5: Animal meat (Food) - Incorrect.

    *   The target word "brain" in "cancer of the brain" refers to the anatomical organ.
    *   Sense 4 is the anatomical definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: skin
Target surface form: skin
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=skin%1:06:01:: | definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
2. sense_key=skin%1:13:00:: | definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
3. sense_key=skin%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
4. sense_key=skin%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
5. sense_key=skin%1:05:01:: | definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
6. sense_key=skin%1:06:02:: | definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `skin`
    *   Target surface form: `skin`
    *   Context: "...cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `skin%1:06:01::`: outer surface (usually thin) (e.g., airplane skin)
        2.  `skin%1:13:00::`: rind of a fruit or vegetable (peel)
        3.  `skin%1:26:00::`: a person's skin regarded as their life (save his skin)
        4.  `skin%1:08:00::`: natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch (tegument, cutis)
        5.  `skin%1:05:01::`: body covering of a living animal (hide, pelt)
        6.  `skin%1:06:02::`: a bag serving as a container for liquids (made from hide)

    *   The context mentions "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   This is a list of organs or body parts in humans where cancer can occur.
    *   "Skin" here refers to the human skin.

    *   Sense 1: Airplane skin (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Fruit peel (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Metaphorical "life" (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Natural protective body covering (human/general) - "your skin is the largest organ of your body" (Correct)
    *   Sense 5: Animal hide/pelt (Incorrect - usually refers to non-human animals or the material)
    *   Sense 6: Liquid container (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 4 specifically mentions "the largest organ of your body," which fits perfectly with the context of cancer affecting organs (brain, kidney, prostate, cervix).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cervix
Target surface form: cervix
Context:
Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cervix%1:08:02:: | definition=necklike opening to the uterus | synonyms=uterine cervix, cervix uteri
2. sense_key=cervix%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body | synonyms=neck | examples=he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cervix`
    *   Target surface form: `cervix`
    *   Context: "...cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `cervix%1:08:02::`: necklike opening to the uterus (uterine cervix, cervix uteri)
        2.  `cervix%1:08:01::`: the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body (neck)

    *   The word "cervix" appears in a list of organs/body parts associated with cancer: "brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix".
    *   "Prostate" is a male reproductive organ.
    *   "Cervix" in a medical context referring to cancer almost always refers to the cervix of the uterus (cervical cancer).
    *   Sense 1 refers to the uterine cervix.
    *   Sense 2 refers to the neck (anatomical neck).

    *   Sense 1: Uterine cervix. Fits perfectly with the medical context of cancer types.
    *   Sense 2: Neck. While "neck" is a body part, "cancer of the cervix" is a standard medical term for cancer of the uterine cervix, whereas "cancer of the neck" would typically be described as head and neck cancer or skin cancer of the neck.

    *   The context is clearly medical/oncological.
    *   The list includes "prostate", which is a reproductive organ.
    *   "Cervix" in this list refers to the uterine cervix.