[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, <t>starting</t> and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
2. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
3. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
4. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
5. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
6. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
9. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
10. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
11. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
12. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped
13. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
14. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `start`
    *   Target surface form: `starting`
    *   Context: "...the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, <t>starting</t> and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

    *   The bells are swinging in a 360-degree circle.
    *   The phrase "starting and ending... in the inverted... position" describes the point in the cycle where the motion begins and ends.
    *   It's describing a spatial/temporal boundary of a recurring motion.

    *   Sense 1: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" (Synonym: begin). Example: "The DMZ begins right over the hill."
    *   Sense 2: "bring into being" (Synonym: originate, initiate).
    *   Sense 3: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" (Example: begin a cigar).
    *   Sense 4: "play in the starting lineup".
    *   Sense 5: "set in motion, cause to start" (Example: started a war).
    *   Sense 6: "begin work or acting in a certain capacity".
    *   Sense 7: "move or jump suddenly" (startle).
    *   Sense 8: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action".
    *   Sense 9: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" (Synonym: begin). Example: "The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees."
    *   Sense 10: "get going or set in motion" (Example: start the engine).
    *   Sense 11: "get off the ground" (Example: started this company).
    *   Sense 12: "bulge outward".
    *   Sense 13: "begin or set in motion" (Example: I start at eight).
    *   Sense 14: "leave" (depart).

    *   The bells "swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending... in the inverted... position."
    *   This describes the *point* or *position* where the cycle begins.
    *   Sense 1: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
    *   Sense 9: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way".

    *   Sense 1 is a general "have a beginning" (spatial/temporal).
    *   Sense 9 is "have a beginning characterized in some specified way".
    *   In the sentence, the beginning is characterized as being "in the inverted, or mouth-up position".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 9: "The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees."
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro."

    *   "starting and ending... in the inverted... position"
    *   This is very similar to "My property begins with the three maple trees" (Sense 9) or "The DMZ begins right over the hill" (Sense 1).
    *   Wait, Sense 1 is "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
    *   Sense 9 is "have a beginning characterized in some specified way".
    *   The "inverted position" characterizes *how* or *where* it starts.

    *   Sense 1: "The DMZ begins right over the hill" (Spatial location).
    *   Sense 9: "The novel begins with a murder" (Characterization of the start).
    *   The bells start *in* a position. This is a spatial location/state.

    *   Sense 1: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense"
    *   Sense 9: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way"
    *   If the sentence was "The swing starts with a jerk," that would be Sense 9.
    *   If the sentence is "The swing starts in the inverted position," that's more like "The DMZ begins right over the hill" (Sense 1).

    *   Wait, let's re-read Sense 9: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way".
    *   "starting... in the inverted... position".
    *   Is "in the inverted position" a characterization of the beginning or just the location?
    *   In "The novel begins with a murder", the murder is the first event.
    *   In "My property begins with the three maple trees", the trees mark the boundary.
    *   In "The bells start in the inverted position", the position marks the boundary of the 360-degree swing.

    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 9 again.
    *   Sense 1: "The DMZ begins right over the hill" (Location).
    *   Sense 9: "My property begins with the three maple trees" (Boundary marker).
    *   Actually, "My property begins with the three maple trees" is listed under Sense 9 in the prompt.
    *   "The DMZ begins right over the hill" is listed under Sense 1.
    *   The bells starting in the inverted position is very similar to the DMZ beginning over the hill.

    *   Let's look at the structure: "starting and ending... in the inverted... position."
    *   This describes the spatial boundaries of the motion.
    *   Sense 1: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
    *   Sense 9: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way".

    *   If I say "The race starts at the finish line," is that Sense 1 or Sense 9?
    *   If I say "The race starts with a bang," that's Sense 9.
    *   "Starting in the inverted position" is more like "starts at the finish line."

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 again: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
    *   This fits "starting... in the inverted... position" perfectly.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 9 again: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way".
    *   Is "in the inverted position" a characterization?
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 9 again: "The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees."
    *   "My property begins with the three maple trees" is almost identical in structure to "The swing starts in the inverted position."

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "The DMZ begins right over the hill."
    *   This is also very similar.

    *   Let's think about the difference between "begins right over the hill" and "begins with the three maple trees."
    *   "Right over the hill" is a location.
    *   "With the three maple trees" is a marker.
    *   "In the inverted position" is a state/location.

    *   Let's look at the WordNet senses for "begin" (which is a synonym for start).
    *   Sense 1: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense"
    *   Sense 9: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way"

    *   If the bells "start in the inverted position," the inverted position is the *where* (spatial).
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "spatial".

    *   Let's re-read Sense 9: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way".
    *   "The novel begins with a murder" (The murder is the first event).
    *   "My property begins with the three maple trees" (The trees are the first thing you encounter).

    *   "The bells... swing... starting... in the inverted... position."
    *   This means the point of origin for the 360-degree swing is the inverted position.
    *   This is a spatial beginning.

    *   Sense 1: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense"
    *   Sense 9: "have a beginning characterized in some specified way"

    *   Let's try to find a distinction.
    *   "The movie starts at 7 PM" (Temporal - Sense 1)
    *   "The movie starts with a dream sequence" (Characterized - Sense 9)
    *   "The road starts at the coast" (Spatial - Sense 1)
    *   "The road starts with a steep climb" (Characterized - Sense 9)
    *   "The bells start in the inverted position" (Spatial - Sense 1)

    *   Wait, "The bells start in the inverted position" is more like "The road starts at the coast" than "The road starts with a steep climb."

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 seems more appropriate.

    *   Wait, let me look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 1: "The DMZ begins right over the hill"
    *   Sense 9: "My property begins with the three maple trees"
    *   These are *both* spatial. Why are they in different senses?
    *   "Right over the hill" (Location) vs "With the three maple trees" (Marker).
    *   "In the inverted position" (State/Location).

    *   Let's look at the phrase again: "starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."
    *   This is describing the *point* in the cycle.
    *   If you have a circle, and you say it starts at 12 o'clock, that's a spatial beginning.

    *   Let's re-examine Sense 1: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense".
    *   This seems to be the most direct fit for a spatial starting point.

    *   Let's double-check other senses just in case.
    *   Sense 8: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" (No)
    *   Sense 10: "get going or set in motion" (No, that's about the act of starting the motion, not the point where the motion is located).
    *   Sense 13: "begin or set in motion" (No).

    *   So it's between 1 and 9.
    *   Sense 1: "The DMZ begins right over the hill"
    *   Sense 9: "My property begins with the three maple trees"
    *   "The bells start in the inverted position."
    *   Is "in the inverted position" more like "right over the hill" or "with the three maple trees"?
    *   "Right over the hill" is a prepositional phrase indicating location.
    *   "In the inverted position" is a prepositional phrase indicating location/state.
    *   "With the three maple trees" uses "with" to indicate the marker.

    *   This points more towards Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: end
Target surface form: ending
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease | examples=the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other
2. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate | examples=This sad scene ended the movie
3. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate | examples=She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime; The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I
4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `end`
    *   Target surface form: `ending`
    *   Context: "...the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

    *   Sense 1: `end%2:42:00::` - have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical. (Synonyms: stop, finish, terminate, cease). Example: "the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed".
    *   Sense 2: `end%2:42:01::` - be the end of; be the last or concluding part of. (Synonyms: terminate). Example: "This sad scene ended the movie".
    *   Sense 3: `end%2:30:01::` - bring to an end or halt. (Synonyms: terminate). Example: "She ended their friendship...".
    *   Sense 4: `end%2:36:13::` - put an end to. Example: "The terrible news ended our hopes...".

    *   The sentence describes the motion of bells swinging through 360 degrees.
    *   "starting and ending... in the inverted... position."
    *   Here, "ending" describes the point where the motion stops or the final position of the cycle.
    *   It's not "bringing something to an end" (Sense 3) or "putting an end to" (Sense 4).
    *   It's not "being the last part of" something else (Sense 2 - like a scene ending a movie).
    *   It describes the bells *having* an end to their motion at a specific spatial/temporal point (the inverted position).

    *   Sense 1: "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense". This fits well. The motion of the bell "ends" (stops/finishes) in a specific position.
    *   Sense 2: "be the end of; be the last or concluding part of". This usually implies the subject is the final segment of a larger whole (e.g., "The credits ended the film"). The bells aren't the end of something; they are performing an action that ends.
    *   Sense 3: "bring to an end or halt". This is transitive (requires an object). "The ringers ended the peal." In the context, "ending" is used intransitively (the bells are ending [their swing]).
    *   Sense 4: "put an end to". Also transitive.

    *   The bells "start and end" in a position. This is an intransitive use describing the termination of a movement/process in a specific state or location.
    *   Sense 1 ("have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense") is the best fit for this intransitive usage.

    *   Sense 1: `end%2:42:00::` (Index 1)

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inverted
Target surface form: inverted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the <t>inverted</t>, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inverted%3:00:04:: | definition=(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk | synonyms=anatropous
2. sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00 | definition=being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed | synonyms=upside-down | examples=a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma; an upside-down cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "inverted"
    *   Target surface form: "inverted"
    *   Context: "...the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the <t>inverted</t>, or mouth-up position."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  (of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk (synonym: anatropous).
        2.  being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed (synonym: upside-down; examples: inverted comma, upside-down cake).

    *   The context describes bells swinging 360 degrees and ending in an "inverted, or mouth-up position."
    *   Bells normally hang mouth-down. "Mouth-up" means the top and bottom are reversed.
    *   Sense 1 is specific to botany (plant ovules).
    *   Sense 2 refers to top and bottom being reversed (upside-down).

    *   Sense 2 fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: position
Target surface form: position
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up <t>position</t>. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=position%1:04:02:: | definition=(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player | examples=what position does he play?
2. sense_key=position%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=view, perspective | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
3. sense_key=position%1:07:00:: | definition=the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated | synonyms=spatial relation | examples=the position of the hands on the clock; he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage
4. sense_key=position%1:09:01:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=stance, posture
5. sense_key=position%1:07:01:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=posture, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
6. sense_key=position%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=status | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic
7. sense_key=position%1:15:02:: | definition=a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons | synonyms=military position
8. sense_key=position%1:04:03:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, place, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
9. sense_key=position%1:10:01:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=place | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
10. sense_key=position%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=side | examples=there are two sides to every question
11. sense_key=position%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting something in a certain place | synonyms=placement, location, locating, positioning, emplacement
12. sense_key=position%1:15:00:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=place | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
13. sense_key=position%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=situation | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
14. sense_key=position%1:15:03:: | definition=the appropriate or customary location | examples=the cars were in position
15. sense_key=position%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom
16. sense_key=position%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=post, berth, office, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "position"
    *   Context: "...the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up <t>position</t>."
    *   Meaning: The bells are in a specific physical orientation (inverted, mouth-up).

    *   1: Team sports role (Incorrect)
    *   2: Way of regarding situations (Incorrect)
    *   3: The spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated (Synonyms: spatial relation). Example: "the position of the hands on the clock". (Strong candidate)
    *   4: Rationalized mental attitude (Incorrect)
    *   5: Arrangement of the body and its limbs (Synonyms: posture, attitude). (Incorrect - bells don't have bodies/limbs)
    *   6: Relative position/standing in society (Incorrect)
    *   7: Military point (Incorrect)
    *   8: Post/function occupied by another (Incorrect)
    *   9: Item on a list/sequence (Incorrect)
    *   10: Opinion in an argument (Incorrect)
    *   11: Act of putting something in a place (Incorrect)
    *   12: Particular portion of space occupied (Incorrect - this is more about *where* it is, not *how* it is oriented)
    *   13: Condition/situation (Incorrect)
    *   14: Appropriate or customary location (Incorrect)
    *   15: Act of positing (Incorrect)
    *   16: Job in an organization (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 3: "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated".
    *   The context "inverted, or mouth-up position" describes the *way* the bells are situated (their orientation). This fits perfectly with "the way in which something is situated".

    *   Sense 5 is for bodies/limbs.
    *   Sense 12 is for the specific spot (place).
    *   Sense 3 covers both the place and the *way* (orientation) something is situated.

    *   The target word "position" refers to the orientation of the bells. Sense 3 explicitly mentions "the way in which something is situated".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled <t>ringers</t> use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `ringer`
    *   Target surface form: `ringers`
    *   Context: The text describes people practicing at St. Mary Abbot church, pulling ropes that go to bells in a belfry, using "rope-sight," and timing their pulls to swap places in a "change."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `ringer%1:18:00`: A contestant entered under false pretenses.
        2.  `ringer%1:18:01`: A person almost identical to another (dead ringer).
        3.  `ringer%1:18:02`: A person who rings church bells.
        4.  `ringer%1:04:00`: A successful horseshoe throw.

    *   The context explicitly mentions "church in the Kensington district," "pulling a rope," "ringing chamber," "bells themselves," "belfry," and "huge bronze bells."
    *   The people described are the ones pulling the ropes to ring the bells.

    *   Sense 3: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer" matches the context perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
2. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
5. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
6. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `use`
    *   Target surface form: `use`
    *   Context: "Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing..."
    *   Meaning: The ringers are employing their wrists (a part of their body) as a tool or mechanism to control the timing of the bell swing.

    *   Sense 1: `avail oneself to` (practice, apply) - e.g., apply a principle. (Doesn't fit well).
    *   Sense 2: `habitually do something` (past tense) - e.g., "used to call". (Incorrect tense and meaning).
    *   Sense 3: `use up, consume fully` (expend) - e.g., expended time. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: `take or consume` (habituate) - e.g., uses drugs. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: `seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage` (exploit) - e.g., uses influential friends. (This is more about manipulation or leveraging a resource for a social/political end).
    *   Sense 6: `put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose` (utilize, apply, employ) - e.g., "use your head!". (This fits perfectly: employing a body part for its purpose to achieve a physical result).

    *   The ringers are employing their wrists to control the bell. This is a direct application of a physical tool (the wrist) for a specific purpose.
    *   Sense 6 ("put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose") is the most accurate description of using a body part to perform a task.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: retard
Target surface form: retard
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=retard%2:42:00:: | definition=be delayed
2. sense_key=retard%2:30:07:: | definition=slow the growth or development of | synonyms=check, delay | examples=The brain damage will retard the child's language development
3. sense_key=retard%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up | examples=The car decelerated
4. sense_key=retard%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate | examples=This drug will retard your heart rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `retard`
    *   Target surface form: `retard`
    *   Context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
    *   Meaning in context: The ringers are adjusting the timing of the bell's swing. "Advance" means to make it happen sooner/faster; "retard" means to make it happen later/slower.

    *   Sense 1: `be delayed` (Intransitive/Passive sense - "the flight was retarded").
    *   Sense 2: `slow the growth or development of` (Biological/Developmental - "retard the child's language development").
    *   Sense 3: `lose velocity; move more slowly` (Intransitive - "The car decelerated").
    *   Sense 4: `cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate` (Transitive - "retard your heart rate").

    *   The sentence is: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing..."
    *   Here, "retard" is used transitively (the object is "the next swing").
    *   Sense 1 is "be delayed" (intransitive/passive).
    *   Sense 2 is about growth/development.
    *   Sense 3 is "lose velocity" (intransitive).
    *   Sense 4 is "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate" (transitive).

    *   The ringers are causing the swing to happen more slowly or at a later time. This fits Sense 4 perfectly.

    *   Sense 4: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate".
    *   Context: "retard the next swing".
    *   This matches.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%1:04:04:: | definition=a square dance figure; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them
2. sense_key=swing%1:10:01:: | definition=a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz | synonyms=swing music, jive
3. sense_key=swing%1:04:06:: | definition=a sweeping blow or stroke | examples=he took a wild swing at my head
4. sense_key=swing%1:04:02:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, cut | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
5. sense_key=swing%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity | examples=the party went with a swing; it took time to get into the swing of things
6. sense_key=swing%1:04:00:: | definition=changing location by moving back and forth | synonyms=swinging, vacillation
7. sense_key=swing%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it | synonyms=golf stroke, golf shot
8. sense_key=swing%1:06:00:: | definition=mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth
9. sense_key=swing%1:07:00:: | definition=a jaunty rhythm in music | synonyms=lilt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `swing`
    *   Target surface form: `swing`
    *   Context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
    *   Surrounding context: The text describes church bell ringing. It mentions bells mounted on wheels that "swing madly through a full 360 degrees." The ringers pull ropes to control this movement.

    *   1: square dance figure (Incorrect)
    *   2: style of jazz (Incorrect)
    *   3: sweeping blow or stroke (Incorrect - usually refers to a punch or a hit)
    *   4: baseball batter's attempt (Incorrect)
    *   5: state of steady vigorous action (Incorrect)
    *   6: changing location by moving back and forth (Correct - describes the physical motion of the bell)
    *   7: golf stroke (Incorrect)
    *   8: mechanical device (plaything) (Incorrect)
    *   9: jaunty rhythm in music (Incorrect)

    *   The context describes the physical movement of the bells ("swing madly through a full 360 degrees").
    *   The "next swing" refers to the next cycle of this back-and-forth (or circular) motion.
    *   Sense 6: "changing location by moving back and forth" (synonyms: swinging, vacillation). While the bells are moving in a circle (360 degrees), the general motion of a bell is a swing.

    *   Sense 3 (sweeping blow) is for hitting something.
    *   Sense 6 (changing location by moving back and forth) is the only one that describes the physical motion of an object swinging.

    *   The target word "swing" in "advance or retard the next swing" refers to the periodic motion of the bell.
    *   Sense 6 is the best fit among the provided options.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, <t>so</t> that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
4. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
7. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
8. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
9. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed
10. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "so"
    *   Target surface form: "so"
    *   Context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, <t>so</t> that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

    *   "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
    *   The phrase "so that" is used here.
    *   The action (using wrists to advance or retard the swing) is done *for the purpose of* or *to enable* the result (one bell swapping places with another).

    *   Sense 1: to a very great extent or degree (e.g., "so obvious") - No.
    *   Sense 2: in a manner that facilitates (e.g., "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior") - This matches the "so that" purpose/facilitation construction.
    *   Sense 3: (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result (synonyms: therefore, hence) - This is more about a result than a purpose.
    *   Sense 4: subsequently or soon afterward (synonyms: then) - No.
    *   Sense 5: in the same way; also - No.
    *   Sense 6: to a certain unspecified extent or degree - No.
    *   Sense 7: in such a condition or manner - No.
    *   Sense 8: (usually followed by 'that') to an extent or degree as expressed (e.g., "so tired that he could hardly stand") - This is the "so [adjective] that" construction. The target sentence is "so that [clause]", not "so [adj] that".
    *   Sense 9: in truth (synonym: indeed) - No.
    *   Sense 10: in the way indicated (synonym: thus) - No.

    *   The sentence is: "...use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places..."
    *   This is a purpose clause.
    *   Sense 2: "in a manner that facilitates" (Example: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior"). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3: "from that fact or reason or as a result" (therefore). While "so that" can sometimes mean "with the result that", the context here is clearly about the *intent* or *method* of the skilled ringers to achieve a specific goal (swapping places).

    *   Sense 2: "in a manner that facilitates" -> "use their wrists... [in a manner that facilitates] one bell swapping places..."
    *   Sense 8: "to an extent or degree as expressed" -> "so [adj] that..." (Not applicable here).
    *   Sense 3: "therefore" -> "use their wrists... therefore one bell can swap places..." (Less accurate than purpose).

    The construction "so that" in this context indicates purpose or facilitation. Sense 2 specifically mentions "in a manner that facilitates" and provides an example "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior", which mirrors the structure and meaning of the target sentence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
4. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
5. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
8. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
9. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bell`
    *   Context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another in the following change."
    *   Surrounding context: The text describes church bell ringing (change ringing) at St. Mary Abbot church. It mentions "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels," "ringers," "belfry," and "ringing chamber."

    *   1: the sound of a bell being struck (toll)
    *   2: a push button at an outer door (doorbell)
    *   3: nautical time units (ship's bell)
    *   4: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
    *   5: English painter (Vanessa Bell)
    *   6: phonetician (Melville Bell)
    *   7: US inventor (Alexander Graham Bell)
    *   8: percussion instrument (set of tuned bells/chime/gong)
    *   9: the shape of a bell
    *   10: the flared opening of a tubular device

    *   The context refers to the physical objects being rung in a church tower ("huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels").
    *   The specific sentence says "one bell can swap places with another," referring to the physical bells (or the sequence of their sounds, but in the context of change ringing, it's the bells themselves being manipulated).
    *   Sense 4 ("a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck") is the general definition of a bell.
    *   Sense 8 ("a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells") usually refers to orchestral bells (tubular bells/chimes).
    *   Sense 1 is the sound.
    *   Sense 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 are clearly incorrect.

    *   The text describes "huge bronze bells" in a "belfry." These are classic examples of Sense 4.

    *   Sense 4: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swap
Target surface form: swap
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can <t>swap</t> places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swap%2:40:00:: | definition=exchange or give (something) in exchange for | synonyms=trade, swop, switch
2. sense_key=swap%2:38:00:: | definition=move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `swap`
    *   Target surface form: `swap`
    *   Context: "...so that one bell can <t>swap</t> places with another in the following change."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `swap%2:40:00::` - exchange or give (something) in exchange for (synonyms: trade, swop, switch)
        2.  `swap%2:38:00::` - move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science

    *   The sentence describes bell ringing (change ringing).
    *   "one bell can swap places with another"
    *   This means the order of the bells changes; one takes the position of the other.
    *   This is a clear case of "exchange" or "switch".

    *   Sense 1: "exchange or give (something) in exchange for" (trade, swop, switch). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science". This is completely irrelevant to church bells.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: place
Target surface form: places
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap <t>places</t> with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=place%1:04:00:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, spot, billet | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
2. sense_key=place%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract mental location | examples=he has a special place in my thoughts; a place in my heart
3. sense_key=place%1:15:03:: | definition=a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane) | synonyms=seat | examples=he booked their seats in advance; he sat in someone else's place
4. sense_key=place%1:10:02:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=position | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
5. sense_key=place%1:15:06:: | definition=where you live at a particular time | synonyms=home | examples=deliver the package to my home; he doesn't have a home to go to
6. sense_key=place%1:04:01:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, position, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
7. sense_key=place%1:26:01:: | definition=a particular situation | synonyms=shoes | examples=If you were in my place what would you do?
8. sense_key=place%1:15:01:: | definition=a general vicinity | examples=He comes from a place near Chicago
9. sense_key=place%1:15:04:: | definition=any area set aside for a particular purpose | synonyms=property | examples=who owns this place?; the president was concerned about the property across from the White House
10. sense_key=place%1:15:00:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, spot | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
11. sense_key=place%1:15:02:: | definition=a public square with room for pedestrians | synonyms=plaza, piazza | examples=they met at Elm Plaza; Grosvenor Place
12. sense_key=place%1:26:02:: | definition=proper or appropriate position or location | examples=a woman's place is no longer in the kitchen
13. sense_key=place%1:10:01:: | definition=a blank area | synonyms=space, blank space | examples=write your name in the space provided
14. sense_key=place%1:26:00:: | definition=proper or designated social situation | synonyms=station | examples=he overstepped his place; the responsibilities of a man in his station
15. sense_key=place%1:10:00:: | definition=the passage that is being read | examples=he lost his place on the page
16. sense_key=place%1:15:05:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=position | examples=he put the lamp back in its place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `place`
    *   Target surface form: `places`
    *   Context: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap <t>places</t> with another in the following change."
    *   Meaning: The bells are changing their relative positions in a sequence or order during the ringing process.

    *   1: a job in an organization (position, post) - No.
    *   2: an abstract mental location (heart, thoughts) - No.
    *   3: a space reserved for sitting (seat) - No.
    *   4: an item on a list or in a sequence (position) - "in the second place; moved from third to fifth position". This fits the idea of bells changing their order in a sequence.
    *   5: where you live (home) - No.
    *   6: the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another (stead, position) - "took his place". This is more about substitution of a person/role.
    *   7: a particular situation (shoes) - No.
    *   8: a general vicinity - No.
    *   9: any area set aside for a particular purpose (property) - No.
    *   10: a point located with respect to surface features (spot) - No.
    *   11: a public square (plaza) - No.
    *   12: proper or appropriate position or location - No.
    *   13: a blank area (space) - No.
    *   14: proper or designated social situation (station) - No.
    *   15: the passage that is being read - No.
    *   16: the particular portion of space occupied by something (position) - "he put the lamp back in its place".

    *   Sense 4: "an item on a list or in a sequence" (synonym: position).
    *   Sense 16: "the particular portion of space occupied by something" (synonym: position).

    *   The context describes "change ringing," where bells are rung in a specific mathematical sequence. The "swap places" refers to the order in which the bells strike.
    *   "one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
    *   In change ringing, the "place" of a bell refers to its position in the sequence of strikes (e.g., 1st, 2nd, 3rd...).
    *   Sense 4 specifically mentions "an item on a list or in a sequence" and gives the example "moved from third to fifth position." This aligns perfectly with the sequence of bells in change ringing.
    *   Sense 16 is more about physical location in space (like putting a lamp back). While the bells are physically in a belfry, the "swap" is about their order in the sequence of the "change."

    *   Sense 4: "an item on a list or in a sequence" -> "moved from third to fifth position".
    *   Context: "one bell can swap places with another in the following change."
    *   This is a clear match for a sequence/order.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: well-known
Target surface form: well-known
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a <t>well-known</t> detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=well-known%5:00:00:familiar:00 | definition=frequently experienced; known closely or intimately | synonyms=long-familiar | examples=a long-familiar face; a well-known voice reached her ears
2. sense_key=well-known%5:00:00:known:00 | definition=widely or fully known | examples=a well-known politician; well-known facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `well-known`
    *   Target surface form: `well-known`
    *   Context: "In a <t>well-known</t> detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `well-known%5:00:00:familiar:00`: frequently experienced; known closely or intimately (e.g., a long-familiar face, a well-known voice).
        2.  `well-known%5:00:00:known:00`: widely or fully known (e.g., a well-known politician, well-known facts).

    *   The phrase is "a well-known detective-story".
    *   Does "well-known" here mean "frequently experienced/known closely or intimately" (Sense 1) or "widely or fully known" (Sense 2)?
    *   A "well-known detective story" refers to a story that is famous or widely recognized by the general public or a specific group of readers. It doesn't mean the story is "intimately known" in the sense of a familiar face or voice.

    *   Sense 1 focuses on familiarity/intimacy (e.g., a voice you recognize).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on wide recognition/fame (e.g., a politician, a fact).
    *   A "well-known detective story" fits the "widely known" (famous) category much better than the "intimately familiar" category.

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story <t>involving</t> church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
3. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved
7. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `involve`
    *   Target surface form: `involving`
    *   Context: "In a well-known detective-story <t>involving</t> church bells..."

    *   Sense 1: engage as a participant (e.g., "Don't involve me in your family affairs!") - *Incorrect. The story isn't engaging the bells as participants.*
    *   Sense 2: have as a necessary feature (e.g., "This decision involves many changes") - *Possible, but "necessary feature" is a bit strong for a plot element.*
    *   Sense 3: occupy or engage the interest of (e.g., "His story completely involved me") - *Incorrect. The story isn't engaging the bells' interest.*
    *   Sense 4: require as useful, just, or proper (e.g., "success usually requires hard work") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 5: contain as a part (e.g., "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses") - *Strong candidate. The story contains church bells as a part of its plot/setting.*
    *   Sense 6: make complex or intricate or complicated (e.g., "The situation was rather involved") - *Incorrect (this is an adjective use).*
    *   Sense 7: connect closely and often incriminatingly (e.g., "This new ruling affects your business") - *Incorrect.*

    *   The phrase "a detective-story involving church bells" means the story features church bells, they are part of the plot.
    *   Sense 5 ("contain as a part") fits best here. A story "involving" something usually means that thing is a component or a feature of the story.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 ("have as a necessary feature") and Sense 5 ("contain as a part"): "Necessary feature" implies that the thing is essential for the existence of the object. While the bells might be central to the plot, "contain as a part" is a more general and accurate description of a story's content.

    *   Sense 5: "contain as a part" -> "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses."
    *   Context: "detective-story involving church bells" -> The story contains church bells as part of its narrative.

    *   Sense 1: Participant (No)
    *   Sense 2: Necessary feature (Maybe, but Sense 5 is better)
    *   Sense 3: Interest (No)
    *   Sense 4: Require (No)
    *   Sense 5: Contain as a part (Yes)
    *   Sense 6: Complex (No)
    *   Sense 7: Connect/Incriminate (No)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving <t>church</t> bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
2. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `church`
    *   Target surface form: `church`
    *   Context: "In a well-known detective-story involving <t>church</t> bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `church%1:06:00::`: a place for public (especially Christian) worship (church building)
        2.  `church%1:14:00::`: one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship (Christian church)
        3.  `church%1:04:00::`: a service conducted in a house of worship (church service)
        4.  `church%1:14:01::`: the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church

    *   The phrase is "church bells".
    *   Bells are physical objects typically located in a church building (specifically the belfry, as mentioned earlier in the text: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells...").
    *   "Church bells" refers to bells belonging to or located in a church building.

    *   Sense 1: "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" (church building). This fits perfectly. "Church bells" are bells of the church building.
    *   Sense 2: "one of the groups of Christians..." (denomination). Less likely. While a denomination might have bells, the bells are physically in the building.
    *   Sense 3: "a service conducted in a house of worship". Incorrect. Bells are not part of the service in the sense of the event itself, though they may signal it.
    *   Sense 4: "the body of people who attend...". Incorrect. People don't have bells in this sense.

    *   The context describes the physical act of ringing bells in a belfry.
    *   "Church bells" refers to the bells associated with the building.
    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church <t>bells</t>, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device
2. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
3. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
4. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
8. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
9. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
10. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bell`
    *   Target surface form: `bells`
    *   Context: The text describes "ringers" pulling ropes in a "ringing chamber," "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels" in a "belfry," and "church bells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `bell%1:06:03::`: flared opening of a tubular device.
        2.  `bell%1:18:00::`: Alexander Graham Bell.
        3.  `bell%1:06:02::`: doorbell/buzzer.
        4.  `bell%1:11:00::`: the sound of a bell being struck.
        5.  `bell%1:25:00::`: the shape of a bell.
        6.  `bell%1:28:00::`: nautical time units.
        7.  `bell%1:06:04::`: percussion instrument (set of tuned bells).
        8.  `bell%1:06:00::`: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.
        9.  `bell%1:18:01::`: Vanessa Bell.
        10. `bell%1:18:02::`: Melville Bell.

    *   The context explicitly mentions "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels" and "church bells."
    *   This refers to the physical objects (hollow metal devices) that make a ringing sound.
    *   Sense 8 (`bell%1:06:00::`) is "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck."
    *   Sense 7 (`bell%1:06:04::`) is a "percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells," but the context describes the individual bells in a belfry, which fits the general definition of a bell (Sense 8) better than a specific orchestral instrument.
    *   Sense 4 (`bell%1:11:00::`) is the *sound* of the bell, but the text refers to the physical objects ("huge bronze bells," "mounted on wheels").

    *   Sense 8 is the most general and accurate description of the physical church bells described in the text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, <t>English</t> novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language
2. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `english`
    *   Target surface form: `English`
    *   Context: "...In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, <t>English</t> novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1. `english%3:01:01::` (of or relating to the English language)
        2. `english%3:01:00::` (of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people)

    *   The word "English" modifies "novelist Dorothy L. Sayers".
    *   Dorothy L. Sayers is a person (a novelist).
    *   "English novelist" refers to her nationality or origin (from England).

    *   Sense 1: Relates to the *language*. (Does "English language novelist" make sense? No, it's about her identity/origin).
    *   Sense 2: Relates to *England, its culture, or its people*. (Does "novelist from England" make sense? Yes).

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: describe
Target surface form: described
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers <t>described</t> ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `describe`
    *   Target surface form: `described`
    *   Context: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers <t>described</t> ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"

    *   Sense 1: `describe%2:32:01::` - to give an account or representation of in words (synonyms: report, account).
    *   Sense 2: `describe%2:32:00::` - give a description of (synonyms: depict, draw).
    *   Sense 3: `describe%2:35:00::` - make a mark or lines on a surface (synonyms: trace, draw, line, delineate).
    *   Sense 4: `describe%2:31:00::` - identify as in botany or biology (synonyms: identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name).

    *   The context says Dorothy L. Sayers (a novelist) "described ringing as a 'passion...'"
    *   This is a verbal representation of a concept (ringing) using words.
    *   Sense 1: "to give an account or representation of in words". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "give a description of" (synonyms: depict, draw). While similar to Sense 1, "depict" and "draw" often lean towards visual representation or a more detailed portrait, though they can be verbal. However, Sense 1 specifically mentions "in words".
    *   Sense 3: "make a mark or lines on a surface". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "identify as in botany or biology". Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1: "to give an account or representation of in words"
    *   Sense 2: "give a description of"
    *   In many WordNet versions, Sense 1 (account in words) is the primary meaning for verbal description. The example "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental" aligns with reporting/accounting.
    *   The phrase "described ringing as a 'passion...'" is a classic case of using words to characterize or represent something.

    *   Sense 1: account/report in words.
    *   Sense 2: depict/draw.
    *   The context is a novelist writing a story. This is definitely verbal representation.

    *   Sense 1: `describe%2:32:01::`
    *   Sense 2: `describe%2:32:00::`
    *   Sense 3: `describe%2:35:00::`
    *   Sense 4: `describe%2:31:00::`

    Wait, let me look closer at Sense 1 and 2.
    Sense 1: "to give an account or representation of in words"
    Sense 2: "give a description of" (synonyms: depict, draw)
    Usually, "describe as [something]" fits the "give an account or representation of in words" definition.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. "depict, draw". These are often visual.
    Sense 1 is specifically "in words".

    The target sentence: "Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion...'"
    This is a verbal description.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: passion
Target surface form: passion
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "<t>passion</t> that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=passion%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of strong sexual desire
2. sense_key=passion%1:09:00:: | definition=any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting
3. sense_key=passion%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
4. sense_key=passion%1:26:01:: | definition=something that is desired intensely | synonyms=rage | examples=his rage for fame destroyed him
5. sense_key=passion%1:26:02:: | definition=the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion | synonyms=Passion of Christ
6. sense_key=passion%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
7. sense_key=passion%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being intensely emotional | synonyms=heat, warmth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "passion"
    *   Context: "...English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"
    *   Meaning: In this context, "passion" refers to a strong interest, hobby, or devotion to the activity of bell ringing.

    *   Sense 1: strong sexual desire (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: any object of warm affection or devotion (Synonym: love; Example: "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting") - This fits well. The "passion" is the activity of ringing.
    *   Sense 3: a strong feeling or emotion (Synonym: passionateness) - This is more about the *feeling* itself rather than the *object* of the devotion.
    *   Sense 4: something that is desired intensely (Synonym: rage; Example: "his rage for fame destroyed him") - This implies a craving or obsession for a goal, rather than a devotion to an activity.
    *   Sense 5: suffering of Jesus (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: irrational but irresistible motive (Synonym: mania) - While ringing might be seen as a mania by some, the context "finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness" suggests a devoted interest/hobby rather than an irrational motive.
    *   Sense 7: trait of being intensely emotional (Incorrect)

    *   The sentence says "ringing as a 'passion...'"
    *   Ringing (the activity) is the passion.
    *   Sense 2 defines passion as "any object of warm affection or devotion."
    *   Example for Sense 2: "he has a passion for cock fighting." (Similar structure: passion for [activity]).

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit because it describes the object of devotion (the activity of ringing).