[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `disciplined`
    *   Target surface form: `disciplined`
    *   Context: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00`: obeying the rules.
        2.  `disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00`: trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise.

    *   The sentence compares "Progressive education" with "disciplined instruction".
    *   "Progressive education" is contrasted with "disciplined instruction".
    *   In the context of education, "disciplined instruction" usually refers to a structured, rigorous, and systematic approach to teaching (often associated with traditional methods), rather than just "obeying rules" (which would be student discipline) or "being trained" (which describes the result of the instruction).
    *   Wait, let's look at the senses again.
        *   Sense 1: "obeying the rules" (controlled).
        *   Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" (trained).

    *   "Disciplined instruction" refers to instruction that is structured, rigorous, and systematic.
    *   Does "obeying the rules" fit "instruction"? Not really. Instruction itself doesn't "obey rules" in the sense of behavior.
    *   Does "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" fit? "Disciplined instruction" means instruction that *imposes* discipline or is *characterized* by discipline (rigor, order).
    *   Actually, looking at the senses provided:
        *   Sense 1: controlled (obeying rules).
        *   Sense 2: trained (mentally or physically).

    *   Let's re-evaluate. "Disciplined instruction" in this context (contrasted with "Progressive education" and "personality development") refers to a rigorous, structured method of teaching.
    *   Is "disciplined" here describing the *instruction* (the method) or the *students*? It describes the instruction.
    *   If the instruction is "disciplined", it is structured and rigorous.
    *   Sense 1 (controlled/obeying rules) usually applies to people.
    *   Sense 2 (trained mentally or physically) usually applies to people (e.g., "a disciplined mind").

    *   Wait, let's look at the senses again. Are there other possibilities?
        *   Sense 1: controlled (obeying the rules).
        *   Sense 2: trained (mentally or physically).

    *   If I have to choose between "obeying the rules" and "trained by instruction", neither is a perfect fit for "disciplined instruction" (where disciplined means rigorous/structured). However, "disciplined" in the sense of "trained" (Sense 2) is closer to the idea of mental rigor and systematic training than "obeying the rules" (Sense 1), which is more about behavior/conduct.

    *   Let's re-read: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   In this context, "disciplined instruction" is the opposite of the loose, child-centered approach of progressive education. It implies a structured, rigorous, and systematic approach.
    *   Sense 1: "obeying the rules" (behavioral control).
    *   Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" (rigorous training).

    *   "Disciplined instruction" is instruction that *is* a form of rigorous training. Sense 2 refers to the result of such training ("a disciplined mind"), but the adjective "disciplined" can also describe the process or the system that produces that result.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1. Could "disciplined instruction" mean instruction that follows strict rules? Yes, but "obeying the rules" usually refers to a person's behavior.

    *   Comparing the two:
        *   Sense 1: controlled/obeying rules.
        *   Sense 2: trained/rigorous.

    *   In the context of "disciplined instruction" vs "progressive education", the focus is on the rigor and structure of the teaching method. Sense 2 ("trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise") aligns better with the concept of academic rigor and systematic training than Sense 1 ("obeying the rules").

    *   Wait, let me think again. "Disciplined instruction" could mean instruction that *enforces* discipline (obeying rules). But the contrast is with "personality development" and "progressive education," which suggests the contrast is between a structured, rigorous curriculum and a loose, student-led one.

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind". These are results of discipline.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1: "obeying the rules".

    *   If "disciplined instruction" means instruction that is rigorous and systematic, it is the *means* by which one gets a "disciplined mind".

    *   Let's search for "disciplined instruction". It often refers to "Direct Instruction" or structured pedagogy. This is about the *method* being rigorous.

    *   Between the two provided options:
        1. obeying the rules
        2. trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise

    *   Sense 2 is much closer to the academic/mental rigor implied here.

    *   Wait, let me reconsider Sense 1. Could "disciplined instruction" mean instruction that is "controlled" or "regulated"? Possibly. But "obeying the rules" is a very specific definition of "controlled".

    *   Let's look at the context again: "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."
    *   Progressive education is often criticized for lacking structure and rigor. Therefore, "disciplined instruction" is instruction that *has* structure and rigor.
    *   Sense 2: "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise". This sense relates to the *process* of training and the *result* of that training.

    *   Let's try to see if "disciplined" in "disciplined instruction" means "characterized by discipline".
    *   If "discipline" means "a branch of knowledge" or "a system of rules", then "disciplined instruction" is instruction following that system.
    *   If "discipline" means "rigor", then "disciplined instruction" is rigorous instruction.

    *   Looking at the WordNet senses again:
        1. controlled: obeying the rules.
        2. trained: trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise.

    *   If I have to choose the *best* one, Sense 2 (trained/rigorous) is a better fit for the educational context of "instruction" than Sense 1 (obeying rules/behavioral control).

    *   Wait, let me think about this one more time. "Disciplined instruction" could mean instruction that *requires* the students to be disciplined (obey the rules). If the teachers find progressive education more "agreeable," it might be because they don't have to enforce rules (Sense 1).

    *   Let's re-read: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   This suggests the "disciplined instruction" is the one that involves tests and measurable results, which requires a more structured and rigorous approach. This points more towards Sense 2 (rigorous training) than Sense 1 (behavioral obedience).

    *   Actually, "disciplined" in "disciplined instruction" most likely means "characterized by discipline," where discipline means "rigor" or "systematic training." This aligns with Sense 2.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 again. "Obeying the rules." If the instruction itself is "obeying the rules," that doesn't make sense. If the instruction *causes* the students to obey the rules, that's different. But the adjective "disciplined" modifies "instruction."

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most plausible choice.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line
2. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
4. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `instruction`
    *   Target surface form: `instruction`
    *   Context: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses education, parents' desires for their children's education, "creativity" vs. "adolescent illiteracy," the "education establishment," and "Progressive education" vs. "disciplined instruction."

    *   Sense 1: (computer science) a line of code. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: a message describing how something is to be done (directions). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill. Synonyms: education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity. (Strong candidate)
    *   Sense 4: the profession of a teacher. Synonyms: teaching, pedagogy. (Possible, but Sense 3 fits the "disciplined instruction" contrast with "Progressive education" better, as it refers to the *act* or *method* of teaching rather than the *profession* itself).

    *   The sentence compares "Progressive education" (a method/approach to schooling) with "disciplined instruction."
    *   "Disciplined instruction" here refers to the actual process of teaching/educating in a structured way.
    *   Sense 3 ("the activities of educating or instructing") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 4 ("the profession of a teacher") doesn't fit as well because the contrast is between two styles of education/teaching, not between a style of education and a profession.

    *   Sense 3: activities of educating/instructing.
    *   Sense 4: profession of a teacher.
    *   "Disciplined instruction" refers to the *way* knowledge is imparted (the activity), not the career path.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "nice"
    *   Target surface form: "nice"
    *   Context: "It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Surrounding context: The author is criticizing "progressive education," arguing that it's more "interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

    *   Sense 1: polite (courteous, gracious) - *Doesn't fit. The teachers aren't being polite; they are enjoying a certain mindset.*
    *   Sense 2: respectable (socially correct, refined, virtuous) - *Doesn't fit. It's not about social standing or virtue.*
    *   Sense 3: precise (delicacy and skill) - *Doesn't fit. Not about precision.*
    *   Sense 4: fastidious (easily disgusted) - *Doesn't fit. Not about being squeamish.*
    *   Sense 5: pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance - *Fits. The author says progressive education is "agreeable to teachers" and then says "It is nice for teachers to think..." meaning it's pleasant or pleasing for them to believe this.*

    *   The sentence "It is nice for teachers to think..." means it is pleasant, satisfying, or agreeable for them.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 5 ("pleasant or pleasing or agreeable").


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `teacher`
    *   Target surface form: `teachers`
    *   Context: A passage discussing American education, "progressive education," disciplined instruction, and the preferences of those who teach. Specifically: "It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in 'personality development'..." and "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `teacher%1:18:00::`: a person whose occupation is teaching (synonym: instructor).
        2.  `teacher%1:09:00::`: a personified abstraction that teaches (examples: books, experience).

    *   The context refers to "teachers" in the context of "American education," "the education establishment," "disciplined instruction," and a "profession."
    *   It mentions them taking "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   These are clearly human beings employed in the occupation of teaching.

    *   Sense 1: Person whose occupation is teaching. (Fits perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: Personified abstraction (e.g., books, experience). (Does not fit)

    *   The correct sense index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
2. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
3. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
4. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
5. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
6. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
7. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
8. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
9. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
10. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam
11. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
12. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
13. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "think"
    *   Context: "It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "think" means that teachers *believe* or *regard* themselves as being engaged in personality development, even if the author implies that this is an illusion or not actually the case.

    *   1: recall knowledge from memory (No)
    *   2: focus one's attention on a certain state (No)
    *   3: be capable of conscious thought (No)
    *   4: have or formulate in the mind (No)
    *   5: have in mind as a purpose (No)
    *   6: imagine or visualize (No)
    *   7: ponder; reflect on, or reason about (No)
    *   8: judge or regard; look upon; judge (Synonyms: believe, consider, conceive) (Yes - "teachers believe they are engaged in...")
    *   9: dispose the mind in a certain way (No)
    *   10: bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation (No)
    *   11: expect, believe, or suppose (Synonyms: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess) (Possible, but 8 is often used for "regard as")
    *   12: use or exercise the mind (No)
    *   13: decide by pondering (No)

    *   Sense 8: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (Synonyms: believe, consider, conceive). Example: "I think he is very smart."
    *   Sense 11: "expect, believe, or suppose" (Synonyms: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess). Example: "I imagine she earned a lot of money..."

    In the sentence "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'", the teachers *believe* or *regard* their activity as personality development. This fits Sense 8 ("judge or regard") very well. Sense 11 is more about guessing or supposing something about an external fact. Sense 8 is more about a belief or a perception of a state of affairs.

    Let's re-examine Sense 8: "judge or regard; look upon; judge".
    Example: "I think he is very smart" $\approx$ "I believe he is very smart".
    Context: "teachers think they are engaged in..." $\approx$ "teachers believe they are engaged in...".

    Let's re-examine Sense 11: "expect, believe, or suppose".
    Example: "I imagine she earned a lot of money..."

    Sense 8 seems more aligned with the "regard as" or "believe to be" meaning used here.

    Wait, let's look at the synonyms for 8: believe, consider, conceive.
    Let's look at the synonyms for 11: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess.

    "Teachers think they are engaged in..." is a belief about their own situation. "Believe" is listed in both 8 and 11. However, "regard" (Sense 8) fits the "think they are [something]" structure better.

    Actually, looking at WordNet's typical distinctions:
    Sense 8 (think%2:31:01) is often used for "believe to be" or "consider to be".
    Sense 11 (think%2:31:03) is often used for "suppose" or "guess".

    In "think they are engaged in", they are holding a belief/opinion about their status. This is a classic "believe/consider" usage.

    Sense 8: judge or regard; look upon; judge.
    Sense 11: expect, believe, or suppose.

    If I say "I think it will rain," that's Sense 11 (suppose).
    If I say "I think he is a good man," that's Sense 8 (regard/believe).
    "Teachers think they are engaged in personality development" is more like "I think he is a good man" than "I think it will rain."

    Therefore, Sense 8 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality
2. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `personality`
    *   Target surface form: `personality`
    *   Context: "...It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in '<t>personality</t> development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `personality%1:18:00::`: a person of considerable prominence (e.g., Hollywood personality).
        2.  `personality%1:07:00::`: the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual (e.g., their different reactions reflected their very different personalities).

    *   The phrase is "personality development".
    *   In the context of education and psychology (mentioned later: "educational psychology and educational philosophy"), "personality development" refers to the growth and formation of an individual's character, traits, and mental/emotional attributes.
    *   It does *not* refer to developing a "famous person" or a "prominent person".

    *   Sense 1: Prominence/Fame. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Individual attributes/character. (Correct)

    *   The best sense is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated
3. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
4. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
7. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
8. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
9. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `development`
    *   Target surface form: `development`
    *   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality <t>development</t>' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Key phrase: "personality development"

    *   Sense 1: (biology) individual organism growing organically (biological unfolding).
    *   Sense 2: (music) section of a composition.
    *   Sense 3: processing photosensitive material.
    *   Sense 4: a state in which things are improving; result of developing (e.g., chess).
    *   Sense 5: making land/water more profitable (exploitation).
    *   Sense 6: act of improving by expanding, enlarging, or refining (e.g., development of a plan).
    *   Sense 7: a recent event.
    *   Sense 8: a district developed for a purpose.
    *   Sense 9: a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage); evolution.

    *   "Personality development" refers to the process of a person's personality evolving, maturing, or growing over time.
    *   Sense 1 is strictly biological (osseous development).
    *   Sense 6 is about improving a plan or research.
    *   Sense 9 is about a process passing by degrees to a more advanced or mature stage (evolution). This fits "personality development" well, as it describes the psychological/social growth of a person's character.

    *   Sense 1: "purely biological unfolding" - Personality is psychological/social, not purely biological.
    *   Sense 9: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" - This fits the concept of personality development (maturation of the self).

    *   Sense 9 is the most appropriate for "personality development".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death
2. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
3. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
4. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `even`
    *   Target surface form: `even`
    *   Context: "...It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

    *   Sense 1: `to the full extent` (e.g., "loyal even unto death") - Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 2: `to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons` (synonyms: yet, still; e.g., "looked sick and felt even worse") - Fits well. The sentence compares "nice" and "nicer" ("nice for teachers... and even nicer to minimize...").
    *   Sense 3: `used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected` (e.g., "even an idiot knows that") - This is an intensive, but the primary function here is modifying a comparative adjective ("nicer").
    *   Sense 4: `in spite of; notwithstanding` (e.g., "even when he is sick") - Doesn't fit.

    *   The phrase is "even nicer".
    *   "Nicer" is a comparative adjective.
    *   "Even" here is used to emphasize the comparative degree.
    *   Sense 2 specifically mentions "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" and gives the example "an even (or still) more interesting problem". This matches "even nicer" perfectly.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `nice`
    *   Target surface form: `nicer`
    *   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance`
        2.  `done with delicacy and skill` (precise)
        3.  `excessively fastidious and easily disgusted` (fastidious)
        4.  `socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous` (respectable)
        5.  `exhibiting courtesy and politeness` (polite)

    *   The sentence says: "It is nice for teachers to think... and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    *   In this context, "nice" and "nicer" refer to something that is pleasant, agreeable, or satisfying for the teachers.
    *   It's not about precision (sense 2), fastidiousness (sense 3), social respectability (sense 4), or politeness (sense 5).
    *   It fits the general meaning of "pleasant" or "agreeable."

    *   Sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance"
    *   This matches the context perfectly. The teachers find it pleasant/agreeable to think they are doing personality development and even more pleasant/agreeable to avoid tests.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence
2. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `minimize`
    *   Context: "...It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Meaning: The author is arguing that teachers prefer "progressive education" because it allows them to avoid or reduce the importance/frequency/impact of standardized tests.

    *   Sense 1: `cause to seem less serious; play down` (Synonyms: belittle, denigrate, derogate). This is more about attacking the value of something or making it seem unimportant in a derogatory way.
    *   Sense 2: `make small or insignificant` (Synonyms: minimise). This is often used for quantities, risks, or physical size (e.g., "minimize the risk").
    *   Sense 3: `represent as less significant or important` (Synonyms: understate, minimise, downplay). This is about the representation or the perceived importance of something.

    *   The context is about teachers wanting to avoid the "irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Does "minimize" here mean they want to make the tests physically smaller (Sense 2)? No.
    *   Does it mean they want to belittle the tests (Sense 1)? Possibly, but "belittle" usually applies to people or achievements.
    *   Does it mean they want to downplay the importance of the tests or reduce their role/significance in the educational process (Sense 3)? Yes.

    *   Sense 1 (belittle/denigrate) is quite strong and usually implies a negative judgment of the object's worth.
    *   Sense 2 (make small/insignificant) is often used for risks or amounts.
    *   Sense 3 (represent as less significant/downplay) fits the idea of reducing the emphasis on tests.

    Wait, let's look closer at the context: "...even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    In this context, "minimize" likely means to reduce the frequency, the impact, or the importance of the tests.

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
    Sense 2: "make small or insignificant" (e.g., "minimize the risk").
    Sense 3: "represent as less significant or important" (e.g., "downplay").

    If the teachers are trying to avoid the results of the tests, they are trying to make the tests *less significant* in the overall evaluation.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "cause to seem less serious; play down". This is very similar to Sense 3.

    Let's look at the synonyms again:
    Sense 1: belittle, denigrate, derogate.
    Sense 2: minimise.
    Sense 3: understate, minimise, downplay.

    "Downplay" (Sense 3) fits perfectly. "Belittle" (Sense 1) is too aggressive. "Make small" (Sense 2) is too literal or focused on quantity/risk.

    The author is saying teachers prefer a system where they can downplay the importance of tests.

    Sense 3: "represent as less significant or important" / "downplay". This fits the context of educational policy and the preference of teachers to avoid the "disappointing results" of tests.

    Wait, could it be Sense 2? "Make small or insignificant". If they "minimize the tests", are they making the tests themselves insignificant, or are they representing them as such?
    In the context of "personality development" vs "disciplined instruction", the author is talking about a shift in focus. By focusing on personality development, the tests become less significant.

    Let's check Sense 3 again: "represent as less significant or important".
    Let's check Sense 2 again: "make small or insignificant".

    Actually, "minimize the risk" (Sense 2) is about reducing the actual occurrence or impact. "Minimize the tests" could mean reducing the number of tests or their impact.
    "Downplay the tests" (Sense 3) means making them *seem* less important.

    In the sentence "even nicer to minimize those irksome tests", it's more likely they want to reduce the role/importance of the tests in the classroom.

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: understate, minimise, downplay.
    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: minimise.

    Usually, "minimize" in the sense of reducing the importance of something is Sense 3.

    Let's double-check Sense 1: "cause to seem less serious". This is very close to Sense 3. But "belittle" and "denigrate" are more about attacking.

    Comparing Sense 2 and 3 again:
    Sense 2: make small or insignificant.
    Sense 3: represent as less significant or important.

    If I "minimize the risk", I am actually trying to make the risk smaller (Sense 2).
    If I "minimize the importance of the risk", I am representing it as less significant (Sense 3).

    In the text, "minimize those irksome tests", it sounds like they want to reduce the impact or the role of the tests. This leans toward Sense 3 (downplaying their importance) or Sense 2 (making them insignificant).

    However, "downplay" (Sense 3) is a very common way to describe how people treat tests they don't like.

    Let's re-read: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    This suggests that by focusing on personality development, they can treat the tests as less important.

    Sense 3 seems the most precise fit for "downplaying" the significance of the tests.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins
2. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
3. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
4. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
5. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
6. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `test`
    *   Target surface form: `tests`
    *   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results."
    *   Domain: Education, specifically discussing "progressive education" vs. "disciplined instruction" and the role of teachers.

    *   Sense 1: `test%1:05:00::` - hard outer covering (amoebas/sea urchins). (Irrelevant)
    *   Sense 2: `test%1:04:00::` - the act of testing something (trial, run). (Too general, usually refers to experimental trials)
    *   Sense 3: `test%1:09:02::` - trying something to find out about it (trial run, tryout). (Irrelevant)
    *   Sense 4: `test%1:04:02::` - standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity, memory, intelligence, aptitude, personality, etc. (Psychometric test).
    *   Sense 5: `test%1:10:00::` - a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge (examination, exam).
    *   Sense 6: `test%1:04:03::` - the act of undergoing testing (trial of skill, test of battle). (Irrelevant)

    *   The context mentions "American education," "teachers," "disciplined instruction," and "disappointing results."
    *   The "tests" being minimized by teachers are those that evaluate students' progress or knowledge (likely in contrast to "personality development").
    *   Sense 4 refers to *standardized* procedures for measuring intelligence, personality, etc.
    *   Sense 5 refers to *examinations* (sets of questions/exercises) evaluating skill or knowledge.

    *   In the context of "American education" and "disciplined instruction," "tests" usually refers to the exams students take to prove their knowledge.
    *   While standardized tests (Sense 4) are a part of this, the general term "tests" in a classroom setting usually maps to "examinations" (Sense 5).
    *   Looking at the phrase "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results," it refers to the tools used to measure academic achievement.
    *   Sense 5 (examination, exam) is the most common and fitting meaning for "tests" in a school/education context.

    *   Sense 4: "standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc"
    *   Sense 5: "a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge"
    *   The text contrasts "personality development" with "disciplined instruction" and "tests." This suggests the tests are measuring the *results* of that instruction (skill/knowledge), making Sense 5 the best fit.

    *   Sense 5 is the most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
2. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
3. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "often"
    *   Target surface form: "often"
    *   Context: "...and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results."

    *   Sense 1: `often%4:02:02::` | definition: "in many cases or instances"
    *   Sense 2: `often%4:02:00::` | definition: "many times at short intervals" | synonyms: frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples: "we often met over a cup of coffee"
    *   Sense 3: `often%4:02:01::` | definition: "frequently or in great quantities" | synonyms: much, a great deal | examples: "I don't drink much; I don't travel much"

    *   The phrase is "tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Does "often" here mean "many times at short intervals" (Sense 2)? Not really. The results aren't happening at short intervals; rather, the results of the tests are frequently disappointing.
    *   Does "often" here mean "frequently or in great quantities" (Sense 3)? Sense 3 seems to be used as an adverb of degree/quantity (like "much"), often in negative sentences ("I don't drink much"). This doesn't fit "often disappointing results."
    *   Does "often" here mean "in many cases or instances" (Sense 1)? Yes. In many instances, the results of these tests are disappointing.

    *   Sense 1: "in many cases or instances" -> "tests with [in many cases] disappointing results." (Fits well)
    *   Sense 2: "many times at short intervals" -> "tests with [many times at short intervals] disappointing results." (Less fitting, as it implies a temporal frequency for a single set of results).
    *   Sense 3: "frequently or in great quantities" (synonym: much) -> "tests with [much] disappointing results." (Incorrect grammar/usage).

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate description of "often" when it modifies an adjective ("disappointing") to indicate that the condition is true in many cases.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
2. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role
3. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
4. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `result`
    *   Target surface form: `results`
    *   Context: "...minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `result%1:11:00::`: something that results (outcome, final result). Example: "he listened for the results on the radio".
        2.  `result%1:10:01::`: semantic role (linguistics).
        3.  `result%1:10:00::`: a statement that solves a problem (solution, answer). Example: "the answers were in the back of the book".
        4.  `result%1:19:00::`: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect).

    *   The sentence is: "...minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   In the context of "tests", "results" refers to the scores or outcomes of those tests.

    *   Sense 1: "something that results", "outcome", "final result". Example: "he listened for the results on the radio". This fits perfectly with test scores/outcomes.
    *   Sense 2: Semantic role. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: "a statement that solves a problem", "solution", "answer". While tests have answers, "disappointing results" usually refers to the outcome/score, not the solution key.
    *   Sense 4: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon", "consequence", "effect". While a test result is a consequence of taking a test, Sense 1 is more specific to the "outcome" of a process like a test or experiment.

    *   Sense 1 is the standard meaning for "test results" (the outcome/score).
    *   Sense 4 is more about cause-and-effect relationships in a broader sense.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 ("outcome", "final result") and Sense 4 ("consequence", "effect"), Sense 1 is the most natural fit for the results of a test.

    *   Sense 1: `result%1:11:00::` (something that results, outcome).
    *   Sense 4: `result%1:19:00::` (consequence, effect).
    *   In the context of "tests with disappointing results", we are talking about the outcome of the test. Sense 1's example "he listened for the results on the radio" is very similar to waiting for test results.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: provide
Target surface form: provides
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
2. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship
3. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
4. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
5. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
6. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
7. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `provide`
    *   Target surface form: `provides`
    *   Context: "It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

    *   Sense 1: make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain (e.g., "leaves no room for improvement").
    *   Sense 2: take measures in preparation for (e.g., "provide for the proper care").
    *   Sense 3: give something useful or necessary to (synonyms: supply, render, furnish) (e.g., "provided the room with an electrical heater").
    *   Sense 4: determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation (e.g., "The will provides that...").
    *   Sense 5: mount or put up (synonyms: put up, offer) (e.g., "put up a good fight").
    *   Sense 6: give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance (synonyms: supply, ply, cater) (e.g., "provided lunch").
    *   Sense 7: supply means of subsistence; earn a living (synonyms: bring home the bacon) (e.g., "provides for his large family").

    *   The sentence is: "It [Progressive education/the approach] also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'..."
    *   Here, "provides" means that the system/approach gives the teachers a certain self-definition.
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1 (possibility/opportunity): Not quite. It's not just making it possible; it's giving them the definition.
        *   Sense 2 (preparation): No.
        *   Sense 3 (give something useful or necessary to): "Give something [a superior self-definition] to [teachers]". This fits well. "Furnish" or "supply" also work in a metaphorical sense here.
        *   Sense 4 (stipulation/legal): No.
        *   Sense 5 (mount/put up): No.
        *   Sense 6 (food/sustenance): No.
        *   Sense 7 (earn a living): No.

    *   Sense 3 is "give something useful or necessary to". While a "superior self-definition" might not be "necessary" in a biological sense, in the context of professional identity, it is the "thing" being given/supplied to the teachers.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "make a possibility or provide opportunity for". Does the system *make it possible* for teachers to have a superior self-definition? Yes, but the phrasing "provides [someone] with [something]" is the classic structure for Sense 3 (supply/furnish).

    *   "provide [someone] with [something]" is the standard construction for Sense 3.
    *   Example: "We provided the room with an electrical heater."
    *   Context: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition."
    *   This matches the pattern perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `teacher`
    *   Target surface form: `teachers`
    *   Context: "American education's future... 'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'... It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `teacher%1:18:00::`: a person whose occupation is teaching (synonym: instructor).
        2.  `teacher%1:09:00::`: a personified abstraction that teaches (examples: books, experience).

    *   The context discusses "American education," "the education establishment," "Progressive education," "disciplined instruction," "personality development," "profession," and "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The word "teachers" refers to the people who work in the education system, who have a "profession," and who take college courses.
    *   This clearly refers to people whose occupation is teaching, not personified abstractions like books or experience.

    *   Sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: a personified abstraction. (Does not match)

    *   The best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: profession
Target surface form: profession
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `profession`
    *   Target surface form: `profession`
    *   Context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `profession%1:14:00::`: the body of people in a learned occupation (e.g., medical profession).
        2.  `profession%1:10:01::`: affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith.
        3.  `profession%1:10:00::`: an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion.
        4.  `profession%1:04:00::`: an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences).

    *   The sentence says: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The context discusses teachers, education, and the requirements (courses in psychology and philosophy) that make them feel they belong to a "profession".
    *   The phrase "self-definition as a 'profession'" suggests they are defining their *occupation* as a professional one.

    *   Sense 1: "the body of people in a learned occupation". (Collective noun)
    *   Sense 2: "affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith". (Irrelevant)
    *   Sense 3: "an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion". (Irrelevant)
    *   Sense 4: "an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)". (The nature of the job/career)

    *   The sentence says "self-definition as a 'profession'".
    *   Does it mean they define themselves as *the body of people* (Sense 1) or as *an occupation requiring special education* (Sense 4)?
    *   Usually, when people say "Teaching is a profession," they are referring to the *type* of occupation (Sense 4).
    *   When people say "The teaching profession," they are referring to the *group* (Sense 1).
    *   In "self-definition as a 'profession'", the word "profession" is used as a category of occupation.
    *   Let's re-read: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses..."
    *   If they define themselves *as* a profession, it's slightly awkward phrasing (usually a person is a professional, or the group is a profession). However, in this context, the author is likely referring to the status of the occupation itself.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 4:
        *   Sense 1: "the body of people" (e.g., "the medical profession").
        *   Sense 4: "an occupation requiring special education".
    *   The justification "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" directly supports the "requiring special education" part of Sense 4.

    *   Sense 4 fits the "special education" requirement mentioned in the context.
    *   Sense 1 refers to the collective group. While "the teaching profession" is common, "self-definition as a 'profession'" points more toward the *status* of the occupation.

    *   Wait, let me look at the phrasing again: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'".
    *   If the teachers (plural) are defined as a "profession" (singular), it's referring to the collective.
    *   However, the core of the distinction is whether it's the *group* or the *type of work*.
    *   "Profession" in the sense of "a job that requires high-level education" is Sense 4.
    *   "Profession" in the sense of "the group of people who do that job" is Sense 1.
    *   In "self-definition as a 'profession'", the author is arguing that the *status* of their work is elevated to that of a profession (Sense 4).

    *   Sense 1: "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession" (The group).
    *   Sense 4: "an occupation requiring special education" (The category of job).
    *   The context "since they will have passed courses..." explains *why* it is considered a profession. This aligns perfectly with the definition of Sense 4.

    *   Sense 1: Body of people.
    *   Sense 4: Occupation requiring special education.
    *   The sentence "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'" is slightly clunky, but it means they see their *work* as a profession.

    *   Sense 1: "the medical profession" (The group of doctors).
    *   Sense 4: "law is a profession" (The occupation).
    *   In the context, the author is talking about the *nature* of the work (requiring courses in psychology/philosophy), which makes it a "profession" (Sense 4).

    *   Sense 1: Collective noun.
    *   Sense 4: Type of occupation.
    *   The context emphasizes the *requirements* (courses), which defines the *type* of occupation.

    *   Sense 1: "the body of people in a learned occupation"
    *   Sense 4: "an occupation requiring special education"
    *   The sentence says "self-definition as a 'profession'". This is a bit ambiguous. Does it mean "we are a profession" (the group) or "our work is a profession" (the occupation)?
    *   Given the "since they will have passed courses" part, the focus is on the *criteria* for being a profession. The criteria (special education) are the definition of Sense 4.

    *   Sense 1: "the medical profession"
    *   Sense 4: "an occupation requiring special education"
    *   If I say "Teaching is a profession," I'm using Sense 4.
    *   If I say "The teaching profession is underpaid," I'm using Sense 1.
    *   "self-definition as a 'profession'" -> "We are a profession" (meaning our occupation is one that requires special education). This points to Sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
2. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
3. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
4. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
5. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
6. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
7. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
8. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
10. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
11. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
12. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
13. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
14. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
15. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
16. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
17. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
18. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
19. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone
20. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
21. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
22. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
23. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
24. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
25. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 25}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 25}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `pass`
    *   Target surface form: `passed`
    *   Context: "...since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Meaning: The teachers have successfully completed/passed the required courses.

    *   1: place into hands/custody (hand over) - No.
    *   2: pass time (spend) - No.
    *   3: pass by (elapse) - No.
    *   4: stretch out (extend) - No.
    *   5: go unchallenged (be approved) - No.
    *   6: move past (travel by) - No.
    *   7: make laws (legislate) - No.
    *   8: pass over, across, or through (guide/run) - No.
    *   9: allow to go without comment (ignore) - No.
    *   10: come to pass (happen) - No.
    *   11: grant authorization (authorize) - No.
    *   12: be superior to standard (exceed) - No.
    *   13: transmit information (communicate) - No.
    *   14: pass into a state (sink/lapse) - No.
    *   15: cause to pass (make pass) - No.
    *   16: throw a ball - No.
    *   17: disappear gradually (fade) - No.
    *   18: travel past (overtake) - No.
    *   19: eliminate from body (excrete) - No.
    *   20: go across or through - No.
    *   21: die - No.
    *   22: accept or judge as acceptable (The teacher passed the student) - This is about the *teacher* passing the student.
    *   23: transfer rights/property - No.
    *   24: be inherited by - No.
    *   25: go successfully through a test or a selection process (make it) - Example: "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam".

    *   The context is "passed courses".
    *   Sense 25: "go successfully through a test or a selection process". Completing a course successfully is essentially passing the tests/requirements of that course.
    *   Sense 22: "accept or judge as acceptable". This is the action of the grader/teacher, not the student.

    *   Sense 25 fits perfectly: "go successfully through a test or a selection process". Passing a course is the standard usage of this sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
2. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
4. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
5. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
6. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
7. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
8. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `course`
    *   Target surface form: `courses`
    *   Context: "...since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college..."
    *   Key phrases: "passed courses in educational psychology", "took such courses in college".

    *   Sense 1: connected series of events/actions (e.g., "firm course").
    *   Sense 2: body of students (e.g., "early morning classes").
    *   Sense 3: mode of action (e.g., "course of action").
    *   Sense 4: part of a meal (e.g., "three course meal").
    *   Sense 5: layer of masonry (e.g., "course of bricks").
    *   Sense 6: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings (e.g., "course in basket weaving").
    *   Sense 7: line or route (e.g., "hurricane demolished houses in its path").
    *   Sense 8: general line of orientation (e.g., "southern course").
    *   Sense 9: facility for sport (e.g., "nine holes").

    *   The context refers to "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" and "took such courses in college".
    *   This clearly refers to educational instruction or a series of lessons.
    *   Sense 6 matches this perfectly: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings", synonyms: "course of study, course of instruction, class", example: "he took a course in basket weaving".

    *   Sense 2 is a "body of students" (the people), whereas Sense 6 is the "education imparted" (the curriculum/lessons). The context "passed courses" and "took such courses" refers to the instruction/curriculum, not the group of students.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film
2. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `educational`
    *   Target surface form: `educational`
    *   Context: "...since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `educational%5:00:00:instructive:00`: providing knowledge (e.g., an educational film).
        2.  `educational%3:01:00::`: relating to the process of education (e.g., educational psychology).

    *   The target word "educational" appears in the phrases "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy".
    *   "Educational psychology" is the study of how people learn and the process of education.
    *   It is not "providing knowledge" (instructive) in the sense of a film or a book that teaches you something; rather, it is a field of study *about* education.

    *   Sense 1: "providing knowledge" (instructive). Example: "an educational film".
    *   Sense 2: "relating to the process of education". Example: "educational psychology".

    *   The context "educational psychology" matches the example provided for Sense 2 exactly.