[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republicans
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than <t>Republicans</t> do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of a republic (usually in opposition to a monarchy)
2. sense_key=republican%1:17:00:: | definition=a tributary of the Kansas River that flows from eastern Colorado eastward through Nebraska and Kansas | synonyms=Republican River
3. sense_key=republican%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Republican Party

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `republican`
    *   Target surface form: `Republicans`
    *   Context: The text discusses the lower chamber of Congress, Democratic counterparts, GOP senators, and political philosophy. It compares the behavior of "Republicans" and "Democrats" in the context of US politics (Congress, GOP).
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `republican%1:18:00::`: advocate of a republic (vs monarchy).
        2.  `republican%1:17:00::`: a river (Republican River).
        3.  `republican%1:18:01::`: a member of the Republican Party.

    *   The context mentions "Congress", "Democratic counterparts", "GOP senators", and "House".
    *   "GOP" stands for Grand Old Party, which is a common nickname for the Republican Party in the US.
    *   The comparison is between "Republicans" and "Democrats".
    *   This clearly refers to members of the Republican Party.

    *   Sense 1: General political philosophy (republic vs monarchy). Not specific to the US party system.
    *   Sense 2: A river. Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3: Member of the Republican Party. Fits perfectly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extent
Target surface form: extent
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the <t>extent</t> that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent
2. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `extent`
    *   Target surface form: `extent`
    *   Context: "...Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the <t>extent</t> that such votes reflect national policy making..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `extent%1:07:00::`: distance, area, or volume (physical size).
        2.  `extent%1:26:00::`: point or degree to which something extends (degree/amount).

    *   The phrase is "to the extent that...".
    *   In this context, "to the extent that" means "to the degree that" or "insofar as".
    *   It is referring to the degree to which roll-call votes reflect national policy making.
    *   This is not referring to physical distance, area, or volume.

    *   Sense 1: Physical size (distance, area, volume). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Degree or point to which something extends. (Correct)

    *   The target word "extent" in "to the extent that" clearly maps to the concept of degree or measure, which matches sense 2.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such <t>votes</t> reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `vote`
    *   Target surface form: `votes`
    *   Context: "...Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such <t>votes</t> reflect national policy making..."
    *   Key phrase: "roll-call votes"

    *   Sense 1: Legal right to vote (suffrage). (Incorrect: Not about the right to vote).
    *   Sense 2: The opinion of a group as determined by voting. (Incorrect: "Roll-call votes" refers to the actual events/acts of voting, not just the resulting opinion).
    *   Sense 3: A choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative (synonyms: ballot, voting, balloting). (Correct: A roll-call vote is a specific type of voting process/choice where each member's vote is recorded).
    *   Sense 4: A body of voters with same interests (e.g., the Black vote). (Incorrect: Not referring to a demographic group).
    *   Sense 5: Total number of voters who participated (voter turnout). (Incorrect: Not referring to turnout).

    *   The context mentions "roll-call votes". A roll-call vote is a procedure where the names of voters are called and their choices are recorded. This fits the definition of "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative" (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reflect
Target surface form: reflect
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes <t>reflect</t> national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reflect%2:32:01:: | definition=give evidence of a certain behavior | examples=His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him
2. sense_key=reflect%2:39:00:: | definition=to throw or bend back (from a surface) | synonyms=reverberate | examples=Sound is reflected well in this auditorium
3. sense_key=reflect%2:43:00:: | definition=be bright by reflecting or casting light | synonyms=shine | examples=Drive carefully--the wet road reflects
4. sense_key=reflect%2:39:01:: | definition=manifest or bring back | examples=This action reflects his true beliefs
5. sense_key=reflect%2:32:00:: | definition=give evidence of the quality of | examples=The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student
6. sense_key=reflect%2:39:02:: | definition=show an image of | examples=her sunglasses reflected his image
7. sense_key=reflect%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `reflect`
    *   Target surface form: `reflect`
    *   Context: "...Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes <t>reflect</t> national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

    *   The sentence discusses roll-call votes and their relationship to "national policy making."
    *   The phrase "such votes reflect national policy making" means that the votes are representative of, manifest, or indicate the process/nature of national policy making.

    *   Sense 1: `give evidence of a certain behavior` (Example: "reflects badly on him") - This is usually about judgment or reputation.
    *   Sense 2: `to throw or bend back (from a surface)` (Physical reflection) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: `be bright by reflecting or casting light` (Physical reflection) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: `manifest or bring back` (Example: "This action reflects his true beliefs") - This means to be a sign of or to represent.
    *   Sense 5: `give evidence of the quality of` (Example: "The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student") - Similar to Sense 1, often implies a judgment.
    *   Sense 6: `show an image of` (Physical reflection) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 7: `reflect deeply on a subject` (Think/ponder) - Not applicable.

    *   The context is "votes reflect national policy making."
    *   Does it mean "give evidence of a certain behavior" (Sense 1)? Not exactly.
    *   Does it mean "manifest or bring back" (Sense 4)? Yes, the votes manifest or represent the process of national policy making.
    *   Does it mean "give evidence of the quality of" (Sense 5)? Not really.

    *   Sense 4: "manifest or bring back" (Example: "This action reflects his true beliefs").
    *   In the context "votes reflect national policy making," the votes are a manifestation or representation of the policy-making process. This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1 and 5 usually involve "reflect on [someone/something]" in a way that suggests a judgment of character or quality.
    *   Sense 4 is about one thing being a sign or representation of another.

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect <t>national</t> policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
2. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin
3. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
4. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
5. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `national`
    *   Target surface form: `national`
    *   Context: "...to the extent that such votes reflect <t>national</t> policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."
    *   Key contrast: "local benefit-seeking" vs. "national policy making".

    *   Sense 1: owned or maintained for the public by the national government (e.g., national parks). -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 2: of or relating to nationality (e.g., national origin). -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 3: of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country (e.g., national hero; national anthem). -> *Possible, but general.*
    *   Sense 4: concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country (e.g., the national government; national elections). -> *Strong candidate. "National policy making" concerns the entire nation, contrasting with "local benefit-seeking".*
    *   Sense 5: limited to or in the interests of a particular nation (e.g., national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy). -> *Incorrect (this is about nationalism/isolationism).*
    *   Sense 6: characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation (e.g., a national trait). -> *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 7: inside the country (synonyms: home, interior, internal). -> *Incorrect.*

    *   The context contrasts "local benefit-seeking" (narrow constituent concerns) with "national policy making".
    *   "National policy making" refers to policies that apply to the entire country, not just a specific local district.
    *   Sense 4 ("concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 is more about identity or symbols (hero, anthem).

    *   Sense 4: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country".
    *   Example: "the national government; national elections".
    *   This aligns with "national policy making" in the context of a legislative body (Congress) making decisions for the whole country.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national <t>policy</t> making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy
3. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `policy`
    *   Target surface form: `policy`
    *   Context: "...national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress... such votes reflect national <t>policy</t> making..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `policy%1:10:00::`: a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government.
        2.  `policy%1:10:02::`: written contract or certificate of insurance.
        3.  `policy%1:09:00::`: a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group.

    *   The context discusses "national policy making" in the context of Congress, legislators, and government action.
    *   It contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making."
    *   Sense 2 (insurance) is clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 1 refers to a "line of argument rationalizing the course of action."
    *   Sense 3 refers to a "plan of action adopted by an individual or social group."

    *   "National policy making" refers to the process of creating plans of action for the country (the social group/government).
    *   While Sense 1 mentions "government," it focuses on the *argument rationalizing* the action, whereas "policy making" usually refers to the creation of the *plan of action* itself.
    *   Sense 3 is a broader and more standard definition for "policy" in the sense of government policy (a plan of action).

    *   Sense 1: "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government"
    *   Sense 3: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group"
    *   In "national policy making," the "policy" being made is the plan of action for the nation.

    *   Sense 3 is the most fitting for "national policy making."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy <t>making</t> and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
2. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake
3. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `making`
    *   Target surface form: `making`
    *   Context: "...national policy <t>making</t>..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `making%1:07:00::` (qualification)
        2.  `making%1:06:00::` (components needed for making something)
        3.  `making%1:04:00::` (the act that results in something coming to be; devising, fashioning)

    *   The phrase is "national policy making".
    *   "Policy making" refers to the process of creating, devising, or establishing policies.
    *   This aligns with the act of bringing something (a policy) into existence.

    *   Sense 1: Qualification (e.g., "qualifications for the job"). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: Components (e.g., "makings for a chocolate cake"). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: The act that results in something coming to be (e.g., "devising of plans"). This fits perfectly with "policy making" (the act of devising policies).

    *   Sense 3 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
2. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
4. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
5. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `vote`
    *   Target surface form: `votes`
    *   Context: "...Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

    *   Sense 1: A body of voters with same interests (e.g., "the Black vote").
    *   Sense 2: Total number of voters who participated (voter turnout).
    *   Sense 3: The opinion of a group as determined by voting (e.g., "put the question to a vote").
    *   Sense 4: Legal right to vote (suffrage).
    *   Sense 5: A choice made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative (ballot, voting, balloting).

    *   The context mentions "roll-call votes".
    *   A "roll-call vote" is a specific procedure in a legislative body where each member's vote is recorded.
    *   The sentence discusses "attendance rates on roll-call votes" and "participating in such votes".
    *   This refers to the actual act of voting on a specific motion or bill (the process of balloting/voting).

    *   Sense 1 (body of voters): No.
    *   Sense 2 (turnout): No.
    *   Sense 3 (opinion of a group): This is close, but "roll-call votes" usually refers to the events/acts of voting themselves rather than the final collective opinion.
    *   Sense 4 (right to vote): No.
    *   Sense 5 (a choice made by counting... ballot, voting, balloting): This fits best. A roll-call vote is a specific type of ballot/voting process.

    *   "roll-call votes" -> "participating in such votes".
    *   Participating in a "ballot" or "voting process" (Sense 5) makes more sense than participating in an "opinion" (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 5: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative" (synonyms: ballot, voting, balloting).
    *   A roll-call vote is exactly this: a process of counting who is for or against a motion.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the <t>time</t> a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
2. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
3. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
4. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
5. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years
6. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
7. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
8. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
9. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
10. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "time"
    *   Target surface form: "time"
    *   Context: "...participating in such votes takes away from the <t>time</t> a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

    *   Sense 1: rhythm/meter (music/poetry) - No.
    *   Sense 2: continuum of experience (general concept of time) - No.
    *   Sense 3: a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something (e.g., "take time to smell the roses", "didn't have time to finish") - This fits well. The legislator has a limited amount of time (resource) to allocate between voting and local benefit-seeking.
    *   Sense 4: clock time (e.g., "what time is it?") - No.
    *   Sense 5: prison term - No.
    *   Sense 6: a suitable moment (e.g., "it is time to go") - No.
    *   Sense 7: an indefinite period (e.g., "a long time") - Possible, but Sense 3 is more specific to the "resource" aspect ("takes away from the time... devote to").
    *   Sense 8: an instance or single occasion (e.g., "four times") - No.
    *   Sense 9: a person's experience (e.g., "had a good time") - No.
    *   Sense 10: fourth dimension - No.

    *   The phrase "takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to" strongly implies that time is being treated as a limited resource.
    *   Sense 3 specifically defines time as "a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something."

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: devote
Target surface form: devote
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise <t>devote</t> to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=devote%2:40:00:: | definition=set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use | examples=this land was devoted to mining
2. sense_key=devote%2:31:00:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=give, pay | examples=give thought to; give priority to
3. sense_key=devote%2:32:00:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=give, dedicate, consecrate, commit | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `devote`
    *   Target surface form: `devote`
    *   Context: "...participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise <t>devote</t> to local benefit - seeking."

    *   Sense 1: `set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use` (Example: land devoted to mining). This usually refers to physical space or resources.
    *   Sense 2: `dedicate` (Synonyms: give, pay; Examples: give thought to; give priority to). This often refers to attention or thought.
    *   Sense 3: `give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause` (Synonyms: give, dedicate, consecrate, commit; Examples: She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause). This refers to committing time, effort, or oneself to an activity.

    *   The phrase is "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."
    *   The object being devoted is "time."
    *   The purpose is "local benefit-seeking" (an activity).
    *   Sense 1 is about physical space/resources (land).
    *   Sense 2 is about attention/thought (give thought to).
    *   Sense 3 is about giving time/effort/oneself to an activity or cause.

    *   Sense 3 fits best because it describes committing time to an activity ("local benefit-seeking"). While Sense 2 mentions "give priority to," Sense 3's "give entirely to a specific... activity" aligns better with the allocation of time to a specific task/goal.

    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 2: `dedicate` (synonyms: give, pay). Examples: "give thought to", "give priority to".
    *   Sense 3: `give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause`.
    *   In the context "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking", the legislator is allocating their time to an activity.
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions "activity".
    *   Sense 2 is more about mental focus or priority.
    *   Sense 1 is about physical allocation.

    *   Sense 3 is the most appropriate for "devoting time to an activity".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to <t>local</t> benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `local`
    *   Target surface form: `local`
    *   Context: "...participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to <t>local</t> benefit - seeking."
    *   Broader context: The text discusses members of Congress (House and Senate), "national policy making" vs. "local benefit-seeking," "narrow constituent concerns," and "personal staff budgets."

    *   Sense 1: `local%3:00:02::` - affecting only a restricted part or area of the body (e.g., local anesthesia). -> *Incorrect (medical context).*
    *   Sense 2: `local%3:01:01::` - of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood (e.g., local customs; local schools). -> *Possible, but more general/descriptive.*
    *   Sense 3: `local%3:00:01::` - relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area (e.g., local taxes; local authorities). -> *Strong candidate, as it contrasts with "national policy making" and refers to the administration/benefit of a specific district/constituency.*

    *   The text explicitly contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making."
    *   It mentions "narrow constituent concerns."
    *   In the context of a legislator (member of Congress), "local" refers to their specific district or state (the administrative area they represent) as opposed to the nation as a whole.
    *   Sense 3 specifically mentions "administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area," which fits the political/administrative contrast between district-level (local) and national-level policy.
    *   Sense 2 is more about characteristics (customs, schools) rather than the administrative/political scope.

    *   Sense 3 is the most precise fit for the political context of a legislator serving a specific district/area in contrast to national interests.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: indicate
Target surface form: indicate
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data <t>indicate</t>, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work
3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis
5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `indicate`
    *   Target surface form: `indicate`
    *   Context: "This is indeed what the data <t>indicate</t>, particularly in the case of the House."
    *   Surrounding context: The author is discussing empirical support for a theory. They mention evidence (GOP senators' staff budgets) and a prediction (Democrats should have lower attendance rates). Then they say, "This is indeed what the data indicate..."

    *   Sense 1: `suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine` (Medical context - Not applicable).
    *   Sense 2: `give evidence of` (Synonyms: `argue`; Example: "The results indicate the need for more work").
    *   Sense 3: `to state or express briefly` (Example: "indicated his wishes in a letter" - Not applicable).
    *   Sense 4: `be a signal for or a symptom of` (Synonyms: `bespeak`, `betoken`, `point`, `signal`; Example: "These symptoms indicate a serious illness" - Usually refers to signs/symptoms).
    *   Sense 5: `indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively` (Synonyms: `point`, `designate`, `show`; Example: "He pointed to the empty parking space" - Not applicable).

    *   The sentence is "This is indeed what the data indicate".
    *   "Data" are providing evidence for a hypothesis/prediction.
    *   Sense 2 ("give evidence of") fits perfectly. The example "The results indicate the need for more work" is very similar to "the data indicate [the prediction]".
    *   Sense 4 ("be a signal for or a symptom of") is closer to signs/symptoms of a condition rather than empirical data supporting a theory.

    *   Sense 2: `give evidence of` (Synonym: `argue`).
    *   Context: "This is indeed what the data indicate" (The data give evidence of the prediction).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: case
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the <t>case</t> of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
2. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
3. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
4. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
5. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
6. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
7. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
8. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
9. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
10. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine
11. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
12. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
13. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
14. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
15. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
16. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
17. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
20. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "case"
    *   Context: "This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the <t>case</t> of the House."
    *   Sentence meaning: The data shows a specific pattern (Democratic House attendance rate lower than Republican), and this pattern is especially evident when looking at the House of Representatives.

    *   1: Enveloping structure (biological) - No.
    *   2: Legal proceeding - No.
    *   3: Problem requiring investigation (mystery) - No.
    *   4: Type size/style - No.
    *   5: Pillowcase - No.
    *   6: Grammatical case - No.
    *   7: Eccentric person - No.
    *   8: Actual state of things ("that was not the case") - No.
    *   9: Temporary state of mind - No.
    *   10: Display case - No.
    *   11: An occurrence of something (instance, example) - "particularly in the instance of the House" / "particularly in the example of the House". This fits well.
    *   12: Housing/outer covering - No.
    *   13: Special set of circumstances (event) - "in which case" - No.
    *   14: Person requiring professional services - No.
    *   15: Portable container - No.
    *   16: Door/window frame - No.
    *   17: Person subjected to experimental procedures - No.
    *   18: Printing receptacle - No.
    *   19: Quantity in a case - No.
    *   20: Statement of facts for an argument - No.

    *   The phrase "in the case of [something]" is a common idiom meaning "with regard to" or "as an example of".
    *   Sense 11: "an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example".
    *   Let's check if Sense 13 ("a special set of circumstances") fits better. Sense 13 is often used as "in which case" or "in that case".
    *   Let's check Sense 11 again. "particularly in the instance of the House". This is a very standard usage of "case" as an example or instance.

    *   "This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House."
    *   Substitute "instance": "...particularly in the instance of the House." (Works)
    *   Substitute "example": "...particularly in the example of the House." (Works)
    *   Substitute "event": "...particularly in the event of the House." (Doesn't work)
    *   Substitute "state of things": "...particularly in the actual state of things of the House." (Doesn't work)

    Sense 11 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The <t>Democratic</t> House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
2. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `democratic`
    *   Target surface form: `Democratic`
    *   Context: "The <t>Democratic</t> House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses "Democratic legislators," "Republican colleagues," "GOP senators," and "Democrats." It's clearly comparing the Democratic Party and the Republican Party in the US Congress.

    *   Sense 1: `democratic%3:01:00::` | definition: "belong to or relating to the Democratic Party" | examples: "Democratic senator"
    *   Sense 2: `democratic%3:00:00::` | definition: "characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality" | examples: "democratic government; a democratic country"
    *   Sense 3: `democratic%5:00:00:common:01` | definition: "representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large" | synonyms: "popular" | examples: "democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement"

    *   The context explicitly mentions "Democratic legislators," "Republican colleagues," and "GOP senators."
    *   The specific sentence "The Democratic House attendance rate" refers to the attendance rate of members of the Democratic Party in the House of Representatives.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1 ("belong to or relating to the Democratic Party").

    *   Sense 1: Democratic Party (Correct)
    *   Sense 2: Principles of democracy (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Popular/for the people (Incorrect)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
2. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `attendance`
    *   Target surface form: `attendance`
    *   Context: "The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Surrounding context: "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do..."

    *   Sense 1: `attendance%1:28:00::` | definition: "the frequency with which a person is present" | example: "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade"
    *   Sense 2: `attendance%1:04:00::` | definition: "the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)" | synonyms: "attending"
    *   Sense 3: `attendance%1:14:00::` | definition: "the number of people that are present" | example: "attendance was up by 50 per cent"

    *   The text discusses "attendance rates on roll-call votes".
    *   It compares the "Democratic House attendance rate" with the "Republican House attendance rate".
    *   An "attendance rate" typically refers to the percentage of time/events a person (or group of people) was present.
    *   Sense 1 ("the frequency with which a person is present") fits the concept of a "rate" (frequency/percentage).
    *   Sense 2 ("the act of being present") is the general action, not a rate.
    *   Sense 3 ("the number of people that are present") refers to a count (e.g., "attendance at the concert was 50,000"), not a rate of presence over time or events.

    *   The context is about how often legislators are present for votes.
    *   "Attendance rate" = frequency of presence.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "frequency with which a person is present". While the context refers to a group (Democratic House), the rate is derived from the frequency of individual members' presence.

    *   Sense 1: Frequency (Rate) -> Matches "attendance rate".
    *   Sense 2: Act of being present -> Doesn't fit "rate".
    *   Sense 3: Number of people -> Doesn't fit "rate" in the context of comparing party habits over time (it's not about how many people showed up to one specific event, but the rate of attendance across many votes).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate
2. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
3. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
4. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `rate`
    *   Target surface form: `rate`
    *   Context: "The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `rate%1:24:00::`: a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure (e.g., literacy rate, retention rate).
        2.  `rate%1:07:00::`: the relative speed of progress or change (synonym: pace).
        3.  `rate%1:21:00::`: amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis (synonym: charge per unit).
        4.  `rate%1:28:00::`: a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit (e.g., 55 miles per hour).

    *   The phrase is "attendance rate".
    *   Attendance rate typically refers to the proportion of people who attend out of the total number of people expected to attend (or the proportion of votes attended out of total votes).
    *   This is a proportion/percentage.

    *   Sense 1: "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure". Examples: "literacy rate", "retention rate". This fits "attendance rate" perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "relative speed of progress or change". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "amount of a charge or payment". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit". While attendance happens over time, an "attendance rate" in this context (comparing Democrats and Republicans) is a proportion of total possible attendance, not a speed (like "votes per hour").

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the <t>Republican</t> House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `republican`
    *   Target surface form: `Republican`
    *   Context: The text discusses "Democratic legislators" vs. "Republican colleagues," "GOP senators," "congressional Republicans," and "Republican House attendance rate."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `republican%3:01:01::`: relating to or belonging to the Republican Party (e.g., "a Republican senator").
        2.  `republican%5:00:00:democratic:00`: having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens (republican form of government).

    *   The context explicitly mentions "Democratic legislators," "GOP senators" (GOP = Grand Old Party, a nickname for the Republican Party), and "congressional Republicans."
    *   The comparison is between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party in the US government.
    *   The target word "Republican" in "Republican House attendance rate" refers to the members of the Republican Party.

    *   Sense 1: Relating to the Republican Party. (Matches perfectly).
    *   Sense 2: Relating to a republic/republicanism (the system of government). (Does not match the specific party context).

    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House <t>attendance</t> rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `attendance`
    *   Target surface form: `attendance`
    *   Context: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `attendance%1:04:00::`: the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)
        2.  `attendance%1:28:00::`: the frequency with which a person is present (Example: a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade)
        3.  `attendance%1:14:00::`: the number of people that are present (Example: attendance was up by 50 per cent)

    *   The sentence discusses "attendance rate" for Democratic and Republican House members.
    *   An "attendance rate" refers to how often members are present for roll-call votes.
    *   This is a measure of frequency/consistency of presence over time, not a count of people at a single event, nor the general act of being present.

    *   Sense 1: "the act of being present" - Too general.
    *   Sense 2: "the frequency with which a person is present" - This fits perfectly. An "attendance rate" is a measure of frequency.
    *   Sense 3: "the number of people that are present" - This refers to a headcount (e.g., "attendance at the game was 50,000"). The context is about a *rate* (percentage of votes attended), not a total number of people.

    *   The context "attendance rate" strongly aligns with "the frequency with which a person is present" (Sense 2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate
2. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `rate`
    *   Target surface form: `rate`
    *   Context: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `rate%1:24:00::`: a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure (e.g., literacy rate, retention rate).
        2.  `rate%1:28:00::`: a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit (e.g., 55 miles per hour, rate of change).
        3.  `rate%1:07:00::`: the relative speed of progress or change (synonym: pace).
        4.  `rate%1:21:00::`: amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis (synonym: charge per unit).

    *   The phrase is "attendance rate".
    *   Attendance rate typically refers to the percentage of expected attendances that actually occurred (e.g., number of votes attended / total number of votes).
    *   This is a proportion (a quantity considered as a proportion of another quantity).

    *   Sense 1: "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure" (Examples: literacy rate, retention rate). This fits "attendance rate" perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit" (Example: 55 miles per hour). This is about speed or frequency over time, not a proportion of a total.
    *   Sense 3: "the relative speed of progress or change" (Synonym: pace). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "amount of a charge or payment" (Synonym: charge per unit). Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit for "attendance rate".