[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: ideas
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
5. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `idea`
    *   Target surface form: `ideas`
    *   Context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants)."

    *   Sense 1: (music) melodic subject of a musical composition. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: a personal view. (Incorrect - not about a personal opinion)
    *   Sense 3: an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth. (Incorrect - not an estimate)
    *   Sense 4: the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about. (Synonym: thought). In the context of "creation of ideas" leading to "economic growth" and "Nobel prize winners" and "founding companies," this refers to intellectual concepts, innovations, or thoughts.
    *   Sense 5: your intention; what you intend to do. (Incorrect - not about a specific plan or intention)

    *   The context discusses immigrants contributing to "the creation of ideas and to economic growth."
    *   Examples given: Nobel prize winners, founders of Google, Intel, etc.
    *   This refers to intellectual output, innovation, and conceptual thoughts.
    *   Sense 4 ("the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about") is the broadest and most fitting sense for intellectual concepts/innovations in this context.

    *   Sense 1: Music (No)
    *   Sense 2: Personal view/opinion (No)
    *   Sense 3: Estimate (No)
    *   Sense 4: Thought/Cognition (Yes - fits innovation/intellectual creation)
    *   Sense 5: Intention (No)


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
2. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
3. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
4. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance
5. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `proportion`
    *   Target surface form: `proportion`
    *   Context: "...a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `proportion%1:07:00::`: magnitude or extent (e.g., "building of vast proportions")
        2.  `proportion%1:25:00::`: balance among the parts of something (symmetry)
        3.  `proportion%1:24:01::`: the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree (synonym: ratio; example: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations")
        4.  `proportion%1:07:01::`: harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (proportionality, balance)
        5.  `proportion%1:24:00::`: the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole (mathematical definition)

    *   The phrase is "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants".
    *   This refers to a part of a group (naturalised immigrants) relative to the whole group.
    *   It describes a quantity or ratio.

    *   Sense 1 (magnitude/extent) is usually used for size (e.g., "vast proportions"). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 2 (balance/symmetry) is about aesthetics or structural balance. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3 (relation between things/parts w.r.t. comparative quantity/ratio) fits well. The example "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations" is structurally very similar to "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are...".
    *   Sense 4 (harmonious arrangement) is about design. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5 (the quotient) is the strict mathematical definition. While "proportion" can be a quotient, in general usage like "a large proportion of...", it's usually referring to the relation/ratio (Sense 3) rather than the specific numerical quotient result.

    *   Sense 3: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree" (Synonym: ratio).
    *   Sense 5: "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole".
    *   In the sentence "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants", the author is talking about the relative size of the group of Nobel prize winners among naturalised immigrants. This is a comparative quantity/ratio. Sense 3 is the standard usage for "a [size] proportion of [group]".

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `american`
    *   Target surface form: `American`
    *   Context: "...a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `american%3:01:01::`: of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture.
        2.  `american%3:01:00::`: of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas.

    *   The sentence mentions "American Nobel prize winners" and lists companies like "Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo".
    *   These companies are all based in the United States.
    *   "American Nobel prize winners" in this context refers to winners from the USA, especially given the mention of naturalized immigrants (who become citizens of a specific country).

    *   Sense 1 refers specifically to the USA.
    *   Sense 2 refers to the Americas (North and South America).
    *   The context (US-based companies, naturalized citizens) strongly points to the USA.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `winner`
    *   Target surface form: `winners`
    *   Context: "...a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `winner%1:18:00::`: the contestant who wins the contest (synonym: victor)
        2.  `winner%1:18:01::`: a gambler who wins a bet
        3.  `winner%1:18:02::`: a person with a record of successes (synonyms: achiever, success, succeeder)

    *   The phrase is "Nobel prize winners".
    *   A Nobel Prize is an award given to people who have achieved something extraordinary in their field.
    *   While it's an "award" (which might seem like a "contest"), the Nobel Prize is not a "contest" in the sense of a race or a game (sense 1). It's an recognition of achievement.
    *   Sense 1: "the contestant who wins the contest".
    *   Sense 3: "a person with a record of successes" / "achiever".
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate. Is a Nobel Prize winner a "contestant who wins a contest" or an "achiever"?
    *   Usually, "winner" in the context of a prize/award is mapped to the person who receives the prize.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for sense 1: "victor". A Nobel laureate is not typically called a "victor".
    *   Let's look at sense 3: "achiever, success, succeeder". A Nobel laureate is definitely an achiever.
    *   However, in common WordNet usage, "winner" of a prize is often sense 1 (the person who wins). But is the Nobel Prize a "contest"?
    *   Let's compare:
        *   Sense 1: "the contestant who wins the contest"
        *   Sense 3: "a person with a record of successes"
    *   If I say "the winner of the lottery", that's sense 1.
    *   If I say "the winner of the Nobel Prize", is that a contest? Not really.
    *   If I say "He is a winner", meaning he is successful in life, that's sense 3.
    *   In the phrase "Nobel prize winners", it refers to the specific individuals who were awarded the prize.
    *   Let's look at sense 1 again: "the contestant who wins the contest".
    *   Let's look at sense 3 again: "a person with a record of successes".
    *   Actually, "Nobel prize winner" is a standard term for someone who won the prize. Is winning a prize "winning a contest"? In a broad sense, yes.
    *   But let's look at the context of the paragraph. The paragraph is about the positive contributions of immigrants (economic growth, ideas, founding companies). This emphasizes *achievement* and *success*.
    *   "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners"
    *   If we use sense 1, we are focusing on the act of winning the prize.
    *   If we use sense 3, we are focusing on the status of being a successful person.
    *   However, "Nobel prize winner" is a specific title.
    *   Let's check WordNet's typical mapping for "prize winner".
    *   Usually, "winner" in "prize winner" is sense 1 (the person who wins).
    *   Wait, let me re-read sense 1: "the contestant who wins the contest".
    *   Is a Nobel Prize a contest? No.
    *   Is a Nobel Prize winner a "person with a record of successes"? Yes.
    *   Let's look at the examples for sense 3: "his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply". This refers to a general trait of success.
    *   Let's look at sense 1 again. "the contestant who wins the contest".
    *   If sense 1 is too narrow ("contestant", "contest"), and sense 3 is too general ("record of successes"), which one fits better?
    *   Actually, in many WSD datasets, "winner" of an award is mapped to the "contestant/contest" sense because "winning" is the action.
    *   But "Nobel prize winner" is almost synonymous with "Nobel laureate".
    *   Let's think about the word "winner" in "Nobel prize winner". It's not that they competed in a contest; it's that they were selected for their achievement.
    *   If I have to choose between "contestant who wins a contest" and "person with a record of successes", "person with a record of successes" (achiever) feels closer to the spirit of a Nobel Prize, but "winner" in "prize winner" is literally the person who won.
    *   Let's re-examine sense 1: "the contestant who wins the contest".
    *   Let's re-examine sense 3: "a person with a record of successes".
    *   In the context of "Nobel prize winners", they are people who have achieved the highest level of success in their field.
    *   Let's search for how "Nobel prize winner" is typically disambiguated.
    *   Often, "winner" in "prize winner" is treated as sense 1. But "contest" is a very specific word.
    *   Wait, let's look at the synonyms for sense 3: "achiever, success, succeeder".
    *   A Nobel prize winner is the epitome of an "achiever".
    *   Let's look at the context again: "...diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants)."
    *   The parallel here is between Nobel prize winners and the founders of Google, Intel, etc. Both are examples of high achievement and success.
    *   This strongly points towards sense 3 (achiever/success).

    *   Sense 1: Contestant/Contest. (Too narrow/incorrect for Nobel Prize).
    *   Sense 2: Gambler. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: Person with a record of successes/Achiever. (Fits the context of Nobel laureates and company founders).

    *   Is a Nobel Prize a contest? No.
    *   Is a Nobel Prize winner an achiever? Yes.
    *   Does the context emphasize achievement? Yes.

    *   Sense 1: "the contestant who wins the contest"
    *   Sense 3: "a person with a record of successes"
    *   If the text said "the winner of the 100m sprint", it would be sense 1.
    *   If the text says "Nobel prize winners", it's referring to people who have achieved something.
    *   Therefore, sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yahoo
Target surface form: Yahoo
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: | definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: | definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `yahoo`
    *   Target surface form: `Yahoo`
    *   Context: "...whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `yahoo%1:18:01::`: a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture (yokel, rube, etc.)
        2.  `yahoo%1:18:00::`: a race of brutes in a novel by Jonathan Swift.
        3.  `yahoo%1:10:00::`: a widely used search engine for the web.

    *   The word "Yahoo" appears in a list of companies: "Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo".
    *   These are all well-known technology companies.
    *   The context discusses immigrants founding these companies.

    *   Sense 1 (unintelligent person) does not fit.
    *   Sense 2 (Swift's brutes) does not fit.
    *   Sense 3 (search engine/web company) fits perfectly.

    *   The correct sense index is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contributor
Target surface form: contributors
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `contributor`
    *   Target surface form: `contributors`
    *   Context: "Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."
    *   Further context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

    *   Sense 1: `someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money` (synonym: subscriber).
    *   Sense 2: `a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book`.

    *   The text discusses immigrants' impact on wages, economic growth, and social systems.
    *   Specifically, it mentions "net contributors to social systems" and "net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets".
    *   This clearly refers to financial contributions (taxes, social security payments) rather than writing for a publication.

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly (someone who contributes a sum of money).
    *   Sense 2 does not fit at all.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `budget`
    *   Target surface form: `budgets`
    *   Context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

    *   Sense 1: `a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose` (e.g., "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year").
    *   Sense 2: `a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them` (e.g., "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress").

    *   The text mentions "total budgets of European countries" and "public budgets".
    *   It discusses "net contribution (receipts less expenditure)".
    *   In the context of "total budgets of European countries", it refers to the overall financial resources/funds available to the state (the sum of money), rather than the *document* or *proposal* (the summary of intended expenditures).
    *   While "budget" can mean the plan (Sense 2), in the phrase "1% of the total budgets", it refers to the actual amount of money (the pool of funds) that the social systems/countries operate with.

    *   Sense 1: Sum of money allocated.
    *   Sense 2: Summary/Plan of expenditures.
    *   "1% of the total budgets" refers to the financial volume/amount. This aligns better with Sense 1 (the sum of money) than Sense 2 (the document/proposal).

    *   Sense 1: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" -> Public budgets are sums of money allocated for public purposes.
    *   Sense 2: "a summary of intended expenditures..." -> The text isn't talking about the *proposal* or the *document* submitted to a legislature, but the actual financial capacity/total funds.

    *   The context "net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets" strongly suggests the financial pool (Sense 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: Labor
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
2. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
3. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
4. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
5. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings
6. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
7. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `labor`
    *   Target surface form: `Labor`
    *   Context: "The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `labor%1:14:02::`: British Labour Party.
        2.  `labor%1:14:00::`: Social class (working class, proletariat).
        3.  `labor%1:14:04::`: Organized attempt by workers (labor movement).
        4.  `labor%1:04:00::`: Productive work (physical work for wages).
        5.  `labor%1:04:01::`: Any piece of work (undertaking, project).
        6.  `labor%1:26:00::`: Childbirth.
        7.  `labor%1:14:01::`: US Department of Labor.

    *   The phrase is "The World Labor Organisation" (likely referring to the International Labour Organization - ILO).
    *   The context discusses wages, immigrants, economic growth, and contributions to social systems.
    *   The "World Labor Organisation" is an organization concerned with labor standards, workers' rights, and the workforce.

    *   Sense 1: Political party (UK). No.
    *   Sense 2: Social class (working class/proletariat). The "World Labor Organisation" is an organization *for* or *about* labor (the workforce/working class).
    *   Sense 3: Organized attempt by workers (labor movement).
    *   Sense 4: Productive work.
    *   Sense 5: A project.
    *   Sense 6: Childbirth.
    *   Sense 7: US Department of Labor.

    *   The "World Labor Organisation" (ILO) deals with the workforce, employment, and workers' rights.
    *   Looking at the senses again:
        *   Sense 2: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat).
        *   Sense 4: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)".
    *   In the name "World Labor Organisation", "Labor" refers to the workforce/working class as a collective entity or the concept of employment/work.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 (the class of people) and Sense 4 (the act of working).
    *   Usually, "Labor" in "Department of Labor" or "International Labour Organization" refers to the workforce/working class (Sense 2) or the general field of work/employment.
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 2: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages".
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 4: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)".
    *   The ILO (International Labour Organization) is an agency of the UN that sets international labor standards. These standards apply to the *workers* (the labor force).
    *   In many contexts, "labor" as a collective noun for workers is Sense 2.

    *   Sense 2: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat).
    *   Sense 4: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)".
    *   If we say "labor shortage", we mean a shortage of *workers* (Sense 2).
    *   If we say "hard labor", we mean *work* (Sense 4).
    *   "World Labor Organisation" is an organization for the *workers* (the labor force).
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate fit for the collective workforce.

    *   Wait, let me double-check if there's a better fit.
    *   Sense 1: Party. No.
    *   Sense 3: Movement. No.
    *   Sense 7: US Dept. No.
    *   Sense 2 vs Sense 4.
    *   "Labor" in "International Labour Organization" refers to the workforce.
    *   Sense 2: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages".
    *   Sense 4: "productive work".
    *   The organization is not for "productive work" itself, but for the people who do it (the labor force).

    *   Sense 2: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages"
    *   Example: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" -> This refers to the people.
    *   "World Labor Organisation" -> Organization for the people who work.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organisation
Target surface form: Organisation
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organisation%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, system | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here
2. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, system | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
3. sense_key=organisation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business | synonyms=organization | examples=he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department
4. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who work together | synonyms=organization
5. sense_key=organisation%1:04:01:: | definition=the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically | synonyms=organization | examples=his organization of the work force was very efficient
6. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
7. sense_key=organisation%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, formation, organization | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `organisation`
    *   Target surface form: `Organisation`
    *   Context: "The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `organisation%1:07:00::`: ordered manner/orderliness.
        2.  `organisation%1:09:00::`: organized structure for arranging/classifying.
        3.  `organisation%1:04:00::`: act of organizing a business/activity.
        4.  `organisation%1:14:00::`: a group of people who work together.
        5.  `organisation%1:04:01::`: activity/result of distributing persons/things.
        6.  `organisation%1:14:01::`: persons/committees who make up a body for administering something (administration/governance).
        7.  `organisation%1:04:02::`: act of forming or establishing something.

    *   The phrase is "The World Labor Organisation".
    *   This refers to an international body/entity (the International Labour Organization, though spelled "World Labor Organisation" here).
    *   It is a group of people/entities working together as a formal entity.

    *   Sense 1: Orderliness (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Structure for classifying (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Act of organizing (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: A group of people who work together (Correct - this fits the definition of an organization as an entity/institution).
    *   Sense 5: Activity of distributing (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: The administration/governing body (Close, but "World Labor Organisation" refers to the organization as a whole, not just its administration).
    *   Sense 7: Act of forming (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 4: "a group of people who work together" (synonym: organization). This is the standard definition for an institution or agency.
    *   Sense 6: "the persons... who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" (synonyms: administration, governance). This refers more to the *leadership* or the *administrative arm* of an organization.

    The "World Labor Organisation" is the entity itself, which fits Sense 4 best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `age`
    *   Target surface form: `age`
    *   Context: "...an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `age%1:28:02::`: an era of history (e.g., "litigious age").
        2.  `age%1:28:03::`: a prolonged period of time (e.g., "for ages").
        3.  `age%1:28:00::`: a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises (e.g., "school age").
        4.  `age%1:07:00::`: how long something has existed (e.g., "replaced because of its age").
        5.  `age%1:28:01::`: a late time of life (e.g., "old age").

    *   The phrase is "at the age of 30".
    *   This refers to the specific point in a person's life measured in years.

    *   Sense 1: Era of history. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Long time. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: A time of life (usually defined in years). (Correct - fits "age of 30")
    *   Sense 4: Duration of existence. (Incorrect - this is more about the total age of an object or person, not a specific point in time like "at the age of X")
    *   Sense 5: Old age. (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit for "at the age of [number]".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contribution
Target surface form: contribution
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01:: | definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story
2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01:: | definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest
3. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00:: | definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | synonyms=donation
4. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00:: | definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | synonyms=donation
5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=part, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `contribution`
    *   Target surface form: `contribution`
    *   Context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

    *   Sense 1: A writing for publication (article/story). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: An amount of money contributed. (Example: "he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest").
    *   Sense 3: A voluntary gift (money, service, ideas) made to some worthwhile cause. (Synonym: donation).
    *   Sense 4: Act of giving in common with others for a common purpose, especially to a charity. (Synonym: donation).
    *   Sense 5: The part played by a person in bringing about a result. (Synonyms: part, share).

    *   The context mentions "a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets".
    *   This refers to a specific sum of money (150,000 Euros).
    *   It is not a "voluntary gift" (Sense 3) or a "donation to charity" (Sense 4), as it's about taxes/receipts vs. expenditure in public budgets.
    *   It is not a "writing" (Sense 1).
    *   It is not the "part played in bringing about a result" (Sense 5), although the immigrant's presence contributes to the budget, the specific phrase "net contribution... of 150,000 Euros" points to the monetary amount.
    *   Sense 2 ("an amount of money contributed") fits best because it describes the specific monetary value being discussed.

    *   Sense 2: "an amount of money contributed"
    *   Sense 3: "a voluntary gift"
    *   Sense 4: "act of giving in common... especially to a charity"
    *   The context is about fiscal contribution (taxes paid minus services used), which is an amount of money, but not necessarily a "voluntary gift" or "donation". Sense 2 is the most neutral and accurate description of a monetary sum contributed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditure
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `expenditure`
    *   Target surface form: `expenditure`
    *   Context: "...an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

    *   Sense 1: `expenditure%1:21:00::` | definition: money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms: outgo, spending, outlay.
    *   Sense 2: `expenditure%1:04:00::` | definition: the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms: expending.
    *   Sense 3: `expenditure%1:04:01::` | definition: the act of consuming something | synonyms: consumption, using up.

    *   The phrase is "receipts less expenditure".
    *   "Receipts" refers to the money coming in (revenue/income).
    *   "Expenditure" here refers to the money going out (costs/spending).
    *   The result is a "net contribution" (a monetary amount: 150,000 Euros).
    *   This refers to the *amount* of money spent, not the *act* of spending it.

    *   Sense 1: "money paid out; an amount spent" (Matches perfectly).
    *   Sense 2: "the act of spending money" (This is the process, not the amount).
    *   Sense 3: "the act of consuming something" (Too broad, not specifically monetary).

    *   The context refers to a financial calculation (receipts minus expenditure = net contribution). This clearly points to the amount of money spent.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%1:09:01:: | definition=an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual | examples=he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average
2. sense_key=average%1:24:00:: | definition=(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities
3. sense_key=average%1:09:00:: | definition=a statistic describing the location of a distribution | synonyms=norm | examples=it set the norm for American homes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `average`
    *   Target surface form: `average`
    *   Context: "...an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

    *   Sense 1: `average%1:09:01::` - an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual (e.g., "average in height").
    *   Sense 2: `average%1:24:00::` - (sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities.
    *   Sense 3: `average%1:09:00::` - a statistic describing the location of a distribution (synonym: norm).

    *   The sentence discusses a calculated net contribution of 150,000 Euros.
    *   This is a statistical figure derived from a distribution of contributions from many immigrants.
    *   It's not describing a person as being "average in height" (Sense 1), nor is it a sports statistic (Sense 2).
    *   It refers to a statistical mean/average value calculated across a population.

    *   Sense 1 is more about "typical" or "ordinary" (qualitative or relative to a norm).
    *   Sense 3 is specifically about the "statistic describing the location of a distribution" (the mathematical mean/median/mode).
    *   In the context of "an average of 150,000 Euros," it is referring to the statistical average (mean).

    *   Sense 3 fits best as it describes the statistical nature of the figure provided.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public <t>budgets</t> during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `budget`
    *   Target surface form: `budgets`
    *   Context: "...Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `budget%1:21:03::`: a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them (e.g., annual budget submitted to Congress).
        2.  `budget%1:21:02::`: a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose (e.g., laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year).

    *   The text discusses "total budgets of European countries" and "public budgets".
    *   It mentions "net contribution (receipts less expenditure)".
    *   In the context of a country or public entity, a "budget" refers to the overall financial plan/summary of income and spending.

    *   Sense 1: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them". This fits the concept of a national or public budget (the financial plan of a state).
    *   Sense 2: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose". This usually refers to a specific pot of money (e.g., a project budget, a department budget).

    *   "Total budgets of European countries" and "public budgets" refer to the overall financial accounts/plans of the states.
    *   While "public budgets" could be seen as "sums of money", the context of "receipts less expenditure" strongly aligns with the definition of a budget as a financial summary/plan (Sense 1).
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate. Is a "public budget" a *summary* (Sense 1) or the *sum of money* (Sense 2)?
    *   Usually, "the national budget" refers to the plan/summary. "The budget for education" refers to the allocated sum.
    *   "Total budgets of European countries" suggests the overall financial framework/summary of the state's finances.

    *   Sense 1: Summary of intended expenditures + proposals to meet them.
    *   Sense 2: Sum of money allocated for a particular purpose.
    *   In "public budgets", it refers to the government's overall financial account. This is more closely aligned with the "summary of expenditures and proposals" (the budget document/plan) than a specific "sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" (like a grant or a project fund).

    *   "net contribution... to public budgets"
    *   If someone contributes to a budget, they are contributing to the funds available within that financial plan.
    *   Actually, looking at WordNet's typical usage:
        *   `budget%1:21:03` (summary/plan) is often used for "the federal budget".
        *   `budget%1:21:02` (sum of money) is often used for "the budget for the project".
    *   "Public budgets" in the sense of national finances usually maps to the overall financial plan/summary of the state.

    *   Sense 1: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them"
    *   Sense 2: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose"
    *   The text says "net contribution (receipts less expenditure) ... to public budgets". This describes the flow of money into the government's overall financial account.
    *   Is the "public budget" the *plan* or the *money*?
    *   In common parlance, "the budget" can mean both. However, "total budgets of European countries" refers to the aggregate financial plans/accounts.
    *   Let's check if "public budget" fits Sense 2. Is it a "sum of money allocated for a particular purpose"? The "particular purpose" would be "running the country". That's a bit of a stretch.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard definition for a government budget.

    *   Sense 1: Summary/Plan.
    *   Sense 2: Allocated sum.
    *   "Public budgets" = Government financial plans/accounts.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mandate
Target surface form: mandate
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mandate%1:15:00:: | definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
2. sense_key=mandate%1:04:00:: | definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory
3. sense_key=mandate%1:10:00:: | definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `mandate`
    *   Target surface form: `mandate`
    *   Context: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `mandate%1:15:00::`: A territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after WWI (e.g., British Mandate for Palestine).
        2.  `mandate%1:04:00::`: The commission given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory (term of office/authority).
        3.  `mandate%1:10:00::`: A document giving an official instruction or command.

    *   The sentence refers to "Nicolas Sarkozy" (a former President of France).
    *   It mentions "at the start of his mandate".
    *   In the context of a political leader like Sarkozy, "mandate" refers to the period of time he was in office or the authority granted to him by the election.

    *   Sense 1 (Territory): Incorrect. Sarkozy is a person, not a territory.
    *   Sense 2 (Commission/Electoral victory): Correct. This fits the context of a political leader's term or the authority granted by an election.
    *   Sense 3 (Document): Incorrect. While a mandate can be a document, in the phrase "at the start of his mandate," it refers to his term/authority as president.

    *   The best fit is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
2. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
4. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
5. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
6. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
7. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `growth`
    *   Target surface form: `growth`
    *   Context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth... Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> 'with the teeth.'"
    *   Key phrase: "economic growth" and "missing points of growth".

    *   Sense 1: (pathology) abnormal proliferation of tissue (tumor). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: something grown or growing (e.g., hair). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., growth of culture). (Possible, but usually refers to evolution/development).
    *   Sense 4: a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (synonyms: increase, increment; examples: increase in unemployment, growth of population). (Strong candidate for "economic growth").
    *   Sense 5: vegetation that has grown. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically. (Incorrect)

    *   "Economic growth" refers to an increase in the production of goods and services in an economy.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 4: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" (synonyms: increase, increment).

    *   Sense 3 is about complexity/evolution.
    *   Sense 4 is about size/quantity/importance (increase).
    *   Economic growth is measured by an increase in GDP (quantity/size).

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: question
Target surface form: question
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=question%1:10:01:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=head | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
2. sense_key=question%1:10:02:: | definition=a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote | synonyms=motion | examples=he made a motion to adjourn; she called for the question
3. sense_key=question%1:10:03:: | definition=a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply | synonyms=interrogation, interrogative, interrogative sentence | examples=he asked a direct question; he had trouble phrasing his interrogations
4. sense_key=question%1:10:04:: | definition=an informal reference to a marriage proposal | examples=he was ready to pop the question
5. sense_key=question%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise
6. sense_key=question%1:10:00:: | definition=an instance of questioning | synonyms=inquiry, enquiry, query, interrogation | examples=there was a question about my training; we made inquiries of all those who were present

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `question`
    *   Target surface form: `question`
    *   Context: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.' The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect."

    *   The phrase is "The teeth in question".
    *   In this context, "in question" is an idiomatic expression meaning "the one being discussed," "the one previously mentioned," or "the one at issue."
    *   The "teeth" refer back to the "teeth" mentioned in the previous sentence ("look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth'").

    *   Sense 1: `the subject matter at issue` (synonym: `head`). Example: "the question of disease merits serious discussion".
    *   Sense 2: `a formal proposal for action...` (synonym: `motion`).
    *   Sense 3: `a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply` (synonym: `interrogation`).
    *   Sense 4: `an informal reference to a marriage proposal`.
    *   Sense 5: `uncertainty about the truth or factuality...` (synonym: `doubt`).
    *   Sense 6: `an instance of questioning` (synonym: `inquiry`).

    *   The phrase "in question" (meaning "the matter being discussed") aligns most closely with Sense 1: "the subject matter at issue".
    *   While "in question" is often treated as a fixed phrase, in terms of the core meaning of "question" in that phrase, it refers to the topic or subject currently under consideration or discussion.

    *   Sense 1: "the subject matter at issue". This fits perfectly. "The teeth in question" = "The teeth that are the subject matter at issue".
    *   Sense 2: Not a formal proposal.
    *   Sense 3: Not a sentence of inquiry.
    *   Sense 4: Not a marriage proposal.
    *   Sense 5: Not uncertainty/doubt.
    *   Sense 6: Not an instance of questioning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
2. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
3. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
6. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `effect`
    *   Target surface form: `effect`
    *   Context: "...The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>."
    *   Meaning: The action (the "teeth" or measures taken by Sarkozy) was intended to dissuade immigrants, but the result was the opposite of what was intended.

    *   Sense 1: outward appearance (impression). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: artificial impression. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: symptom caused by illness/drug. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: central meaning/theme of a work. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, outcome, result). (Correct)
    *   Sense 6: legal validity (force). (Incorrect)

    *   The context describes a cause (the "teeth" or measures) and its result (the "opposite effect").
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 5: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (synonyms: consequence, outcome, result).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pound
Target surface form: pound
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million <t>pound</t> fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pound%1:10:00:: | definition=a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain) | synonyms=pound sign
2. sense_key=pound%1:23:05:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Lebanese pound
3. sense_key=pound%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972) | synonyms=Ezra Pound, Ezra Loomis Pound
4. sense_key=pound%1:23:04:: | definition=formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=Irish pound, Irish punt, punt
5. sense_key=pound%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid
6. sense_key=pound%1:23:02:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to 100 cents | synonyms=Cypriot pound
7. sense_key=pound%1:23:08:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Syrian pound
8. sense_key=pound%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows) | synonyms=hammer, hammering, pounding | examples=the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard; the pounding of feet on the hallway
9. sense_key=pound%1:23:09:: | definition=16 ounces avoirdupois | synonyms=lb | examples=he got a hernia when he tried to lift 100 pounds
10. sense_key=pound%1:06:00:: | definition=a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed dogs | synonyms=dog pound | examples=unlicensed dogs will be taken to the pound
11. sense_key=pound%1:23:03:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Egyptian pound
12. sense_key=pound%1:23:10:: | definition=a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy
13. sense_key=pound%1:23:00:: | definition=a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of 1 pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to 32 feet/sec/sec | synonyms=lbf.
14. sense_key=pound%1:23:07:: | definition=the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Sudanese pound

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `pound`
    *   Target surface form: `pound`
    *   Context: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million <t>pound</t> fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."
    *   Key phrase: "multi-million pound fine"

    *   1: symbol for currency (pound sign)
    *   2: Lebanese pound
    *   3: Ezra Pound (writer)
    *   4: Irish pound
    *   5: British pound (Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
    *   6: Cypriot pound
    *   7: Syrian pound
    *   8: act of pounding (hammering)
    *   9: 16 ounces (weight)
    *   10: dog pound
    *   11: Egyptian pound
    *   12: apothecary weight
    *   13: unit of force
    *   14: Sudanese pound

    *   The context mentions "Deutsche Bank" (a German bank) and a "multi-million pound fine".
    *   In international finance and news, "pound" without qualification almost always refers to the British pound sterling (GBP).
    *   Sense 5 is "the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid".

    *   Sense 1 is the symbol (£).
    *   Senses 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14 are other pounds (Lebanese, Irish, Cypriot, Syrian, Egyptian, Sudanese).
    *   Senses 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 are unrelated (hammering, weight, dog pound, force).
    *   Sense 3 is a person.

    *   The most likely currency intended is the British pound.

    *   Sense index: 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: usa
Target surface form: USA
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the <t>USA</t> Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: | definition=the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare | synonyms=United States Army, US Army, Army
2. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, US

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `usa`
    *   Target surface form: `USA`
    *   Context: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `usa%1:14:00::`: The army of the United States of America.
        2.  `usa%1:15:00::`: North American republic containing 50 states (the country).

    *   The sentence discusses Deutsche Bank paying a fine "in the USA".
    *   Fines are typically paid to a government or regulatory body within a country, not specifically to the army (unless it's a very specific military fine, which is unlikely for a global bank's general legal troubles).
    *   "USA" here clearly refers to the country (the United States of America).

    *   Sense 1: US Army.
    *   Sense 2: United States of America (the country).

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trouble
Target surface form: trouble
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh <t>trouble</t> is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros) to settle disputes arising from the bankruptcy of five major credit unions during the financial crisis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trouble%1:11:00:: | definition=an event causing distress or pain | examples=what is the trouble?; heart trouble
2. sense_key=trouble%1:12:03:: | definition=a strong feeling of anxiety | synonyms=worry | examples=his worry over the prospect of being fired; it is not work but worry that kills
3. sense_key=trouble%1:26:02:: | definition=an unwanted pregnancy | examples=he got several girls in trouble
4. sense_key=trouble%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=problem | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?
5. sense_key=trouble%1:11:01:: | definition=an angry disturbance | synonyms=fuss, bother, hassle | examples=he didn't want to make a fuss; they had labor trouble
6. sense_key=trouble%1:04:02:: | definition=an effort that is inconvenient | synonyms=difficulty | examples=I went to a lot of trouble; he won without any trouble

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `trouble`
    *   Target surface form: `trouble`
    *   Context: "Fresh <t>trouble</t> is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."
    *   Key phrases: "Fresh trouble", "following hard on the heels of the uproar", "faces a multi-million pound fine".

    *   Sense 1: `trouble%1:11:00::` - an event causing distress or pain (e.g., heart trouble).
    *   Sense 2: `trouble%1:12:03::` - a strong feeling of anxiety (synonym: worry).
    *   Sense 3: `trouble%1:26:02::` - an unwanted pregnancy.
    *   Sense 4: `trouble%1:09:00::` - a source of difficulty (synonym: problem).
    *   Sense 5: `trouble%1:11:01::` - an angry disturbance (synonyms: fuss, bother, hassle).
    *   Sense 6: `trouble%1:04:02::` - an effort that is inconvenient (synonym: difficulty).

    *   The context describes a bank facing a fine and previous "uproar".
    *   "Fresh trouble" refers to the new problem (the fine) that the bank is facing.
    *   Comparing Sense 4 (source of difficulty/problem) and Sense 5 (angry disturbance/fuss).
    *   The text says "As if the problems at home were not already enough...", which strongly links "trouble" to "problems".
    *   Sense 4's synonym is "problem".
    *   Sense 5 refers more to social unrest or a "fuss" (e.g., labor trouble). While there is an "uproar", the "trouble" itself is the situation of facing a fine.

    *   Sense 4: "a source of difficulty" / "problem". This fits perfectly. The fine is a problem/difficulty for the bank.
    *   Sense 1: "event causing distress or pain" - usually more personal or medical.
    *   Sense 2: "feeling of anxiety" - the bank isn't "feeling" anxiety; it's facing a legal/financial issue.
    *   Sense 5: "angry disturbance" - the "uproar" is the disturbance, but the "trouble" is the broader set of problems (including the fine).

    *   The sentence "As if the problems at home were not already enough..." explicitly uses the word "problems" to refer back to the "trouble" and "uproar".
    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.