[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: coherent
Target surface form: coherent
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a <t>coherent</t> picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=coherent%3:00:01:: | definition=(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation
2. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:adhesive:00 | definition=sticking together | synonyms=tenacious | examples=two coherent sheets; tenacious burrs
3. sense_key=coherent%3:00:00:: | definition=marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts | synonyms=consistent, logical, ordered | examples=a coherent argument
4. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:rational:00 | definition=capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner | synonyms=logical, lucid | examples=a lucid thinker; she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "coherent"
    *   Context: "Gradually, a <t>coherent</t> picture of cancer development emerged."
    *   Surrounding context: The text describes a process of scientific discovery. Researchers (Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon) were looking at genetic deletions in polyps and malignant cells. Initially, the findings were a "confusing variety," but then a "coherent picture" emerged, explaining how the disease develops (e.g., "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out...").

    *   Sense 1: (physics) waves having a constant phase relation. (Not applicable here).
    *   Sense 2: sticking together (adhesive). (Not applicable here).
    *   Sense 3: marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts (synonyms: consistent, logical, ordered; example: a coherent argument).
    *   Sense 4: capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner (synonyms: logical, lucid; example: a lucid thinker).

    *   The "picture of cancer development" is not a person (eliminating Sense 4).
    *   It's not about physics/waves (eliminating Sense 1).
    *   It's not about physical adhesion (eliminating Sense 2).
    *   It refers to a logical, consistent understanding or model of how cancer develops, which fits perfectly with Sense 3 ("orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts").

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: picture
Target surface form: picture
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent <t>picture</t> of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=picture%1:09:00:: | definition=a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world
2. sense_key=picture%1:10:02:: | definition=a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement | synonyms=movie, film, moving picture, moving-picture show, motion picture, motion-picture show | examples=they went to a movie every Saturday night; the film was shot on location
3. sense_key=picture%1:06:00:: | definition=a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface | synonyms=image, icon, ikon | examples=they showed us the pictures of their wedding; a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them
4. sense_key=picture%1:10:01:: | definition=the visible part of a television transmission | synonyms=video | examples=they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone
5. sense_key=picture%1:06:02:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, exposure, pic
6. sense_key=picture%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
7. sense_key=picture%1:09:01:: | definition=a typical example of some state or quality | examples=the very picture of a modern general; she was the picture of despair
8. sense_key=picture%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface | synonyms=painting | examples=a small painting by Picasso; he bought the painting as an investment
9. sense_key=picture%1:10:00:: | definition=illustrations used to decorate or explain a text | synonyms=pictorial matter | examples=the dictionary had many pictures
10. sense_key=picture%1:10:03:: | definition=a graphic or vivid verbal description | synonyms=word picture, word-painting, delineation, depiction, characterization, characterisation | examples=too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures; the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "picture"
    *   Context: "Gradually, a coherent <t>picture</t> of cancer development emerged."
    *   Surrounding text: The text describes Dr. Vogelstein's research into colon cancer, the discovery of genetic deletions in polyps and malignant cells, and the eventual understanding of how cancer develops (the "hits" on suppressor genes).

    *   Sense 1: a clear and telling mental image (mental picture, impression).
    *   Sense 2: a movie/film.
    *   Sense 3: a visual representation produced on a surface (image, icon).
    *   Sense 4: the visible part of a TV transmission (video).
    *   Sense 5: a photograph.
    *   Sense 6: a situation treated as an observable object (scene). Example: "the political picture is favorable".
    *   Sense 7: a typical example of some state or quality. Example: "the picture of despair".
    *   Sense 8: a painting.
    *   Sense 9: illustrations in a text.
    *   Sense 10: a graphic or vivid verbal description (word picture).

    *   The "picture of cancer development" refers to the overall understanding, the conceptual framework, or the general situation/state of knowledge regarding how cancer develops.
    *   It's not a literal painting, photo, or movie.
    *   It's not a "word picture" (verbal description) in the sense of a literary device.
    *   It's not a "mental image" of a specific object.
    *   It's a conceptual "picture" of a complex situation or process.

    *   Sense 1 (mental image/impression) vs. Sense 6 (situation treated as an observable object).
    *   Sense 6: "a situation treated as an observable object" (synonym: scene). Example: "the political picture is favorable".
    *   In the context "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged," the "picture" is the overall understanding of the situation/process. This aligns well with Sense 6.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "a clear and telling mental image". While the scientists have a mental image, the "picture" here is the scientific model/understanding of the situation.
    *   Let's look at Sense 6 again: "a situation treated as an observable object". The "picture of cancer development" is the conceptualization of the biological process.

    *   Sense 6: "the political picture is favorable" -> The overall state of affairs.
    *   Context: "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged" -> The overall understanding of the state of affairs/process.

    *   Sense 1: "he had no clear picture of himself or his world" (This is close, but Sense 6 often fits better for "the big picture" or "the overall situation").
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 6 again. "a situation treated as an observable object".
    *   Is "cancer development" a "situation"? Yes, the process/state of how it happens.
    *   Is it a "mental image" (Sense 1)? It's more of a conceptual model.

    *   Sense 1: mental picture, impression.
    *   Sense 6: scene, situation.
    *   "A coherent picture of [complex process] emerged" is a very common idiom meaning a comprehensive understanding of the situation. This matches Sense 6's "situation treated as an observable object".

    *   Sense 1: "he described his mental picture of his assailant" (visual/imagined).
    *   Sense 6: "the political picture is favorable" (conceptual/situational).
    *   The "picture of cancer development" is conceptual/situational.

    *   Sense 1: mental image.
    *   Sense 6: situation.
    *   "A coherent picture of cancer development emerged" = "A coherent understanding of the situation/process emerged."
    *   This fits Sense 6 best.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
2. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
4. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: The text discusses Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer, lung cancer, cancer suppressor genes, malignant cells, and the development of tumors (polyps).
    *   Target sentence: "Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged."

    *   Sense 1: (astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: the fourth sign of the zodiac. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. (Correct - fits the medical context of colon cancer, malignant cells, and genetic damage).
    *   Sense 4: a small zodiacal constellation. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: type genus of the family Cancridae (crabs). (Incorrect)

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, focusing on oncology (colon cancer, malignant cells, genetic mutations).
    *   Sense 3 specifically defines cancer as a malignant growth or tumor.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
4. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
5. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated
6. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
7. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
8. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
9. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `development`
    *   Target surface form: `development`
    *   Context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses how colon cancer arises from multiple "hits" on suppressor genes, developing in stages, starting with polyps and progressing to malignancy. It's about the biological process of how cancer forms and progresses.

    *   Sense 1: A recent event (e.g., "recent developments in Iraq"). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: A process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) (synonym: evolution). -> Possible, but general.
    *   Sense 3: A district developed for a purpose. -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: A state in which things are improving / chess development. -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: Music section. -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: Act of improving by expanding/enlarging/refining (e.g., "development of a plan"). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 7: Making land/water more profitable. -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 8: (Biology) The process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level (synonyms: growth, maturation, ontogeny). -> Very strong candidate.
    *   Sense 9: Processing photosensitive material. -> Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2 is a general process of passing by degrees to a different stage.
    *   Sense 8 is specifically biological growth/unfolding of events in an organism.
    *   The context is "cancer development," which describes the biological progression from benign polyps to malignant cancer cells. This is a biological process of change/growth within an organism.

    *   Wait, is cancer "growth" or "maturation" in the sense of Sense 8? Sense 8 mentions "growing organically" and "changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level." Cancer progression (benign -> malignant) fits this biological unfolding.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 8: Sense 8 is specifically biological. Cancer is biological. The text mentions "genetic damage," "benign polyps," "malignant cells," and "stages." This is a biological process.

    *   Sense 8: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   Cancer development is the biological process of the disease progressing. While "organism growing organically" might sound like the whole person, it often refers to the development of tissues or cells (like the tumor).
    *   Actually, looking at the context "cancer development," it refers to the *pathogenesis* or the *progression* of the disease.
    *   Is cancer "growing organically" or "changing from a simple to a more complex level"? Yes, from benign polyps to malignant cancer.
    *   However, Sense 2 is often used for the general progression of a condition or idea.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 8: "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children".
    *   Cancer development is a biological process. Sense 8 is the biological sense.

    *   Wait, let me double-check if "cancer development" fits Sense 2 better. Sense 2 is "evolution." The text says "progressing from less severe to deadly."
    *   Let's look at Sense 8 again: "purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
    *   Cancer progression is exactly a biological unfolding of events.

    *   Sense 2: General process of change/evolution.
    *   Sense 8: Biological process of growth/maturation.
    *   Cancer is a biological process. "Cancer development" is a standard term in biology/medicine.

    *   Wait, let me re-read the context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages... progressing from less severe to deadly... a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    *   This is describing the *mechanism* and *progression* of the disease.
    *   Sense 8 is specifically about "an individual organism growing organically" or "changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level."
    *   Sense 2 is "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage."
    *   Is cancer an "organism"? No, but the cells are part of the organism.
    *   Is the *process* of cancer development the same as the *biological development* (ontogeny) of an organism? Not exactly. Ontogeny is the development of an embryo to an adult.
    *   Sense 2 seems more flexible and fits the "passing by degrees to a different stage" (benign -> malignant) better than the "growth of an organism" (Sense 8).

    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)"
    *   Sense 8: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level"
    *   Cancer development is the process of the disease progressing through stages. This fits Sense 2's "passes by degrees to a different stage" very well. Sense 8 is more about the natural growth/maturation of a living thing (like a child growing).

    *   Sense 2: "the development of his ideas took many years" (abstract/general)
    *   Sense 8: "osseous development in children" (biological growth)
    *   Cancer development is biological, but it's not "growth" in the sense of normal maturation (Sense 8). It's a progression of a disease.

    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage"
    *   This fits "progressing from less severe to deadly" and "develop in stages" perfectly.

    *   Sense 2: General progression/evolution.
    *   Sense 8: Biological growth/maturation.
    *   Cancer development is a progression of a disease, not the normal growth of an organism. Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 2 again. "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   Cancer cells becoming more malignant is passing to a "more advanced" stage.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 8 one more time. "a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level".
    *   While cancer is biological, "development" in the context of cancer usually refers to the progression of the disease (Sense 2) rather than the biological maturation of the organism (Sense 8).

    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage"
    *   Context: "develop in stages", "progressing from less severe to deadly", "cancer development".
    *   This is a perfect match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
4. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
5. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `emerge`
    *   Target surface form: `emerged`
    *   Context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>."
    *   Meaning: A "coherent picture" (an understanding or explanation) became clear or known after research/probing.

    *   Sense 1: `happen or occur as a result of something` (e.g., a conflict emerged from the disagreement).
    *   Sense 2: `come out of` (physical movement, e.g., water issuing from a hole).
    *   Sense 3: `come up to the surface of or rise` (e.g., emotions emerging).
    *   Sense 4: `come out into view, as from concealment` (physical movement, e.g., person emerging from an office).
    *   Sense 5: `become known or apparent` (e.g., results emerged from the study).

    *   The "coherent picture" is not a physical object coming out of a hole (Sense 2) or a room (Sense 4).
    *   It's not literally rising to a surface (Sense 3).
    *   While it "happened" (Sense 1), the core meaning is that the understanding *became apparent* or *became known* as a result of the research.
    *   Sense 5 ("become known or apparent") fits perfectly with "a coherent picture... emerged" and the example "Some nice results emerged from the study."

    *   Sense 5 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both <t>copies</t> of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
3. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copies`
    *   Context: "If both <t>copies</t> of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."
    *   Domain: Genetics/Biology (cancer suppressor genes, chromosomes, genetic deletions).

    *   Sense 1: `copy%1:10:01::` - matter to be printed (written matter).
    *   Sense 2: `copy%1:10:02::` - material suitable for a journalistic account.
    *   Sense 3: `copy%1:06:00::` - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone).
    *   Sense 4: `copy%1:10:00::` - a reproduction of a written record (e.g., transcript).

    *   The context refers to "copies of a certain gene".
    *   In genetics, humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent). These are identical or nearly identical versions of the same gene.
    *   Sense 1 (printing), Sense 2 (journalism), and Sense 4 (written record) are clearly incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing") fits best, as a gene copy is an identical (or nearly identical) version of the genetic sequence. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is particularly relevant to biological contexts.

    *   Sense 3 is the only one that fits the biological context of genetic copies.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
2. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
3. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
4. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
6. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
7. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "certain"
    *   Context: "If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "certain" refers to a specific gene, but that gene isn't explicitly named in this sentence (though it's implied to be one of the cancer suppressor genes mentioned earlier). It means "a particular" or "a specific but not explicitly named" gene.

    *   Sense 1: having or feeling no doubt (confident) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: reliable in operation or effect (sure) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 3: definite but not specified or identified - *Correct* (e.g., "a certain sum each week")
    *   Sense 4: exercising or taking care (be certain to...) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 5: certain to occur (inevitable) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 6: established irrevocably (sealed) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 7: established beyond doubt (definitely known) - *Incorrect*

    *   The phrase "a certain gene" means "a specific gene" (which the author is referring to without naming it right at that moment). This matches Sense 3: "definite but not specified or identified".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: knock_out
Target surface form: knocked out
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were <t>knocked out</t>, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=knock_out%2:35:00:: | definition=knock unconscious or senseless | synonyms=knock cold, kayo | examples=the boxing champion knocked out his opponent in a few seconds
2. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:00:: | definition=destroy or break forcefully | examples=The windows were knocked out
3. sense_key=knock_out%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with admiration | examples=All the guys were knocked out by her charm
4. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=knock out a target
5. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:02:: | definition=empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out | examples=knocked out a pipe

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `knock_out`
    *   Target surface form: `knocked out`
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were <t>knocked out</t>, benign polyps would develop."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses genetic damage, deletions of genes, and cancer development. Specifically, it mentions "genetic deletions" and "both copies of a certain gene were knocked out."

    *   Sense 1: knock unconscious or senseless (e.g., boxing). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: destroy or break forcefully (e.g., windows). -> Too literal/physical.
    *   Sense 3: overwhelm with admiration (e.g., charm). -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: eliminate (e.g., knock out a target). -> In genetics, a "knockout" is the inactivation or elimination of a gene. This fits the context of "genetic deletions" and "both copies... were knocked out."
    *   Sense 5: empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out. -> Not applicable.

    *   The context is biological/genetic. "Knocking out" a gene means making it non-functional or removing it (eliminating its function).
    *   Sense 4 ("eliminate") is the closest match among the provided options, as it describes the removal or inactivation of the gene's function.

    *   Sense 1: Unconscious (No)
    *   Sense 2: Break forcefully (No)
    *   Sense 3: Admire (No)
    *   Sense 4: Eliminate (Yes - in the sense of removing the gene's function)
    *   Sense 5: Empty pipe (No)


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign <t>polyps</t> would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: The text discusses colon cancer, cancer suppressor genes, development in stages, "polyps in the bowel," "benign polyps," and "malignant cells."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.
        2.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g., a hydra or coral).

    *   The context is medical/biological, specifically referring to growths in the bowel (colon) that can become malignant (cancerous).
    *   Sense 1 describes a vascular growth on a mucous membrane (which fits the description of colon polyps).
    *   Sense 2 describes a stage in the life cycle of coelenterates (like coral or hydra), which is completely unrelated to colon cancer.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would <t>develop</t>. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
2. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
3. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
4. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
5. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
6. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
7. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
8. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
9. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
12. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
14. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
15. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
16. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
17. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form
18. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
19. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "develop"
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would <t>develop</t>."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "develop" refers to the formation or appearance of benign polyps in the bowel due to genetic mutations.

    *   1: gain through experience (e.g., develop a sense of right and wrong) - No.
    *   2: cause to grow and differentiate (transitive) - No (the polyps are the subject).
    *   3: geometry (superimpose surface) - No.
    *   4: musical idea - No.
    *   5: chess (strategic position) - No.
    *   6: create by training/teaching - No.
    *   7: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) (e.g., "The patient developed abdominal pains") - Possible.
    *   8: happen (e.g., "Report the news as it develops") - No.
    *   9: make something new (product/creation) - No.
    *   10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment (e.g., "A flower developed on the branch") - Possible.
    *   11: be gradually disclosed or unfolded (e.g., "The plot developed slowly") - No.
    *   12: chess (strategic position) - No.
    *   13: work out (theory) - No.
    *   14: elaborate (theories) - No.
    *   15: generate gradually (customers/market) - No.
    *   16: become technologically advanced - No.
    *   17: expand in the form of a series (math) - No.
    *   18: chemical solutions (film) - No.
    *   19: come into existence; take on form or shape (e.g., "A new religious movement originated", "a love that sprang up") - Possible.
    *   20: grow emotionally or mature - No.
    *   21: change the use of land/resources - No.

    *   Sense 7: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains". This fits well because polyps are physical attributes/conditions that a patient "develops".
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - Example: "A flower developed on the branch". This also fits, as polyps grow/differentiate.
    *   Sense 19: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - Example: "A new religious movement originated". This is more about originating/arising.

    *   Sense 7 is often used for medical conditions (e.g., "developed a cough", "developed diabetes", "developed abdominal pains").
    *   Sense 10 is more about the process of growth/evolution (e.g., "the embryo developed").
    *   The sentence "benign polyps would develop" describes the appearance/onset of a medical condition (polyps).

    *   Sense 7: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - Synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire. Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains".
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". Example: "A flower developed on the branch".

    In the context of "benign polyps would develop", it means the polyps would form or appear. Sense 7's example "The patient developed abdominal pains" is very close to "The patient developed polyps". Sense 10 is more about the *process* of growth. Sense 19 is about coming into existence.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 19 again: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow.

    Let's re-read the context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop." This means the polyps would form/appear.

    Comparing Sense 7 and Sense 10 again:
    Sense 7: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)"
    Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"

    Actually, "polyps would develop" means the polyps themselves would grow/form. In Sense 7, the subject is usually the person ("The patient developed..."). In the target sentence, the subject is "benign polyps".

    If the subject is "benign polyps", then "benign polyps would develop" means they would grow or come into existence.

    If the subject is the polyps, Sense 10 ("grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of... natural growth, differentiation") or Sense 19 ("come into existence; take on form or shape") are better than Sense 7 (where the subject is the one *having* the attribute).

    Let's re-examine Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". Example: "A flower developed on the branch". This matches "polyps would develop" (they grow/form on the bowel wall).

    Let's re-examine Sense 19: "come into existence; take on form or shape". Example: "A new religious movement originated".

    Sense 10 seems more appropriate for biological growth (like a flower or a polyp).

    Wait, let me look at the context again. "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel... If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."

    Is it Sense 10 or Sense 19?
    Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation...
    Sense 19: come into existence; take on form or shape.

    "Polyps would develop" means they would form and grow. Sense 10's "natural growth, differentiation" fits the biological process of polyp formation perfectly.

    Let's double-check Sense 7 again. "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". If the sentence was "The patient would develop benign polyps", Sense 7 would be perfect. But the sentence is "benign polyps would develop".

    Therefore, Sense 10 is the most fitting for the biological growth of the polyps themselves.

    Wait, let me check Sense 19 one more time. "come into existence; take on form or shape". This is also very close. But "natural growth, differentiation" in Sense 10 is more specific to biological entities like polyps.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 10: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower".
    Let's look at the examples for Sense 19: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship".

    The "flower developed on the branch" example is very similar to "polyps developed in the bowel".

    Final check:
    Target: "benign polyps would develop"
    Sense 10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation... (Example: A flower developed on the branch)
    Sense 19: come into existence; take on form or shape. (Example: A new religious movement originated)

    Sense 10 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
3. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copies`
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
    *   Domain: Genetics/Biology (discussing genes, chromosomes, polyps, cancer).

    *   Sense 1: `copy%1:10:02::` - material suitable for a journalistic account (e.g., "catastrophes make good copy"). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: `copy%1:10:01::` - matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials (synonym: written matter). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: `copy%1:06:00::` - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor"). -> This fits the biological context of gene copies (alleles/duplicates).
    *   Sense 4: `copy%1:10:00::` - a reproduction of a written record (e.g., of a legal or school record) (synonym: transcript). -> Incorrect.

    *   In genetics, humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent). The text refers to "both copies of a certain gene." This refers to identical or near-identical versions of the genetic sequence.
    *   Sense 3 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing") is the most general and accurate description for biological copies/duplicates.

    *   Sense 1: Journalism.
    *   Sense 2: Printing.
    *   Sense 3: Duplicate/Identical thing.
    *   Sense 4: Document reproduction.

    Sense 3 is the only one that fits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins
2. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "second"
    *   Target surface form: "second"
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `second%3:00:00::`: a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first (e.g., second flute).
        2.  `second%5:00:00:ordinal:00`: coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude (e.g., 2nd).

    *   The sentence describes a sequence of events: first, copies of a "certain gene" are knocked out; then, copies of a "second gene" are deleted.
    *   "Second" here refers to the ordinal position in a sequence of genes involved in the process.

    *   Sense 1 is about musical instruments or subordinate roles. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2 is about ordinal position (coming next after the first). (Correct)

    *   The target word "second" in "second gene" clearly means the one following the first one mentioned. This matches sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "then"
    *   Target surface form: "then"
    *   Context: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

    *   Sense 1: "at that time" (temporal reference to a specific point in the past/future).
    *   Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence" (logical consequence, often used with "if... then...").
    *   Sense 3: "subsequently or soon afterward" (sequential order of events).

    *   The text describes a sequence of genetic events leading to cancer:
        1.  First, both copies of a certain gene are knocked out $\rightarrow$ benign polyps develop.
        2.  Next/Subsequently, both copies of a second gene are deleted $\rightarrow$ polyps progress to malignancy.
    *   The word "then" here indicates a sequence in time or a step-by-step process (first X happens, *then* Y happens).

    *   Sense 1 ("at that time"): Doesn't fit. It's not referring to a specific time period like "back then."
    *   Sense 2 ("in that case or as a consequence"): While there is an "If... then..." structure in the broader logic, the "then" here is placed inside the second "if" clause ("If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted"). It's not acting as the consequence marker (the consequence is "the polyps would progress to malignancy"). Instead, it's describing the *timing* or *sequence* of the deletion relative to the first event.
    *   Sense 3 ("subsequently or soon afterward"): This fits perfectly. The deletion of the second gene happens *after* the first gene is knocked out.

    *   "If both copies of a second gene were [subsequently] deleted..." $\rightarrow$ Makes perfect sense.
    *   "If both copies of a second gene were [in that case] deleted..." $\rightarrow$ Less natural, as it's describing a biological sequence.
    *   "If both copies of a second gene were [at that time] deleted..." $\rightarrow$ Doesn't fit the sequential nature of the process described.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: delete
Target surface form: deleted
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then <t>deleted</t>, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=delete%2:30:00:: | definition=cut or eliminate | synonyms=edit, blue-pencil | examples=she edited the juiciest scenes
2. sense_key=delete%2:32:00:: | definition=wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information | synonyms=erase | examples=Who erased the files form my hard disk?
3. sense_key=delete%2:35:00:: | definition=remove or make invisible | synonyms=cancel | examples=Please delete my name from your list

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `delete`
    *   Target surface form: `deleted`
    *   Context: "If both copies of a second gene were then <t>deleted</t>, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
    *   Domain: Genetics/Biology (cancer development, chromosomes, genes).

    *   Sense 1: `cut or eliminate` (synonyms: edit, blue-pencil; example: editing scenes). This refers to editing text or film.
    *   Sense 2: `wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information` (synonyms: erase; example: erasing files from a hard disk). This refers to digital data.
    *   Sense 3: `remove or make invisible` (synonyms: cancel; example: delete name from a list). This is a more general sense of removal.

    *   The context describes "genetic deletions" and genes being "deleted."
    *   In genetics, a deletion is the removal of a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA.
    *   Sense 1 (editing text/film) is too specific to media.
    *   Sense 2 (digital erasure) is too specific to computers.
    *   Sense 3 (remove or make invisible) is the most general sense of "remove." While "make invisible" or "cancel" might not fit perfectly, "remove" is the core meaning of a genetic deletion.

    *   Sense 1: Edit/Blue-pencil (No)
    *   Sense 2: Erase digital data (No)
    *   Sense 3: Remove (Yes)

    *   The target word "deleted" in "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted" means the genes were removed from the genome. Sense 3's definition "remove or make invisible" is the closest fit among the provided options.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the <t>polyps</t> would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `polyp`
    *   Target surface form: `polyps`
    *   Context: The text discusses "polyps in the bowel," "malignant," "benign polyps," "colon cancer," and "genetic damage."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `polyp%1:26:00::`: a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.
        2.  `polyp%1:05:00::`: one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g., a hydra or coral).

    *   The context is medical, specifically referring to growths in the bowel (colon) that can become cancerous.
    *   Sense 1 describes a vascular growth on a mucous membrane (which fits the bowel/colon context).
    *   Sense 2 describes a biological form of coelenterates (like coral or hydra), which is completely unrelated to human bowel cancer.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `malignancy`
    *   Target surface form: `malignancy`
    *   Context: The text discusses the development of polyps in the bowel, genetic damage, benign polyps, malignant cells, and the progression to cancer. Specifically: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `malignancy%1:07:00::`: quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will (moral/behavioral).
        2.  `malignancy%1:26:00::`: (medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death (medical/cancer).

    *   The context is clearly medical, discussing bowel polyps, chromosomes, genetic deletions, and colon cancer.
    *   "progress to malignancy" in this context refers to the transition from a benign state to a cancerous (malignant) state.

    *   Sense 1 is about evil intent.
    *   Sense 2 is about a medical malignant state.

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clear
Target surface form: clear
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt) | examples=a clear conscience; regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | definition=easily deciphered | synonyms=decipherable, readable
4. sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims | synonyms=clean, light, unclouded | examples=efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings; clear laughter like a waterfall
5. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
6. sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection | examples=we were clear of the danger; the ship was clear of the reef
7. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law | synonyms=unmortgaged | examples=I have clear title to this property
8. sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water; clear plastic bags
9. sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | examples=on a clear day
10. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | definition=characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | synonyms=percipient | examples=clear mind; a percipient author
11. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us
12. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | definition=freed from any question of guilt | synonyms=absolved, cleared, exculpated, exonerated, vindicated | examples=is absolved from all blame; was now clear of the charge of cowardice
13. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | definition=clear of charges or deductions | examples=a clear profit
14. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | definition=free of restrictions or qualifications | synonyms=clean | examples=a clean bill of health; a clear winner
15. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | definition=free from flaw or blemish or impurity | examples=a clear perfect diamond; the clear complexion of a healthy young woman
16. sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined | examples=a set of well-defined values
17. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | definition=clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | synonyms=clean-cut, clear-cut | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints in the snow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "clear"
    *   Context: "It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
    *   Meaning: In this sentence, "clear" means obvious, evident, or readily apparent to the mind based on the evidence provided (the "coherent picture of cancer development" that emerged).

    *   1: untroubled (conscience) - No.
    *   2: unobstructed (view/path) - No.
    *   3: legible (text) - No.
    *   4: pure (sound/color) - No.
    *   5: readily apparent to the mind (e.g., "a clear and present danger", "a clear explanation") - Yes, this fits perfectly.
    *   6: free from contact/proximity - No.
    *   7: unencumbered (title/law) - No.
    *   8: allowing light to pass through (transparent) - No.
    *   9: free from clouds/mist - No.
    *   10: discerning (perceiving) - No.
    *   11: clearheaded (free from confusion/doubt) - This refers to a person's state of mind ("a clear head"), whereas the context is "It was clear that...", referring to a fact or conclusion.
    *   12: innocent (freed from guilt) - No.
    *   13: net (profit) - No.
    *   14: unqualified (restrictions) - No.
    *   15: perfect (flawless) - No.
    *   16: accurately stated or described (well-defined) - Close, but "readily apparent" (sense 5) is a better fit for "It was clear that...".
    *   17: distinct (perceptible to senses) - No.

    *   The phrase "It was clear that..." is a standard way of saying "It was obvious that..." or "It was evident that...".
    *   Sense 5: "readily apparent to the mind". This matches the usage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%2:30:00::` (inflict damage upon) - Active sense (e.g., "The snow damaged the roof").
        2.  `damage%2:30:01::` (suffer or be susceptible to damage) - Passive/State sense (e.g., "These fine china cups damage easily").

    *   Sentence: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."
    *   Structure: "...gene had to be damaged..."
    *   Analysis: The verb "damaged" is used here in a passive construction ("be damaged").
    *   Sense 1 (inflict damage upon) is the active action of causing harm.
    *   Sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage) describes the state of being harmed or the capacity to be harmed.

    *   In "had to be damaged", the gene is the recipient of the damage.
    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon". If we use the passive of Sense 1, it means "to have damage inflicted upon it".
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage". This is an ergative/middle voice usage (like "the glass broke").

    *   Let's look at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" (Active: Snow -> Roof). Passive: "The roof was damaged by the snow."
        *   Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" (Middle: Cups -> damage).

    *   In the context "more than one gene had to be damaged", is it saying the genes had to *suffer* damage (Sense 2) or that damage had to be *inflicted* upon them (Sense 1)?
    *   Actually, in English, "to be damaged" is the standard passive of "to damage" (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 2 is specifically for the middle voice ("damage easily").
    *   Wait, let's re-read Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
    *   If a gene "is damaged", it has suffered damage.

    *   Sense 1: `inflict damage upon` (Transitive)
    *   Sense 2: `suffer or be susceptible to damage` (Intransitive/Middle)

    *   "had to be damaged"
    *   This is a passive construction. The passive of a transitive verb (Sense 1) is "to be [past participle]".
    *   If it were Sense 2, it would likely be "genes damage easily" or "genes are prone to damage".

    *   Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" -> "The roof was damaged."
    *   Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily."

    *   The sentence "more than one gene had to be damaged" fits the passive form of Sense 1 perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    *   Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
    *   In "be damaged", the gene is the object of the action of damaging. This is the passive of "inflict damage upon".

    *   Wait, let me double-check if "be damaged" could be Sense 2. "Suffer damage" is an active construction. "Be susceptible to damage" is an adjective-like state.
    *   "The gene had to be damaged" = "Something had to damage the gene" or "The gene had to suffer damage".
    *   Usually, in WordNet, the passive of the transitive "damage" (inflict damage) is mapped to the transitive sense.

    *   Sense 1: `damage%2:30:00` (transitive)
    *   Sense 2: `damage%2:30:01` (intransitive/middle)
    *   "be damaged" is the passive of the transitive.

    *   Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" (Active) -> "The roof was damaged" (Passive).
    *   Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" (Middle).

    *   The context "more than one gene had to be damaged" is the passive of "something had to damage more than one gene". This aligns with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
2. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
4. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
5. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
7. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
8. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
9. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
10. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
12. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
15. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
16. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form
17. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
18. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
19. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "develop"
    *   Context: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "develop" refers to the onset or occurrence of a disease (colon cancer) in a person.

    *   1: grow emotionally or mature (Not applicable)
    *   2: come into existence; take on form or shape (General, but maybe not the best for disease)
    *   3: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment (More about biological growth/evolution)
    *   4: change the use of and make available or usable (Not applicable)
    *   5: be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest (Not applicable)
    *   6: become technologically advanced (Not applicable)
    *   7: gain through experience (Not applicable)
    *   8: make visible by means of chemical solutions (Not applicable)
    *   9: create by training and teaching (Not applicable)
    *   10: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains (This fits well: "The patient developed abdominal pains" is very similar to "colon cancer to develop").
    *   11: cause to grow and differentiate (Not applicable)
    *   12: move one's pieces (chess) (Not applicable)
    *   13: generate gradually (Not applicable)
    *   14: make something new (Not applicable)
    *   15: move into a strategically more advantageous position (Not applicable)
    *   16: expand in the form of a series (Not applicable)
    *   17: superimpose a three-dimensional surface (Not applicable)
    *   18: elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses (Not applicable)
    *   19: work out (Not applicable)
    *   20: elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea (Not applicable)
    *   21: happen (Not applicable)

    *   Sense 10: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" with the example "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is the standard sense for developing a medical condition or symptom.
    *   Sense 2: "come into existence; take on form or shape". This is more general.
    *   Sense 3: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment". While cancer involves growth and differentiation, the phrase "for colon cancer to develop" usually means the onset of the disease in the patient.

    *   The context is about the genetic requirements for colon cancer to occur/start in a patient.
    *   Sense 10 specifically mentions "The patient developed abdominal pains," which aligns perfectly with the medical context of developing a disease.