[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: male
Target surface form: male
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=male%5:00:01:male:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys | examples=the male lead; the male population
2. sense_key=male%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation | examples=a male infant; a male holly tree
3. sense_key=male%5:00:02:masculine:01 | definition=characteristic of a man | synonyms=manful, manlike, manly, virile | examples=a deep male voice; manly sports

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `male`
    *   Target surface form: `male`
    *   Context: "...one woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals.'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `male%5:00:01:male:00`: for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys (e.g., the male lead, the male population).
        2.  `male%3:00:00::`: being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation (e.g., a male infant, a male holly tree).
        3.  `male%5:00:02:masculine:01`: characteristic of a man (e.g., a deep male voice, manly sports).

    *   The phrase is "the average male ringer".
    *   Here, "male" describes the "ringer" (a person).
    *   It distinguishes the ringer's sex/gender from "woman ringer".
    *   Sense 1: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys". This fits well as an adjective describing a person of that sex.
    *   Sense 2: "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes...". This is the biological definition. While technically true, in the context of "male ringer" (contrasted with "woman ringer"), it's usually treated as a descriptor of the person's sex/gender.
    *   Sense 3: "characteristic of a man" (masculine). This refers to traits (like a deep voice). "Male ringer" doesn't mean a "masculine ringer" in terms of traits, but rather a ringer who is a man.

    *   Sense 1 ("pertaining to or composed of men or boys") is often used for adjectives like "male population" or "male lead".
    *   Sense 2 ("being the sex...") is the primary adjective for biological sex.
    *   Let's look at "male ringer". Is it "pertaining to men" or "being the sex that produces sperm"?
    *   In WordNet, "male" as an adjective describing a person's sex is often mapped to the biological sense (Sense 2) or the "pertaining to" sense (Sense 1).
    *   Example for Sense 1: "the male population".
    *   Example for Sense 2: "a male infant".
    *   "Male ringer" is very similar to "male infant" or "male population". It identifies the sex of the person.
    *   Wait, let's re-examine Sense 1: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys".
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 2: "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes...".
    *   In the phrase "the average male ringer", "male" is used to specify the sex of the ringer.
    *   Comparing "male infant" (Sense 2) and "male population" (Sense 1).
    *   "Male population" refers to the group of people who are male.
    *   "Male ringer" refers to a ringer who is male.
    *   Usually, when "male" is used as an adjective to describe a person's sex (e.g., "male nurse", "male ringer"), it aligns with the biological sex definition (Sense 2).
    *   However, Sense 1 ("pertaining to or composed of men") is also very close.
    *   Let's look at the contrast: "woman ringer" vs "male ringer".
    *   If "male" is used as a synonym for "man" (as an adjective), Sense 2 is the standard biological descriptor.
    *   Let's check Sense 1 again: "the male lead". A male lead is a lead who is male.
    *   Let's check Sense 2 again: "a male infant". An infant who is male.
    *   Actually, "male ringer" is almost identical in usage to "male infant".

    *   Sense 1: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys" (e.g., male lead, male population).
    *   Sense 2: "being the sex... that produces gametes..." (e.g., male infant).
    *   Is there a distinction between "male lead" and "male infant"?
    *   "Male lead" is a role for a man.
    *   "Male infant" is an infant of the male sex.
    *   "Male ringer" is a ringer of the male sex.
    *   This points strongly to Sense 2.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 1 again. "the male population". The population consisting of males.
    *   "Male ringer" -> a ringer who is male.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 1: male lead, male population.
    *   Sense 2: male infant, male holly tree.
    *   "Male ringer" is a person of the male sex. This is exactly what "male infant" is.

    *   Sense 3 is "masculine" (traits). "Male ringer" does not mean "masculine ringer".

    *   Sense 1: "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys".
    *   Sense 2: "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes...".
    *   In many WordNet versions, "male" (adj) for a person's sex is Sense 2. Sense 1 is often used for things *intended* for males (like "male clothing" - though that's often "men's clothing").
    *   "Male ringer" describes the person's sex.

    *   "the average male ringer"
    *   This is identifying the sex of the ringer.
    *   Sense 2 is the definition of the sex.
    *   Sense 1 is "pertaining to".
    *   If I say "a male nurse", I mean a nurse who is of the male sex.
    *   If I say "the male population", I mean the population that is male.
    *   The distinction between 1 and 2 is subtle, but Sense 2 is the core definition of the adjective "male" when referring to sex.

    *   Sense 1: `male%5:00:01:male:00` (pertaining to/composed of)
    *   Sense 2: `male%3:00:00::` (being the sex)
    *   Looking at the examples: "male infant" (Sense 2) vs "male lead" (Sense 1).
    *   A "male lead" is a role *for* a male.
    *   A "male infant" *is* male.
    *   A "male ringer" *is* male.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male <t>ringer</t> leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
2. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
4. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "ringer"
    *   Target surface form: "ringer"
    *   Context: The text discusses women entering the field of bell-ringing, mentioning "the oldest bell-ringing group," "the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches," "The Ringing World, a weekly newspaper for ringers," and "the average male ringer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  A person almost identical to another (dead ringer).
        2.  A successful horseshoe throw.
        3.  A person who rings church bells.
        4.  A contestant entered under false pretenses.

    *   The context explicitly mentions "bell-ringing group," "church bells," "St. Paul's Cathedral," "Westminster Abbey," "The Ringing World," and "belfry."
    *   The word "ringer" in "the average male ringer" clearly refers to someone who rings church bells.

    *   Sense 1: Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 4: Not applicable.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: badly
Target surface form: badly
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=badly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=severely, gravely, seriously | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
2. sense_key=badly%4:02:12:: | definition=without skill or in a displeasing manner | examples=she writes badly; I think he paints very badly
3. sense_key=badly%4:02:10:: | definition=in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage | synonyms=disadvantageously | examples=the venture turned out badly for the investors; angry that the case was settled disadvantageously for them
4. sense_key=badly%4:02:07:: | definition=unfavorably or with disapproval | synonyms=ill | examples=tried not to speak ill of the dead; thought badly of him for his lack of concern
5. sense_key=badly%4:02:06:: | definition=evilly or wickedly | examples=treated his parents badly; to steal is to act badly
6. sense_key=badly%4:02:08:: | definition=with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display | examples=they took their defeat badly; took her father's death badly
7. sense_key=badly%4:02:05:: | definition=in a disobedient or naughty way | synonyms=mischievously, naughtily | examples=he behaved badly in school; he mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister
8. sense_key=badly%4:02:00:: | definition=(`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well | synonyms=ill, poorly | examples=he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends
9. sense_key=badly%4:02:03:: | definition=very much; strongly | synonyms=bad | examples=I wanted it badly enough to work hard for it; the cables had sagged badly
10. sense_key=badly%4:02:04:: | definition=with great intensity (`bad' is a nonstandard variant for `badly') | synonyms=bad | examples=the injury hurt badly; the buildings were badly shaken

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "badly"
    *   Context: "...the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "badly dressed" means the person is dressed in a way that is not pleasing, not stylish, or not appropriate (poorly dressed).

    *   Sense 1: to a severe or serious degree (e.g., badly injured) - *No.*
    *   Sense 2: without skill or in a displeasing manner (e.g., she writes badly, he paints very badly) - *Possible, as dressing is a skill/manner of presentation.*
    *   Sense 3: in a disadvantageous way (e.g., venture turned out badly) - *No.*
    *   Sense 4: unfavorably or with disapproval (e.g., thought badly of him) - *No.*
    *   Sense 5: evilly or wickedly (e.g., treated parents badly) - *No.*
    *   Sense 6: with unusual distress or resentment (e.g., took defeat badly) - *No.*
    *   Sense 7: in a disobedient or naughty way (e.g., behaved badly in school) - *No.*
    *   Sense 8: in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well (e.g., ill prepared) - *Strong candidate. "Badly dressed" means dressed in an unsatisfactory or poor manner.*
    *   Sense 9: very much; strongly (e.g., wanted it badly) - *No.*
    *   Sense 10: with great intensity (e.g., hurt badly) - *No.*

    *   Sense 2: "without skill or in a displeasing manner" (examples: writes badly, paints badly).
    *   Sense 8: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well" (example: ill prepared).

    "Badly dressed" is a very common collocation. Does it mean "without skill" (Sense 2) or "in a poor/unsatisfactory manner" (Sense 8)?
    Usually, "badly dressed" means the result is poor or unsatisfactory.
    Comparing "she writes badly" (Sense 2) vs "he was ill prepared" (Sense 8).
    "Badly dressed" fits better with "poorly dressed" or "unsatisfactorily dressed."

    Let's look at Sense 8 again: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well".
    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "without skill or in a displeasing manner".

    Actually, "badly dressed" is often categorized under the general "poorly/unsatisfactorily" sense.
    If someone is "badly dressed," they are dressed in a poor manner.

    Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "without skill or in a displeasing manner". Dressing oneself is a skill (of sorts), and the result is displeasing.
    But Sense 8 is more general: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well".

    Let's check common WordNet mappings for "badly dressed".
    "Badly" in "badly dressed" usually maps to the sense of "poorly" or "unsatisfactorily".
    Sense 8: "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well".
    Sense 2: "without skill or in a displeasing manner".

    If I say "he writes badly," I'm talking about the quality of the writing (skill).
    If I say "he is badly dressed," I'm talking about the quality of the attire (poor/unsatisfactory).

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 8: "he was ill prepared". "Ill prepared" is very similar to "badly dressed" (both describe a state of being poorly [something]).

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "she writes badly; I think he paints very badly". These are active verbs of creation. "Dressed" in "badly dressed" is a participle acting as an adjective.

    Therefore, Sense 8 ("in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well") is the most fitting.

    *   Sense 1: severe/serious (No)
    *   Sense 2: without skill/displeasing (Maybe, but usually for active skills)
    *   Sense 3: disadvantageous (No)
    *   Sense 4: unfavorably (No)
    *   Sense 5: evilly (No)
    *   Sense 6: distress/resentment (No)
    *   Sense 7: disobedient (No)
    *   Sense 8: poor/improper/unsatisfactory (Yes)
    *   Sense 9: very much (No)
    *   Sense 10: intensity (No)

    "Badly dressed" = "Poorly dressed" = "Unsatisfactorily dressed". This aligns perfectly with Sense 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dressed
Target surface form: dressed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering
2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished
3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up
4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "dressed"
    *   Target surface form: "dressed"
    *   Context: "...the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `dressed%5:00:00:treated:02`: treated with medications and protective covering (medical context).
        2.  `dressed%5:00:00:finished:02`: (of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth (construction context).
        3.  `dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00`: dressed in fancy or formal clothing (dressed-up, dolled up).
        4.  `dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00`: dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination (appareled, attired).

    *   The sentence describes the appearance of male ringers: "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed..."
    *   "Badly dressed" refers to the quality of their clothing/attire.

    *   Sense 1 (medical) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (lumber/stone) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (fancy/formal clothing) refers to being "dressed up" or "dressed to the nines."
    *   Sense 4 (dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination) is the general sense of wearing clothes, often modified by an adverb (e.g., "neatly dressed," "badly dressed").

    *   Sense 3 is specifically about *fancy* or *formal* clothing.
    *   Sense 4 is the more general sense of being clothed, and the example "neatly dressed workers" mirrors "badly dressed [ringers]".

    *   The context "badly dressed" fits Sense 4 perfectly as it describes the manner of clothing.

    *   Sense 4: `dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00` (dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination).
    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 3 and 4.
    *   Sense 3: `dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00` (dressed in fancy or formal clothing).
    *   Sense 4: `dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00` (dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination).
    *   Actually, looking at the WordNet structure (though I shouldn't use the keys), Sense 4 is the general "clothed" sense, and Sense 3 is the "dressed up" sense. "Badly dressed" refers to the general state of their clothing, not that they failed to be formal.

    *   Sense 4 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: large
Target surface form: large
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child
3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid | examples=a man given to large talk; tumid political prose
4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope | examples=taking the large view; a large effect
5. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential | examples=played a large role in the negotiations
7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `large`
    *   Target surface form: `large`
    *   Context: "...the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."
    *   Target phrase: "a large beer-belly"

    *   Sense 1: conspicuous in position or importance (e.g., "big figure in the movement").
    *   Sense 2: pregnant (e.g., "big with child").
    *   Sense 3: ostentatiously lofty in style (e.g., "large talk").
    *   Sense 4: having broad power and range and scope (e.g., "large view").
    *   Sense 5: above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent (e.g., "large city").
    *   Sense 6: fairly large or important in effect; influential (e.g., "large role").
    *   Sense 7: generous and understanding and tolerant (e.g., "big heart").

    *   The phrase is "a large beer-belly".
    *   A "beer-belly" is a physical attribute (a stomach).
    *   "Large" here describes the physical size of the belly.
    *   This matches Sense 5: "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent".

    *   Sense 1 (conspicuous/important) - No.
    *   Sense 2 (pregnant) - No.
    *   Sense 3 (lofty style) - No.
    *   Sense 4 (comprehensive) - No.
    *   Sense 5 (above average in size) - Yes.
    *   Sense 6 (significant effect) - No.
    *   Sense 7 (generous) - No.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unwashed
Target surface form: unwashed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=common, plebeian, vulgar | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
2. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 | definition=not cleaned with or as if with soap and water | examples=a sink full of unwashed dishes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "unwashed"
    *   Context: A woman ringer is describing the "average male ringer" as "badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals."
    *   Candidate Senses:
        1.  `unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00`: of or associated with the great masses of people (common, plebeian, vulgar).
        2.  `unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01`: not cleaned with or as if with soap and water.

    *   The word "unwashed" is part of a list of physical attributes: "badly dressed", "decorated with acne", "large beer-belly", "unbearably flatulent".
    *   These are all descriptions of personal hygiene and physical appearance.
    *   Sense 1 refers to social class (the "unwashed masses").
    *   Sense 2 refers to physical cleanliness (not washed with soap and water).

    *   The context clearly points to physical hygiene, not social class.

    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation
4. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `woman`
    *   Target surface form: `women` (Note: The text says "Another <t>women</t> wrote", which is a grammatical error in the source text, but the meaning is clearly "Another woman wrote").
    *   Context: "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."
    *   Candidate Senses:
        1.  `woman%1:18:00::`: an adult female person (as opposed to a man).
        2.  `woman%1:18:01::`: a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man.
        3.  `woman%1:14:00::`: women as a class.
        4.  `woman%1:18:02::`: a human female employed to do housework.

    *   The sentence is: "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."
    *   The word "Another" indicates a singular individual.
    *   The pronoun "her" refers back to this person.
    *   The person is a bell-ringer from Sheffield.
    *   This is a specific individual adult female person.

    *   Sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a female person who plays a significant role... in the life of a particular man". No evidence of this in the context.
    *   Sense 3: "women as a class". The context refers to a specific individual ("Another... wrote from Sheffield"), not the class of women.
    *   Sense 4: "a human female employed to do housework". No evidence of this; she is a bell-ringer.

    *   The target surface form is "women", but the context "Another <t>women</t> wrote... in her 60 years" clearly treats it as a singular noun referring to one person.
    *   Sense 1 is the only one that fits a specific individual adult female.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: write
Target surface form: wrote
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: | definition=write music | synonyms=compose | examples=Beethoven composed nine symphonies
2. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: | definition=write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word) | synonyms=spell | examples=He spelled the word wrong in this letter
3. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate or express by writing | examples=Please write to me every week
4. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon
5. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=publish | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career
6. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: | definition=produce a literary work | synonyms=compose, pen, indite | examples=She composed a poem; He wrote four novels
7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: | definition=mark or trace on a surface | examples=The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper; Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet
8. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: | definition=create code, write a computer program | examples=She writes code faster than anybody else
9. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: | definition=communicate (with) in writing | synonyms=drop a line | examples=Write her soon, please!
10. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: | definition=record data on a computer | synonyms=save | examples=boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `write`
    *   Target surface form: `wrote`
    *   Context: "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."
    *   Surrounding context: The passage discusses a series of letters to "The Ringing World" (a weekly newspaper). One writer wrote a letter, and then "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say..."

    *   Sense 1: write music (compose) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: spell - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: communicate or express by writing (general) - Possible.
    *   Sense 4: communicate by letter - Very likely, as the context explicitly mentions "a series of letters to 'The Ringing World'".
    *   Sense 5: publish (books) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 6: produce a literary work (novel, poem) - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 7: mark or trace on a surface - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 8: create code - Not applicable.
    *   Sense 9: communicate (with) in writing (drop a line) - Similar to 3 and 4, but often implies a more casual "get in touch".
    *   Sense 10: record data on a computer - Not applicable.

    *   Sense 3: "communicate or express by writing" (General)
    *   Sense 4: "communicate by letter" (Specific)
    *   Sense 9: "communicate (with) in writing" (Similar to 3)

    The context says: "...the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to 'The Ringing World'... One writer... remarked... Another women wrote from Sheffield to say..."

    The action "wrote from Sheffield to say" refers specifically to the act of sending a letter to the newspaper.

    *   Sense 4: "communicate by letter" (Example: "He wrote that he would be coming soon")
    *   Sense 3: "communicate or express by writing" (Example: "Please write to me every week")

    Sense 4 fits perfectly because the context is explicitly about letters sent to a publication.

    *   Sense 4: communicate by letter.
    *   Context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say..." (referring to the letters to the newspaper).

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 3 vs Sense 4.
    Sense 3: "communicate or express by writing"
    Sense 4: "communicate by letter"

    In the sentence "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say...", the "wrote" refers to the act of sending a letter to the newspaper. Sense 4 is the most specific and accurate description of this action.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
2. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
3. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
6. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
7. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
8. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
9. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
10. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon
11. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `say`
    *   Target surface form: `say`
    *   Context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry...'"

    *   1: report or maintain (allege, aver) - Often used for claims that might be disputed.
    *   2: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - Often used for strong assertions or suggestions.
    *   3: give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority (order, tell) - Not applicable here.
    *   4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read) - Used for texts/laws.
    *   5: express in words (state, tell) - General communication of information.
    *   6: utter aloud - Focuses on the physical act of speaking.
    *   7: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way - Focuses on pronunciation.
    *   8: communicate or express nonverbally - Not applicable.
    *   9: express a supposition (suppose) - Not applicable.
    *   10: indicate (e.g., a clock) - Not applicable.
    *   11: recite or repeat a fixed text - Not applicable.

    *   The sentence is: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that..."
    *   The woman is writing a letter to communicate a fact/experience ("I have never known a lady to faint...").
    *   This is a general expression of information in words (via writing).
    *   Sense 5 ("express in words") is the most general and fitting sense for reporting the content of a letter.
    *   Sense 1 ("report or maintain") is similar but usually implies a claim that might be contested or an allegation.
    *   Sense 2 ("state as one's opinion or judgement") is possible, but "express in words" (Sense 5) is the standard way to describe the content of a communication like a letter.

    *   Sense 5: "express in words" (synonyms: state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."
    *   This matches perfectly with "wrote... to say that...".

    *   Sense 1: "report or maintain" (allege, aver). Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime." (Too strong/specific).
    *   Sense 2: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". Example: "I say let's forget this whole business." (More about declaring a position or making a suggestion).

    *   The woman is stating a fact from her experience. "Express in words" (Sense 5) is the most accurate description of the act of writing to convey a message.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `year`
    *   Target surface form: `years`
    *   Context: "...Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `year%1:28:01::`: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days (calendar year/duration).
        2.  `year%1:28:02::`: a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year (e.g., school year).
        3.  `year%1:28:00::`: the period of time for a planet to revolve around the sun (astronomical year).
        4.  `year%1:14:00::`: a body of students who graduate together (class).

    *   The phrase is "in her 60 years of ringing".
    *   This refers to a duration of time (60 years) during which she has been ringing bells.
    *   This is a measure of time based on the standard calendar year (365/366 days).

    *   Sense 1: "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days". This fits perfectly as a measure of duration.
    *   Sense 2: "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year" (e.g., school year). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 3: "the period of time that it takes for a planet... to make a complete revolution around the sun". While technically true, this is the astronomical definition, not the common usage for human age or duration of an activity.
    *   Sense 4: "a body of students who graduate together". Not applicable.

    *   The context "60 years of ringing" clearly refers to the standard unit of time (Sense 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: never
Target surface form: never
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=never%4:02:01:: | definition=not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances | examples=never fear; bringing up children is never easy
2. sense_key=never%4:02:00:: | definition=not ever; at no time in the past or future | synonyms=ne'er | examples=I have never been to China; I shall never forget this day

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "never"
    *   Target surface form: "never"
    *   Context: "...in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `never%4:02:01::`: not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances (e.g., "never fear").
        2.  `never%4:02:00::`: not ever; at no time in the past or future (e.g., "I have never been to China").

    *   The sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
    *   The speaker is referring to her experience over "60 years of ringing."
    *   This is a statement about frequency/occurrence over a period of time (at no time in the past).

    *   Sense 1 is used for emphasis or absolute negation of a possibility/circumstance ("certainly not").
    *   Sense 2 is used for temporal negation ("not ever", "at no time").

    *   "I have never known..." fits perfectly with "at no time in the past". This matches Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: known
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never <t>known</t> a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
2. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
3. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
6. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
7. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
8. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
9. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!
10. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
11. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Target surface form: `known`
    *   Context: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never <t>known</t> a lady to faint in the belfry.'"

    *   The speaker is talking about her 60 years of experience in bell-ringing.
    *   She says she has "never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
    *   This means she has never *experienced* or *witnessed* this happening.

    *   Sense 1: know the nature or character of (e.g., "we all knew her as a big show-off") - No.
    *   Sense 2: have sexual intercourse with - No.
    *   Sense 3: have fixed in the mind (e.g., "I know Latin") - No.
    *   Sense 4: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object (e.g., "Do you know my sister?") - No.
    *   Sense 5: accept (someone) to be what is claimed - No.
    *   Sense 6: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different - No.
    *   Sense 7: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information - No.
    *   Sense 8: be aware of the truth of something - No.
    *   Sense 9: perceive as familiar - No.
    *   Sense 10: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations; synonyms: experience, live (e.g., "have you ever known hunger?") - This fits well. "I have never known a lady to faint" means "I have never experienced/witnessed a lady fainting."
    *   Sense 11: know how to do or perform something - No.

    *   "I have never known a lady to faint" $\approx$ "I have never experienced a lady fainting" or "I have never encountered a situation where a lady fainted."
    *   Sense 10 definition: "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations; synonyms=experience, live".
    *   This matches the context of observing something over a period of 60 years.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lady
Target surface form: lady
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a <t>lady</t> to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman of the peerage in Britain | synonyms=noblewoman, peeress
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: | definition=a polite name for any woman | examples=a nice lady at the library helped me
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: | definition=a woman of refinement | synonyms=dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman | examples=a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `lady`
    *   Target surface form: `lady`
    *   Context: A discussion about women in bell-ringing. A woman from Sheffield writes that in her 60 years of ringing, she has "never known a <t>lady</t> to faint in the belfry," contrasting it with men who have died.
    *   Candidate Senses:
        1.  `lady%1:18:00::`: a woman of the peerage in Britain (noblewoman, peeress).
        2.  `lady%1:18:02::`: a polite name for any woman (e.g., "a nice lady at the library helped me").
        3.  `lady%1:18:01::`: a woman of refinement (dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman).

    *   The text is discussing women ringers in general.
    *   The writer is a woman ringer herself.
    *   She says, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
    *   In this context, "lady" is used as a synonym for "woman" (specifically, a woman ringer).
    *   Is she referring to nobility (Sense 1)? No.
    *   Is she referring to a "woman of refinement" (Sense 3)? While "lady" can imply refinement, in this context, it's used as a polite or slightly formal alternative to "woman" to counter the stereotype of women being frail (fainting).
    *   Is it a polite name for any woman (Sense 2)? Yes. The writer is using "lady" to refer to the women in the bell-ringing community.

    *   Sense 1 (Peerage): Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (Polite name for any woman): Fits well. The writer is using "lady" as a general term for women in the activity.
    *   Sense 3 (Woman of refinement): Less likely. While "lady" can mean refined, the primary function here is as a synonym for "woman" in a polite or slightly formal register.

    *   The contrast is between "women" (used earlier in the text) and "lady" (used by the writer).
    *   "I have never known a lady to faint..."
    *   This is a common usage of "lady" to mean "woman" in a polite or slightly old-fashioned way.

    *   Sense 2: "a polite name for any woman"
    *   Sense 3: "a woman of refinement"
    *   The writer is talking about women ringers in general, not specifically those who are "refined" (though she might consider them so, the meaning is "woman").

    *   Sense 2 is the most general and fits the usage of "lady" as a synonym for "woman" in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belfry
Target surface form: belfry
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the <t>belfry</t>. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belfry%1:06:01:: | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
2. sense_key=belfry%1:06:00:: | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `belfry`
    *   Target surface form: `belfry`
    *   Context: A discussion about bell-ringing groups, specifically women ringers. A woman from Sheffield mentions, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `belfry%1:06:01::`: a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building (synonym: campanile).
        2.  `belfry%1:06:00::`: a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung.

    *   The context is about the act of bell-ringing ("ringers", "peals", "ringing").
    *   The speaker says she has never known a lady to "faint in the belfry."
    *   Bell-ringing takes place inside the room where the bells are hung.
    *   While a belfry can refer to the whole tower (sense 1), in the context of being *in* the place where the activity (ringing) happens, it most specifically refers to the room/chamber where the bells are located.
    *   Comparing the two:
        *   Sense 1: The whole tower (often standalone).
        *   Sense 2: The specific room where bells are hung.
    *   In the context of "fainting in the belfry" while ringing, the person is physically located in the bell chamber.

    *   Sense 1 (campanile) is more about the architectural structure.
    *   Sense 2 is about the functional space where the bells are.
    *   Usually, when people talk about being "in the belfry" while ringing, they mean the room.

    *   Wait, let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: "a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building"
    *   Sense 2: "a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung"
    *   The context mentions "Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey." These are churches where the belfry is part of the building, not a standalone campanile.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 ("usually stands alone unattached to a building") is less likely than Sense 2 ("a room (often at the top of a tower)").

    *   The most precise fit for the location where a ringer would be standing and potentially fainting is the room where the bells are hung.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have <t>seen</t> one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
2. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
3. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
4. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
5. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?
6. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
8. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
9. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
10. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
11. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
12. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
13. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
14. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
15. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
16. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
17. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
20. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
21. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
22. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
23. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
24. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `see`
    *   Target surface form: `seen`
    *   Context: "I have <t>seen</t> one or two men die, bless them."
    *   Meaning: The speaker is saying they have witnessed men dying.

    *   1: observe as if with an eye (camera example)
    *   2: go to see a place (visit)
    *   3: get to know or become aware of (learn/hear)
    *   4: receive as a specified guest (doctor)
    *   5: make sense of (interpret)
    *   6: perceive or be contemporaneous with (witness, find) - Example: "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school"
    *   7: find out, learn, or determine with certainty (check)
    *   8: imagine; conceive of (visualize)
    *   9: be careful or certain to do something (ensure)
    *   10: take charge of or deal with (attend)
    *   11: see or watch (view a show)
    *   12: accompany or escort
    *   13: come together (meet)
    *   14: go to see for professional reasons (lawyer)
    *   15: observe, check out, and look over carefully (examine)
    *   16: see and understand (artist)
    *   17: perceive (an idea or situation) mentally (understand)
    *   18: deliberate or decide
    *   19: perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight (basic vision)
    *   20: go to see for a social visit
    *   21: deem to be (consider)
    *   22: go or live through (experience) - Example: "he saw action in Viet Nam"
    *   23: date regularly
    *   24: match or meet

    *   The speaker says "I have seen one or two men die".
    *   This means they witnessed the event.
    *   Sense 6: "perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find".
    *   Sense 19: "perceive by sight".
    *   Sense 22: "go or live through | synonyms=experience".

    *   Sense 19 is basic visual perception.
    *   Sense 6 specifically mentions "witness" and "be contemporaneous with".
    *   Sense 22 is more about experiencing a period or a situation (like "saw action in Viet Nam").

    Comparing "I have seen one or two men die" with "witness":
    "I have witnessed one or two men die." (Fits perfectly).
    "I have perceived by sight one or two men die." (A bit too literal/basic).
    "I have experienced one or two men die." (Possible, but "witness" is a better fit for "seen" in this context).

    Let's look at Sense 6 again: "perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school".
    Wait, "You'll see a lot of cheating" is very similar to "I have seen one or two men die".

    Let's check Sense 19 again: "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?". This is more about the *ability* to see or the act of seeing a static object.

    Sense 6 is about witnessing an event or a state of affairs.

    *   Sense 6: witness.
    *   Sense 19: perceive by sight.
    *   Sense 22: experience.

    "I have seen one or two men die" is most naturally interpreted as "I have witnessed one or two men die."

    Sense 6: "perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find".

    Let's double-check if there's any other sense.
    Sense 11: "see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in". (Usually for entertainment).

    Sense 6 seems the strongest because of the synonym "witness".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two <t>men</t> die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
2. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
3. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women
4. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
5. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
6. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
7. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
9. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
10. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
11. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `man`
    *   Target surface form: `men`
    *   Context: "...I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two <t>men</t> die, bless them."
    *   The context contrasts "lady" (female) with "men" (male).

    *   1: Game equipment (chess piece) - No.
    *   2: Male partner (husband/lover) - No.
    *   3: All living human inhabitants (humanity) - No.
    *   4: Adult male with manly character (virile/courageous) - No.
    *   5: Member of armed forces - No.
    *   6: Member of Hominidae (biological) - No.
    *   7: Isle of Man - No.
    *   8: Generic use for any human being - No.
    *   9: Male subordinate - No.
    *   10: Manservant - No.
    *   11: An adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) - Yes.

    *   The sentence "I have never known a lady to faint... I have seen one or two men die" clearly contrasts women (ladies) with men (adult males).
    *   Sense 11: "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)" fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: die
Target surface form: die
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men <t>die</t>, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=die%2:33:00:: | definition=to be on base at the end of an inning, of a player
2. sense_key=die%2:30:05:: | definition=lose sparkle or bouquet | synonyms=pall, become flat | examples=wine and beer can pall
3. sense_key=die%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear or come to an end | examples=Their anger died; My secret will die with me!
4. sense_key=die%2:30:04:: | definition=stop operating or functioning | synonyms=fail, go bad, give way, give out, conk out, go | examples=The engine finally went; The car died on the road
5. sense_key=die%2:30:00:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=decease, perish, go, exit, pass away, expire | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
6. sense_key=die%2:37:01:: | definition=languish as with love or desire | examples=She dying for a cigarette; I was dying to leave
7. sense_key=die%2:35:00:: | definition=cut or shape with a die | synonyms=die out | examples=Die out leather for belts
8. sense_key=die%2:30:02:: | definition=suffer spiritual death; be damned (in the religious sense) | examples=Whosoever..believes in me shall never die
9. sense_key=die%2:37:00:: | definition=be brought to or as if to the point of death by an intense emotion such as embarrassment, amusement, or shame | examples=I was dying with embarrassment when my little lie was discovered; We almost died laughing during the show
10. sense_key=die%2:37:03:: | definition=feel indifferent towards | examples=She died to worldly things and eventually entered a monastery
11. sense_key=die%2:39:00:: | definition=suffer or face the pain of death | examples=Martyrs may die every day for their faith

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `die`
    *   Target surface form: `die`
    *   Context: "...I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men <t>die</t>, bless them."
    *   Meaning: The speaker is contrasting women fainting with men actually passing away (dying) in the belfry.

    *   1: Baseball (on base at end of inning) - No.
    *   2: Lose sparkle/bouquet (wine/beer) - No.
    *   3: Disappear or come to an end (anger, secret) - No.
    *   4: Stop operating (engine, car) - No.
    *   5: Pass from physical life (decease, perish, pass away) - Yes.
    *   6: Languish with love/desire (dying for a cigarette) - No.
    *   7: Cut or shape with a die (leather) - No.
    *   8: Suffer spiritual death (damned) - No.
    *   9: Point of death by intense emotion (embarrassment, laughing) - No.
    *   10: Feel indifferent towards (worldly things) - No.
    *   11: Suffer or face the pain of death (martyrs) - No.

    *   The context "I have seen one or two men die, bless them" clearly refers to the biological end of life.
    *   Sense 5: "pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life" fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medical
Target surface form: Medical
Context:
<t>Medical</t> scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medical%3:00:00:: | definition=requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery | examples=medical treatment; pneumonia is a medical disease
2. sense_key=medical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the study or practice of medicine | examples=the medical profession; a medical student
3. sense_key=medical%3:01:02:: | definition=of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art | synonyms=aesculapian

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `medical`
    *   Target surface form: `Medical`
    *   Context: "`Medical` scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `medical%3:00:00::`: requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery.
        2.  `medical%3:01:00::`: relating to the study or practice of medicine.
        3.  `medical%3:01:02::`: of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art.

    *   The phrase is "Medical scientists".
    *   These scientists are studying genes and cancer.
    *   This relates to the *study* or *practice* of medicine (specifically, medical research).

    *   Sense 1: "requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine" (e.g., medical treatment). This describes a condition or treatment, not the scientists themselves.
    *   Sense 2: "relating to the study or practice of medicine" (e.g., the medical profession; a medical student). "Medical scientists" fits perfectly here as they are involved in the study of medicine.
    *   Sense 3: "of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art". This is a more archaic or specialized reference.

    *   Sense 2 is the most appropriate fit for "Medical scientists".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
Medical scientists are <t>starting</t> to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
2. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
3. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
4. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
5. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
6. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped
7. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
8. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
9. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
10. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
11. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
12. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
13. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
14. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `start`
    *   Target surface form: `starting`
    *   Context: "Medical scientists are <t>starting</t> to uncover a handful of genes..."
    *   Meaning: The scientists are beginning the process of uncovering genes.

    *   1: get off the ground (embark on an enterprise/company) - *Not quite.*
    *   2: begin or set in motion (general "go", "get going") - *Possible, but often refers to a specific time or signal.*
    *   3: move or jump suddenly (startle) - *Incorrect.*
    *   4: begin work/job - *Incorrect.*
    *   5: play in starting lineup - *Incorrect.*
    *   6: bulge outward - *Incorrect.*
    *   7: begin an event implied by the object (e.g., eating soup) - *Incorrect.*
    *   8: have a beginning (spatial/temporal) - *Incorrect.*
    *   9: have a beginning characterized in a way - *Incorrect.*
    *   10: set in motion, cause to start (transitive, e.g., start a war) - *Incorrect (scientists aren't causing the uncovering to start in that way, they are the ones doing it).*
    *   11: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action (synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out; example: "We began working at dawn") - *This fits well. "Starting to uncover" = "beginning to uncover".*
    *   12: leave (depart) - *Incorrect.*
    *   13: get going or set in motion (e.g., start an engine) - *Incorrect.*
    *   14: bring into being (originate, initiate) - *Incorrect.*

    *   Sense 2: "begin or set in motion" (synonyms: go, get going). Example: "I start at eight in the morning."
    *   Sense 11: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" (synonyms: begin, get, start out). Example: "We began working at dawn."

    In the sentence "Medical scientists are starting to uncover...", the verb "starting" is followed by an infinitive ("to uncover"). This structure ("start to [verb]") typically aligns with the sense of beginning an action. Sense 11 specifically mentions "carrying out an action" and provides the example "began working," which is structurally similar to "starting to uncover."

    *   Sense 11: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" -> "starting to uncover". This is a perfect fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: handful
Target surface form: handful
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a <t>handful</t> of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=handful%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity that can be held in the hand | synonyms=fistful
2. sense_key=handful%1:23:01:: | definition=a small number or amount | synonyms=smattering | examples=only a handful of responses were received

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "handful"
    *   Target surface form: "handful"
    *   Context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a <t>handful</t> of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `handful%1:23:00`: the quantity that can be held in the hand (literal).
        2.  `handful%1:23:01`: a small number or amount (figurative/metaphorical).

    *   The sentence refers to a "handful of genes".
    *   Genes are microscopic biological units; they cannot be physically held in a hand.
    *   Therefore, "handful" here means "a small number".

    *   Sense 1: Literal quantity held in hand. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: A small number or amount. (Correct)

    *   The best sense is index 2.