[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
2. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!
3. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
4. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
5. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
6. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
7. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
8. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
9. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
10. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
11. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Target surface form: `knew`
    *   Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level."
    *   Meaning: The scientists lacked information or knowledge about cancer at the molecular level.

    *   Sense 1: know how to do or perform something (skill) - No.
    *   Sense 2: perceive as familiar (recognition) - No.
    *   Sense 3: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about (factual knowledge) - Yes.
    *   Sense 4: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different (differentiation) - No.
    *   Sense 5: know the nature or character of (personal character) - No.
    *   Sense 6: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object (acquaintance) - No.
    *   Sense 7: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations (experience) - No.
    *   Sense 8: accept (someone) to be what is claimed (acknowledge) - No.
    *   Sense 9: have fixed in the mind (memorized/learned) - No.
    *   Sense 10: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something (conviction/truth) - Close, but Sense 3 is more about possessing information/facts.
    *   Sense 11: have sexual intercourse with - No.

    *   The sentence says "we knew nothing at the molecular level." This refers to a lack of scientific information/facts.
    *   Sense 3: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 10: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something". This is more about conviction or certainty about a specific truth rather than general possession of information.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit for "possessing knowledge or information about" a subject (cancer at the molecular level).


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: molecular
Target surface form: molecular
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the <t>molecular</t> level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=molecular%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to simple or elementary organization; --G.A. Miller | examples=proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception
2. sense_key=molecular%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules | examples=molecular structure; molecular oxygen

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `molecular`
    *   Target surface form: `molecular`
    *   Context: "...cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the <t>molecular</t> level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `molecular%3:00:00::`: relating to simple or elementary organization.
        2.  `molecular%3:01:00::`: relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules.

    *   The context discusses genes, cancer development, and the "molecular level."
    *   Genes are made of DNA, which is a molecule.
    *   "Molecular level" in biology/medicine refers to the level of molecules (DNA, proteins, etc.), not just "simple or elementary organization" in a general sense.

    *   Sense 1: "relating to simple or elementary organization" (more abstract/metaphorical, as seen in the example "molecular facts of perception").
    *   Sense 2: "relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules" (scientific/biological sense).

    *   The context is clearly scientific (genes, cancer, researchers).
    *   "Molecular level" here refers to the actual molecules (DNA/genes) involved in cancer.
    *   Sense 2 is the correct fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular <t>level</t>. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
2. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
4. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?
6. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
7. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
8. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "level"
    *   Context: "...cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular <t>level</t>."
    *   Meaning: The context refers to the "molecular level," meaning the scale or degree of detail (molecular vs. cellular vs. organ level).

    *   Sense 1: height above ground (e.g., water reached ankle level) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process (synonyms: degree, stage, point) - *Possible*
    *   Sense 3: a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality (synonyms: degree, grade) - *Possible*
    *   Sense 4: a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line (horizontal surface) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 5: a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms (floor, storey) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 6: indicator that establishes the horizontal (spirit level) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 7: a relative position or degree of value in a graded group (grade, tier) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 8: an abstract place usually conceived as having depth (synonyms: layer, stratum) - *Possible*

    *   "Molecular level" refers to the scale of observation or the level of organization in biological systems.
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (degree, stage, point).
    *   Sense 3: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" (degree, grade).
    *   Sense 8: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (layer, stratum).

    *   In biology/chemistry, "molecular level" describes the scale of analysis.
    *   Looking at Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series". The hierarchy of biological organization (molecular -> cellular -> tissue -> organ -> system) is a series/continuum.
    *   Looking at Sense 3: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality". "Molecular" isn't really about intensity or amount.
    *   Looking at Sense 8: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (layer, stratum). While "molecular level" can feel like a layer, it's more about the scale of the system.

    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (synonyms: degree, stage, point).
    *   Sense 8: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (synonyms: layer, stratum).
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 8.
    *   Example for Sense 8: "a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning". This is more about metaphorical depth.
    *   Example for Sense 2: "at what stage are the social sciences?".
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series". The biological hierarchy (molecular, cellular, etc.) fits this description well.

    *   Wait, let me check if there's a better fit.
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series"
    *   Sense 3: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality"
    *   Sense 8: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth"

    *   Actually, "molecular level" is often categorized as a "level of organization."
    *   Comparing "molecular level" to "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series" (Sense 2).
    *   Comparing "molecular level" to "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" (Sense 3).
    *   Comparing "molecular level" to "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (Sense 8).

    *   Let's look at Sense 2 synonyms: degree, stage, point.
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 synonyms: degree, grade.
    *   Let's look at Sense 8 synonyms: layer, stratum.

    *   In the phrase "at the molecular level," it refers to the scale of the biological organization. This is a position in a series (molecular -> cellular -> etc.).

    *   Let's double-check Sense 2 again: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    *   Let's double-check Sense 8 again: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth".

    *   If I search for "molecular level" in WordNet-based tools, it often maps to the sense of "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series" (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series"
    *   Sense 3: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality"
    *   Sense 8: "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth"

    *   "Molecular level" is a position in the series of biological organization. This fits Sense 2 best.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 2 and Sense 3.
    *   Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process"
    *   Sense 3: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality"
    *   "Molecular" is not a quality, amount, or intensity. It is a position in a series of scales (molecular, cellular, etc.).

    *   Is it Sense 8? "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth". "Molecular level" isn't really about depth in the way a simile has layers.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most accurate.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 2 again. "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process".
    *   Let me look at Sense 3 again. "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality".
    *   Let me look at Sense 8 again. "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth".

    *   Actually, looking at other examples of "molecular level," it's often treated as a "level of organization."
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series". This fits "level of organization" perfectly.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 8 one more time. "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth". "A good actor communicates on several levels." This is more about different interpretations or meanings.

    *   Sense 2 seems the strongest.

    *   Wait, let me check Sense 2 synonyms: degree, stage, point.
    *   Let me check Sense 3 synonyms: degree, grade.
    *   Let me check Sense 8 synonyms: layer, stratum.

    *   If we think of "molecular level" as a "stratum" of organization, Sense 8 might work. But "stratum" usually implies a physical or social layer.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series".
    *   Molecular -> Cellular -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organism. This is a series.

    *   Final check:
        Sense 1: height (No)
        Sense 2: position in a series (Yes)
        Sense 3: scale of intensity (No)
        Sense 4: flat surface (No)
        Sense 5: floor/storey (No)
        Sense 6: spirit level (No)
        Sense 7: relative position in a graded group (No - this is more like "grade A lumber")
        Sense 8: abstract place with depth (No)

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 7: "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group". "Molecular" isn't a value.

    *   Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: Today
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "today"
    *   Target surface form: "Today"
    *   Context: "...Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `today%1:28:00::` - the present time or age (e.g., "the world of today", "today we have computers")
        2.  `today%1:28:01::` - the day that includes the present moment (e.g., "Today is beautiful", "today's newspaper")

    *   The sentence contrasts "a decade ago" with "Today".
    *   "A decade ago" refers to a period of time in the past.
    *   "Today" in this context refers to the current era or the present time, not specifically the 24-hour period of the current calendar day.

    *   Sense 1: "the present time or age" - Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "the day that includes the present moment" - Does not fit (it's not talking about today's date).

    *   The correct sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
2. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
3. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
4. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
5. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
7. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
8. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!
9. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
10. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
11. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `know`
    *   Target surface form: `know`
    *   Context: "Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses scientific discoveries regarding genes and cancer. The speaker (Bert Vogelstein) is contrasting the past ("cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing") with the present ("Today, we know that...").

    *   Sense 1: Accept someone/power (acknowledge/recognize). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. (Example: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun")
    *   Sense 3: Firsthand knowledge of states/emotions (experience). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Sexual intercourse. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Familiar/acquainted with a person or object. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Distinguish/recognize as different. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: Know the nature or character of. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 8: Perceive as familiar. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 9: Know how to do something. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 10: Be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (Example: "I know that the President lied to the people")
    *   Sense 11: Have fixed in the mind (e.g., a language). (Incorrect)

    *   The sentence is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer..."
    *   This is a statement of scientific fact/knowledge.
    *   Sense 2: "be aware of the truth of something... regard as true beyond any doubt."
    *   Sense 10: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about."

    *   Sense 2 often implies a deeper conviction or a fundamental truth (e.g., Galileo).
    *   Sense 10 is more about possessing specific information or being aware of a fact.
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 2: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" (Scientific truth).
        *   Sense 10: "I know that the President lied to the people" (Specific fact).
    *   The context "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" is a scientific conclusion based on evidence. This aligns very closely with the Galileo example in Sense 2.
    *   However, let's re-examine Sense 10: "be cognizant or aware of a fact... possess knowledge or information about."
    *   In many WordNet-based datasets, "know that [clause]" where it refers to a fact is often mapped to Sense 10 or Sense 2.
    *   Let's look at the nuance: Sense 2 mentions "regard as true beyond any doubt" and "belief or faith". Sense 10 is "cognizant or aware of a fact".
    *   Scientific knowledge is usually presented as a fact derived from evidence.
    *   Wait, let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 2: "I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"
        *   Sense 10: "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!"
    *   The "Galileo" example in Sense 2 is almost identical in nature to the "accumulation of genes" statement (scientific discovery/truth).

    *   Sense 2: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt"
    *   Sense 10: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about"
    *   The sentence "Today, we know that..." is asserting a scientific truth.
    *   Comparing "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun" (Sense 2) with "I know that the President lied" (Sense 10).
    *   The scientific nature of the statement makes Sense 2 a very strong candidate.

    *   Sense 10 is more about "possessing information".
    *   Sense 2 is more about "awareness of truth".
    *   In the context of "cancer was a black box... Today, we know that...", it's about moving from ignorance to understanding a fundamental truth of how cancer works. This fits Sense 2's "be aware of the truth of something" and the Galileo example perfectly.

    *   Sense 2: be aware of the truth of something.
    *   Sense 10: be cognizant or aware of a fact.
    *   Actually, looking at many WSD benchmarks (like SemCor), "know that [clause]" often maps to the sense of knowing a fact.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 10: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".
    *   The distinction is subtle. Sense 2 is often used for "knowing" in a more absolute or philosophical sense, while Sense 10 is for "knowing" as in "having the information".
    *   "We know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer" is a piece of scientific information/fact.
    *   However, the Galileo example is the clincher. Galileo's knowledge was a scientific truth that changed the understanding of the world, just as this genetic discovery changes the understanding of cancer.

    *   Sense 2: "Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"
    *   Context: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer"
    *   These are structurally and semantically almost identical.

    *   Sense 10: "I know that the President lied to the people"
    *   This is a specific event/fact.

    *   The scientific discovery context strongly points to Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accumulation
Target surface form: accumulation
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accumulation%1:22:00:: | definition=an increase by natural growth or addition | synonyms=accretion
2. sense_key=accumulation%1:21:00:: | definition=(finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation
3. sense_key=accumulation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of accumulating | synonyms=accrual, accruement
4. sense_key=accumulation%1:14:00:: | definition=several things grouped together or considered as a whole | synonyms=collection, aggregation, assemblage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "accumulation"
    *   Context: "...we know that the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Meaning: The process or result of several altered genes building up or gathering over time to trigger cancer.

    *   Sense 1: "an increase by natural growth or addition" (Synonym: accretion). This describes a gradual increase or buildup.
    *   Sense 2: "(finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends..." (Irrelevant).
    *   Sense 3: "the act of accumulating" (Synonyms: accrual, accruement). This describes the *process* of gathering.
    *   Sense 4: "several things grouped together or considered as a whole" (Synonyms: collection, aggregation, assemblage). This describes the *result* (the group itself).

    *   The sentence says "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer".
    *   Is it the *act* of accumulating (Sense 3), the *result* of the accumulation (Sense 4), or the *increase/buildup* (Sense 1)?
    *   In biological contexts, "accumulation of mutations" or "accumulation of genes" usually refers to the gradual buildup over time (accretion/increase).
    *   Sense 1 ("an increase by natural growth or addition") fits the biological process of mutations building up.
    *   Sense 4 ("several things grouped together") is more like a static collection.
    *   Sense 3 ("the act of accumulating") is the process.

    *   "Accumulation of mutations" is a standard phrase in genetics. It refers to the gradual increase in the number of mutations.
    *   Sense 1: "an increase by natural growth or addition" (accretion).
    *   Sense 3: "the act of accumulating".
    *   Sense 4: "several things grouped together".

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
    Sense 1 focuses on the *increase* (the result of the process of adding more).
    Sense 3 focuses on the *act* (the process itself).

    In "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer", it's the fact that they have built up (the increase/total amount) that triggers the cancer.

    Let's look at Sense 1 again: "an increase by natural growth or addition". This fits well with the biological process of mutations adding up.

    Let's look at Sense 4: "several things grouped together or considered as a whole". This is more like a "pile" or a "collection".

    Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    Sense 1: "an increase by natural growth or addition" (accretion).
    Sense 3: "the act of accumulating".

    Usually, in these WordNet-style tasks:
    - "The accumulation of snow" (Sense 1 or 3?)
    - "The accumulation of wealth" (Sense 1 or 3?)

    If we look at the synonyms:
    Sense 1: accretion.
    Sense 3: accrual, accruement.
    Sense 4: collection, aggregation, assemblage.

    In the context of genes, "accumulation" refers to the process of more and more mutations occurring. This is an "increase by addition".

    Let's check if Sense 1 is the best fit.
    "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer"
    = "the increase [in the number] of several of these altered genes..."
    = "the buildup of several of these altered genes..."

    Sense 4 ("collection") doesn't quite fit because it's not just that they are grouped together, but that they have increased in number over time.

    Sense 1 seems the most precise for the biological process of mutations building up.

    *Self-Correction:* Let's double-check Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    Sense 1: an increase by natural growth or addition.
    Sense 3: the act of accumulating.

    If the sentence is "the accumulation... can initiate a cancer", it's the *state* of having accumulated them (the increase/buildup) that does the initiating.

    Let's look at Sense 1 again. "Accretion" is a very good synonym for biological accumulation of mutations.

    Sense 1: increase by natural growth or addition.
    Sense 3: the act of accumulating.
    Sense 4: several things grouped together.

    In "the accumulation of several of these altered genes", it refers to the process/result of them building up. Sense 1 captures the "increase/buildup" aspect better than Sense 3 (the act) or Sense 4 (the group).

    Wait, let me look at Sense 1 and Sense 4 again.
    Sense 1: an increase by natural growth or addition.
    Sense 4: several things grouped together or considered as a whole.

    If I say "the accumulation of evidence", is that Sense 1 or Sense 4?
    If I say "the accumulation of mutations", is that Sense 1 or Sense 4?

    Actually, "accumulation of mutations" is often treated as the *process* of them adding up.

    Let's re-read: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer".
    This means as more genes are altered, the risk increases, and once enough have accumulated, cancer starts. This is an increase by addition.

    Sense 1: increase by natural growth or addition.
    Sense 3: the act of accumulating.

    Sense 1 is a noun describing the *result* of the process (the increase), while Sense 3 is the *act* itself. In this sentence, the "accumulation" (the fact that they have increased/built up) is what initiates the cancer.

    Let's compare with Sense 4: "several things grouped together". This is more like "a collection of genes". But the genes aren't just grouped; they've built up over time.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the strongest candidate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: altered
Target surface form: altered
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these <t>altered</t> genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:modified:00 | definition=changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose | synonyms=adapted | examples=seeds precisely adapted to the area; instructions altered to suit the children's different ages
2. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:castrated:00 | definition=having testicles or ovaries removed | synonyms=neutered
3. sense_key=altered%3:00:00:: | definition=changed in form or character without becoming something else; ; ; - Charles Dickens | examples=the altered policy promised success; following an altered course we soon found ourselves back in civilization

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target word: "altered"
    *   Context: "...the accumulation of several of these <t>altered</t> genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Meaning: In the context of genetics and cancer, "altered genes" refers to genes that have undergone mutations or changes in their sequence or function.

    *   Sense 1: "changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose" (adapted).
    *   Sense 2: "having testicles or ovaries removed" (neutered).
    *   Sense 3: "changed in form or character without becoming something else".

    *   Sense 1 implies intentional improvement or adaptation for a purpose. Genetic mutations causing cancer are not "improvements" or "adaptations for a purpose" in the sense of a conscious design or a positive goal (though evolutionarily they might be "adapted" to the cancer cell, the general meaning of "altered" here is simply "changed/mutated").
    *   Sense 2 is about castration/neutering. Irrelevant.
    *   Sense 3 is a general sense of being changed in form or character. A mutated gene is a gene that has been changed in its sequence (form/character) but is still a gene.

    *   The genes are mutated. Mutation is a change in the genetic sequence.
    *   Sense 3 ("changed in form or character without becoming something else") fits best because the genes have changed (mutated) but are still genes.

    *   Sense 1: "instructions altered to suit the children's different ages" (intentional change for a purpose).
    *   Sense 3: "the altered policy promised success" (a change in the nature/content of the policy).

    *   The genes are not being "improved" or "made fit for a purpose" (Sense 1).
    *   They are not being neutered (Sense 2).
    *   They have been changed/mutated (Sense 3).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: initiate
Target surface form: initiate
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can <t>initiate</t> a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=initiate%2:41:01:: | definition=accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite | synonyms=induct | examples=African men are initiated when they reach puberty
2. sense_key=initiate%2:36:00:: | definition=take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of | synonyms=pioneer | examples=This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants
3. sense_key=initiate%2:36:01:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, start | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
4. sense_key=initiate%2:32:00:: | definition=bring up a topic for discussion | synonyms=broach
5. sense_key=initiate%2:30:00:: | definition=set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for | synonyms=lead up | examples=Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `initiate`
    *   Target surface form: `initiate`
    *   Context: "...the accumulation of several of these altered genes can <t>initiate</t> a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

    *   Sense 1: Accept people into an exclusive society (induct). (Incorrect: Not about societies/rites).
    *   Sense 2: Take the lead or initiative in; participate in development (pioneer). (Incorrect: Not about pioneering a field).
    *   Sense 3: Bring into being (originate, start). (Possible: The genes start the cancer).
    *   Sense 4: Bring up a topic for discussion (broach). (Incorrect: Not about discussion).
    *   Sense 5: Set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for (lead up). (Possible: The genes set the cancer process in motion).

    *   The sentence says: "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer".
    *   This means the genes *start* or *cause the beginning of* the cancer.
    *   Sense 3: "bring into being" (synonyms: originate, start).
    *   Sense 5: "set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for" (synonym: lead up).

    *   "Initiate a cancer" means to cause the cancer to start existing or to trigger the process of cancer development.
    *   Sense 3 ("bring into being") fits well with starting a biological process or condition.
    *   Sense 5 ("set in motion, start an event") often refers to a sequence of events (like Hitler's attack leading up to WWII).
    *   Comparing "initiate a program" (Sense 3) vs "lead up to World War II" (Sense 5).
    *   In biological contexts, "initiate" usually means to start the process or bring the condition into existence.
    *   Looking at the synonyms: Sense 3 (originate, start) vs Sense 5 (lead up). "Start a cancer" is more natural than "lead up to a cancer" in this specific grammatical structure ("initiate a cancer").

    *   Sense 3: "bring into being" / "start".
    *   Sense 5: "set in motion, start an event".
    *   Actually, "initiate a cancer" is very similar to "start a cancer".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 5: "set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "bring into being".
    *   Cancer is a disease/condition. Bringing it into being (Sense 3) or starting the event of its development (Sense 5).
    *   Usually, "initiate" in the sense of "starting a process" is Sense 3 or 5.
    *   Wait, let's look at the examples. Sense 3: "He initiated a new program". Sense 5: "Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II".
    *   "Initiate a cancer" is more like "initiate a program" (starting something new) than "leading up to an event".

    *   Sense 3: bring into being / start.
    *   Sense 5: set in motion / start an event.
    *   In the context of "initiate a cancer", it means the genes trigger the start of the disease. This is "bringing into being" the cancerous state.

    *   Sense 3: originate, start.
    *   Sense 5: lead up.
    *   "Initiate" as in "start" is most commonly Sense 3.

    *   Sense 3: "bring into being" (e.g., initiate a program).
    *   Sense 5: "set in motion, start an event" (e.g., lead up to).
    *   "Initiate a cancer" fits "bring into being" (Sense 3) better than "lead up to" (Sense 5).

    *   Sense 3: "bring into being" (start).
    *   Sense 5: "set in motion" (start an event).
    *   Actually, "initiate" in biology (like cancer initiation) refers to the first step in the process of carcinogenesis. This is "starting" the process.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms again. Sense 3: originate, start. Sense 5: lead up.
    *   "Start a cancer" is a direct synonym for "initiate a cancer".

    *   Sense 3: bring into being.
    *   Sense 5: set in motion.
    *   If I say "initiate a sequence", is that Sense 3 or 5?
    *   If I say "initiate a cancer", I am starting the process.
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again: "bring into being".
    *   Let's check Sense 5 again: "set in motion, start an event".
    *   Cancer is more of a process/event than a "thing" brought into being like a foundation.
    *   However, "initiate a program" (Sense 3) is also a process.
    *   Looking at the synonyms "originate, start" (Sense 3) vs "lead up" (Sense 5). "Start" is a much better fit for "initiate a cancer" than "lead up".

    *   Sense 3: bring into being / start.
    *   Sense 5: set in motion / start an event.
    *   Wait, "set in motion" (Sense 5) is very close to "start a process". But the synonym provided is "lead up". "Lead up" is usually intransitive or used as "led up to".
    *   "The accumulation of genes can initiate a cancer."
    *   This is a transitive use.
    *   Sense 3: "He initiated a new program" (Transitive).
    *   Sense 5: "Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II" (Intransitive/Phrasal).
    *   The target "initiate" is used transitively ("initiate a cancer").
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
2. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
3. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: The text discusses genes, cancer treatment, prevention, tests to predict cancer, colon cancer, molecular level, tumor-suppressors, and anti-cancer genes.
    *   Target word in context: "...the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

    *   Sense 1: A small zodiacal constellation (Astronomy).
    *   Sense 2: Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division (Medical).
    *   Sense 3: A person born while the sun is in Cancer (Astrology).
    *   Sense 4: The fourth sign of the zodiac (Astrology).
    *   Sense 5: Type genus of the family Cancridae (Biology/Crustaceans).

    *   The context is clearly medical/biological, focusing on genetics, tumors, and disease.
    *   The phrase "initiate a cancer" refers to the development of a malignant growth.
    *   This matches Sense 2 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
2. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then
3. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "then"
    *   Target surface form: "then"
    *   Context: "...Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state."

    *   Sense 1: "in that case or as a consequence" (Conditional/Logical consequence). Example: "if he didn't take it, then who did?"
    *   Sense 2: "at that time" (Temporal point in the past or future). Example: "I was young then."
    *   Sense 3: "subsequently or soon afterward" (Sequential order). Example: "then he left; go left first, then right."

    *   The sentence describes a process: "accumulation of several of these altered genes can **initiate** a cancer and, **then**, **propel** it into a deadly state."
    *   The word "then" here indicates a sequence of events: first, the cancer is initiated, and subsequently/afterward, it is propelled into a deadly state.
    *   This matches the definition of Sense 3 ("subsequently or soon afterward").

    *   Sense 1 (consequence) is possible in some contexts, but here it's clearly a temporal/sequential progression of a biological process.
    *   Sense 2 (at that time) refers to a specific point in time, not a sequence of events.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propel
Target surface form: propel
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, <t>propel</t> it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propel%2:36:00:: | definition=give an incentive for action | synonyms=motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite | examples=This moved me to sacrifice my career
2. sense_key=propel%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move forward with force | synonyms=impel | examples=Steam propels this ship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `propel`
    *   Target surface form: `propel`
    *   Context: "...the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, <t>propel</t> it into a deadly state."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `propel%2:36:00::`: give an incentive for action (motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite). Example: "This moved me to sacrifice my career."
        2.  `propel%2:35:00::`: cause to move forward with force (impel). Example: "Steam propels this ship."

    *   The sentence describes the progression of cancer: "initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."
    *   Here, "propel" means to drive the cancer forward or accelerate its progression toward a more severe (deadly) state.
    *   Sense 1 is about motivation/incentive for a conscious action (human-like).
    *   Sense 2 is about causing something to move forward with force (physical or metaphorical progression).

    *   While "propel" in this context isn't literally pushing a ship with steam, it describes a process being driven forward.
    *   Sense 1 (motivate/incentive) is clearly for sentient beings or agents taking action.
    *   Sense 2 (cause to move forward with force/impel) fits the idea of driving a biological process forward into a specific state.

    *   Sense 1: motivate, actuate, prompt (not applicable to cancer).
    *   Sense 2: cause to move forward with force, impel (applicable to the progression of a disease).

    *   The word "propel" here is used metaphorically to mean "drive forward" or "accelerate the progression of." This aligns much better with Sense 2 than Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `deadly`
    *   Context: "...the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state."
    *   Meaning: The cancer becomes capable of causing death.

    *   Sense 1: `toxic` (extremely poisonous/venomous) - Not applicable (cancer isn't a poison/venom).
    *   Sense 2: `fatal` (causing or capable of causing death) - Fits well.
    *   Sense 3: `noxious` (exceedingly harmful) - Too general.
    *   Sense 4: `fatal` (of an instrument of certain death, e.g., lethal weapon) - Not an instrument.
    *   Sense 5: `virulent` (of a disease: rapid course and violent effect) - Cancer is a disease, and "deadly state" could imply virulence, but "deadly" specifically refers to the outcome (death). However, let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 5.
    *   Sense 6: `unpardonable` (spiritual death/sins) - Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2: "causing or capable of causing death"
    *   Sense 5: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect"

    The sentence says "propel it into a deadly state." This means the cancer becomes lethal/fatal. While cancer is a disease, "deadly" in this context most directly maps to "causing death" (Sense 2) rather than specifically "rapid course and violent effect" (Sense 5), although they are related. Usually, "deadly" as an adjective for a condition means it kills.

    Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2: "deathly, mortal".
    Let's look at Sense 5: "virulent".

    In medical contexts, a "deadly disease" is one that causes death. Sense 2 is the most general and accurate definition for "deadly" meaning "causing death". Sense 5 is more specific to the *manner* of the disease (rapid/violent). The text says "propel it into a deadly state," meaning the cancer becomes fatal.

    Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 5.
    Sense 2: `fatal` (causing or capable of causing death).
    Sense 5: `virulent` (of a disease: rapid course and violent effect).

    If a cancer is "deadly," it means it kills the patient. This is the definition of "fatal."

    Let's check Sense 4: "of an instrument of certain death". Cancer isn't an instrument.

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 5 again:
    Sense 2 is the standard meaning of "deadly" (lethal).
    Sense 5 is a specific application to diseases.
    However, "deadly state" refers to the lethality of the cancer.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "a fatal accident; a deadly enemy".
    Let's look at the definition for Sense 5: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect".

    Is "deadly" in "deadly state" describing the *speed/violence* or the *outcome* (death)? It describes the outcome. Therefore, Sense 2 is the best fit.

    Wait, let me double-check if "deadly" is used as a synonym for "virulent" in medical contexts. Yes, but "deadly" primarily means "causing death".

    Let's re-read: "...propel it into a deadly state."
    If the cancer is in a "deadly state," it is now capable of killing the person. This is exactly Sense 2.

    Sense 1: toxic/venomous (No)
    Sense 2: fatal/causing death (Yes)
    Sense 3: noxious/harmful (No)
    Sense 4: lethal instrument (No)
    Sense 5: virulent/rapid course (Maybe, but Sense 2 is more direct)
    Sense 6: unpardonable (No)

    Sense 2 is the most encompassing and accurate definition for "deadly" meaning "causing death".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
2. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
6. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789
7. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
8. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `state`
    *   Target surface form: `state`
    *   Context: "...the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `state%1:26:01`: a state of depression or agitation (emotional state).
        2.  `state%1:26:02`: (chemistry) states of matter (solid, liquid, gas).
        3.  `state%1:14:01`: government of a sovereign state.
        4.  `state%1:14:00`: politically organized body of people.
        5.  `state%1:03:00`: the way something is with respect to its main attributes (e.g., state of health).
        6.  `state%1:14:02`: US Department of State.
        7.  `state%1:15:01`: administrative district (province).
        8.  `state%1:15:00`: territory occupied by a nation.

    *   The sentence describes cancer progressing due to altered genes.
    *   "propel it into a deadly state" refers to the condition or condition of the cancer/patient.
    *   It describes a condition or mode of being (deadly).

    *   Sense 1: Emotional state (depression/agitation). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: Chemistry (solid/liquid/gas). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: Government. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: Nation/Country. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" (e.g., "state of health"). This fits perfectly. A "deadly state" describes the condition of the disease/patient.
    *   Sense 6: US State Department. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 7: Province. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 8: Territory. Not applicable.

    *   Sense 5 is the only one that fits the context of a medical condition or a general state of being.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: call
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
2. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
3. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
4. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
5. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
6. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
7. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
8. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
9. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
10. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
11. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
12. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
13. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
14. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
15. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
16. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
17. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
18. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
19. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
20. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
21. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
22. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
23. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
24. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
25. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 23}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 23}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `call`
    *   Target surface form: `call`
    *   Context: "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

    *   The sentence says scientists "call" a class of genes "tumor-suppressors".
    *   This means they are giving a name or a label to this specific group of genes.

    *   Sense 1: pay a brief visit (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: make a prediction (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: consider or regard as being (Possible, but usually for qualities: "I would not call her beautiful")
    *   Sense 4: order or request (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: square dance calls (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: challenge somebody (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: lure animals (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 8: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to (Example: "They named their son David") - This is for proper names.
    *   Sense 9: utter in a loud voice (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 10: demand payment (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 11: telephone (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 12: radio/signal (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 13: indicate a decision (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 14: stop in a harbour (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 15: read aloud (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 16: stop/postpone (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 17: order/summon for duty (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 18: call a bond (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 19: animal cry (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 20: demand a card/suit (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 21: call a meeting (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 22: order to come (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 23: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality (Example: "He called me a bastard") - This fits better than Sense 8 because "tumor-suppressors" is a common noun/category, not a proper name.
    *   Sense 24: greet/address (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 25: shout (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 26: challenge sincerity (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 27: umpire's call (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 28: rouse from sleep (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 8: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" (e.g., naming a child David).
    *   Sense 23: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" (e.g., calling someone a bastard).
    *   In the context "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors", "tumor-suppressors" is a descriptive name/category (a common noun phrase), not a proper name like "David".

    *   Sense 23: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    *   "Tumor-suppressors" describes the quality/function of the genes.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 3: "consider or regard as being".
    *   Sense 23: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality".
    *   Comparing "Scientists call the genes tumor-suppressors" with "He called me a bastard". Both involve assigning a label/category.
    *   Comparing with "I would not call her beautiful" (Sense 3). "Beautiful" is an adjective. "Tumor-suppressors" is a noun.
    *   Sense 23 specifically mentions "give a name of a common noun". This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 8: Proper name (David).
    *   Sense 23: Common noun reflecting a quality (bastard, tumor-suppressors).
    *   Sense 3: Regard as being (beautiful).

    The target "tumor-suppressors" is a common noun phrase used as a label. Sense 23 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
2. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
3. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him
6. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
7. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
8. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
9. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "new"
    *   Target surface form: "new"
    *   Context: "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    *   Surrounding context: "scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes", "super-exciting set of discoveries", "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box... Today, we know...".

    *   Sense 1: unaffected by use or exposure (e.g., "looks like new") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 2: gratuitously new/newfangled (e.g., "newfangled ideas") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 3: in use after medieval times (e.g., "New Egyptian") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 4: original and of a kind not seen before/novel (e.g., "novel proof") - *Possible, but usually implies a breakthrough in concept rather than just discovery.*
    *   Sense 5: unfamiliar (e.g., "new experiences") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 6: inexperienced (e.g., "raw recruits") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 7: current stage of language development (e.g., "Modern English") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 8: unprecedented (e.g., "unexampled prosperity") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 9: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered (e.g., "a new law; new cars") - *Strong candidate. The genes were "newly identified" and the class of genes is a recent discovery.*
    *   Sense 10: harvested at an early stage (e.g., "new potatoes") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 11: other than the former one(s); different (e.g., "new leaders") - *Incorrect.*

    *   The text says "newly identified genes" and "super-exciting set of discoveries".
    *   The "new class of genes" refers to a category of genes that scientists have recently discovered/identified.
    *   Sense 9 specifically mentions "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or **discovered**". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 4 ("original and of a kind not seen before") is close, but Sense 9's mention of "discovered" aligns better with the scientific context of identifying genes.

    *   Sense 9: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered".
    *   Context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors..." (referring to the recently discovered genes).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: class
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class
2. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
3. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
4. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
5. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
6. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
7. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
8. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `class`
    *   Target surface form: `class`
    *   Context: "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  Elegance in dress or behavior.
        2.  People having the same social, economic, or educational status.
        3.  A body of students who graduate together.
        4.  (Biology) A taxonomic group containing one or more orders.
        5.  Education imparted in a series of lessons.
        6.  A league ranked by quality.
        7.  A body of students who are taught together.
        8.  A collection of things sharing a common attribute (synonyms: category, family).

    *   The sentence refers to a "class of genes" called "tumor-suppressors".
    *   This describes a group of genes that share a common attribute (they suppress tumors).

    *   Sense 1: Elegance (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Social class (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Graduating students (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Taxonomic group (Biology) - While this is biology, "class" in taxonomy is a specific rank (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species). "Tumor-suppressors" is not a taxonomic class in the Linnaean sense.
    *   Sense 5: Education/Course (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: League/Division (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: Students taught together (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 8: A collection of things sharing a common attribute (category, family). This fits perfectly. "Tumor-suppressors" is a category or family of genes.

    *   Sense 8 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "simply"
    *   Target surface form: "simply"
    *   Context: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes."

    *   Sense 1: absolutely (synonym: just) - e.g., "I just can't take it anymore." (Emphasis)
    *   Sense 2: absolutely; altogether; really - e.g., "we are simply broke." (Emphasis)
    *   Sense 3: in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment (synonym: plainly) - e.g., "she was dressed plainly." (Manner)
    *   Sense 4: and nothing more (synonyms: merely, just, only, but) - e.g., "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time." (Limitation/Simplification)

    *   The sentence says: "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."
    *   Here, "simply" is used to introduce a simpler, more common, or more direct term for "tumor-suppressors."
    *   It means "or, to put it more simply," or "or just."
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1 & 2 are about absolute emphasis (e.g., "simply wonderful"). Not the case here.
        *   Sense 3 is about lifestyle or appearance (plainly). Not the case here.
        *   Sense 4 is "and nothing more," "merely," "just," "only." In this context, "simply anti-cancer genes" means "just anti-cancer genes" (as a simpler alternative name).

    *   "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or [merely/just/only] anti-cancer genes."
    *   This fits the usage of simplifying a term or providing a more basic alternative. Sense 4 covers "just" and "merely" in the sense of "nothing more than" or "simply put."

    *   Sense 4: "and nothing more" / "merely, just, only, but".
    *   Example: "it is simply a matter of time".
    *   In the context "or simply anti-cancer genes", it functions as "or just anti-cancer genes". This aligns with Sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: functioning
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
2. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `function`
    *   Target surface form: `functioning`
    *   Context: "When <t>functioning</t> normally, they [tumor-suppressor genes] make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `serve a purpose, role, or function` (synonym: serve)
        2.  `perform as expected when applied` (synonyms: work, operate, go, run)
        3.  `perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function` (synonym: officiate)

    *   The sentence describes genes that "function normally" to make proteins.
    *   In this context, "functioning normally" means the genes are working or operating as they are supposed to in a biological system.
    *   Sense 1 (serve a purpose) is close, but "functioning normally" usually refers to the operational state of a system or component.
    *   Sense 2 (perform as expected when applied / work, operate) fits perfectly. If a gene is "functioning normally," it is "working" or "operating" as expected.
    *   Sense 3 (perform duties attached to an office) is clearly incorrect (this is for people in roles/offices).

    *   Sense 1: "The tree stump serves as a table." (Role/Purpose)
    *   Sense 2: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in." (Operational state/Working)
    *   Sense 3: "His wife officiated as his private secretary." (Official duty)

    The genes are biological components. When they "function normally," they are "working" or "operating" correctly. This aligns best with Sense 2.