[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
2. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?
3. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
4. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
5. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
6. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
7. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
8. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `control`
    *   Target surface form: `control`
    *   Context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Meaning: The proteins are needed to regulate, limit, or keep cell growth within normal bounds to prevent cancer.

    *   Sense 1: verify by using a duplicate register (Accounting/Audit) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: have a firm understanding or knowledge of (Mastery) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 3: exercise authoritative control or power over (Command/Authority) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 4: be careful or certain to do something (Ensure) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 5: control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully (Manipulate) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 6: handle and cause to function (Operate machinery) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 7: lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits (Hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate) - *Matches well. Cell growth needs to be kept within limits.*
    *   Sense 8: check or regulate (a scientific experiment) (Experimental control) - *Incorrect*

    *   The context is biological: "proteins needed to control cell growth".
    *   In biology, controlling growth means regulating it, keeping it from becoming excessive (malignant).
    *   Sense 7's definition "hold or keep within limits" and synonyms "check, curb, moderate" fit perfectly with the biological process of tumor suppression.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell
3. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
4. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
5. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "cell"
    *   Target surface form: "cell"
    *   Context: "...Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Surrounding context mentions: "genes", "radiation", "cell division", "malignant", "oncogenes", "cancerous cells", "tumor-suppressor gene", "proteins".

    *   Sense 1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb)
    *   Sense 2: room for a prisoner
    *   Sense 3: small unit of a political movement (cadre)
    *   Sense 4: mobile phone
    *   Sense 5: (biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
    *   Sense 6: small room for a monk/nun
    *   Sense 7: device delivering electric current (battery)

    *   The context is clearly biological, discussing genetics, cancer, proteins, and cell division.
    *   "cell growth" in the context of cancer refers to the proliferation of biological cells.
    *   Sense 5 is the biological definition.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
4. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
5. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
6. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair
7. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `growth`
    *   Target surface form: `growth`
    *   Context: "...Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses genes, radiation, cell division, growth-suppressing proteins, malignant cells, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer.

    *   Sense 1: `growth%1:11:01::` - gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence). (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 2: `growth%1:22:01::` - progression from simpler to more complex forms (culture). (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 3: `growth%1:26:00::` - (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor). (This refers to the *result* of uncontrolled growth, i.e., the tumor itself).
    *   Sense 4: `growth%1:22:00::` - (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; biological unfolding. (This is general biological growth).
    *   Sense 5: `growth%1:14:00::` - vegetation that has grown. (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 6: `growth%1:17:00::` - something grown or growing (e.g., hair). (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 7: `growth%1:22:02::` - a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increase, increment).

    *   The phrase is "control cell growth".
    *   In biology, "cell growth" usually refers to the process of cells increasing in size or number (proliferation).
    *   Sense 3 refers to the *abnormal proliferation* (the tumor itself). The text says "proteins needed to control cell growth". Proteins don't control the tumor (the result); they control the *process* of growth (the proliferation of cells).
    *   Sense 4 refers to the growth of an *individual organism*.
    *   Sense 7 refers to the process of becoming "more numerous". Cell growth/proliferation is exactly this: cells becoming more numerous.

    *   Sense 3: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". This is a noun referring to the mass.
    *   Sense 7: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This is a noun referring to the process.
    *   The context "control cell growth" refers to the process of cells dividing and increasing in number.

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 4 again: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically...". This is too broad (organism level).
    *   Sense 7: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This fits "cell growth" (cells becoming more numerous).

    *   Is "cell growth" in this context referring to the *normal* process that needs to be controlled, or the *abnormal* proliferation?
    *   "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   This implies that the proteins normally control the *process* of growth to prevent it from becoming abnormal. Therefore, "growth" here refers to the process of increasing in number/size.

    *   Sense 3: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   Sense 7: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous".
    *   If the proteins "control cell growth", they are controlling the *process* (Sense 7), not the *abnormal proliferation* (Sense 3), because the abnormal proliferation is what happens when the control is *lost*.

    *   Sense 7: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important".
    *   This fits the biological process of cell proliferation perfectly.

    *   Sense 4 is about the *organism* growing.
    *   Sense 7 is a more general process of increasing in number.
    *   Cell growth (proliferation) is the process of cells becoming more numerous.

    *   Sense 3: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   If the text meant "control the tumor", it would say "control the growth" (referring to the mass). But it says "control cell growth". "Cell growth" is a standard biological term for the process.

    *   Sense 7 is the most accurate description of the process of cells increasing in number.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific passage discussing genes, radiation, cell division, malignant growth, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and the development of the disease.
    *   Specific sentence: "...so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired."

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." (Astrology)
    *   Sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation..." (Astronomy)
    *   Sense 4: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" (Astrology)
    *   Sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae" (Biology/Zoology - crabs)

    *   The context is entirely about genetics, cell division, malignancy, and tumors.
    *   The word "cancer" in "for cancer to arise" clearly refers to the disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth.
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
2. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
5. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
7. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `arise`
    *   Target surface form: `arise`
    *   Context: "...so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "arise" refers to cancer starting, developing, or coming into existence.

    *   Sense 1: `originate or come into being` (e.g., "a question arose").
    *   Sense 2: `get up and out of bed`. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: `rise to one's feet`. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: `take part in a rebellion`. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: `come into existence; take on form or shape` (synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow).
    *   Sense 6: `move upward`. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: `result or issue` (synonyms: come up).

    *   Sense 1 vs. Sense 5 vs. Sense 7.
    *   Sense 1: "originate or come into being" (often used for abstract things like questions, problems, or situations).
    *   Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (synonyms: develop, grow). This fits well with a biological process like cancer developing.
    *   Sense 7: "result or issue" (usually implies a causal link, e.g., "a problem arose from the mistake").

    *   The sentence says "for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   This means for cancer to *develop* or *come into existence*.
    *   Looking at the synonyms for Sense 5: "originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow". "Develop" is a perfect fit for cancer.
    *   Looking at Sense 1: "originate or come into being". This is very similar, but Sense 5's inclusion of "develop" and "grow" makes it more specific to the biological context of a disease forming.
    *   Wait, let's re-examine Sense 1 and Sense 5.
        *   Sense 1: `arise%2:42:01::` (originate or come into being)
        *   Sense 5: `arise%2:42:00::` (come into existence; take on form or shape)
    *   Actually, looking at the WordNet structure (if I recall), `arise%2:42:00` is the more general sense of coming into existence.
    *   Let's check the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "a question arose"
        *   Sense 5: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
    *   Cancer "arising" is very similar to a movement "originating" or a love "springing up" (Sense 5) or a question "arising" (Sense 1).
    *   However, "develop" is listed as a synonym for Sense 5. The text later says "for a cancer to develop." This strongly links "arise" in the previous sentence to "develop" in the next.

    *   Sense 5 synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow.
    *   Context: "...for cancer to arise... for a cancer to develop."
    *   This is a direct parallel.

    *   Sense 1: originate or come into being.
    *   Sense 5: come into existence; take on form or shape.
    *   Sense 7: result or issue.
    *   Sense 5's synonym "develop" is the key.

    *   Sense 1: `arise%2:42:01::`
    *   Sense 5: `arise%2:42:00::`
    *   Sense 7: `arise%2:30:00::`
    *   The context "for cancer to arise" is almost identical to "for cancer to develop". Sense 5 explicitly lists "develop" as a synonym.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copies`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing.
        2.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account.
        3.  `copy%1:10:00::`: a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record).
        4.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials.

    *   The text discusses genes, specifically tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   It mentions that these genes are inherited in "two copies, one from each parent."
    *   In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to an instance of that gene on a chromosome. Since humans are diploid, they have two copies of most autosomal genes.
    *   The "copies" here are identical (or nearly identical) versions of the same gene.

    *   Sense 1: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." This fits the biological context where a gene copy is an identical version of the gene.
    *   Sense 2: "material suitable for a journalistic account." (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: "a reproduction of a written record." (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: "matter to be printed." (Incorrect)

    *   While "copy" in genetics is a technical term, among the provided options, Sense 1 is the only one that describes a duplicate or identical version of something. Senses 2, 3, and 4 are all related to writing/journalism.

    *   Sense 1: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" -> Fits the concept of gene copies.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `impaired`
    *   Target surface form: `impaired`
    *   Context: "...for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>."
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses genes, specifically tumor-suppressor genes. It mentions genes being "damaged," "defective," and "damaged early in life."

    *   Sense 1: `diminished in strength, quality, or utility` (Example: `impaired eyesight`).
    *   Sense 2: `mentally or physically unfit` (Synonym: `afflicted`).

    *   The context refers to genes (biological molecules).
    *   The text uses "damaged" and "defective" as synonyms or related terms for "impaired" in this context.
    *   Sense 1 refers to a reduction in strength, quality, or utility. A damaged gene has diminished utility/function.
    *   Sense 2 refers to a person being mentally or physically unfit (e.g., a person with a disability). Genes themselves cannot be "mentally or physically unfit" in the way a person is.

    *   Sense 1 fits the description of a gene's function being diminished or lost due to damage.
    *   Sense 2 is specifically about the state of a person/organism.

    *   The target word "impaired" describes the state of the gene copies.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
2. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `person`
    *   Target surface form: `person`
    *   Context: "A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `person%1:08:00::` - a human body (usually including clothing)
        2.  `person%1:03:00::` - a human being (synonyms: individual, someone, somebody)
        3.  `person%1:10:00::` - a grammatical category

    *   The sentence describes a human being who inherits a defective gene.
    *   It refers to a biological individual.
    *   Sense 1 (human body) is too narrow/physical (e.g., "on his person").
    *   Sense 2 (human being) fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 (grammatical category) is completely irrelevant.

    *   Sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
2. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
3. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
4. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
5. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
7. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
8. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
13. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `bear`
    *   Target surface form: `born`
    *   Context: "A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."
    *   Meaning: The person was brought into existence/delivered from the womb with a specific genetic trait.

    *   1: `cause to be born` (give birth, deliver, birth, have) - This is the active form (the mother bears the child).
    *   2: `support or hold in a certain manner` (hold, carry)
    *   3: `move while holding up or supporting`
    *   4: `have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices`
    *   5: `have on one's person` (wear, bear a scar)
    *   6: `bring in` (yield, pay)
    *   7: `take on as one's own the expenses or debts`
    *   8: `bring forth` (plants)
    *   9: `be pregnant with` (gestate, expect)
    *   10: `behave in a certain manner`
    *   11: `contain or hold; have within`
    *   12: `have` (bear a resemblance)
    *   13: `put up with something or somebody unpleasant`

    *   The word "born" is the past participle of "bear" in the sense of giving birth.
    *   Sense 1: "cause to be born" (give birth, deliver, birth, have).
    *   Wait, "born" is the passive form of "bear" (sense 1). "A person who is born" means "A person who was caused to be born".

    *   Sense 1: `cause to be born` (give birth, deliver, birth, have).
    *   Sense 9: `be pregnant with` (gestate, expect).
    *   Sense 1 is the act of giving birth. "Born" is the result of that act.

    *   "Born" is the past participle of "bear" (sense 1).
    *   Example: "My wife had twins yesterday!" (Sense 1).
    *   Passive: "Twins were born yesterday."

    *   Sense 1: cause to be born.
    *   Sense 9: be pregnant with.
    *   Sense 1 is the correct root for "born".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
3. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene..."
    *   Surrounding context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."

    *   Sense 1: `copy%1:10:02::` - material suitable for a journalistic account (e.g., "catastrophes make good copy"). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: `copy%1:10:01::` - matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials (synonym: written matter). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: `copy%1:06:00::` - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor"). -> This fits the biological context of genes (alleles/duplicates).
    *   Sense 4: `copy%1:10:00::` - a reproduction of a written record (e.g., of a legal or school record) (synonym: transcript). -> Incorrect.

    *   The text discusses genes. Humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent).
    *   In biology, a "copy" of a gene refers to an identical or nearly identical version of that genetic sequence.
    *   Sense 3 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing") is the most general and accurate description of a genetic copy/duplicate.

    *   Sense 1: Journalism.
    *   Sense 2: Printing.
    *   Sense 3: Duplicate/Identical thing.
    *   Sense 4: Document reproduction.

    Sense 3 is the only one that fits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
2. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
3. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed (written matter).
        2.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account.
        3.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone).
        4.  `copy%1:10:00::`: a reproduction of a written record (e.g., transcript).

    *   The text discusses genes, specifically tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   It mentions that genes are inherited in "two copies, one from each parent."
    *   It refers to a "defective copy of a suppressor gene" and "one copy is damaged."
    *   In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to an identical or nearly identical version of that gene (alleles).

    *   Sense 1 (printed matter) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (journalistic material) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (thing made to be similar or identical to another thing) - This fits best. A gene copy is an identical (or nearly identical) version of the genetic sequence. The example "the clone was a copy of its ancestor" is very close to the biological context.
    *   Sense 4 (reproduction of a written record) - Incorrect. While DNA is often metaphorically called a "code" or "record," it is not a "written record" in the sense of a legal or school transcript.

    *   Sense 3 is the only one that fits the biological context of genetic duplication/inheritance.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `damage`
    *   Target surface form: `damaged`
    *   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `damage%2:30:00::` (inflict damage upon) - Active sense (e.g., "The snow damaged the roof").
        2.  `damage%2:30:01::` (suffer or be susceptible to damage) - Passive/Intransitive sense (e.g., "These fine china cups damage easily").

    *   The sentence is: "...or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..."
    *   Here, "is damaged" is a passive construction.
    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (transitive). In the passive voice ("is damaged"), it means "damage was inflicted upon it".
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (intransitive/middle voice).

    *   Sense 1 (inflict damage upon): "The snow damaged the roof" -> "The roof was damaged by the snow."
    *   Sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage): "These fine china cups damage easily." (This describes a property of the cups).

    *   In the context "...one copy is damaged early in life...", the gene copy has undergone a process of being harmed or altered. This is the passive form of "inflicting damage upon" the gene.
    *   Sense 2 describes a tendency or susceptibility ("damage easily"). The context is not saying the gene is *susceptible* to damage, but that it *has been* damaged (a state resulting from an action).

    *   Sense 1: To inflict damage upon. (Passive: to be damaged).
    *   Sense 2: To be susceptible to damage.

    The phrase "is damaged early in life" indicates that the damage occurred (the action of inflicting damage happened), not that the gene is simply "easy to damage".

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
    If "damage" in Sense 2 means "to suffer damage", then "is damaged" could potentially fit. However, "suffer damage" is usually used as "the car suffered damage" (intransitive/active) or "the car was damaged" (passive of Sense 1).

    Let's look at the examples:
    Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" (Transitive).
    Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" (Intransitive/Middle).

    In "one copy is damaged", "damaged" is the past participle used in a passive construction. This maps directly to the transitive verb "to damage" (Sense 1).

    Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.

    If the sentence were "The gene damages easily," that would be Sense 2.
    Since it is "the gene is damaged," it is the passive of "something damaged the gene," which is Sense 1.

    Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
    Context: "...one copy is damaged early in life..."
    This is a passive construction of Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning
2. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
3. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "early"
    *   Target surface form: "early"
    *   Context: "...or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life..."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `early%4:02:02::` (in good time / betimes)
        2.  `early%4:02:01::` (during an early stage / early on)
        3.  `early%4:02:00::` (before the usual time or the time expected / ahead of time)

    *   The phrase is "early in life".
    *   This refers to a period of time (the beginning stages of a person's life).
    *   It does not mean "in good time" (sense 1).
    *   It does not mean "before the usual time" (sense 3).
    *   It means "during an early stage" of life (sense 2).

    *   Sense 2: "during an early stage", synonym "early on", example "early on in her career".
    *   "Early in life" matches "early on in her career" perfectly in structure and meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
2. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
3. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
4. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
5. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
7. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
8. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
9. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
10. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
11. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard
12. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
13. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
14. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `life`
    *   Target surface form: `life`
    *   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer..."

    *   1: period between birth and the present time.
    *   2: condition of living or state of being alive.
    *   3: a living person.
    *   4: organic phenomenon distinguishing living from nonliving.
    *   5: motive for living.
    *   6: period from present until death.
    *   7: living things collectively.
    *   8: experience of being alive; course of human events.
    *   9: account of events (biography).
    *   10: characteristic state or mode of living.
    *   11: prison term.
    *   12: animation and energy.
    *   13: period during which something is functional (lifetime, lifespan).
    *   14: course of existence of an individual; actions and events.

    *   The phrase is "damaged early in life".
    *   This refers to the time span of a person's existence.
    *   Sense 1: "period between birth and the present time" (usually used for someone currently alive, e.g., "I have known him all his life").
    *   Sense 13: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)" (synonyms: lifetime, lifespan).
    *   Sense 14: "the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living".

    *   "Early in life" typically refers to the early part of one's lifespan or lifetime.
    *   Sense 13 (lifetime/lifespan) fits well because it describes the duration of existence from birth to death.
    *   Sense 1 (birth to present) is too specific to the current moment.
    *   Sense 14 (course of existence/actions) is more about the *nature* or *events* of the life rather than the *time period*.

    *   "Early in life" = early in the lifespan.
    *   Sense 13: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan". This is the most precise fit for a temporal reference to the duration of a person's existence.

    *   Sense 1: "period between birth and the present time" (Example: "I have known him all his life"). This is a specific subset of the lifespan.
    *   Sense 13: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)" (Example: "he lived a long and happy life"). This covers the entire span. "Early in life" refers to the beginning of this span.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 14 again: "the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living".
    *   And Sense 13: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)".
    *   "Early in life" is a temporal marker. "Life" here means the lifespan. Sense 13 explicitly lists "lifespan" as a synonym.

    *   Sense 1: birth to present.
    *   Sense 13: birth to death (lifespan).
    *   "Early in life" refers to the early stage of the lifespan.

    *   Sense 13 is the most appropriate for "early in life".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "especially"
    *   Target surface form: "especially"
    *   Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `especially%4:02:00::`: to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common (synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially).
        2.  `especially%4:02:01::`: in a special manner (synonyms: specially).

    *   The sentence says a person is "especially prone to cancer".
    *   "Prone to cancer" is a state of susceptibility.
    *   "Especially" here modifies "prone", indicating a *higher degree* of susceptibility compared to someone who has two healthy copies of the gene.
    *   It means "particularly prone" or "to a greater extent than is common".

    *   Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common". This fits perfectly. (e.g., "particularly fussy", "particularly gruesome").
    *   Sense 2: "in a special manner". This refers to the *way* something is done (e.g., "a specially arranged dinner"). This does not fit "especially prone".

    *   Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
2. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
4. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
5. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific passage discussing genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes), malignant cells, tumors, and genetic tests for cancer susceptibility.
    *   Target sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

    *   Sense 1: Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
    *   Sense 2: Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
    *   Sense 3: Genus of crabs (biology/taxonomy).
    *   Sense 4: Malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal cell division (medicine/biology).
    *   Sense 5: Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).

    *   The context is entirely about genetics, malignant cells, tumors, and medical diagnosis.
    *   The target word "cancer" refers to the disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth.
    *   This matches Sense 4 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago
2. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
3. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
4. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
5. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
6. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
7. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "only"
    *   Target surface form: "only"
    *   Context: "...a person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

    *   Sense 1: "as recently as" (Time) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: "never except when" (Condition) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 3: "and nothing more" (Synonyms: merely, simply, just, but) - *Possible*
    *   Sense 4: "with nevertheless the final result" (Contrast/Outcome) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 5: "without any others being included or involved" (Synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone) - *Possible*
    *   Sense 6: "except that" (Contrast) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 7: "in the final outcome" (Result) - *Incorrect*

    *   Sentence: "...he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Substitution test:
        *   "...he need *merely* lose the other copy..." (Works well)
        *   "...he need *simply* lose the other copy..." (Works well)
        *   "...he need *just* lose the other copy..." (Works well)
        *   "...he need *exclusively* lose the other copy..." (Doesn't fit as well)
        *   "...he need *solely* lose the other copy..." (Doesn't fit as well)

    *   Sense 3 ("and nothing more" / merely, simply, just) fits the context of "he only needs to do this one thing (lose the other copy) for the result to happen."
    *   Sense 5 ("without any others being included or involved") usually refers to a group or a specific entity being the sole one (e.g., "only he was there"). In "need only lose," it's about the simplicity or sufficiency of the action.

    *   "Need only" is a common idiomatic construction meaning "need simply" or "need merely."
    *   Example: "You need only ask" = "You simply need to ask."
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lose
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
2. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
5. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
6. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
7. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
9. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
10. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
11. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `lose`
    *   Target surface form: `lose`
    *   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop."

    *   The context discusses genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   A person has two copies of a gene.
    *   If one is defective/damaged, they only need to "lose" the other copy for cancer to develop.
    *   In this biological context, "lose" means the gene is no longer functional, is deleted, or is otherwise gone/inactive.

    *   Sense 1: allow to go out of sight (e.g., detective lost the man) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 2: fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense (e.g., lost her purse) - *Possible*
    *   Sense 3: suffer the loss of a person through death or removal (e.g., lost her husband) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 4: fail to get or obtain (e.g., lost the opportunity) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 5: retreat (e.g., fall back) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 6: fail to win (e.g., lost the battle) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 7: be set at a disadvantage (e.g., suffers in translation) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 8: miss from one's possessions; lose sight of (e.g., lost my glasses) - *Similar to Sense 2, but more about misplacing/missing*
    *   Sense 9: fail to make money (e.g., lost thousands of dollars) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 10: place (something) where one cannot find it again (e.g., misplaced eyeglasses) - *Incorrect*
    *   Sense 11: fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind (e.g., missed that remark) - *Incorrect*

    *   Sense 2: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense"
    *   Sense 8: "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of"
    *   Sense 10: "place (something) where one cannot find it again"

    In the context of a gene, "lose the other copy" means the person no longer has a functional copy of that gene. This fits "cease to have" (Sense 2) much better than "miss from one's possessions" (Sense 8) or "misplace" (Sense 10).

    *   Sense 2: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense"
    *   Example: "She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat" (Physical loss).
    *   Application: The person ceases to have a functional copy of the gene. This is a physical/biological loss.

    *   Sense 8: "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of"
    *   Example: "I've lost my glasses again!" (This is more about misplacing).

    Sense 2 is the most general and accurate description of "ceasing to have" something, which applies perfectly to the loss of a gene copy.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
2. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
3. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: "other"
    *   Target surface form: "other"
    *   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `other%5:00:02:past:00`: belonging to the distant past (early, former).
        2.  `other%3:00:00::`: not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied.
        3.  `other%5:00:00:strange:00`: very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected.
        4.  `other%5:00:00:past:00`: recently past.

    *   The sentence says: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies... A person who is born with one defective copy... need only lose the <t>other</t> copy..."
    *   The context establishes that there are *two* copies. One is already mentioned (the defective one). The "other" refers to the second of the two copies.

    *   Sense 1: Distant past. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied. (Correct - refers to the second of the two copies).
    *   Sense 3: Unusual/strange. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Recently past. (Incorrect)

    *   The word "other" in "the other copy" refers to the remaining copy of the two mentioned. This fits perfectly with "not the same one... already mentioned".


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `copy`
    *   Target surface form: `copy`
    *   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop."
    *   Candidate senses:
        1.  `copy%1:10:00::`: a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)
        2.  `copy%1:06:00::`: a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone was a copy of its ancestor)
        3.  `copy%1:10:01::`: matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials
        4.  `copy%1:10:02::`: material suitable for a journalistic account

    *   The text discusses genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   It mentions that genes are inherited in "two copies, one from each parent."
    *   It refers to a "defective copy of a suppressor gene."
    *   The target word `<t>copy</t>` refers to one of these genetic copies.

    *   Sense 1: Written record (transcript). Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. (Example: "the clone was a copy of its ancestor"). This fits the biological context of genetic copies (alleles/homologous chromosomes).
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed. Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: Journalistic material. Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the concept of a biological duplicate or identical version of a gene.

    *   The target word is "copy" in the context of genetics.
    *   Sense 2 defines it as "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing."
    *   This is the best fit among the provided options.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
3. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
*   Target lemma: `cancer`
    *   Target surface form: `cancer`
    *   Context: A scientific text discussing genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes), malignant cells, tumors, and genetic tests for cancer susceptibility.
    *   Specific sentence: "...is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop."

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: "a small zodiacal constellation..." (Astronomy)
    *   Sense 3: "type genus of the family Cancridae" (Biology/Crustaceans)
    *   Sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac..." (Astrology)
    *   Sense 5: "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" (Astrology)

    *   The context is entirely about oncology, genetics, malignant growths, and tumors.
    *   The phrase "for a cancer to develop" clearly refers to the disease/malignant growth.

    *   Sense 1 matches the context perfectly.