[User]
Which numbered sense of "month" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Senses:
1. definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Target word: "months"
    *   Senses:
        1.  One of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (e.g., January, February).
        2.  A time unit of approximately 30 days (duration).

    *   The phrase is "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing".
    *   This refers to a duration of time (several periods of about 30 days), not specific calendar months (like "in January" or "last month").

    *   Sense 1: Calendar division. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Time unit of approximately 30 days. (Correct)


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "tedious" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Senses:
1. definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks
2. definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Target word: "tedious"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Lacking in interest, causing mental weariness (boring, dull, irksome, slow).
        2.  Using too many words (long-winded, verbose).

    *   The context describes "months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes."
    *   "Probing of chromosomes" is a scientific process.
    *   It is described as "tedious and often frustrating."
    *   Does it mean "long-winded/verbose" (Sense 2)? No, probing chromosomes doesn't involve using too many words.
    *   Does it mean "boring, dull, slow, or causing mental weariness" (Sense 1)? Yes, repetitive scientific laboratory work (probing chromosomes for months) is often described as tedious in the sense of being monotonous, slow, and mentally wearing.

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "often" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Senses:
1. definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. definition=in many cases or instances

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Target word: "often"
    *   Senses:
        1.  many times at short intervals (frequently)
        2.  frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal)
        3.  in many cases or instances

    *   The sentence describes "months of tedious and often frustrating probing".
    *   "Often frustrating" means that the probing was frustrating in many instances or frequently during those months.

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (frequently). This fits well. The frustration occurred frequently over the course of the months.
    *   Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" (much, a great deal). This is usually used in negative sentences or questions (e.g., "I don't travel much"). It doesn't fit the grammatical structure "often frustrating".
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances". This also fits. The probing was frustrating in many instances.

    *   Sense 1 is about frequency of occurrence over time.
    *   Sense 3 is about frequency across different cases/instances.
    *   In "often frustrating probing", the frustration happens *during* the process. It's a characteristic of the experience over time.
    *   Let's look at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "we often met over a cup of coffee" (frequency over time).
        *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" (e.g., "It often seems to develop in stages" - this is actually used earlier in the text provided).

    *   Wait, let's look at the text again:
        *   "because it often seems to develop in stages" -> This is Sense 3 (in many cases of colon cancer).
        *   "It often is preceded by the development of polyps" -> This is Sense 3 (in many cases).
        *   "tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing" -> This describes the *experience* of the probing. The probing was tedious, and frequently (at various times during the process), it was frustrating.

    *   Is "often frustrating" more about "many times at short intervals" (Sense 1) or "in many cases or instances" (Sense 3)?
    *   If I say "the work was often frustrating", I mean that there were many times during the work when I felt frustrated. This aligns with Sense 1 (frequently).
    *   Sense 3 usually applies to general truths or patterns across a population/set of events (e.g., "Children often fear the dark").

    *   Sense 1: frequently (many times).
    *   Sense 3: in many cases.
    *   "Often frustrating probing" = frequently frustrating probing.

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" / "frequently".
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances".
    *   In the phrase "tedious and often frustrating probing", "often" modifies "frustrating". It means the frustration occurred frequently throughout the process. This is a temporal frequency.

    *   Sense 1: "we often met over a cup of coffee" (Temporal frequency).
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" (Categorical frequency).
    *   "Often frustrating" describes the nature of the probing over the "months" mentioned. This is temporal.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "search" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Senses:
1. definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
3. definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
4. definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Target word: "searching"
    *   Action: Probing chromosomes to find signs of genetic damage.

    *   Sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" (Synonyms: seek, look for). Examples: searching for clues, searching for a missing man.
    *   Sense 2: "search or seek" (Synonyms: look). Examples: looked all day, look elsewhere. (This seems very similar to Sense 1, but perhaps more general or used as a direct synonym for "look").
    *   Sense 3: "inquire into" (Synonyms: research, explore). Examples: research history, search for information on the web.
    *   Sense 4: "subject to a search" (Examples: searched the suspect, searched the house).

    *   The context says "searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   They are trying to *discover* or *establish the existence of* signs of genetic damage within the chromosomes.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" and gives the example "searching for clues." "Signs of genetic damage" are very similar to "clues."
    *   Sense 3 ("inquire into", "research") is close because they are doing research, but the specific phrase "searching for [something]" usually aligns with Sense 1 (trying to find a specific thing/evidence).
    *   Sense 4 is about physical searches of people or places.
    *   Sense 2 is a very general "look."

    *   Sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" -> "searching for signs of genetic damage." (Perfect fit).
    *   Sense 3: "inquire into" -> "researching the chromosomes." While they are researching, the word "searching" followed by "for [something]" strongly points to Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: "The police are searching for clues" $\approx$ "searching for signs of genetic damage."

    *   Sense 1 is the most precise fit for "searching for [evidence/signs]".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "sign" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Senses:
1. definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage."
    *   Target word: "signs"
    *   Meaning in context: The researchers are looking for evidence or indications of genetic damage within chromosomes.

    *   Sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)" - Fits well. Genetic damage isn't immediately apparent; they are looking for clues/indications.
    *   Sense 2: "a public display of a message" - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: "any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message" - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: "structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted" - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: "(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided" - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease" - This is very close. Genetic damage is related to a disorder/disease.
    *   Sense 7: "having an indicated pole" - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 8: "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come" - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 9: "a gesture that is part of a sign language" - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 10: "a fundamental linguistic unit" - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 11: "a character indicating a relation between quantities" - Incorrect.

    *   Sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)"
    *   Sense 6: "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease"

    *   The context is scientific/medical research.
    *   "Searching for signs of genetic damage."
    *   Is "genetic damage" a "disorder or disease"? Genetic damage *causes* disorders or diseases.
    *   Is it "objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease"? Yes, in a medical context, a "sign" is an objective finding (as opposed to a "symptom," which is subjective).
    *   However, Sense 1 is a more general definition of "indication" or "clue."
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 6: "there were no signs of asphyxiation." Asphyxiation is a condition/disorder.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring."
    *   In the context of probing chromosomes for genetic damage, they are looking for markers or indications (deletions, etc.) that genetic damage has occurred.
    *   While this is happening in a medical/biological context, "genetic damage" itself is the thing they are looking for signs *of*.
    *   Is "genetic damage" a "disorder or disease"? Not exactly; it's a biological state or event.
    *   Sense 1 ("perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 6 ("objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease") is specifically for clinical diagnosis of a patient's condition.
    *   The researchers are looking for "signs of genetic damage" (clues/indications) in the chromosomes.

    *   Sense 1: General indication/clue.
    *   Sense 6: Medical objective evidence of disease.
    *   The text says "searching for signs of genetic damage." Genetic damage is the *cause* or the *phenomenon*, and they are looking for the *indications* of it.
    *   If the text said "searching for signs of cancer," Sense 6 would be very strong. But "signs of genetic damage" feels more like "indications that damage occurred."
    *   Actually, in medical terminology, a "sign" is an objective finding. Genetic deletions (which they found) are objective findings.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)". This fits "genetic damage" (something that happened) very well.

    *   Sense 1: "perceptible indication... visible clue that something has happened" -> "signs of genetic damage" (clues that damage happened).
    *   Sense 6: "objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease" -> "signs of genetic damage" (evidence of a disorder?). Genetic damage isn't necessarily a "disorder" in the clinical sense, but a molecular event.

    *   Usually, in these types of NLP tasks (like WordNet-based sense disambiguation), "signs of [biological process/damage]" often maps to the general "indication" sense unless it's a clinical diagnosis of a patient.
    *   Let's look at the examples again. Sense 1: "signs of strain". Strain is not a disease. Sense 6: "signs of asphyxiation". Asphyxiation is a medical condition.
    *   "Genetic damage" is closer to "strain" (a state/event) than to "asphyxiation" (a clinical condition/disorder).

    *   The researchers are looking for "signs of genetic damage."
    *   They found "genetic deletions."
    *   The deletions are the "signs" (indications/clues) that "genetic damage" (the event) occurred.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "genetic" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Senses:
1. definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about Dr. Vogelstein's research on cancer (specifically colon cancer and Wilm's tumor), focusing on "hits" on cancer suppressor genes, chromosome losses, and "genetic damage" (specifically "genetic deletions").
    *   Target word: "genetic" (used in "genetic damage" and "genetic deletions").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Hereditary/familial (passed down through generations).
        2.  Relating to or produced by a gene (the physical/biological unit).
        3.  Relating to origin (etymology/history).
        4.  Relating to the science of genetics (the field of study).

    *   "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring"
    *   "searching for signs of genetic damage"
    *   "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions"

    *   The text discusses "cancer suppressor genes," "chromosome losses," and "genetic deletions."
    *   These refer to the actual physical changes/damage to the DNA/genes themselves within the cells.
    *   Sense 1 (hereditary) is not the primary focus here; while some cancers are hereditary, the text describes damage occurring in cells (somatic mutations/deletions) as the cancer progresses ("progressing from less severe to deadly").
    *   Sense 3 (origin) is completely irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4 (the science of genetics) refers to the *field* of study (e.g., "genetic research"). While the research is *in* the field of genetics, the "damage" and "deletions" are not "of the science," but rather "of the genes."
    *   Sense 2 (of or relating to or produced by or being a gene) fits perfectly. "Genetic damage" = damage to the genes. "Genetic deletions" = deletions of parts of genes/chromosomes.

    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   "Genetic damage" -> damage relating to genes.
    *   "Genetic deletions" -> deletions of genes.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "damage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Senses:
1. definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>."
    *   Target word: "damage" (specifically "genetic damage").
    *   Meaning in context: The text discusses cancer, chromosome losses, and genetic mutations (deletions). "Genetic damage" refers to harmful changes or impairments in the DNA/chromosomes.

    *   Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment" -> This fits well. Genetic damage is a change for the worse (mutation/deletion) that impairs the function of suppressor genes.
    *   Sense 2: "loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe" -> This refers to the *action* of causing damage, whereas the context refers to the *result* or *state* of being damaged (the signs of damage).
    *   Sense 4: "the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 5: "any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury" -> Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1 describes the *occurrence* or *state* of change for the worse (harm/impairment).
    *   Sense 3 describes the *act* of damaging.
    *   The context says "searching for signs of genetic damage." They are looking for the *result* (the impairment/change), not the *act* of damaging.

Sense 1 is the most accurate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "begin" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
    *   Target word: "began" (past tense of "begin").
    *   Action: "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions".

    *   Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action (e.g., "We began working at dawn").
    *   Sense 2: have a beginning (temporal, spatial, evaluative) (e.g., "The DMZ begins right over the hill").
    *   Sense 3: set in motion, cause to start (e.g., "The U.S. started a war").
    *   Sense 4: begin to speak or say (e.g., "Now listen, friends").
    *   Sense 5: be the first item or point (e.g., "The number 'one' begins the sequence").
    *   Sense 6: have a beginning, of a temporal event (e.g., "WW II began in 1939").
    *   Sense 7: have a beginning characterized in some specified way (e.g., "The novel begins with a murder").
    *   Sense 8: begin an event implied by the nature of the direct object (e.g., "begin a cigar").
    *   Sense 9: achieve or accomplish in the least degree (usually negative) (e.g., "doesn't even begin to deal with").
    *   Sense 10: begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language (e.g., "She began Russian").

    *   The sentence is "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions..."
    *   "They" (Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon) took the first steps in the process of uncovering genetic deletions.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action".

    *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" -> "began uncovering" (Fits perfectly).
    *   Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start" -> This usually implies starting something external (like a war), not the act of doing something themselves.
    *   Sense 6: "have a beginning, of a temporal event" -> This is usually used for events (e.g., "The meeting began at 2 PM"), not for people starting an action.

Sense 1 is the most accurate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "confusing" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a <t>confusing</t> variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=causing confusion or disorientation | examples=a confusing jumble of road signs; being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child
2. definition=lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity | synonyms=perplexing, puzzling | examples=sent confusing signals to Iraq; perplexing to someone who knew nothing about it

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "They began uncovering a <t>confusing</t> variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Target word: "confusing"
    *   Senses:
        1.  Causing confusion or disorientation (e.g., jumble of road signs, distressing for a child).
        2.  Lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity (e.g., confusing signals, perplexing).

    *   The researchers found a "confusing variety of genetic deletions."
    *   The text explains *why* it was confusing: "some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   This variety made the data hard to interpret or understand initially.
    *   The next sentence says, "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged," implying that the previous state was *not* coherent (i.e., it was perplexing or lacked clarity).

    *   Sense 1 focuses on disorientation or a physical/mental state of being lost/muddled (like road signs or a child in a hospital).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on a lack of clarity in meaning, something that is puzzling or perplexing (like signals or complex data).

    *   The "variety of genetic deletions" is not causing physical disorientation (Sense 1).
    *   The "variety of genetic deletions" is puzzling and lacks a clear pattern/meaning initially, making it perplexing to the researchers (Sense 2).

    *   The context describes scientific data that is hard to make sense of. This aligns perfectly with "lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity."


[User]
Which numbered sense of "variety" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=a collection containing a variety of sorts of things | synonyms=assortment, mixture, mixed bag, miscellany, miscellanea, salmagundi | examples=a great assortment of cars was on display; he had a variety of disorders
2. definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, diversity, multifariousness | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
3. definition=(biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics | examples=varieties are frequently recognized in botany
4. definition=a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances | synonyms=variety show
5. definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, form | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
6. definition=a difference that is usually pleasant | synonyms=change | examples=he goes to France for variety; it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Target word: "variety"

    *   Sense 1: A collection containing a variety of sorts of things (assortment, mixture). Example: "a variety of disorders".
    *   Sense 2: Noticeable heterogeneity (diverseness, diversity). Example: "the range and variety of his work".
    *   Sense 3: (Biology) A taxonomic category (sub-species).
    *   Sense 4: A variety show.
    *   Sense 5: A category of things (kind, sort). Example: "what kinds of desserts are there?".
    *   Sense 6: A difference that is usually pleasant (change).

    *   The text says "a confusing variety of genetic deletions".
    *   It then elaborates: "some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both".
    *   This describes a *collection* or *assortment* of different types of deletions.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1 (assortment/mixture) fits well: "a variety of disorders" is very similar to "a variety of genetic deletions".
        *   Sense 2 (heterogeneity/diversity) refers more to the *quality* of being diverse rather than the *collection* itself.
    *   Comparing with Sense 5: "a category of things" doesn't fit here because "a variety of genetic deletions" refers to many different deletions, not one specific kind of deletion.

    *   "a confusing variety of genetic deletions" $\approx$ "a confusing assortment of genetic deletions".
    *   This matches Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "genetic" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of <t>genetic</t> deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer), focusing on "hits" on cancer suppressor genes, "genetic damage," and "genetic deletions" in polyps and malignant cells.
    *   Target word: `<t>genetic</t>` in the phrase "confusing variety of genetic deletions".

    *   Sense 1: Occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary).
    *   Sense 2: Of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic).
    *   Sense 3: Pertaining to or referring to origin (e.g., origin of a literary work).
    *   Sense 4: Of or relating to the science of genetics (e.g., genetic research).

    *   The text discusses "cancer suppressor genes," "chromosomes," and "genetic damage."
    *   The specific phrase is "genetic deletions."
    *   A "deletion" in this context refers to a mutation where a part of a gene or a segment of a chromosome is lost.
    *   Therefore, "genetic deletions" refers to deletions *of or relating to genes*.

    *   Sense 1 (Hereditary): While some cancers are hereditary, the text describes the *process* of damage occurring in polyps and malignant cells (somatic mutations), not necessarily inherited traits.
    *   Sense 2 (Relating to a gene): "Genetic deletions" are deletions of genes or parts of genes. This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 (Origin): Not about the origin of a literary work or general origin.
    *   Sense 4 (Science of genetics): "Genetic research" is the science. "Genetic deletions" are the biological entities themselves, not the science of studying them.

    *   The word "genetic" modifies "deletions."
    *   A deletion is a physical change in the DNA/gene.
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". This is the most accurate description of a genetic deletion.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "exist" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some <t>existing</t> only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=have an existence, be extant | synonyms=be | examples=Is there a God?
2. definition=support oneself | synonyms=survive, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some <t>existing</t> only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Target word: "existing" (from "exist").
    *   Senses:
        1.  have an existence, be extant (synonym: be).
        2.  support oneself (synonyms: survive, live, subsist).

    *   The sentence describes genetic deletions.
    *   "some existing only in benign polyps" means some deletions *are present* or *occur* only in benign polyps.
    *   It does not mean the genetic deletions are "supporting themselves" or "surviving on a wage."

    *   Sense 1: "have an existence, be extant" fits perfectly. The deletions *exist* (are present) in the polyps.
    *   Sense 2: "support oneself" does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "only" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Target word: "only"

    *   The sentence describes genetic deletions found in different locations:
        1.  Some existing *only* in benign polyps.
        2.  Others in malignant cells.
        3.  Many in both.
    *   In this context, "only in benign polyps" means they were found in benign polyps and *nowhere else* (not in malignant cells).

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just). Example: "I was merely asking." (Doesn't fit perfectly; it's not about the simplicity of the action, but the exclusivity of the location).
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone). Example: "a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children." (Fits well: "existing exclusively in benign polyps").
    *   Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result". Example: "He arrived only to find his wife dead." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 4: "in the final outcome". Example: "These news will only make you more upset." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 5: "except that". Example: "It was the same story; only this time..." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 6: "never except when". Example: "call me only if your cold gets worse." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 7: "as recently as". Example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago." (Doesn't fit).

    *   The word "only" modifies "in benign polyps".
    *   It means "exclusively in benign polyps".
    *   This matches Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (synonyms: exclusively, solely).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "polyp" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign <t>polyps</t>, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, genetic damage, chromosomes).
    *   Target word: "polyps" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign <t>polyps</t>, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."
    *   Contextual clues: "colon cancer", "bowel", "benign", "malignant cells".

    *   Sense 1: "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" (Medical context, often associated with colon/bowel).
    *   Sense 2: "one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral)" (Biological context, marine animals).

    *   The context is clearly medical/oncological (colon cancer, bowel, genetic deletions).
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly (growth on mucous membrane, specifically in the bowel).
    *   Sense 2 (corals/hydras) is completely irrelevant.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, genetic damage, chromosomes, polyps, malignant cells).
    *   Target word: "cells" (marked as `<t>cells</t>`).
    *   Sentence: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

    *   Sense 1: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
    *   Sense 2: (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
    *   Sense 3: Electric current device (battery).
    *   Sense 4: Small unit of a political movement (cadre).
    *   Sense 5: Mobile phone.
    *   Sense 6: Monk/nun's room.
    *   Sense 7: Prisoner's room.

    *   The context discusses cancer, chromosomes, genetic deletions, and malignancy.
    *   "Malignant cells" refers to the biological units that make up a tumor.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "polyp" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both <t>polyps</t> and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer, mentioning "polyps in the bowel," "benign polyps," and "malignant cells."
    *   Target word: "polyps" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Senses:
        1.  A small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane.
        2.  A form taken by coelenterates (e.g., hydra or coral).

    *   The text discusses "colon cancer," "bowel," "malignant," and "benign polyps."
    *   This clearly refers to medical growths in the human body (specifically the colon/bowel).

    *   Sense 1: "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" matches the medical context of colon polyps.
    *   Sense 2: "one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral)" refers to marine biology/zoology.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant <t>cells</t>. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer research (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, genetic damage, chromosomes, polyps, malignant cells).
    *   Target word: "cells" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Specific phrase: "...others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant <t>cells</t>."

    *   Sense 1: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
    *   Sense 2: (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
    *   Sense 3: Electric current device (battery).
    *   Sense 4: Small unit of a political movement (cadre).
    *   Sense 5: Mobile phone.
    *   Sense 6: Monk/nun's room.
    *   Sense 7: Prisoner's room.

    *   The context discusses "cancer," "chromosomes," "genetic damage," "malignant," and "polyps."
    *   "Malignant cells" refers to the biological units that make up a tumor.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms."


[User]
Which numbered sense of "coherent" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a <t>coherent</t> picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Senses:
1. definition=marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts | synonyms=consistent, logical, ordered | examples=a coherent argument
2. definition=capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner | synonyms=logical, lucid | examples=a lucid thinker; she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident
3. definition=(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation
4. definition=sticking together | synonyms=tenacious | examples=two coherent sheets; tenacious burrs

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Gradually, a <t>coherent</t> picture of cancer development emerged."
    *   Surrounding text: Dr. Vogelstein was studying colon cancer, looking at genetic deletions in polyps and malignant cells. He found a "confusing variety" of deletions. Then, a "coherent picture" emerged, explaining how the deletions lead to cancer (e.g., "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop").

    *   Sense 1: "marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts" (synonyms: consistent, logical, ordered). Example: "a coherent argument".
    *   Sense 2: "capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner" (synonyms: logical, lucid). Example: "a lucid thinker".
    *   Sense 3: "(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation".
    *   Sense 4: "sticking together" (synonyms: tenacious). Example: "two coherent sheets".

    *   The "picture of cancer development" is not a person thinking (Sense 2).
    *   It's not about physics waves (Sense 3).
    *   It's not about physical sticking together (Sense 4).
    *   It refers to a set of observations (the "confusing variety of genetic deletions") coming together to form a logical, consistent explanation or model. This fits Sense 1 perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Orderly, logical, consistent relation of parts.
    *   Context: A "coherent picture" (a logical model/explanation) emerged from confusing data.
    *   Match: Yes.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "picture" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent <t>picture</t> of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Senses:
1. definition=a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface | synonyms=image, icon, ikon | examples=they showed us the pictures of their wedding; a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them
2. definition=graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface | synonyms=painting | examples=a small painting by Picasso; he bought the painting as an investment
3. definition=a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world
4. definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
5. definition=illustrations used to decorate or explain a text | synonyms=pictorial matter | examples=the dictionary had many pictures
6. definition=a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement | synonyms=movie, film, moving picture, moving-picture show, motion picture, motion-picture show | examples=they went to a movie every Saturday night; the film was shot on location
7. definition=the visible part of a television transmission | synonyms=video | examples=they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone
8. definition=a graphic or vivid verbal description | synonyms=word picture, word-painting, delineation, depiction, characterization, characterisation | examples=too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures; the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland
9. definition=a typical example of some state or quality | examples=the very picture of a modern general; she was the picture of despair
10. definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, exposure, pic

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Gradually, a coherent <t>picture</t> of cancer development emerged."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "picture" refers to a comprehensive understanding, a conceptual framework, or a clear mental representation of how cancer develops based on the evidence gathered.

    *   Sense 1: Visual representation on a surface (image, icon). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Graphic art/painting. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: A clear and telling mental image (mental picture, impression). (Possible)
    *   Sense 4: A situation treated as an observable object (scene). (Possible, e.g., "the political picture")
    *   Sense 5: Illustrations in a text. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Movie/film. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: Television transmission/video. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 8: Graphic or vivid verbal description. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 9: Typical example of some state or quality. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 10: Photograph/print. (Incorrect)

    *   Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression".
    *   Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene".

    Looking at the context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    This means they started to understand the process. It's not a "scene" (Sense 4) in the way "the political picture" is. It's more of a conceptual understanding or a mental model.

    Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 3 and Sense 4.
    Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image".
    Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object".

    Actually, let's look at other dictionaries or common usage. "The big picture" or "a coherent picture" often refers to a general understanding or a summary of a situation.

    Let's re-read Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression".
    Let's re-read Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene".

    Example for Sense 4: "the political picture is favorable". This is about the state of affairs.
    Example for Sense 3: "he described his mental picture of his assailant". This is a specific visualization.

    In "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged", it means a coherent *understanding* or *explanation* of the process.

    Is there a better fit?
    Sense 3: mental image/impression.
    Sense 4: situation treated as an observable object.

    Let's look at the phrase "coherent picture". This usually means a consistent and comprehensive understanding.

    Comparing Sense 3 and 4 again:
    Sense 3 is more about a visualization in the mind.
    Sense 4 is more about the overall state or situation.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again: "a clear and telling mental image".
    If I say "I have a clear picture of what happened," it means I understand it.

    Let's check if there's another sense I missed.
    1. visual representation
    2. painting
    3. mental image
    4. situation treated as an observable object
    5. illustrations
    6. movie
    7. video
    8. verbal description
    9. typical example
    10. photograph

    "A coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    This is very similar to "The overall picture is becoming clearer."
    In "the political picture is favorable," "picture" means the general situation.
    In "a coherent picture of cancer development," "picture" means the general understanding/situation of how it works.

    Let's try to see if Sense 3 fits better. "Mental image" can be a synonym for "understanding" in some contexts.

    Let's search for "coherent picture" in a dictionary.
    Merriam-Webster: "a mental image : impression" (Sense 3).
    Oxford: "a general impression or understanding of a situation or set of facts."

    Looking at the provided senses:
    Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression"
    Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene"

    "A coherent picture of cancer development" is an understanding of a process/situation.
    If we compare "the political picture" (Sense 4) and "a coherent picture of cancer development", they both describe a general state or understanding of a complex situation.

    However, "mental image" (Sense 3) often refers to a specific visualization. "A coherent picture" in science usually refers to a conceptual model or a comprehensive understanding.

    Let's re-examine Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression".
    Let's re-examine Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene".

    If I say "the picture is starting to emerge," I mean the situation is becoming clear. This aligns more with Sense 4 (situation treated as an observable object).

    Let's double-check Sense 3 again. "he had no clear picture of himself or his world". This is very close to "a coherent picture of cancer development".

    Wait, let's look at the examples for Sense 4: "the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed". These are about the *state* of things.
    "A coherent picture of cancer development" is about the *understanding* of how it works.

    Actually, "a coherent picture" often means a conceptual framework.
    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression".
    Example: "he had no clear picture of himself or his world".

    This seems closer than Sense 4. Sense 4 is more like "the scene" or "the state of affairs".

    Let's think about "picture" as "understanding".
    "The picture is becoming clearer" = "The situation is becoming clearer" (Sense 4) OR "My understanding is becoming clearer" (Sense 3).

    In the context of scientific discovery ("Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged"), it means the researchers' *understanding* of the process became coherent. This is a mental construction based on evidence.

    Let's re-read Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression".
    Let's re-read Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene".

    If the "picture" is the *understanding* of the development, it's a mental image/impression (Sense 3). If the "picture" is the *process itself* viewed as a whole, it's a situation (Sense 4).

    "A coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    Usually, when scientists say "the picture is emerging," they mean the *explanation* or *model* is becoming clear.

    Let's look at Sense 3's example: "he had no clear picture of himself or his world". This is an internal understanding.
    Let's look at Sense 4's example: "the political picture is favorable". This is an external state.

    The "picture of cancer development" is the conceptual model the scientists are building. This is a mental representation of the facts.

    Therefore, Sense 3 seems more appropriate.

    Wait, let me search for this specific sentence or similar ones.
    "A coherent picture of [scientific process] emerged."
    This is a very common phrase in scientific writing. It almost always means "a coherent understanding" or "a coherent model".

    Is "understanding" closer to "mental image/impression" (Sense 3) or "situation/scene" (Sense 4)?
    "Mental image" can be used metaphorically for "understanding".
    "Situation" is the thing being understood.

    If the sentence was "The picture of cancer development is complex," it could be Sense 4 (the situation is complex).
    But "a coherent picture... emerged" suggests the *understanding* of it became coherent.

    Let's re-read Sense 3: "a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression".
    Let's re-read Sense 4: "a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene".

    Actually, looking at Sense 4 again: "a situation treated as an observable object".
    If you treat the "development of cancer" as a "situation" and you see a "picture" of it, you are seeing the overall scene.

    Let's try to find this exact sense in a dictionary like WordNet (which these senses seem to be from).
    WordNet's "picture":
    - picture (n): a pictorial representation...
    - picture (n): a mental picture... (Sense 3)
    - picture (n): a situation treated as an observable object... (Sense 4)

    In WordNet, "the political picture" is given as an example for the "situation" sense.
    "A coherent picture of cancer development" is very similar to "the political picture". It's the "overall state" or "overall view" of the development.

    Wait, let me think again.
    "The picture is emerging" = the situation is becoming clear.
    "A coherent picture emerged" = a coherent understanding of the situation emerged.

    If I say "the picture of the economy is bleak," I'm using Sense 4 (the situation).
    If I say "I have a clear picture of how the economy works," I'm using Sense 3 (my mental understanding).

    In the context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    This means the *understanding* of the process emerged.

    Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 3: "he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world".
    These are very internal.

    Let's re-examine the examples for Sense 4: "the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed".
    These are more about the overall state of things.

    "A coherent picture of cancer development" is the overall state of the *knowledge* about cancer development.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 3 again. "a clear and telling mental image".
    If the scientists now have a "coherent picture," they have a clear mental image/understanding of the process.

    Let's search for "coherent picture" and "mental image".
    Many sources use "picture" to mean "a mental image of a situation".

    Let's try to see if "picture" in "a coherent picture emerged" is more like "the political picture" (Sense 4) or "a mental picture of his assailant" (Sense 3).
    "The political picture" = the political situation.
    "A coherent picture of cancer development" = a coherent [situation/understanding] of cancer development.

    Actually, "the political picture" is often used to mean "the way the political situation looks".
    "A coherent picture of cancer development" is "the way the cancer development process looks (to the researchers)".

    This is tricky. Let's look at the synonyms.
    Sense 3: mental picture, impression.
    Sense 4: scene.

    "A coherent scene of cancer development emerged" (Sense 4) - No.
    "A coherent mental picture/impression of cancer development emerged" (Sense 3) - Yes.

    Let's double-check Sense 8: "a graphic or vivid verbal description".
    "A coherent verbal description of cancer development emerged." - No, it's not just a description; it's the understanding itself.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 3 one more time.
    "a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world"

    If you have a "coherent picture" of a scientific process, you have a mental model of it. A mental model is a mental image/impression.

    Let's compare:
    "The political picture is favorable." (The situation is favorable.)
    "A coherent picture of cancer development emerged." (A coherent understanding of the process emerged.)

    In the first one, "picture" = "situation".
    In the second one, "picture" = "understanding/model".

    Is "understanding/model" closer to "mental image" (Sense 3) or "situation" (Sense 4)?
    It's definitely closer to "mental image".

    Let's check one more time.
    Sense 3: mental image, impression.
    Sense 4: situation treated as an observable object.

    If the "picture" is the *result* of the research (the understanding), it's Sense 3.
    If the "picture" is the *process* itself (the development of cancer), it's Sense 4.

    "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    The "picture" didn't emerge; the *understanding* of the development emerged. The "picture" *is* the understanding.

    Therefore, Sense 3 is the most likely answer.

    Wait, let me search for "picture" in a similar context in a dictionary.
    Cambridge Dictionary: "picture (noun) - the general situation".
    Example: "The overall picture is one of economic growth." (This would be Sense 4).
    Example: "I don't have a clear picture of what's happening." (This would be Sense 3).

    "A coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    This is more like "I now have a clear picture of what's happening (with cancer development)."

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 3: "he had no clear picture of himself or his world"
    Sense 4: "the political picture is favorable"

    "A coherent picture of cancer development emerged" is much closer to "he had no clear picture of... his world" than to "the political picture is favorable".

    Final check:
    Sense 3: mental image, impression.
    Sense 4: situation, scene.
    Context: "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."
    Meaning: a coherent understanding/mental model.
    Conclusion: Sense 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer, genetic damage, suppressor genes, polyps, and malignant cells.
    *   Target word: `<t>cancer</t>` in the sentence "Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged."
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        2.  Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
        3.  Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
        4.  Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
        5.  Genus of crabs (biology).

    *   The text mentions "colon cancer", "lung cancer", "cancer suppressor genes", "malignant", "genetic damage", "chromosomes", "benign polyps", and "malignant cells".
    *   The target word `<t>cancer</t>` refers to the development of the disease described throughout the paragraph.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." - This matches the medical context perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Astronomy (constellation) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Astrology (sign) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Biology (genus of crabs) - Incorrect.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "development" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Senses:
1. definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged."
    *   Surrounding text: Discusses colon cancer arising from multiple "hits" on suppressor genes, developing in stages, progressing from polyps to malignant cells, and genetic deletions.
    *   Target word: "development"

    *   Sense 1: Improving by expanding/enlarging/refining (e.g., development of a plan).
    *   Sense 2: A process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) (e.g., evolution of ideas).
    *   Sense 3: (Biology) Process of an individual organism growing organically (e.g., osseous development in children).
    *   Sense 4: A recent event (e.g., developments in Iraq).
    *   Sense 5: Making land/water more profitable (e.g., development of resources).
    *   Sense 6: A district developed for a purpose (e.g., park developments).
    *   Sense 7: A state in which things are improving/result of developing (e.g., chess development).
    *   Sense 8: Processing photosensitive material (e.g., development of pictures).
    *   Sense 9: (Music) Section of a composition.

    *   The text describes how cancer progresses from benign polyps to malignant cells through a series of genetic mutations ("hits").
    *   It mentions "develop in stages" and "progressing from less severe to deadly."
    *   "Cancer development" here refers to the process of the disease evolving or progressing through stages.

    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". This fits perfectly with the description of cancer progressing through stages.
    *   Sense 3: "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically". While cancer is biological, "development" here isn't about the normal growth/maturation of an organism (like a child growing), but rather the progression of a disease. Sense 2 is a broader "process of passing by degrees to a different stage," which fits the pathological progression better than the ontogenetic growth described in Sense 3.

    *   The context emphasizes "stages," "progressing," and "cascade of genetic damage." This aligns strongly with Sense 2 (evolution/passing by degrees to a different stage).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "emerge" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Senses:
1. definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>."
    *   Meaning: A coherent picture (an understanding or a theory) became clear or known after research and analysis.

    *   Sense 1: "come out into view, as from concealment" (Physical movement from hidden to visible).
    *   Sense 2: "come out of" (Physical movement/issuing from a source).
    *   Sense 3: "become known or apparent" (Abstract things like results, patterns, or pictures becoming clear).
    *   Sense 4: "come up to the surface of or rise" (Physical rising or emotional surfacing).
    *   Sense 5: "happen or occur as a result of something" (Causality).

    *   The "coherent picture" isn't physically hiding behind a curtain (Sense 1).
    *   It's not physically issuing from a hole (Sense 2).
    *   It's not physically rising to a surface (Sense 4).
    *   While it happened as a result of the research, the primary meaning here is that the *picture* (the understanding) became *apparent* or *known*.
    *   Sense 3 ("become known or apparent") fits perfectly. Example: "Some nice results emerged from the study" is very similar to "a coherent picture... emerged."


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both <t>copies</t> of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "If both <t>copies</t> of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
    *   Target word: "copies" (plural of "copy").
    *   Meaning in context: In genetics, humans typically have two copies of each gene (one from each parent). The text refers to these two identical or near-identical versions of a gene.

    *   Sense 1: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" -> This fits. A gene copy is an identical (or nearly identical) version of the same gene.
    *   Sense 3: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "material suitable for a journalistic account" -> Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2 describes something made to be similar or identical to another thing. In biological terms, the two alleles of a gene on homologous chromosomes are "copies" of that gene.

    *   The user requested only the number of the correct sense.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "certain" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Senses:
1. definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."
    *   Target word: "certain"

    *   Sense 1: definite but not specified or identified (e.g., "a certain sum", "to a certain degree").
    *   Sense 2: having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident (e.g., "felt certain of success").
    *   Sense 3: established beyond doubt or question; definitely known (e.g., "what is certain is...").
    *   Sense 4: certain to occur; destined or inevitable (e.g., "he was certain to fail").
    *   Sense 5: established irrevocably (e.g., "his fate is sealed").
    *   Sense 6: reliable in operation or effect (e.g., "a quick and certain remedy").
    *   Sense 7: exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance (e.g., "be certain to disconnect").

    *   The sentence says "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out...".
    *   In this context, "certain" refers to a specific gene that the authors are talking about (or have identified), but they aren't naming it in this specific sentence. It means "a particular gene" or "a specific, though not explicitly named here, gene".
    *   This matches Sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified".

    *   Sense 2 (confident)? No.
    *   Sense 3 (established beyond doubt)? No.
    *   Sense 4 (inevitable)? No.
    *   Sense 5 (irrevocable)? No.
    *   Sense 6 (reliable)? No.
    *   Sense 7 (careful)? No.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.