[User]
Which numbered sense of "impact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the striking of one body against another
2. definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Fears about the <t>impact</t> of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."
    *   Target word: "impact"
    *   Surrounding text: The text discusses the economic effects of immigration, mentioning "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth" and "Fears about the impact of immigrants".

    *   Sense 1: "the striking of one body against another" (Physical collision).
    *   Sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" (Influence/Effect).
    *   Sense 3: "influencing strongly" (Impingement/Encroachment).
    *   Sense 4: "the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat" (Shock/Battle).

    *   The context is about the *effect* or *consequence* that immigrants have on the labor market (replacing workers, pressure on wages).
    *   Sense 1 (physical collision) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 4 (combat/battle) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (impingement/encroachment) is close, but "impact" here refers to the general effect (positive or negative), not specifically an encroachment or infringement.
    *   Sense 2 (forceful consequence; a strong effect) fits perfectly. The "impact of immigrants" refers to the effect they have on the economy/labor market.

    *   The word "impact" in "Fears about the impact of immigrants" means the effect or consequence of their presence. This aligns with Sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "notion" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. definition=a general inclusive concept
3. definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the <t>notion</t> that they are liable to replace native workers..."
    *   Target word: "notion"
    *   Surrounding text: "Fears... are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers..."

    *   Sense 1: a vague idea in which some confidence is placed (synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, opinion).
    *   Sense 2: a general inclusive concept.
    *   Sense 3: an odd or fanciful or capricious idea (synonyms: whim, whimsy).
    *   Sense 4: small personal articles or clothing or sewing items.

    *   The text says "Fears... are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers".
    *   In this context, "notion" refers to a belief or an opinion held by people (specifically, the belief that immigrants replace native workers).
    *   Is it a "general inclusive concept" (Sense 2)? Not really; it's a specific belief/idea.
    *   Is it an "odd or fanciful idea" (Sense 3)? While the author might think it's wrong, the word "notion" here describes the *belief* itself, not necessarily that it's a "whim".
    *   Is it "sewing items" (Sense 4)? Definitely not.
    *   Is it a "vague idea in which some confidence is placed" or a "belief/opinion" (Sense 1)? Yes. The "notion that they are liable to replace native workers" is a belief or opinion.

    *   Sense 1: "belief, opinion" -> "the belief that they are liable to replace native workers". This fits perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "worker" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who works at a specific occupation | examples=he is a good worker
2. definition=a member of the working class (not necessarily employed) | synonyms=proletarian, prole | examples=workers of the world--unite!
3. definition=sterile member of a colony of social insects that forages for food and cares for the larvae
4. definition=a person who acts and gets things done | synonyms=actor, doer | examples=he's a principal actor in this affair; when you want something done get a doer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native <t>workers</t>, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages."
    *   Target word: "workers"
    *   Key phrases around the word: "replace native workers", "unskilled ones", "downward pressure on wages", "local labor".

    *   Sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation" (e.g., "he is a good worker").
    *   Sense 2: "a member of the working class (not necessarily employed)" (e.g., "workers of the world--unite!").
    *   Sense 3: "sterile member of a colony of social insects..."
    *   Sense 4: "a person who acts and gets things done" (e.g., "he's a principal actor in this affair").

    *   The context discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment.
    *   "Native workers" refers to people who are employed or seeking employment in specific jobs (occupations) within their own country.
    *   The mention of "unskilled ones" and "downward pressure on wages" strongly points to people employed in occupations.
    *   Sense 1 fits best because it refers to people working in occupations.
    *   Sense 2 (working class/proletarian) is a sociological/political category. While related, the context here is about labor market competition (replacing people in jobs), which aligns more closely with the general definition of people who work (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 3 (insects) is irrelevant.
    *   Sense 4 (doer) is irrelevant.

    *   Is it Sense 1 or Sense 2?
    *   Sense 1: "a person who works at a specific occupation".
    *   Sense 2: "a member of the working class".
    *   The text says "replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones". This refers to the labor force/employees. In economic contexts, "workers" usually refers to the individuals employed in jobs. Sense 1 is the most direct fit for "people who have jobs/occupations".

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "one" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled <t>ones</t>, exerting downward pressure on wages."
    *   Target word: "ones" (plural of "one").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  The smallest whole number (numeral).
        2.  A single person or thing (pronoun used to avoid repetition).

    *   The sentence says: "...replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones..."
    *   Here, "ones" refers back to "native workers".
    *   "Unskilled ones" = "unskilled native workers".

    *   Sense 1: Numeral/number. (Does not fit. "Unskilled 1s" makes no sense).
    *   Sense 2: A single person or thing (used as a pronoun). (Fits perfectly. "Ones" is the plural form of "one" used to refer to people/things previously mentioned).

    *   The correct sense is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "pressure" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor.

Senses:
1. definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...exerting downward <t>pressure</t> on wages."
    *   Meaning: The text discusses how the fear that immigrants replace native workers leads to the belief that they push wages down. In this economic context, "downward pressure on wages" means a force or influence that tends to lower wages.

    *   Sense 1: Physical force per unit area (physics). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: A force that compels (influence/coercion). (Possible, but usually refers to people/groups compelling others).
    *   Sense 3: The act of pressing (physical action). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: State of demanding notice/attention. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Somatic sensation (touch). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: An oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress. (This often covers economic pressure, but let's re-evaluate Sense 2).
    *   Sense 7: Atmospheric pressure. (Incorrect)

    *   "Downward pressure on wages" is a common economic phrase.
    *   Does it fit Sense 2 ("a force that compels")? In economics, "pressure" often refers to a factor that pushes a price or wage in a certain direction.
    *   Does it fit Sense 6 ("an oppressive condition of... economic distress")? Not exactly. The *pressure* itself isn't the distress; it's the *force* causing the change.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 2 again: "a force that compels".
    *   Let me look at Sense 6 again: "an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress".
    *   Actually, in many dictionaries, "pressure" in the sense of "economic pressure" or "downward pressure on prices" is categorized as a force that influences or compels a change.

    *   Let's re-examine the options.
    *   Sense 2: "a force that compels" (e.g., "the public brought pressure to bear on the government").
    *   Sense 6: "an oppressive condition of... economic distress".

    *   If I say "there is pressure to lower prices," it's a force compelling that action.
    *   If I say "the pressure of poverty," it's an oppressive condition.

    *   "Exerting downward pressure on wages" means the presence of immigrants is acting as a force that pushes wages down. This aligns better with "a force that compels" (Sense 2) than "an oppressive condition" (Sense 6).

    *   Wait, let me double-check if there's a better fit.
    *   Sense 1: Physics.
    *   Sense 2: Compelling force.
    *   Sense 3: Physical pressing.
    *   Sense 4: Urgency/insistence.
    *   Sense 5: Touch.
    *   Sense 6: Oppressive condition.
    *   Sense 7: Air pressure.

    *   In the phrase "downward pressure on wages," the "pressure" is the influence that drives the wages down. This is a metaphorical use of physical pressure (Sense 1), but in the provided list, Sense 2 ("a force that compels") is the closest match for a non-physical force driving a result.

    *   Let's think about Sense 6 again. "Economic distress" is a state of being. "Downward pressure on wages" is a mechanism/force.

    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 6:
        Sense 2: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government" -> The public is the force, the government is the target.
        Context: "immigrants... exerting downward pressure on wages" -> Immigrants (or the supply of labor) are the force, wages are the target.

    *   This fits the pattern of Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "experience" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "But <t>experience</t> shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."
    *   Target word: "experience"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Accumulation of knowledge or skill from direct participation (e.g., "a man of experience").
        2.  Content of direct observation or participation in an event (e.g., "a religious experience").
        3.  An event as apprehended (e.g., "a surprising experience").

    *   The sentence says "experience shows that...".
    *   In this context, "experience" refers to the collective knowledge gained over time through observation and practice (empirical evidence).
    *   It's not referring to a single event (Sense 2 or 3).
    *   It's referring to the general accumulation of knowledge/evidence gathered from observing how things work in the real world.

    *   Sense 1: "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities". This fits perfectly. When someone says "experience shows," they mean that based on the accumulated knowledge/observations from the past, a certain pattern is evident.
    *   Sense 2: "the content of direct observation or participation in an event". This usually refers to a specific instance (e.g., "the experience of skydiving").
    *   Sense 3: "an event as apprehended". This also refers to a specific instance (e.g., "a traumatic experience").

    *   The usage "experience shows" is a common idiom meaning "empirical evidence suggests" or "knowledge gained from practice shows." This aligns with the "accumulation of knowledge" definition in Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "replacement" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another | synonyms=replacing | examples=replacing the star will not be easy
2. definition=someone who takes the place of another person | synonyms=surrogate, alternate
3. definition=an event in which one thing is substituted for another | synonyms=substitution, permutation, transposition, switch | examples=the replacement of lost blood by a transfusion of donor blood
4. definition=a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another | synonyms=substitute
5. definition=filling again by supplying what has been used up | synonyms=refilling, replenishment, renewal
6. definition=a person who follows next in order | synonyms=successor | examples=he was President Lincoln's successor

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than <t>replacements</t> of, local labor..."
    *   Meaning: The text is discussing whether immigrants take the jobs of local workers (substituting them) or fill gaps (complementing them).
    *   Target word: "replacements" (plural of replacement).

    *   Sense 1: "the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another" (Action/Process).
    *   Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" (Person/Surrogate).
    *   Sense 3: "an event in which one thing is substituted for another" (Event/Substitution).
    *   Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (Person or Thing/Substitute).
    *   Sense 5: "filling again by supplying what has been used up" (Refilling).
    *   Sense 6: "a person who follows next in order" (Successor).

    *   The sentence says immigrants are not "replacements of local labor".
    *   Here, "replacements" refers to the immigrants themselves (people) who would take the place of local workers.
    *   Sense 2 refers specifically to "someone who takes the place of another person".
    *   Sense 4 refers to "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another".
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 4: Sense 2 is often used for surrogates or alternates (like a backup player). Sense 4 is a more general "substitute".
    *   In the context of labor economics, immigrants are seen as substitutes (replacements) for local labor.
    *   Let's look at the phrasing: "immigrants are... replacements of local labor".
    *   This means immigrants (the people) are acting as substitutes for the local labor force.
    *   Sense 4 ("a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another") fits best because it describes the role of the immigrants as substitutes. Sense 2 ("surrogate, alternate") is slightly too specific to a particular type of replacement.

    *   Sense 1: Act of replacing (No).
    *   Sense 2: Someone who takes the place of another (Possible).
    *   Sense 3: Event of substitution (No).
    *   Sense 4: A person or thing that takes or can take the place of another (Strongest).
    *   Sense 5: Refilling (No).
    *   Sense 6: Successor (No).

    *   "Immigrants are... replacements of local labor."
    *   Immigrants = replacements.
    *   Replacement = a person who takes the place of another.
    *   Sense 4 is the most general and accurate definition for a substitute in a labor market context.

    *Self-Correction/Refinement:* Is it Sense 2 or Sense 4?
    Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person" (synonyms: surrogate, alternate).
    Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another" (synonym: substitute).
    In economics, "substitute" is the standard term. "Substitute" is the synonym for Sense 4.

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again. "Someone who takes the place of another person".
    The context is "replacements of local labor". Local labor is a collective group.
    Sense 4 covers both people and things.

    Let's re-read the sentence: "Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers... But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor..."

    The word "replacements" refers to the immigrants.
    Immigrants = people.
    Sense 4: "a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another".
    Sense 2: "someone who takes the place of another person".

    Usually, in these types of NLP tasks (like WordNet-based sense disambiguation), Sense 4 is the general "substitute" and Sense 2 is more like a "stand-in" or "surrogate". "Substitute" (Sense 4) is the correct economic term for labor.

    Let's double-check Sense 4 vs Sense 2.
    Sense 2: surrogate, alternate.
    Sense 4: substitute.
    If I say "He is a replacement for the manager," he is a substitute (Sense 4). If I say "He is a surrogate," that's Sense 2.
    In the context of labor, immigrants are substitutes for native workers.

    Therefore, Sense 4 is the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local <t>labor</t>, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor..."
    *   Target word: "labor" (used multiple times in the surrounding text).

    *   Sense 1: A social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages (working class, proletariat). Example: "shortage of skilled labor in this field".
    *   Sense 2: Productive work (especially physical work done for wages). Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill".
    *   Sense 3: Childbirth.
    *   Sense 4: Organized attempt by workers (labor unions).
    *   Sense 5: British Labour Party.
    *   Sense 6: US Department of Labor.
    *   Sense 7: Any piece of work/task.

    *   The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment.
    *   It mentions "native workers", "unskilled ones", "downward pressure on wages".
    *   It says immigrants are complementary to "local labor" and there is a "shortage of local labor".
    *   In this context, "local labor" refers to the workforce or the pool of people available for work (the workers themselves).

    *   Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages". Example: "shortage of skilled labor in this field". This matches perfectly. "Local labor" refers to the local workforce/workers.
    *   Sense 2: "productive work". While related, the context "shortage of local labor" usually refers to the *people* (the workforce) rather than the *act* of working. However, in economics, "labor" often refers to the input of work or the workforce. Let's re-examine Sense 1.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "shortage of skilled labor in this field" as an example. The context says "shortage of local labor". This is a very strong match.

    *   Sense 1: Workforce/Working class.
    *   Sense 2: The act of working.
    *   The text says "replacements of local labor" and "shortage of local labor". You replace workers (the workforce), and you have a shortage of workers.

    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate fit for "local labor" in an economic context referring to the workforce.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "trade" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services | examples=Venice was an important center of trade with the East; they are accused of conspiring to constrain trade
2. definition=the skilled practice of a practical occupation | synonyms=craft | examples=he learned his trade as an apprentice
3. definition=the business given to a commercial establishment by its customers | synonyms=patronage | examples=even before noon there was a considerable patronage
4. definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=deal, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
5. definition=people who perform a particular kind of skilled work | synonyms=craft | examples=he represented the craft of brewers; as they say in the trade
6. definition=steady winds blowing from east to west above and below the equator | synonyms=trade wind | examples=they rode the trade winds going west
7. definition=an equal exchange | synonyms=barter, swap, swop | examples=we had no money so we had to live by barter

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising <t>trades</t> in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   Target word: "trades" (plural of "trade").

    *   Sense 1: Commercial exchange of goods/services (e.g., international trade).
    *   Sense 2: The skilled practice of a practical occupation (e.g., learning a trade as an apprentice).
    *   Sense 3: Business/patronage given to a shop.
    *   Sense 4: A particular instance of buying/selling (a deal).
    *   Sense 5: People who perform a particular kind of skilled work (the collective group).
    *   Sense 6: Trade winds.
    *   Sense 7: Equal exchange (barter).

    *   The sentence says immigrants are "exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor."
    *   "Exercising trades" here means performing skilled practical occupations or jobs.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "the skilled practice of a practical occupation."

    *   Sense 1 (Commercial exchange): Doesn't fit. They aren't "exercising" the exchange of goods.
    *   Sense 3 (Patronage): Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 (Deal): Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5 (People): "Exercising people" doesn't make sense.
    *   Sense 6 (Winds): Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 7 (Barter): Doesn't fit.

    *   Sense 2 is the correct match.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a <t>shortage</t> of local labor."
    *   Target word: "shortage"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  The property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required (deficit, shortfall).
        2.  An acute insufficiency (dearth, famine).

    *   The text discusses immigration and labor markets.
    *   It states that immigrants work in trades where there is a "shortage of local labor."
    *   This means there aren't enough local workers to fill the available jobs in those specific trades.

    *   Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" (deficit, shortfall). This fits well. A labor shortage is a deficit of workers relative to the demand.
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency" (dearth, famine). While "insufficiency" fits, "acute" and "famine" suggest a more extreme, critical lack (like a food famine or a severe shortage of a life-saving drug).

    *   In economic terms, a "labor shortage" is typically described as a gap between the supply of labor and the demand for labor. This aligns closely with "an amount by which something is less than expected or required" (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 2 is more about a severe lack or total absence (dearth). While a labor shortage *can* be acute, the general term "shortage of local labor" in an economic context usually refers to the deficit/shortfall.

    *   Sense 1: deficit, shortfall.
    *   Sense 2: dearth, famine.
    *   "Shortage of local labor" $\approx$ "Shortfall of local labor" or "Deficit of local labor".
    *   "Shortage of local labor" $\approx$ "Dearth of local labor".

    Wait, let's look closer at the definitions.
    Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required".
    Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency".

    In the context of labor, "shortage" is the standard term for when the supply doesn't meet the demand. This is a deficit.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. "Acute insufficiency" often implies a crisis. While a labor shortage can be a problem, it's usually framed as a gap in the market.

    Comparing "deficit/shortfall" vs "dearth/famine":
    "Shortage of labor" is almost always a "shortfall" (Sense 1).

    Let's double-check if "shortage" in "labor shortage" is typically mapped to "deficit" or "dearth".
    - Deficit: a deficiency or lack of something.
    - Dearth: a scarcity or lack of something.

    Actually, looking at the provided examples:
    Sense 1 example: "new blood vessels bud out... to make up the nutritional deficit".
    Sense 2 synonyms: "dearth, famine".

    In the context of "shortage of local labor", it means there aren't enough people to fill the roles. This is a shortfall/deficit relative to the requirement.

    Is it "acute"? Not necessarily. Is it a "famine"? No.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the better fit.

    *Self-Correction/Refinement:*
    Wait, let me look at the definitions again.
    1. "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required"
    2. "an acute insufficiency"

    If I say "there is a shortage of workers", I am saying the number of workers is less than required. This matches Sense 1 perfectly.

    Sense 2's synonyms "dearth" and "famine" are much stronger. A "famine" is a severe shortage of food. A "dearth" is a scarcity. While "shortage" and "dearth" are synonyms, the "acute" part of Sense 2 makes it more specific to extreme cases.

    Conclusion: Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment.

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local <t>labor</t>."
    *   Target word: "labor" (marked as <t>labor</t>).
    *   Surrounding phrases: "local labor", "shortage of local labor", "replace native workers", "unskilled ones".

    *   Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (Synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat; Example: "shortage of skilled labor in this field").
    *   Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" (Synonyms: labour, toil; Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill").
    *   Sense 3: "concluding state of pregnancy" (Childbirth).
    *   Sense 4: "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status" (Labor unions).
    *   Sense 5: "a political party formed in Great Britain" (Labour Party).
    *   Sense 6: "the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions... in the United States" (Department of Labor).
    *   Sense 7: "any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted" (Project/task).

    *   The text discusses immigration, native workers, and the economic impact on employment.
    *   "shortage of local labor" refers to a shortage of *people* available to work (the workforce/working class).
    *   Comparing "local labor" to "native workers" strongly suggests the meaning of the workforce or the class of people who work.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" and provides the example "shortage of skilled labor in this field," which mirrors the context "shortage of local labor."

    *   Sense 2 refers to the *act* of working (productive work). While related, "shortage of local labor" usually refers to the *supply of workers* (Sense 1) rather than a shortage of the *act of working*.
    *   Senses 3-7 are clearly irrelevant.

    *   The context "shortage of local labor" aligns perfectly with Sense 1's definition and example.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "sector" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. definition=a portion of a military position
6. definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Unskilled immigrants work in <t>sectors</t>, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   Target word: "sectors"

    *   Sense 1: A plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle (Geometry).
    *   Sense 2: A social group that forms part of the society or the economy (e.g., public sector, private sector, agricultural sector).
    *   Sense 3: A particular aspect of life or activity (sphere).
    *   Sense 4: Minimum track length for storing information (Computing).
    *   Sense 5: A portion of a military position (Military).
    *   Sense 6: Measuring instrument with two graduated arms (Tool).

    *   The context discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, employment, and labor.
    *   "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor..."
    *   In this context, "sectors" refers to parts of the economy (e.g., agriculture, construction, hospitality).

    *   Sense 2 ("a social group that forms part of the society or the economy") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 ("a particular aspect of life or activity") is similar but usually refers to more abstract spheres of life rather than economic divisions. Sense 2 specifically mentions "the economy".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t> and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local <t>labor</t>..."
    *   Target word: "labor"
    *   Surrounding text: "...immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor..."

    *   Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (Synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat; Example: "shortage of skilled labor in this field").
    *   Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)" (Synonyms: labour, toil; Example: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill").
    *   Sense 3: "concluding state of pregnancy..." (Childbirth).
    *   Sense 4: "an organized attempt by workers to improve their status..." (Labor unions).
    *   Sense 5: "a political party formed in Great Britain..." (Labour Party).
    *   Sense 6: "the federal department... in the United States" (Department of Labor).
    *   Sense 7: "any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted" (Project/task).

    *   The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, and employment.
    *   It mentions "native workers," "unskilled ones," "local labor," and "shortage of local labor."
    *   In the phrase "do not attract local labor," "labor" refers to the people who provide the work (the workforce/workers).
    *   Comparing this to Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (Example: "shortage of skilled labor in this field"). This matches perfectly.
    *   Comparing this to Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)". While similar, "local labor" in this context refers to the *people* (the workforce) rather than the *act* of working. "Attract local labor" means attracting workers.

    *   Sense 1 refers to the workforce/working class.
    *   Sense 2 refers to the effort/work itself.
    *   "Attract local labor" = attract local workers.
    *   "Shortage of local labor" = shortage of local workers.
    *   This aligns with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "one" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   Target word: "ones" (plural of "one").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  The number 1 (numeral/smallest whole number).
        2.  A single person or thing (used as a pronoun to refer back to a previously mentioned noun).

    *   The sentence is: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled <t>ones</t> in dynamic sectors..."
    *   What does "ones" refer to here?
    *   It refers back to "immigrants".
    *   "Unskilled immigrants work in [X] and the most highly skilled [immigrants] [work] in [Y]."

    *   Sense 1: Number 1. (Does not fit. "The most highly skilled number ones" makes no sense here.)
    *   Sense 2: A single person or thing (used as a pronoun). (Fits perfectly. "Ones" is the plural form of "one" used to avoid repeating the noun "immigrants".)

    *   The correct sense is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "sector" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle
2. definition=a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector
3. definition=a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life
4. definition=the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information; unless otherwise specified a sector of data consists of 512 bytes
5. definition=a portion of a military position
6. definition=measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic <t>sectors</t> where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   Target word: "sectors" (plural of sector).
    *   Meaning in context: The text discusses immigration, economic growth, wages, employment, and labor markets. It mentions "unskilled immigrants work in sectors" and "highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors." Here, "sectors" refers to parts of the economy or specific industries/fields of employment.

    *   Sense 1: "a plane figure bounded by two radii and the included arc of a circle" (Geometry) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy | examples=the public sector" (Economic/Social division) - This fits well. "Sectors of the economy" is a standard phrase.
    *   Sense 3: "a particular aspect of life or activity | synonyms=sphere | examples=he was helpless in an important sector of his life" (General sphere of activity) - This is close, but Sense 2 specifically mentions "the economy," which is the primary focus of the context.
    *   Sense 4: "the minimum track length that can be assigned to store information..." (Computing/Hard drive) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: "a portion of a military position" (Military) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: "measuring instrument consisting of two graduated arms hinged at one end" (Tool) - Incorrect.

    *   Sense 2: "a social group that forms part of the society or the economy".
    *   Sense 3: "a particular aspect of life or activity".
    *   In the context of "unskilled immigrants work in sectors" and "highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors," the text is talking about economic sectors (industries, types of jobs). Sense 2 explicitly mentions "the economy."

    *   The context is purely economic (immigration, wages, employment, growth).
    *   "Sectors" refers to parts of the economy.
    *   Sense 2 is the most precise fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "training" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=activity leading to skilled behavior | synonyms=preparation, grooming
2. definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=education, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where <t>training</t> does is not linked to offers of employment." (Note: There's a typo in the source text "does is not", but the word "training" is the target).
    *   Target word: "training"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Activity leading to skilled behavior (preparation, grooming).
        2.  Result of good upbringing/social behavior (education, breeding).

    *   The sentence discusses "highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors".
    *   It mentions "training" in the context of "offers of employment".
    *   This clearly refers to professional or vocational training/education required to get a job in a specific sector.

    *   Sense 1: "activity leading to skilled behavior" (fits professional/vocational training).
    *   Sense 2: "result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" (does not fit professional/vocational training).

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "offer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=the verbal act of offering | synonyms=offering | examples=a generous offer of assistance
2. definition=something offered (as a proposal or bid) | synonyms=offering | examples=noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds
3. definition=a usually brief attempt | synonyms=crack, fling, go, pass, whirl | examples=he took a crack at it; I gave it a whirl

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to <t>offers</t> of employment."
    *   Target word: "offers"

    *   Sense 1: "the verbal act of offering" (e.g., "a generous offer of assistance"). This refers to the *act* of making an offer.
    *   Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)" (e.g., "noteworthy new offerings for investors"). This refers to the *thing* being offered (the proposal, the job offer, the product).
    *   Sense 3: "a usually brief attempt" (e.g., "he took a crack at it"). This refers to a *try* or *attempt*.

    *   The phrase is "offers of employment".
    *   In this context, "offers of employment" refers to job offers—the actual proposals made to potential employees to hire them.
    *   Is it the *act* of offering (Sense 1) or the *thing* offered (Sense 2)?
    *   "Offers of employment" usually refers to the job proposals themselves.
    *   Let's compare:
        *   Sense 1: The act of offering a job.
        *   Sense 2: The job offer itself (the proposal).
    *   In the sentence "training... is not linked to offers of employment", it means the training doesn't necessarily lead to a job proposal/opportunity.
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "a generous offer of assistance" (the act/instance of offering).
        *   Sense 2: "new offerings for investors" (the products/proposals offered).
    *   "Offers of employment" fits better as "something offered (as a proposal)" (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: The act of offering.
    *   Sense 2: The thing offered (proposal/bid).
    *   A job offer is a proposal of employment. Therefore, it is "something offered".

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1: "the verbal act of offering".
    *   Let me re-read Sense 2: "something offered (as a proposal or bid)".
    *   A "job offer" is a proposal.
    *   If I say "He made an offer of employment," is that the act or the proposal? It's both, but the "offer" itself is the proposal.
    *   In "linked to offers of employment," it refers to the availability of job proposals.

    *   Sense 1: "a generous offer of assistance" (This could be seen as the act or the thing).
    *   Sense 2: "noteworthy new offerings for investors included several index funds" (These are products/proposals).
    *   "Offers of employment" are essentially "job openings" or "proposals to hire". This aligns closely with "something offered (as a proposal or bid)".

    *   Sense 3 is definitely wrong (attempt).
    *   Sense 1 is the *act*.
    *   Sense 2 is the *thing* (proposal).
    *   "Offers of employment" = job proposals.

    *   Sense 2 is the most accurate fit for "offers of employment".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "employment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>. A positive effect on wages

Senses:
1. definition=the state of being employed or having a job | synonyms=employ | examples=they are looking for employment; he was in the employ of the city
2. definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=work | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
3. definition=the act of giving someone a job | synonyms=engagement
4. definition=the act of using | synonyms=use, usage, utilization, utilisation, exercise | examples=he warned against the use of narcotic drugs; skilled in the utilization of computers

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of <t>employment</t>."
    *   Target word: "employment"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  The state of being employed or having a job.
        2.  The occupation for which you are paid (work).
        3.  The act of giving someone a job (engagement).
        4.  The act of using (use, usage, utilization).

    *   The sentence is: "...the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   "Offers of employment" typically means offers of a job or the act of being hired for a job.
    *   Let's look at the senses again:
        *   Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job" (e.g., "looking for employment").
        *   Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid" (e.g., "looking for employment").
        *   Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job" (engagement).
        *   Sense 4: "the act of using" (utilization).

    *   "Offers of employment" refers to the act of offering a job to someone.
    *   Sense 1 (state of being employed) and Sense 2 (the occupation/work) are very similar.
    *   Sense 3 (the act of giving someone a job) fits "offers of employment" quite well because an offer is the first step in the act of giving someone a job.
    *   However, in common usage, "looking for employment" (Sense 1/2) and "offers of employment" often refer to the general concept of having a job.
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 1 and 2.
        *   Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job"
        *   Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid"
    *   Wait, "offers of employment" usually means offers of a job.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "they are looking for employment".
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "he is looking for employment".
    *   These examples are almost identical. Let's look at the definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: state of being employed.
    *   Sense 2: the occupation.
    *   Sense 3: the act of giving someone a job.
    *   "Offers of employment" = offers to give someone a job. This aligns most closely with Sense 3 (the act of giving someone a job).

    *   Wait, let me double-check. If I say "I received an offer of employment," am I referring to the *state* of being employed, the *occupation* itself, or the *act* of being hired?
    *   It's the act of being hired/given a job.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job".
    *   An "offer of employment" is an offer to provide the *state* of employment or an offer to *give* a job.
    *   In many dictionaries, "employment" in "offer of employment" is treated as the state of being employed.
    *   Let's look at the context again: "...training does is not linked to offers of employment." This means training doesn't necessarily lead to being hired.
    *   If we look at the provided senses:
        1. state of being employed
        2. occupation
        3. act of giving someone a job
        4. act of using

    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
        Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job"
        Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job"
        "Offer of employment" -> Offer of [the state of being employed] OR Offer of [the act of giving a job].
        Actually, "employment" in "offer of employment" usually refers to the job itself or the state of being employed.

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "they are looking for employment".
    *   If you are looking for employment, you are looking for a job (the state of being employed).
    *   If you get an offer of employment, you are being offered a job (the state of being employed).

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job". This is more like "The company's employment of new staff increased."

    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "the state of being employed or having a job". This seems the most standard fit for "offers of employment".

    *   Wait, let me search for "offer of employment" in a dictionary.
    *   Cambridge Dictionary: "the state of having a paid job"
    *   Oxford Dictionary: "the state of having paid work"

    *   Looking at the provided senses:
        Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job"
        Sense 2: "the occupation for which you are paid"
        Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job"

    *   Sense 1 fits "the state of having a paid job" perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: state of being employed.
    *   Sense 2: the occupation (the work itself).
    *   Sense 3: the act of hiring.
    *   Sense 4: the act of using.

    *   "Offers of employment" = offers of a job/the state of being employed.
    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate.

    *   Context: "...training does is not linked to offers of employment."
    *   This means training doesn't lead to job offers.
    *   Job offers = offers of employment.
    *   Employment = the state of having a job.
    *   Sense 1: "the state of being employed or having a job".

    *   Wait, let me check Sense 2 again: "the occupation for which you are paid".
    *   If I say "my employment is as a teacher," that's Sense 2.
    *   If I say "I am seeking employment," that's Sense 1.
    *   "Offers of employment" is very similar to "seeking employment".

    *   Let's double-check Sense 3: "the act of giving someone a job".
    *   "The employment of the new manager took three months." (The process of hiring).
    *   "Offers of employment" are the *result* of the act of giving a job, or the *proposal* of that act.

    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2 again:
        Sense 1: state of being employed.
        Sense 2: the occupation.
        "Offers of employment" doesn't mean "offers of an occupation" (though it's close), it means "offers to be employed".

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the strongest candidate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "effect" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive <t>effect</t> on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals.

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Target word: "effect"
    *   Surrounding text: Discusses the impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages, and employment. Specifically, it mentions that immigrants are complementary to local labor, leading to a "positive effect on the pay of locals."

    *   Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, outcome, result).
    *   Sense 2: an outward appearance (impression).
    *   Sense 3: an impression (artificial or contrived).
    *   Sense 4: the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (essence, gist).
    *   Sense 5: (of a law) having legal validity (force).
    *   Sense 6: a symptom caused by an illness or a drug.

    *   The text says "the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   This means the arrival of immigrants *causes* a positive *result* or *outcome* for the pay of locals.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon."

    *   Sense 2 (appearance) - No.
    *   Sense 3 (artificial impression) - No.
    *   Sense 4 (theme/gist) - No.
    *   Sense 5 (legal validity) - No.
    *   Sense 6 (medical symptom) - No.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "way" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "A positive effect on wages In the same <t>way</t> as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Target word: "way" (in the phrase "In the same way as").

    *   The phrase "In the same way as" is used here to draw an analogy.
    *   It compares the relationship between surgeons and anaesthetists to the relationship between locals and immigrants.
    *   It describes *how* the positive effect on wages happens (by analogy to how a surgeon needs an anaesthetist).

    *   Sense 1: how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion.
    *   Sense 2: how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency.
    *   Sense 3: a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction.
    *   Sense 4: the condition of things generally.
    *   Sense 5: a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life.
    *   Sense 6: any artifact consisting of a road or path.
    *   Sense 7: a journey or passage.
    *   Sense 8: space for movement.
    *   Sense 9: the property of distance in general.
    *   Sense 10: doing as one pleases or chooses.
    *   Sense 11: a general category of things (in the way of).
    *   Sense 12: a portion of something divided into shares.

    *   "In the same way as" usually means "in the same manner as" or "similarly to how".
    *   This fits Sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" (manner/mode).

    *   Sense 2 (means/agency) is about the *tool* or *method* used to achieve a goal. While the analogy explains the mechanism, "in the same way" is a comparative phrase referring to the *manner* or *nature* of the relationship.
    *   Sense 4 (condition of things generally) doesn't fit the comparative structure "In the same way as...".

    *   "In the same way as [X happens], [Y happens]."
    *   This is a classic use of "way" meaning "manner" or "mode" of occurrence.

    *   Sense 1: manner, mode, style, fashion.
    *   "In the same manner as a surgeon would find it difficult..." -> This makes perfect sense.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a <t>country</t> with a shortage of anaesthetists..."
    *   Target word: "country"

    *   Sense 1: A politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation).
    *   Sense 2: The territory occupied by a nation (state, land).
    *   Sense 3: The people who live in a nation or country (nation, land).
    *   Sense 4: An area outside of cities and towns (rural area).
    *   Sense 5: A particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (area).

    *   The sentence compares a surgeon working in a "country" with a shortage of anaesthetists to the general economic situation of immigrants and locals.
    *   In this context, "country" refers to a nation-state or a political entity (like the UK, USA, etc.) where healthcare systems and labor markets are managed.
    *   It's not referring to the rural countryside (Sense 4).
    *   It's not referring specifically to the *people* (Sense 3).
    *   It's not referring to a vague geographical region (Sense 5).
    *   It's between Sense 1 (political entity/state) and Sense 2 (territory).
    *   Usually, when talking about working in a "country" in terms of labor markets, shortages, and professional practice, it refers to the nation/state as a political and administrative entity.

    *   Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" (state, nation).
    *   Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" (state, land).
    *   If a surgeon works in a "country", they are working within the jurisdiction/system of that nation. Sense 1 is the most comprehensive fit for a nation-state in a socio-economic context.

    *   "work in a country" -> work in a nation/state.
    *   Sense 1: state, nation.
    *   Sense 2: territory.
    *   While territory is involved, the "shortage of anaesthetists" is a systemic issue of the state/nation.

    *   Sense 1 is the standard meaning for "country" when referring to a sovereign state in a socio-economic discussion.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "shortage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required | synonyms=deficit, shortfall | examples=new blood vessels bud out from the already dilated vascular bed to make up the nutritional deficit
2. definition=an acute insufficiency | synonyms=dearth, famine

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a <t>shortage</t> of anaesthetists..."
    *   Target word: "shortage"
    *   Meaning in context: A lack of enough anaesthetists to meet the demand/need for surgeons to operate.

    *   Sense 1: "the property of being an amount by which something is less than expected or required" (Synonyms: deficit, shortfall).
    *   Sense 2: "an acute insufficiency" (Synonyms: dearth, famine).

    *   Sense 1 describes a gap between what is available and what is required (a deficit).
    *   Sense 2 describes a severe lack or insufficiency (dearth, famine).
    *   In the context of "shortage of anaesthetists," it means there aren't enough of them to meet the requirement for the surgeons to work. This fits the "less than required" aspect of Sense 1.
    *   Wait, let's look closer. "Acute insufficiency" (Sense 2) often implies a more severe, critical lack (like a famine). A "shortage of anaesthetists" is a lack of required personnel.
    *   Comparing "deficit/shortfall" (Sense 1) vs "dearth/famine" (Sense 2).
    *   "Shortage of labor" or "shortage of doctors" is typically a deficit relative to demand.
    *   Sense 1: "amount by which something is less than expected or required".
    *   Sense 2: "acute insufficiency".
    *   Usually, "shortage" in economic or professional contexts (like labor shortages) refers to the gap between supply and demand (Sense 1). "Famine" or "dearth" (Sense 2) suggests a more absolute or extreme scarcity.

    *   "a country with a shortage of anaesthetists" -> There are fewer anaesthetists than are required for the surgeons to function effectively. This is a deficit/shortfall.

    *   Sense 1: deficit, shortfall.
    *   Sense 2: dearth, famine.
    *   A shortage of doctors is a shortfall in the number of doctors needed.

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate fit for a professional/labor shortage.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "complementarity" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities
2. definition=the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other | examples=the complementarity of the sexes

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text discussing immigration and its effect on the labor market. It argues that immigrants don't replace native workers but instead fill gaps (shortages) and support the overall economy.
    *   Specific sentence: "...the <t>complementarities</t> existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Key phrase: "immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor".

    *   Sense 1: "a relation between two opposite states or principles that together exhaust the possibilities" (This sounds more like a philosophical or logical definition, e.g., wave-particle duality).
    *   Sense 2: "the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other" (This fits the economic context where one group of workers supplements another, filling gaps and creating a mutually beneficial relationship).

    *   The text describes immigrants filling roles that locals don't or can't fill (e.g., unskilled sectors or highly specialized ones), which then helps the locals (like the surgeon needing an anaesthetist).
    *   This is a clear case of one thing supplementing another to create a functional whole or a positive outcome.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2.