[User]
Which numbered sense of "turn" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   Target word: "turn"
    *   Meaning in context: The oncogene *causes* the proliferating cells to *become* malignant.

    *   1: change orientation/direction (No)
    *   2: undergo transformation/change of position or action (No - this is intransitive/reflexive "we turned from...")
    *   3: undergo a change or development (become) (No - this is intransitive "water turned into ice")
    *   4: cause to move around or rotate (No)
    *   5: change to the contrary (No)
    *   6: pass to the other side of (No)
    *   7: pass into a condition gradually (become) (No - this is intransitive "weather turned nasty")
    *   8: let fall or spill (No)
    *   9: move around an axis (No)
    *   10: cause to move around a center (No)
    *   11: send or let go (No)
    *   12: break and turn over earth (No)
    *   13: shape by rotating (No)
    *   14: change color (No)
    *   15: twist suddenly (No)
    *   16: cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics (Example: "turned the frog into a prince", "turn lead into gold") (Yes - this fits "turn proliferating cells malignant")
    *   17: accomplish by rotating (No)
    *   18: get by buying and selling (No)
    *   19: cause to move along an axis (No)
    *   20: channel attention (No)
    *   21: cause plastic object to assume crooked form (No)
    *   22: alter functioning or setting (No)
    *   23: direct at someone (No)
    *   24: have recourse to (No)
    *   25: go sour or spoil (No)
    *   26: become one year older (No)

    *   The sentence is: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant..."
    *   This means the oncogene *causes* the cells to *become* malignant.
    *   Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics".
    *   Comparing with Sense 3 and 7: Sense 3 and 7 are intransitive (the subject becomes something). Sense 16 is transitive (the subject causes the object to become something).
    *   In the context, "An oncogene" (subject) "turn" (verb) "proliferating cells" (object) "malignant" (complement). This is a transitive usage.

    *   Sense 16: "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics"
    *   Example: "The princess turned the frog into a prince" (Transitive: Subject causes Object to become X).
    *   Context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant" (Transitive: Subject causes Object to become X).

    *   Sense 16 is the only one that describes causing something else to change its state or characteristics.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about genes, tumor-suppressors, anti-cancer genes, proteins, cell division, malignant cells, oncogenes, and proliferating cells.
    *   Target word: "cells" (marked as `<t>cells</t>`).
    *   Sentence: "An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

    *   Sense 1: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
    *   Sense 2: (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
    *   Sense 3: Electric current device (battery).
    *   Sense 4: Small unit of a political movement (cadre).
    *   Sense 5: Mobile phone.
    *   Sense 6: Monk/nun's room.
    *   Sense 7: Prisoner's room.

    *   The context discusses genes, proteins, cancer, malignancy, and cell division.
    *   "Proliferating cells" in the context of cancer refers to biological cells dividing and growing.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms".

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "only" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   Target word: "only"

    *   Sense 1: and nothing more (merely, simply, just).
    *   Sense 2: without any others being included or involved (entirely, exclusively, solely).
    *   Sense 3: with nevertheless the final result (He arrived only to find...).
    *   Sense 4: in the final outcome (These news will only make you more upset).
    *   Sense 5: except that (It was the same story; only this time...).
    *   Sense 6: never except when (only if, only when).
    *   Sense 7: as recently as (only an hour ago).

    *   "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   This means: An oncogene turns cells malignant *if and only if* (or *never except when*) the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.
    *   It sets a necessary condition.

    *   Sense 6: "never except when" (synonyms: only if, only when).
    *   Test: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *never except when* the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." (Fits perfectly).
    *   Test: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *only when* the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged." (Fits perfectly).

    *   Sense 1 (merely): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *merely* after..." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 2 (exclusively): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *exclusively* after..." (Close, but Sense 6 is more precise for conditional time/event markers like "after").
    *   Sense 3 (nevertheless): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *only to find*..." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 4 (final outcome): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *in the final outcome* after..." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 5 (except that): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant, *except that* after..." (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 7 (recently): "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant *as recently as* after..." (Doesn't fit).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "damage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>."
    *   Target word: "damaged"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  `inflict damage upon` (e.g., "The snow damaged the roof") - Active sense of causing harm.
        2.  `suffer or be susceptible to damage` (e.g., "These fine china cups damage easily") - Intransitive/Passive sense of being harmed or being fragile.

    *   The sentence is: "...after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>."
    *   The structure "has been damaged" is passive.
    *   The meaning is that some external force (radiation, chemical, accident, as mentioned earlier in the text) has caused harm to the gene.
    *   Sense 1 is about the *act* of inflicting damage.
    *   Sense 2 is about the *state* of suffering damage or the *tendency* to be damaged.

    *   Wait, let's look closer at the senses provided.
    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" (Transitive: X damaged Y).
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (Intransitive/Middle voice: X damages easily).

    *   In the context "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged", the gene is the *object* of the damage.
    *   If we rephrase the passive "has been damaged" into active, it would be "[Something] has damaged the tumor-suppressor gene."
    *   This matches the meaning of Sense 1 ("inflict damage upon").

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage". Example: "These fine china cups damage easily." This is a specific usage where the subject is the thing being damaged, but it describes a property of the object (fragility).

    *   In "the gene has been damaged", the gene is not "damaging easily" (susceptibility); it has actually *undergone* the process of being damaged by an external agent.

    *   Sense 1: To cause harm to. (Active: Radiation damaged the gene. Passive: The gene was damaged by radiation.)
    *   Sense 2: To be easily harmed. (Intransitive: The gene damages easily.)

    *   The context "has been damaged" is the passive form of Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    *   Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
    *   Context: "...after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."
    *   The gene didn't "damage easily" (Sense 2); it was "inflicted with damage" (Sense 1).

    *   Wait, let me double-check if "suffer damage" (Sense 2) fits. "The gene has suffered damage."
    *   But the example for Sense 2 is "These fine china cups damage easily," which is the middle voice (meaning "are easily damaged").
    *   "Has been damaged" is a standard passive construction of "to damage" (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: X damages Y. (Passive: Y is damaged by X).
    *   Sense 2: X damages (easily).

    *   The context is "has been damaged". This is the passive of Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: inflict damage upon.
    *   Sense 2: suffer or be susceptible to damage.
    *   If the gene "has been damaged", it has had damage inflicted upon it.

    *   Let's look at the examples again.
    *   1: "The snow damaged the roof" (Active). "The roof was damaged by the snow" (Passive).
    *   2: "These fine china cups damage easily" (Intransitive/Middle).

    *   The context "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged" fits the passive of Sense 1 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "inherit" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Senses:
1. definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer genes (tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes).
    *   Target word: "inherited" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent."

    *   Sense 1: obtain from someone after their death (e.g., a castle).
    *   Sense 2: receive from a predecessor (e.g., problems from a previous chair).
    *   Sense 3: receive by genetic transmission (e.g., eyesight from a mother).

    *   The context discusses "genes," "cell growth," "parents," and "copies" of genes.
    *   The sentence specifically says "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   This clearly refers to biological/genetic transmission.

    *   Sense 1 is about property/money after death. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2 is about situations/roles from a predecessor. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3 is about genetic transmission. (Correct)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Target word: "copies" (plural of "copy").
    *   Meaning in context: In genetics, humans have two copies of most genes (one from the mother, one from the father). This refers to identical or nearly identical versions of the same genetic sequence.

    *   Sense 1: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" -> This fits. A gene copy is an identical (or nearly identical) version of the gene.
    *   Sense 3: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "material suitable for a journalistic account" -> Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2 describes something made to be similar or identical to another thing. In biological terms, alleles or gene copies are identical or similar versions of the same gene. While "made" might imply artificiality in some contexts, in a general sense, a copy is a duplicate.

    *   Sense 1: Transcript (No)
    *   Sense 2: Duplicate/Clone (Yes - genetic copies are duplicates)
    *   Sense 3: Text for printing (No)
    *   Sense 4: Journalistic material (No)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "parent" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Senses:
1. definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes.
    *   Target word: "parent" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>."
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
        2.  an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

    *   The sentence discusses the inheritance of genes.
    *   "inherited in two copies, one from each parent."
    *   In the context of genetics and human/animal biology, "parent" refers to the biological father and mother.

    *   Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to..." (This fits perfectly with biological inheritance).
    *   Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained." (This is a more general biological term, often used in botany or asexual reproduction/cloning, but Sense 1 is the standard term for the source of inherited genes in sexual reproduction).

    *   While Sense 2 is technically true for any organism, Sense 1 specifically mentions "father or mother" and "begets," which is the standard way to describe the source of the two copies of genes in diploid organisms (like humans, which the text implies by discussing cancer and genes).
    *   Wait, let's look closer. Is there a distinction?
    *   Sense 1: Father/mother, begets, gives birth.
    *   Sense 2: Organism from which younger ones are obtained.
    *   In the context of "inherited in two copies, one from each parent," it refers to the biological parents (mother and father). Sense 1 is the most direct fit for the concept of biological parents in a genetic context.

    *   Sense 1 is the common definition for parents in the context of genetic inheritance (mother and father).
    *   Sense 2 is more about the source organism in a broader biological sense (like a parent plant).
    *   The text discusses cancer and genes, which usually implies humans or animals.

    *   Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets..."
    *   Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained."
    *   Actually, in many dictionaries, Sense 1 is the general human/animal parent, and Sense 2 is the biological/botanical parent.
    *   "Inherited in two copies, one from each parent" is the classic description of Mendelian inheritance from a mother and father.

    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   Target word: "copy" (used in "Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins...", "both copies must be impaired", "one defective copy", "one copy is damaged", "lose the other copy").
    *   Meaning in context: The passage refers to the two versions of a gene inherited from parents (alleles). In biological terms, these are identical or near-identical versions of the same genetic sequence.

    *   Sense 1: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" -> This fits. A gene copy is an identical (or nearly identical) version of the genetic sequence.
    *   Sense 3: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "material suitable for a journalistic account" -> Not applicable.

    *   The context describes genes inherited from parents. Each parent provides one "copy" of the gene. This is a biological duplicate/identical version. Sense 2 is the only one that fits the concept of a duplicate or identical version of something.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "need" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Senses:
1. definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth..."
    *   Target word: "needed" (past participle of "need").
    *   Meaning in context: The proteins that are *required* or *necessary* to control cell growth.

    *   Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" (synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve). Example: "success usually requires hard work".
    *   Sense 2: "have need of" (synonyms: want, require). Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner".
    *   Sense 3: "have or feel a need for". Example: "always needing friends and money".

    *   The sentence says "proteins needed to control cell growth".
    *   This means the proteins are *required* for the process of controlling cell growth.
    *   Sense 1 describes "requiring as useful, just, or proper" (necessitating). This fits the idea of a biological requirement for a function to occur.
    *   Sense 2 describes a state of lacking something (the piano *needs* a tuner). The proteins aren't "lacking" something; they *are* the thing required.
    *   Sense 3 describes a feeling or desire (needing friends). This is definitely not it.

    *   "Proteins needed to control cell growth" $\approx$ "Proteins required to control cell growth".
    *   Sense 1: "require as useful...". This matches the functional requirement.

    *   Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper".
    *   Sense 2: "have need of" (lacking).
    *   Sense 3: "have or feel a need for" (desire/emotional/physical need).
    *   The proteins are *necessary* (required) for the function. This aligns best with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "control" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Senses:
1. definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Target word: "control"
    *   Meaning in context: The proteins regulate or keep cell growth within certain limits to prevent it from becoming malignant (cancerous).

    *   Sense 1: Exercise authoritative control or power over (command). (Not applicable - proteins don't "command" in a social/authoritative sense).
    *   Sense 2: Lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits (hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate). (Fits well - cell growth needs to be kept within limits).
    *   Sense 3: Handle and cause to function (operate). (Not applicable - proteins don't "operate" cell growth like a machine).
    *   Sense 4: Control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully (manipulate). (Not applicable - not about social manipulation).
    *   Sense 5: Check or regulate (a scientific experiment). (Not applicable - not talking about an experimental control group).
    *   Sense 6: Verify by using a duplicate register. (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 7: Be careful or certain to do something (ensure). (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 8: Have a firm understanding or knowledge of (master). (Not applicable).

    *   The context describes "growth-suppressing proteins" and the need to "control cell growth" to prevent malignancy.
    *   Sense 2 defines "control" as "hold or keep within limits" or "check, curb, moderate."
    *   This aligns perfectly with the biological function of tumor-suppressor genes/proteins.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing genes, radiation, cell division, malignant cells, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and cancer.
    *   Target word: `<t>cell</t>` in the phrase "control <t>cell</t> growth".
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
        2.  (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
        3.  Electric current device (battery).
        4.  Political movement unit (cadre).
        5.  Mobile phone.
        6.  Monk/nun's room.
        7.  Prisoner's room.

    *   The text mentions "genes", "radiation", "cell division", "malignant", "oncogenes", "cancerous cells", "tumor-suppressor gene", and "cancer".
    *   The specific phrase is "control cell growth".
    *   This clearly refers to the biological unit of life.

    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." matches perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "growth" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Senses:
1. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Key phrase: "control cell growth".
    *   Topic: Cancer, genes, tumor-suppressor genes, malignant cells, cell division.

    *   Sense 1: (biology) process of an individual organism growing organically (maturation, development).
    *   Sense 2: progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., culture).
    *   Sense 3: process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important (increase, increment).
    *   Sense 4: vegetation that has grown.
    *   Sense 5: gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence).
    *   Sense 6: (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor).
    *   Sense 7: something grown or growing (e.g., hair).

    *   The text discusses "cell growth" in the context of cancer.
    *   Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division (proliferation).
    *   "Control cell growth" refers to the regulation of how cells divide and increase in number.
    *   Sense 3 defines growth as "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". Cell growth/proliferation fits "more numerous".
    *   Sense 6 defines growth as "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)". While the *result* of uncontrolled growth is a tumor (a growth), the phrase "control cell growth" refers to the *process* of cells increasing in number, not the tumor itself. The proteins control the *process* (growth), and when that process is uncontrolled, it leads to a "growth" (tumor).

    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 3 vs Sense 6.
    *   "control cell growth" -> controlling the process of cells dividing and increasing in number.
    *   Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous".
    *   Sense 6: "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)".
    *   In the sentence "proteins needed to control cell growth", "growth" is the process being controlled. If the growth is uncontrolled, it becomes "abnormal proliferation" (Sense 6). But the proteins are meant to control the *normal* process of growth (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 1 is about maturation/development of an organism.
    *   Sense 3 is about increase in number/size.
    *   Sense 6 is the pathology term for the tumor itself.
    *   The text says "control cell growth". This refers to the biological process of cells dividing.

    *   Is "cell growth" usually Sense 3 or Sense 6?
    *   "Cell growth" (the process) = Sense 3.
    *   "A growth on the arm" (the tumor) = Sense 6.
    *   The context is "control cell growth", meaning the process of cells increasing in number.

    *   Sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous". This fits perfectly for cell division/proliferation.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific passage discussing genes, radiation, cell division, malignant cells, oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and the development of cancer.
    *   Target word: "cancer" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Specific sentence: "...so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired."

    *   Sense 1: Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: A person born while the sun is in Cancer. (Astrology)
    *   Sense 3: A small zodiacal constellation. (Astronomy)
    *   Sense 4: The fourth sign of the zodiac. (Astrology)
    *   Sense 5: Type genus of the family Cancridae. (Biology/Zoology - crabs)

    *   The context mentions "genes", "radiation", "cell division", "malignant", "oncogenes", "tumor-suppressor gene", and "cell growth".
    *   This is clearly discussing the medical/biological disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth.
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "arise" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Senses:
1. definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired."
    *   Meaning: In this context, "arise" refers to cancer starting, developing, or coming into existence.

    *   Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow). Example: "A new religious movement originated..."
    *   Sense 2: "originate or come into being" (synonyms: come up, bob up). Example: "a question arose".
    *   Sense 3: "rise to one's feet". (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 4: "result or issue" (synonyms: come up). Example: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion".
    *   Sense 5: "move upward". (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 6: "take part in a rebellion". (Not applicable)
    *   Sense 7: "get up and out of bed". (Not applicable)

    *   Sense 1 focuses on coming into existence, taking form, or developing (like a movement or a feeling).
    *   Sense 2 focuses on originating or coming into being (often used for abstract things like questions or problems).
    *   Sense 4 focuses on resulting from something.

    Looking at the context: "for cancer to arise". Cancer is a disease/condition. It "develops" or "comes into existence".
    Sense 1 synonyms include "develop" and "originate".
    Sense 2 synonyms include "come up".
    Sense 4 synonyms include "come up" (as a result).

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
    Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (e.g., a movement, a love).
    Sense 2: "originate or come into being" (e.g., a question).

    Actually, looking closer at Sense 1: "originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow".
    Cancer "developing" fits perfectly here.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "originate or come into being" (e.g., "a question arose"). This is often used for situations or issues.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 4: "result or issue" (e.g., "unpleasantness arose from this discussion"). While cancer results from gene damage, the word "arise" here is used as "for cancer to [happen/develop]".

    In medical contexts, "cancer arises" usually means it originates or develops.
    Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" / "develop".
    Sense 2: "originate or come into being".

    Wait, let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 1: "A new religious movement originated... a love that sprang up..."
    Sense 2: "a question arose".

    "Cancer" is more like a biological process developing (Sense 1) than a question popping up (Sense 2).

    Let's check if there's a better fit.
    Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (synonyms: originate, rise, develop).
    Sense 2: "originate or come into being" (synonyms: come up, bob up).

    Actually, "arise" in the sense of a disease starting is very close to "originate" or "develop".

    Let's look at the provided senses again.
    1. come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, rise, develop)
    2. originate or come into being (come up, bob up)

    Sense 1 seems more comprehensive for a biological development.

    Let's double-check Sense 4: "result or issue". "For cancer to arise [as a result of gene damage]". But the sentence structure is "for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired." This means the impairment is the condition for the cancer to come into existence.

    Comparing 1 and 2 again:
    Sense 1: "come into existence; take on form or shape"
    Sense 2: "originate or come into being"

    These are very similar. However, "develop" is a synonym for Sense 1. Cancer "develops".

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "a question arose". This is usually for an abstract issue or a problem.
    Sense 1: "A new religious movement originated... a love that sprang up". This is for something that grows or takes shape.

    Cancer is a growth/disease that develops. Sense 1 fits best.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about genetics, specifically tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   Target word: "copies" (from "both <t>copies</t> must be impaired").
    *   Sentence: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired."

    *   Sense 1: A reproduction of a written record (transcript).
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a duplicate).
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed (written matter).
    *   Sense 4: Material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The text discusses genes inherited from parents.
    *   Humans have two versions (alleles) of most genes, one from the mother and one from the father.
    *   These are essentially identical or near-identical versions of the same genetic sequence.
    *   This fits the definition of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (Sense 2). It's not a written record (Sense 1), printed matter (Sense 3), or journalistic material (Sense 4).

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the biological context of duplicate genetic sequences.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "impaired" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Senses:
1. definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer, genes, tumor-suppressor genes, and oncogenes.
    *   Target word: "impaired" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>."
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  diminished in strength, quality, or utility (e.g., impaired eyesight).
        2.  mentally or physically unfit (synonym: afflicted).

    *   The text discusses genes (specifically tumor-suppressor genes).
    *   It mentions genes being "damaged" by radiation, chemicals, or accidents.
    *   It says that for cancer to arise, both copies of the tumor-suppressor gene must be "impaired".
    *   In this context, "impaired" refers to the genes no longer functioning correctly (their utility/quality is diminished or gone) due to damage.

    *   Sense 1: "diminished in strength, quality, or utility". This fits perfectly. A damaged gene has diminished utility/function.
    *   Sense 2: "mentally or physically unfit". This usually refers to a person (e.g., "mentally impaired"). Genes are not "unfit" in the sense of being a person who is afflicted.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "person" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."
    *   Target word: "person"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  a human being (individual, someone, etc.)
        2.  a human body (physical body/clothing)
        3.  a grammatical category (1st, 2nd, 3rd person)

    *   The sentence discusses a human being born with a genetic defect.
    *   It refers to an individual who is prone to cancer.
    *   This matches the definition of "a human being".

    *   Sense 1: a human being. (Matches)
    *   Sense 2: a human body. (Does not match; the context is about genetics and health, not physical search or the body as a container).
    *   Sense 3: grammatical category. (Does not match).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "bear" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."
    *   Target word: "born" (Wait, the prompt says "bear", but the tag `<t></t>` is around "born").
    *   Wait, let me re-read. The prompt asks for the sense of "bear", but the tagged word is "born".
    *   "Born" is the past participle of "bear" (in the sense of giving birth).

    *   1. have (resemblance, signature)
    *   2. cause to be born (give birth, deliver, birth, have)
    *   3. put up with (endure, tolerate)
    *   4. move while holding up (bear gifts)
    *   5. bring forth (fruit, flowers)
    *   6. take on expenses/debts
    *   7. contain or hold
    *   8. bring in (yield, pay)
    *   9. have on one's person (wear, scar)
    *   10. behave in a certain manner
    *   11. have rightfully (titles, offices)
    *   12. support or hold in a certain manner
    *   13. be pregnant with

    *   "A person who is born with one defective copy..."
    *   In this context, "born" refers to the act of being brought into existence/birth.
    *   Looking at the senses of "bear", Sense 2 is "cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have".
    *   While "born" is the passive form (the person is born), it derives from the verb "bear" in the sense of giving birth.

    *   Sense 1: "have" (e.g., bear a resemblance). Does "born with" mean "have"? In a way, yes, but "born" specifically refers to the birth process.
    *   Sense 2: "cause to be born". This is the root of the word "born".
    *   Wait, let me look at the context again. "A person who is born with one defective copy..."
    *   Is "born" here used as "brought into existence" or "having at birth"?
    *   Usually, "born" is the past participle of "bear" (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 2: "cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!"
    *   The word "born" in "a person who is born" is the past participle of "bear" (Sense 2).

    *   The prompt asks for the sense of "bear" used in the context where the word is "born".
    *   "Born" is the past participle of "bear" (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: bear a resemblance (have)
    *   Sense 2: give birth (born)
    *   Sense 3: endure
    *   Sense 4: carry
    *   Sense 5: produce (fruit)
    *   Sense 6: assume (responsibility)
    *   Sense 7: contain
    *   Sense 8: yield (interest)
    *   Sense 9: wear (scar)
    *   Sense 10: behave
    *   Sense 11: hold (title)
    *   Sense 12: hold (head high)
    *   Sense 13: be pregnant

    The word "born" is the past participle of "bear" meaning "to give birth to". Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct one.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   Target word: "copy" (used in "one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene").
    *   Contextual usage: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth... A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."

    *   Sense 1: A reproduction of a written record (transcript). (Incorrect: Not a legal/school record).
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a replica). (Correct: In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to an identical or nearly identical version of that gene on a chromosome).
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed (written matter). (Incorrect: Not about printing).
    *   Sense 4: Material suitable for a journalistic account. (Incorrect: Not about journalism).

    *   The text discusses genes inherited from parents. Humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent). This fits the definition of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (Sense 2), as the two alleles/copies of a gene are versions of the same genetic sequence.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   Target word: "copy" (specifically in the phrase "one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life").
    *   Contextual usage: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins... both copies must be impaired... one defective copy... one <t>copy</t> is damaged... lose the other copy..."

    *   Sense 1: A reproduction of a written record (transcript). (Incorrect: Not talking about documents).
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a duplicate). (Correct: In genetics, "copies" of genes refer to the identical or nearly identical versions of a gene on homologous chromosomes).
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed (written matter). (Incorrect: Not talking about printing).
    *   Sense 4: Material suitable for a journalistic account. (Incorrect: Not talking about journalism).

    *   The text discusses genes inherited from parents. Humans have two copies of most genes (one from the mother, one from the father). These are identical/similar versions of the same genetic sequence. This fits Sense 2 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "damage" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   Target word: "damaged" (in the phrase "or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  `inflict damage upon` (transitive use: something damages something else).
        2.  `suffer or be susceptible to damage` (intransitive/passive-like use: something is damaged/damages easily).

    *   Sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Analysis: "one copy is damaged". This is a passive construction. The "copy" (the gene) has undergone damage.

    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon". Example: "The snow damaged the roof." (Active voice, the snow is the agent).
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage". Example: "These fine china cups damage easily." (Intransitive/Passive sense, the cups are the ones affected).

    *   In the context "one copy is damaged", the gene is the recipient of the damage.
    *   Sense 1 describes the *act* of damaging something.
    *   Sense 2 describes the *state* of being damaged or the *tendency* to be damaged.
    *   Wait, let's look closer at the phrasing.
    *   "one copy is damaged" (Passive voice of Sense 1? Or Sense 2?)
    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon". If I say "The radiation damaged the gene", that's Sense 1. If I say "The gene was damaged [by radiation]", that is the passive form of Sense 1.
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage". "These cups damage easily." This is an ergative/middle voice usage.

    *   Let's re-evaluate the senses provided.
    *   Sense 1: "inflict damage upon".
    *   Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage".

    *   In "one copy is damaged", the gene has suffered damage.
    *   Is "is damaged" the passive of "inflict damage upon" (Sense 1) or is it "suffer damage" (Sense 2)?
    *   Usually, in these types of NLP tasks (like WordNet or similar), "damaged" as an adjective or passive participle meaning "harmed" often maps to the sense of suffering damage.
    *   However, "inflict damage upon" is the active action. "The gene was damaged" means something inflicted damage upon it.
    *   Let's look at the examples.
    *   Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" (Active).
    *   Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" (Intransitive/Middle).

    *   "one copy is damaged" -> The copy has been harmed.
    *   Does it mean "something inflicted damage upon the copy" (Sense 1) or "the copy suffered damage" (Sense 2)?
    *   Actually, "is damaged" is the state resulting from the action in Sense 1.
    *   But Sense 2 says "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
    *   If a gene "is damaged", it has suffered damage.

    *   Let's compare:
        *   "The car was damaged" (Passive of "Someone damaged the car" - Sense 1).
        *   "The car damages easily" (Sense 2).

    *   In the context "one copy is damaged early in life", it's describing a state or an event that happened to the gene. It's not saying the gene "damages easily" (susceptibility). It's saying it *is* damaged (it has suffered damage).

    *   Wait, let's look at the definitions again.
    *   1. inflict damage upon.
    *   2. suffer or be susceptible to damage.

    *   If the gene "is damaged", it has suffered damage. That fits Sense 2 ("suffer... damage").
    *   If the gene "was damaged by X", it's the passive of Sense 1.
    *   The sentence is "in whom one copy is damaged early in life". This describes the state of the gene.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
    *   Example: "These fine china cups damage easily". (This is the "susceptible" part).
    *   Does "is damaged" mean "suffers damage"? Yes.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "inflict damage upon".
    *   Example: "The snow damaged the roof".

    *   In "one copy is damaged", the gene is not inflicting damage. It is the one suffering it.
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the better fit for "suffer... damage".

    *   Wait, let me double-check. In many dictionary sets:
        *   Damage (transitive): to harm.
        *   Damage (intransitive): to become damaged.

    *   "is damaged" is the passive of the transitive "to damage".
    *   If Sense 1 is "inflict damage upon" (transitive), then "is damaged" is the passive form of Sense 1.
    *   If Sense 2 is "suffer or be susceptible to damage" (intransitive), then "is damaged" could be seen as the state of having suffered damage.

    *   Let's look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 1: "The snow damaged the roof" (Active).
    *   Sense 2: "These fine china cups damage easily" (Intransitive).

    *   "one copy is damaged"
    *   Is it "The copy suffered damage" or "Something damaged the copy"?
    *   Both are logically true. But grammatically, "is damaged" is the passive of "damage" (transitive).
    *   However, Sense 2 explicitly includes "suffer... damage".

    *   Let's try to substitute:
        *   "...in whom one copy [inflicts damage upon] early in life" -> Incorrect.
        *   "...in whom one copy [suffers damage] early in life" -> Correct.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the correct one.

    *   Wait, let me think again. "is damaged" is a very common passive construction.
    *   "The car is damaged." (It has been damaged).
    *   "The car damages easily." (It is fragile).
    *   Sense 2 says "suffer or be susceptible to damage".
    *   "is damaged" = has suffered damage.

    *   Let's check Sense 1 again. "inflict damage upon".
    *   If the sense is "inflict damage upon", the subject must be the agent. In "one copy is damaged", the subject is the patient.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "early" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Target word: "early"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  during an early stage (synonyms: early on; example: early on in her career)
        2.  before the usual time or the time expected (synonyms: ahead of time, too soon; example: she graduated early)
        3.  in good time (synonyms: betimes; example: he awoke betimes that morning)

    *   The phrase is "damaged early in life".
    *   This refers to the timing within the span of a person's life.
    *   It means the damage happened during the initial stages or early period of the person's life.

    *   Sense 1: "during an early stage". This fits perfectly. "Early in life" is synonymous with "during an early stage of life".
    *   Sense 2: "before the usual time or the time expected". This doesn't fit. There isn't a "usual time" for a gene to be damaged.
    *   Sense 3: "in good time". This doesn't fit. "Early in life" doesn't mean "promptly" or "betimes".

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "life" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Target word: "life"

    *   1: characteristic state or mode of living (e.g., social life) - No.
    *   2: experience of being alive; course of human events (e.g., complexities of life) - No.
    *   3: course of existence of an individual; actions and events (e.g., new life in Australia) - No.
    *   4: condition of living or state of being alive (e.g., while there's life there's hope) - No.
    *   5: period during which something is functional (birth to death) / lifetime / lifespan (e.g., lived a long and happy life) - This fits well. "Early in life" refers to the early part of the person's lifespan.
    *   6: period between birth and the present time (e.g., known him all his life) - This is a specific subset of the lifespan, but "early in life" usually refers to the general concept of the lifespan/lifetime.
    *   7: period from present until death (e.g., emperor for life) - No.
    *   8: a living person (e.g., saved a life) - No.
    *   9: animation and energy (e.g., give life to it) - No.
    *   10: living things collectively (e.g., teeming with life) - No.
    *   11: organic phenomenon distinguishing living from nonliving (e.g., no life on the moon) - No.
    *   12: biography (e.g., account of events) - No.
    *   13: motive for living (e.g., pottery was his life) - No.
    *   14: prison term (e.g., got life) - No.

    *   "Early in life" means during the early part of one's existence/lifespan.
    *   Sense 5: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan".
    *   Sense 6: "the period between birth and the present time".
    *   Comparing 5 and 6: "Early in life" describes a stage within the total lifespan. Sense 5 is the general definition of the lifespan. Sense 6 is specifically about the time *up to now*. In the context "damaged early in life", it's referring to the general lifespan of a person, not necessarily the time from birth to the present moment of the speaker.

    *   "Early in life" is a common phrase meaning "during the early part of one's lifetime".
    *   Sense 5 explicitly mentions "lifetime, lifespan" and "between birth and death".

    *   Sense 5: "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)"
    *   Context: "damaged early in life" -> damaged early in the period between birth and death.

    *   Sense 6 is "the period between birth and the present time". This is usually used in phrases like "all my life" or "for the first time in my life".
    *   Sense 5 is the general duration of existence. "Early in life" refers to a point in that duration.

    *   Sense 5 is the most accurate fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "especially" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Target word: "especially"
    *   Senses:
        1.  To a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common (particularly, peculiarly).
        2.  In a special manner (specially).

    *   The sentence says a person with one defective copy is "especially prone to cancer."
    *   Does this mean they are prone to cancer "in a special manner" (Sense 2)? No.
    *   Does this mean they are prone to cancer "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" (Sense 1)? Yes. They are *more* prone to cancer than someone with two healthy copies.

    *   Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" -> Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "in a special manner" -> Does not fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific passage discussing genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes), malignant cells, cell growth, and genetic tests for cancer susceptibility.
    *   Target word: `<t>cancer</t>` in the sentence: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division (medical/biological).
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (biology/taxonomy).

    *   The context mentions "malignant," "cells," "genes," "tumor-suppressor," "cell growth," and "diagnosis."
    *   This clearly refers to the medical condition of malignant growth.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical definition.