[User]
Which numbered sense of "arrival" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=accomplishment of an objective | synonyms=reaching
2. definition=the act of arriving at a certain place | examples=they awaited her arrival
3. definition=someone who arrives (or has arrived) | synonyms=arriver, comer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the <t>arrival</t> of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals."
    *   Target word: "arrival"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Accomplishment of an objective (reaching).
        2.  The act of arriving at a certain place.
        3.  Someone who arrives (or has arrived).

    *   The sentence discusses the effect of immigrants coming into a country.
    *   "the arrival of immigrants" refers to the process or act of immigrants coming to the place.
    *   It doesn't mean they achieved a goal (Sense 1).
    *   It doesn't refer to a single person who arrived (Sense 3), although "arrival" can be used collectively, the context "the arrival of immigrants" typically refers to the event/act of them arriving.

    *   Sense 1: "accomplishment of an objective" -> No.
    *   Sense 2: "the act of arriving at a certain place" -> Yes. The immigrants are arriving in the country.
    *   Sense 3: "someone who arrives" -> No. "The arrival of immigrants" describes the event/act, not the people themselves (the people are the "immigrants").

    *   The correct sense is 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "effect" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment. Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay.

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "the arrival of immigrants has a positive <t>effect</t> on the pay of locals."
    *   Meaning: The arrival of immigrants causes a positive result/consequence (increase in pay) for local workers.

    *   Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, outcome, result).
    *   Sense 2: an outward appearance (impression).
    *   Sense 3: an impression (artificial or contrived).
    *   Sense 4: the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work.
    *   Sense 5: (of a law) having legal validity.
    *   Sense 6: a symptom caused by an illness or a drug.

    *   The context describes a cause-and-effect relationship: Arrival of immigrants (cause) $\rightarrow$ positive effect on pay (result/consequence).
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "rise" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Senses:
1. definition=a growth in strength or number or importance
2. definition=the act of changing location in an upward direction | synonyms=ascent, ascension, ascending
3. definition=an upward slope or grade (as in a road) | synonyms=ascent, acclivity, raise, climb, upgrade | examples=the car couldn't make it up the rise
4. definition=a movement upward | synonyms=rising, ascent, ascension | examples=they cheered the rise of the hot-air balloon
5. definition=the amount a salary is increased | synonyms=raise, wage hike, hike, wage increase, salary increase | examples=he got a 3% raise; he got a wage hike
6. definition=the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises | synonyms=upgrade, rising slope
7. definition=a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground | synonyms=lift
8. definition=(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost | synonyms=emanation, procession | examples=the emanation of the Holy Spirit; the rising of the Holy Ghost
9. definition=an increase in cost | synonyms=boost, hike, cost increase | examples=they asked for a 10% rise in rates
10. definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=advance | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a <t>rise</t> of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
    *   Target word: "rise"
    *   Meaning in context: An increase in the amount or number of people in the migratory flow.

    *   Sense 1: "a growth in strength or number or importance"
    *   Sense 2: "the act of changing location in an upward direction" (physical movement)
    *   Sense 3: "an upward slope or grade" (physical geography)
    *   Sense 4: "a movement upward" (physical movement)
    *   Sense 5: "the amount a salary is increased" (specifically about salary/wages)
    *   Sense 6: "the property possessed by a slope or surface that rises" (physical geography)
    *   Sense 7: "a wave that lifts the surface of the water or ground" (physical)
    *   Sense 8: "(theology) the origination of the Holy Spirit" (religious)
    *   Sense 9: "an increase in cost" (financial cost)
    *   Sense 10: "increase in price or value" (financial value)

    *   The context is "a rise of 1% in the migratory flow".
    *   "Migratory flow" refers to the number of immigrants.
    *   A "rise of 1%" means an increase in the number of immigrants.
    *   Sense 1 ("a growth in strength or number or importance") fits perfectly because it refers to an increase in number.
    *   Sense 5 is about salary increases (the *result* of the rise in migratory flow is an increase in pay, but the word "rise" itself refers to the flow).
    *   Sense 9 and 10 are about costs and prices.

    *   Sense 1: growth in number. (Correct)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "flow" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Senses:
1. definition=the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) | synonyms=flowing
2. definition=the amount of fluid that flows in a given time | synonyms=flow rate, rate of flow
3. definition=the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression | synonyms=stream
4. definition=any uninterrupted stream or discharge
5. definition=something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously | synonyms=stream | examples=a stream of people emptied from the terminal; the museum had planned carefully for the flow of visitors
6. definition=dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas | synonyms=stream, current | examples=two streams of development run through American history; stream of consciousness
7. definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, period | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory <t>flow</t> causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
    *   Target word: "flow" (specifically "migratory flow").

    *   Sense 1: Motion characteristic of fluids (liquids/gases). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Amount of fluid that flows in a given time (flow rate). (Incorrect - immigrants are not fluids)
    *   Sense 3: Act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression. (Possible, but vague)
    *   Sense 4: Any uninterrupted stream or discharge. (Possible, but usually refers to physical things)
    *   Sense 5: Something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously (e.g., stream of people). (Very likely - "migratory flow" refers to the movement/stream of people migrating).
    *   Sense 6: Dominant course of successive events or ideas. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: Menstruation. (Incorrect)

    *   "Migratory flow" refers to the movement of people from one place to another.
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "a stream of people emptied from the terminal" and "the flow of visitors." This matches the usage of "migratory flow" (the movement/stream of immigrants).

    *   Sense 3 is "the act of flowing or streaming; continuous progression."
    *   Sense 5 is "something that resembles a flowing stream in moving continuously."
    *   In the context of "migratory flow," it's referring to the *volume* or *stream* of people moving. Sense 5's examples ("stream of people", "flow of visitors") are a perfect match for "migratory flow."


[User]
Which numbered sense of "increase" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Fears about the impact of immigrants are based on the notion that they are liable to replace native workers, in particular unskilled ones, exerting downward pressure on wages. But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants).

Senses:
1. definition=a quantity that is added | synonyms=addition, gain | examples=there was an addition to property taxes this year; they recorded the cattle's gain in weight over a period of weeks
2. definition=a change resulting in an increase | examples=the increase is scheduled for next month
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increment, growth | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. definition=the amount by which something increases | synonyms=increment | examples=they proposed an increase of 15 percent in the fare
5. definition=the act of increasing something | synonyms=step-up | examples=he gave me an increase in salary

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an <t>increase</t> of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay."
    *   Target word: "increase"
    *   Usage: "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay"

    *   Sense 1: a quantity that is added (addition, gain). Example: addition to property taxes, gain in weight.
    *   Sense 2: a change resulting in an increase. Example: the increase is scheduled for next month.
    *   Sense 3: a process of becoming larger/longer/more numerous/more important (increment, growth). Example: increase in unemployment, growth of population.
    *   Sense 4: the amount by which something increases (increment). Example: an increase of 15 percent in the fare.
    *   Sense 5: the act of increasing something (step-up). Example: an increase in salary.

    *   The phrase is "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9%".
    *   This specifies a specific *amount* (0.6% to 0.9%) by which the pay increases.
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1 (quantity added) is close, but usually refers to a physical addition or a gain.
        *   Sense 2 (the change itself) is too general.
        *   Sense 3 (the process) refers to the trend or growth over time.
        *   Sense 4 (the amount by which something increases) fits perfectly. The example "an increase of 15 percent in the fare" is almost identical in structure to "an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay".
        *   Sense 5 (the act of increasing) refers to the action taken to raise something.

    *   The context describes a specific numerical value (0.6% to 0.9%) representing the magnitude of the change. This matches Sense 4.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "fact" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...And does so without taking into account the <t>fact</t> that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Target word: "fact"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  A piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.
        2.  A statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened.
        3.  An event known to have happened or something known to have existed.
        4.  A concept whose truth can be proved.

    *   The sentence says: "...without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Here, "the fact that..." introduces a clause describing a state of affairs or a piece of information that the author considers true.
    *   It's referring to the *reality* or the *circumstance* that diversity contributes to growth.

    *   Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred." (Fits well. The "fact" is the information that diversity contributes to growth.)
    *   Sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information..." (This usually refers to the *expression* of the fact, e.g., "He presented the facts.")
    *   Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed." (This is more about a specific occurrence or the general concept of truth vs. fiction.)
    *   Sense 4: "a concept whose truth can be proved." (This is more about the nature of a "fact" in a scientific or philosophical sense.)

    *   In the phrase "the fact that [clause]", "fact" usually refers to the reality or the piece of information contained in the clause.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3: Sense 1 is "a piece of information about circumstances that exist". Sense 3 is "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed".
    *   The "diversity contributing to growth" is a circumstance/piece of information, not necessarily a single "event".
    *   Looking at Sense 1's example: "collect all the facts of the case" (pieces of information).
    *   Looking at Sense 3's example: "basis in fact" (truth/reality).
    *   Actually, "the fact that..." is a very common construction. Let's re-evaluate.
    *   Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist..."
    *   Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed."
    *   In "the fact that diversity... contributes", it's a circumstance that exists.

    *   Sense 1: Information about circumstances.
    *   Sense 2: A statement/assertion.
    *   Sense 3: An event/something known to have existed.
    *   Sense 4: A provable concept.

    The phrase "the fact that..." is often used to introduce a known truth or a piece of information. Sense 1 describes this as "a piece of information about circumstances that exist".

    Let's double-check Sense 3 again: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed". "Something known to have existed" could be the circumstance. However, "piece of information about circumstances" (Sense 1) feels slightly more precise for the "the fact that..." construction when referring to a general truth.

    Wait, let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 1: "collect all the facts of the case" (specific details).
    Sense 3: "basis in fact" (reality).

    In the context "without taking into account the fact that...", it means "without taking into account the reality that...".

    Let's re-read Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist".
    Let's re-read Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed".

    Actually, "the fact that..." often maps to Sense 1 in many dictionaries (like Oxford or Merriam-Webster) when it refers to a specific piece of information.

    Let's try to see if it fits Sense 2. "A statement or assertion". No, it's not the statement itself, but the truth behind it.
    Sense 4? "A concept whose truth can be proved". No.

    Between 1 and 3:
    Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist"
    Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"

    "Diversity contributes to the creation of ideas" is a circumstance that exists. It is a piece of information.

    Let's check common usage of "the fact that".
    "The fact that he is late is annoying." -> The circumstance of him being late.
    This aligns best with Sense 1.

    Sense 1: "a piece of information about circumstances that exist"
    Context: "the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas"
    This is a piece of information about a circumstance that exists.

    Sense 3: "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"
    This is usually used in contrast to fiction or as a general concept of truth.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "diversity" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, multifariousness, variety | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
2. definition=the condition or result of being changeable

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing the economic benefits of immigrants, specifically mentioning that "the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth."
    *   Target word: "diversity"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Noticeable heterogeneity (diverseness, multifariousness, variety).
        2.  The condition or result of being changeable.

    *   The sentence is: "And does so without taking into account the <t>diversity</t> contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   In this context, "diversity" refers to the variety of backgrounds, skills, perspectives, and cultures that immigrants bring. This variety is what leads to the creation of new ideas and economic growth.

    *   Sense 1: "noticeable heterogeneity", "variety". This fits perfectly. The variety of people/perspectives is what is being discussed.
    *   Sense 2: "the condition or result of being changeable". This refers to variability or instability. This does not fit the context of immigrants bringing different perspectives.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "creation" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity
2. definition=an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone
3. definition=the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception | examples=from its creation the plan was doomed to failure
4. definition=the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation | examples=she looked forward to her initiation as an adult; the foundation of a new scientific society
5. definition=(theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence
6. definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the <t>creation</t> of ideas and to economic growth..."
    *   Target word: "creation"

    *   Sense 1: the human act of creating | synonyms=creative activity.
    *   Sense 2: an artifact that has been brought into existence by someone.
    *   Sense 3: the event that occurred at the beginning of something | synonyms=conception.
    *   Sense 4: the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new | synonyms=initiation, founding, foundation, institution, origination, innovation.
    *   Sense 5: (theology) God's act of bringing the universe into existence.
    *   Sense 6: everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, world, cosmos, macrocosm.

    *   The phrase is "creation of ideas".
    *   This refers to the process of coming up with new ideas, which is a human creative activity.
    *   Sense 1 ("the human act of creating") fits well.
    *   Sense 2 ("an artifact") doesn't fit because "creation of ideas" describes the process/act, not the idea itself as a physical object (though ideas are creations, the phrase "creation of ideas" usually refers to the act).
    *   Sense 3 ("event that occurred at the beginning") doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 ("act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new") is close, but usually refers to institutions or societies (founding). "Creation of ideas" is more about the creative process.
    *   Sense 5 (theology) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 6 (universe) doesn't fit.

    *   "Creation of ideas" $\rightarrow$ the act of producing/generating ideas.
    *   Sense 1: "the human act of creating". This is the most direct match.

    *   Sense 1: the human act of creating.
    *   Sense 4: the act of starting something for the first time; introducing something new.
    *   Comparing "creation of ideas" to "creative activity" (Sense 1) vs "innovation/founding" (Sense 4).
    *   Generating ideas is a creative act. Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of the process of producing ideas.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "idea" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of <t>ideas</t> and to economic growth..."
    *   Target word: "ideas"
    *   Contextual meaning: In this context, "ideas" refers to new concepts, innovations, inventions, or intellectual contributions that lead to economic growth (e.g., founding companies like Google, Intel, etc.).

    *   Sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" (synonym: thought). This covers concepts, notions, and intellectual creations.
    *   Sense 2: "your intention; what you intend to do" (synonym: mind). (e.g., "I have an idea to go to the park"). Not fitting here.
    *   Sense 3: "a personal view" (e.g., "He has an idea that..."). Not fitting here.
    *   Sense 4: "an approximate calculation" (synonym: estimate). Not fitting here.
    *   Sense 5: "(music) melodic subject". Not fitting here.

    *   The context mentions "creation of ideas" leading to "economic growth" and lists companies like Google and Intel. This refers to innovation, intellectual concepts, and new ways of thinking.
    *   Sense 1 ("the content of cognition") is the broadest and most fitting category for intellectual creations/innovations. While "innovation" isn't explicitly listed as a synonym, "thought" and "content of cognition" encompass the mental constructs that lead to inventions.

    *   Sense 1: Content of cognition/thought.
    *   Sense 2: Intention.
    *   Sense 3: Opinion/View.
    *   Sense 4: Estimate.
    *   Sense 5: Musical theme.

    The "creation of ideas" in the context of economic growth and founding tech companies clearly aligns with the general sense of intellectual concepts or thoughts (Sense 1).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "proportion" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners..."
    *   Target word: "proportion"

    *   Sense 1: "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole" (Mathematical/Fractional part).
    *   Sense 2: "magnitude or extent" (Size/Dimension).
    *   Sense 3: "balance among the parts of something" (Symmetry).
    *   Sense 4: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree" (Ratio/Percentage/Part of a whole).
    *   Sense 5: "harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole" (Aesthetic balance).

    *   The phrase is "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants".
    *   This refers to a part of the group (naturalised immigrants) relative to the whole group (Nobel prize winners, or more accurately, the percentage of Nobel prize winners who are naturalised immigrants).
    *   It describes a quantity relative to a whole.

    *   Sense 1 is very technical (the quotient).
    *   Sense 4 is more general ("the relation between things... with respect to their comparative quantity"). Example: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations". This matches the usage "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants".

    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 4.
    *   Sense 1: "the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole".
    *   Sense 4: "the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree".
    *   In common usage, "a large proportion of [group]" usually means a significant part or percentage.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 4: "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations". This is almost identical in structure to "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants".

    *   Sense 1 is the mathematical definition of a proportion.
    *   Sense 4 is the descriptive use of a proportion as a part/ratio.
    *   The context "a large proportion of..." fits Sense 4 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "american" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants..."
    *   Target word: "American"
    *   Senses:
        1.  Relating to the USA (people, language, culture).
        2.  Relating to the Americas (continents/islands).

    *   The sentence mentions "naturalised immigrants" and lists companies like Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay, and Yahoo.
    *   These companies are famously based in the United States.
    *   "American Nobel prize winners" in this context refers to those associated with the USA, especially given the mention of naturalized immigrants (becoming citizens of the USA).

    *   Sense 1: USA.
    *   Sense 2: The Americas (North and South).
    *   The context clearly refers to the USA.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "winner" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>..."
    *   Target word: "winners"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  The contestant who wins the contest (victor).
        2.  A gambler who wins a bet.
        3.  A person with a record of successes (achiever, success, succeeder).

    *   The phrase is "Nobel prize winners".
    *   A Nobel Prize is an award given to people who have achieved something extraordinary in a specific field.
    *   While it's an "award" or "prize", the person receiving it is the "winner" of that prize.

    *   Sense 1: "the contestant who wins the contest". A Nobel Prize is essentially a competition/selection process where a winner is chosen.
    *   Sense 2: "a gambler who wins a bet". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "a person with a record of successes". While Nobel laureates are certainly successful, the term "Nobel prize winner" specifically refers to the act of winning the prize (the contest/award).

    *   In common usage, "prize winner" fits Sense 1 (the person who wins the prize/contest).
    *   Sense 3 is more about a general trait of being a "winner" in life (an achiever).
    *   "Nobel prize winner" is a specific title for someone who won the specific award.

    *   Sense 1: "the contestant who wins the contest".
    *   Sense 3: "a person with a record of successes".
    *   If you win a Nobel Prize, you are the winner of that specific prize. This aligns best with Sense 1.

    *   Wait, let me double-check. Is a Nobel Prize a "contest"? In a broad sense, yes.
    *   Is a Nobel Prize winner an "achiever" (Sense 3)? Yes.
    *   However, the phrase "Nobel prize winner" is a standard collocation where "winner" refers to the person who received the prize.
    *   Comparing "contestant who wins the contest" vs "person with a record of successes".
    *   If the text said "He is a winner," it would be Sense 3.
    *   Since it says "Nobel prize winners," it refers to the specific event of winning the prize.

    *   Sense 1: victor, contestant who wins.
    *   Sense 3: achiever, success.
    *   A Nobel Prize winner is the victor/recipient of the prize.

    *   Sense 1 is the most precise fit for "prize winner".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "yahoo" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text discussing the economic contributions of immigrants, mentioning that companies like Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay, and <t>Yahoo</t> were founded by immigrants.
    *   Target word: "Yahoo"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  A person not very intelligent/interested in culture (yokel, rube).
        2.  A race of brutes from Jonathan Swift's *Gulliver's Travels*.
        3.  A widely used search engine for the web.

    *   The word "Yahoo" appears in a list of companies: "Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo".
    *   These are all well-known technology companies/web services.

    *   Sense 1 (unintelligent person) does not fit a list of tech companies.
    *   Sense 2 (fictional brutes) does not fit a list of tech companies.
    *   Sense 3 (search engine/web service) fits perfectly.

    *   The correct sense is 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "contributor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Senses:
1. definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."
    *   Further context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

    *   Sense 1: "someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber"
    *   Sense 2: "a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book"

    *   The text discusses immigrants contributing to "social systems" and "public budgets" in terms of money (receipts less expenditure).
    *   Sense 1 refers to contributing money.
    *   Sense 2 refers to writing for publications.
    *   The context clearly aligns with Sense 1.

    *   The user requested only the number of the correct sense.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "budget" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Senses:
1. definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."
    *   Target word: "budgets"
    *   Senses:
        1.  A sum of money allocated for a particular purpose.
        2.  A summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them.

    *   The text discusses immigrants contributing to "social systems" and "public budgets."
    *   It mentions "net contribution (receipts less expenditure)."
    *   In the phrase "1% of the total budgets of European countries," it refers to the total amount of money available/allocated for public spending/social systems.
    *   In the phrase "contribution... to public budgets," it refers to the pool of money used by the government.

    *   Sense 1: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" (e.g., "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year"). This fits the idea of a pool of funds available for public spending.
    *   Sense 2: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them" (e.g., "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress"). This refers to the *document* or the *plan* (the budget proposal).

    *   The text is talking about the actual money (the funds) that immigrants contribute to, not the planning document itself.
    *   "1% of the total budgets" refers to the total amount of money in those budgets.
    *   "Contribution... to public budgets" refers to adding money to the available funds.

    *   Sense 1 is about the money itself.
    *   Sense 2 is about the plan/document.
    *   The context refers to the money.

    *   Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "labor" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Senses:
1. definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany..."
    *   Target word: "Labor" (within "World Labor Organisation").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Social class (working class/proletariat).
        2.  Productive work (physical work for wages).
        3.  Childbirth.
        4.  Organized attempt by workers (labor unions).
        5.  British Labour Party.
        6.  US Department of Labor.
        7.  Any piece of work/undertaking.

    *   The phrase is "World Labor Organisation" (more commonly known as the International Labour Organization - ILO).
    *   The ILO is an agency of the United Nations that deals with labor standards, workers' rights, and employment.
    *   In this context, "Labor" refers to the workforce, the working class, or the general concept of employment/workers.

    *   Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages" (synonyms: labour, working class, proletariat).
    *   Sense 2: "productive work (especially physical work done for wages)".
    *   Sense 3: Childbirth (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Organized attempt by workers (unions) (Incorrect - the ILO is an organization *about* labor, not a union itself).
    *   Sense 5: British Labour Party (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: US Department of Labor (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: Any piece of work (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 1 refers to the *people* (the working class/workforce).
    *   Sense 2 refers to the *act* of working.
    *   The "World Labor Organisation" (International Labour Organization) focuses on the conditions and rights of the *people* who work (the labor force).
    *   Looking at the example for Sense 1: "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field." This uses "labor" to mean the workforce.
    *   Looking at the example for Sense 2: "his labor did not require a great deal of skill." This uses "labor" to mean the effort/work performed.

    *   The "World Labor Organisation" is an organization for the *workforce* (Sense 1).

    *   Wait, let me double-check if "Labor" in "World Labor Organisation" (ILO) fits Sense 1 better than Sense 2.
    *   ILO deals with "labor standards," "labor rights," etc. These usually refer to the conditions of the *workers* (Sense 1).
    *   Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages".
    *   Sense 2: "productive work".
    *   The ILO is the International *Labour* Organization. "Labour" here refers to the workforce/workers.

    *   Sense 1: "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages"
    *   Sense 2: "productive work"
    *   The ILO is about the people who work. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "organisation" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Senses:
1. definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. definition=a group of people who work together | synonyms=organization
3. definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, system | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
4. definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, system | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here
5. definition=the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business | synonyms=organization | examples=he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department
6. definition=the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically | synonyms=organization | examples=his organization of the work force was very efficient
7. definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, formation, organization | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany..."
    *   Target word: "Organisation" (World Labor Organisation).
    *   Contextual meaning: A formal group/body/institution (specifically, the International Labour Organization, though spelled "World Labor Organisation" here).

    *   Sense 1: The persons/committees who make up a body for administering something (administration, governance).
    *   Sense 2: A group of people who work together (organization).
    *   Sense 3: An organized structure for arranging or classifying (arrangement, system).
    *   Sense 4: An ordered manner; orderliness (methodical).
    *   Sense 5: The act of organizing a business or activity.
    *   Sense 6: The activity or result of distributing persons or things properly.
    *   Sense 7: The act of forming or establishing something.

    *   "World Labor Organisation" refers to an entity, a formal group of people working together for a specific purpose (an international body).
    *   Sense 1 refers to the *administration* or *governing body* of an organization.
    *   Sense 2 refers to the *group of people* who work together (the organization itself).
    *   Senses 3-7 refer to the process or state of being organized.

    *   Is it Sense 1 (the administration)? No, it's the whole organization.
    *   Is it Sense 2 (a group of people who work together)? Yes, this is the standard definition for an organization as an institution/entity.

    *   The "World Labor Organisation" (likely referring to the ILO) is a formal organization. Sense 2 fits best as it describes the entity itself.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "age" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Senses:
1. definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30..."
    *   Target word: "age"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  How long something has existed (e.g., "replaced because of its age").
        2.  An era of history (e.g., "litigious age").
        3.  A time of life (usually defined in years) (e.g., "school age").
        4.  A prolonged period of time (e.g., "for ages").
        5.  A late time of life (e.g., "old age").

    *   The phrase is "at the age of 30".
    *   This refers to the specific point in a person's life measured in years.

    *   Sense 1: Duration of existence. (Not quite, though related, "age of 30" is a specific point/time of life).
    *   Sense 2: Historical era. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: A time of life (usually defined in years). (Matches perfectly: "age of 30").
    *   Sense 4: Long period of time. (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: Late time of life. (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 3 is the correct definition for "age of 30".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "contribution" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Senses:
1. definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=part, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work
2. definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | synonyms=donation
3. definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | synonyms=donation
4. definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest
5. definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."
    *   Target word: "contribution"
    *   Clues: "net contribution (receipts less expenditure)", "average of 150,000 Euros", "to public budgets".

    *   Sense 1: The part played by a person in bringing about a result (e.g., advancing a project).
    *   Sense 2: A voluntary gift (money/service/ideas) to a worthwhile cause (donation).
    *   Sense 3: Act of giving in common with others for a common purpose (donation).
    *   Sense 4: An amount of money contributed (e.g., repaid with interest).
    *   Sense 5: A writing for publication.

    *   The context refers to a specific monetary amount (150,000 Euros) that goes into public budgets (taxes paid minus benefits received).
    *   It is not a "voluntary gift" (Sense 2) or "giving in common with others for a charity" (Sense 3).
    *   It is not a "writing for publication" (Sense 5).
    *   It is not the "part played in bringing about a result" (Sense 1), although the overall paragraph discusses contributions to growth, this specific sentence focuses on the *amount of money*.
    *   Sense 4 defines it as "an amount of money contributed". This fits perfectly with "an average of 150,000 Euros".

    *   The text says "net contribution (receipts less expenditure)". This describes a financial sum.
    *   Sense 4: "an amount of money contributed".

    *   Sense 1: Part played in a result. (Too abstract for "150,000 Euros").
    *   Sense 2: Voluntary gift. (Taxes/social security are not voluntary gifts).
    *   Sense 3: Giving in common for charity. (Public budgets are not charities).
    *   Sense 4: Amount of money contributed. (Fits).
    *   Sense 5: Writing. (Incorrect).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "expenditure" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Senses:
1. definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."
    *   Target word: "expenditure"
    *   Key phrase: "receipts less expenditure"

    *   Sense 1: money paid out; an amount spent (outgo, spending, outlay).
    *   Sense 2: the act of spending money for goods or services (expending).
    *   Sense 3: the act of consuming something (consumption, using up).

    *   The phrase "receipts less expenditure" refers to a financial calculation (Income - Expenses = Net Contribution).
    *   "Receipts" refers to the amount of money received (taxes paid by the immigrant).
    *   "Expenditure" here refers to the amount of money spent by the government on the immigrant (social services, healthcare, etc.).
    *   This is a specific *amount* of money paid out, not the *act* of spending or the *act* of consuming.

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "money paid out; an amount spent".
    *   Sense 2 is the *act* of spending, which doesn't fit the mathematical subtraction "receipts less expenditure".
    *   Sense 3 is about consumption in general, which is too broad and doesn't fit the financial context of "receipts".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "average" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Senses:
1. definition=a statistic describing the location of a distribution | synonyms=norm | examples=it set the norm for American homes
2. definition=(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities
3. definition=an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual | examples=he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."
    *   Target word: "average"

    *   Sense 1: "a statistic describing the location of a distribution" (e.g., mean, median, mode). Synonyms: norm. Example: "it set the norm for American homes".
    *   Sense 2: "(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities".
    *   Sense 3: "an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual". Example: "he is about average in height".

    *   The sentence discusses a net contribution of "an average of 150,000 Euros".
    *   This refers to a calculated statistical value (likely the mean) across a population of immigrants arriving at age 30 in Germany.
    *   It is not a sports ratio (Sense 2).
    *   It is not describing someone as being "of average height" or "normal/usual" in a qualitative or comparative scale sense (Sense 3), but rather a specific statistical figure derived from a distribution of data.

    *   Sense 1 describes a statistic describing the location of a distribution. A mean value (like 150,000 Euros) is exactly that.
    *   Sense 3 describes a value regarded as "normal or usual". While "average" can be used this way, in the context of a financial estimate from an organization (World Labor Organisation), it refers to the statistical average (mean).

    *   Sense 1: Statistical measure (mean/median/mode).
    *   Sense 3: Typical/Ordinary.
    *   "An average of 150,000 Euros" is a statistical calculation.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1 and Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "a statistic describing the location of a distribution".
    *   Sense 3: "an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual".
    *   In "an average of 150,000 Euros", it's a specific number resulting from a calculation. This fits Sense 1 better than Sense 3.

    *   Sense 1: "it set the norm for American homes" (This example is a bit weird for a statistical mean, but the definition "a statistic describing the location of a distribution" is precise).
    *   Sense 3: "he is about average in height" (This is about being typical).

    *   The context "an average of 150,000 Euros" is a statistical mean.

    *   Sense 1: Statistic describing location of distribution.
    *   Sense 2: Sports ratio.
    *   Sense 3: Normal/Usual.

    The use here is clearly statistical.

    *Self-Correction/Double Check:*
    Is "an average of X" always Sense 1?
    "The average person eats..." (Sense 3 - typical)
    "The average weight is 70kg" (Sense 1 - statistical mean)
    "An average of 150,000 Euros" (Sense 1 - statistical mean)

    The phrase "an average of [number]" almost always refers to the statistical mean.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "budget" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public <t>budgets</t> during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Senses:
1. definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public <t>budgets</t> during his lifetime."
    *   Target word: "budgets" (plural of budget).
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  A sum of money allocated for a particular purpose.
        2.  A summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them.

    *   The text discusses immigrants contributing to "social systems" and "public budgets."
    *   It mentions "net contribution (receipts less expenditure)."
    *   In the phrase "public budgets," it refers to the overall financial accounts/funds of the government (the total amount of money the government has to spend and how it's collected).

    *   Sense 1: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" (e.g., a project budget, a department budget).
    *   Sense 2: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them" (e.g., the national budget, the annual budget).

    *   "Public budgets" in this context refers to the government's overall financial plan/account (revenue vs. expenditure).
    *   While Sense 1 is about a specific allocation, Sense 2 is about the broader financial plan/summary of a government or organization.
    *   Wait, let's look closer. "Net contribution... to public budgets" usually means the money goes into the general fund/treasury of the state.
    *   Is it a "sum of money allocated" (Sense 1) or a "summary of intended expenditures" (Sense 2)?
    *   Actually, in common usage, "the national budget" or "public budgets" often refers to the overall financial state/plan of the government.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them".
    *   In the context "net contribution... to public budgets", it's referring to the government's financial accounts.
    *   Usually, "the budget" of a country is the plan (Sense 2). However, when people say "contributing to the budget," they often mean contributing to the funds available for the government to spend.
    *   Let's look at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year" (The total amount available).
        *   Sense 2: "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" (The document/plan).
    *   In "net contribution... to public budgets", it's more like the funds available (Sense 1) than the document/proposal (Sense 2).
    *   Wait, "public budgets" (plural) suggests the financial accounts of various countries.
    *   If I contribute money to a budget, I am adding to the sum of money available.
    *   Let's re-evaluate. "Public budgets" here refers to the government's total financial resources/accounts.
    *   Sense 1: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose".
    *   Sense 2: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them".
    *   Actually, "public budgets" in this context is closer to the total amount of money the government has to work with (Sense 1) than the legislative document (Sense 2).
    *   However, "the budget of a country" is almost always Sense 2 in dictionary terms (the plan). But "a budget of X amount" is Sense 1.
    *   Let's look at the phrase "averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries." This refers to the total amount of money managed by those countries.
    *   If we look at the "net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets", it means the person adds that much to the government's coffers.
    *   Is the "coffer" a "sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" (Sense 1) or a "summary of intended expenditures" (Sense 2)?
    *   Neither is a perfect fit, but Sense 1 describes the *money* itself, whereas Sense 2 describes the *plan/document*.
    *   "Contributing to the budget" means adding to the funds.
    *   Let's check other sources for "public budget". It often refers to the government's financial plan. But in the context of "1% of the total budgets", it refers to the total amount of money.
    *   Let's compare:
        1. Sum of money allocated.
        2. Summary of expenditures/proposals.
    *   If the text says "1% of the total budgets", it's talking about the total amount of money. That aligns better with Sense 1 (the sum of money).

    *   Sense 1: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" -> "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year".
    *   Sense 2: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them" -> "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress".
    *   "Public budgets" = the total financial resources of the public sector.
    *   Is the "public budget" a "sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" (the purpose being public services)? Yes.
    *   Is it a "summary of intended expenditures"? That's the *document* called the budget.
    *   The context "net contribution... to public budgets" implies adding money to the pool of funds. This is Sense 1.

    *   "1% of the total budgets of European countries" -> 1% of the total money they have/spend.
    *   "contribution... to public budgets" -> adding to the money available.
    *   This is the "sum of money" meaning.

    *   Sense 1: Sum of money.
    *   Sense 2: Financial plan/document.
    *   The context refers to the money itself.

    *   Wait, let me double-check. In many contexts, "the national budget" is the plan. But "a budget of $1 million" is the amount. "Public budgets" here refers to the total amount of money the governments have.
    *   If I say "This project will cost $10,000 from the education budget," I'm referring to the sum of money allocated for education (Sense 1).
    *   If I say "The government is debating the 2024 budget," I'm referring to the plan (Sense 2).
    *   "Contribution to public budgets" is like contributing to the education budget or the health budget. It's adding to the sum of money available for public purposes.

    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "mandate" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Senses:
1. definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation
2. definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
3. definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.'"
    *   Target word: "mandate"
    *   Key entity: Nicolas Sarkozy (former President of France).
    *   Contextual clue: "at the start of his mandate" refers to the period of time he held office after being elected.

    *   Sense 1: "a document giving an official instruction or command" (e.g., a legal mandate).
    *   Sense 2: "a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I..." (e.g., the British Mandate for Palestine).
    *   Sense 3: "the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory" (refers to the authority/term of office granted by an election).

    *   Nicolas Sarkozy was an elected leader.
    *   "At the start of his mandate" refers to the beginning of his term in office/the authority granted to him by the election.
    *   Sense 3 fits perfectly. Sense 1 (a document) and Sense 2 (a territory) do not fit the context of a political leader's term of office.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "growth" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Senses:
1. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth... Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.'"
    *   Target word: "growth" (specifically in "economic growth" and "points of growth").

    *   Sense 1: Biological growth of an organism. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Progression from simpler to more complex forms (e.g., culture). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Process of becoming larger, longer, more numerous, or more important (synonyms: increase, increment). (Fits "economic growth" - an increase in GDP/wealth).
    *   Sense 4: Vegetation. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Gradual beginning or coming forth (emergence). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: Abnormal proliferation of tissue (tumor). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: Something grown or growing (e.g., hair). (Incorrect)

    *   "Economic growth" refers to an increase in the production of goods and services in an economy. This aligns perfectly with Sense 3 ("a process of becoming larger... or more important", "increase").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "question" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Senses:
1. definition=an instance of questioning | synonyms=inquiry, enquiry, query, interrogation | examples=there was a question about my training; we made inquiries of all those who were present
2. definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=head | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
3. definition=a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply | synonyms=interrogation, interrogative, interrogative sentence | examples=he asked a direct question; he had trouble phrasing his interrogations
4. definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise
5. definition=a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote | synonyms=motion | examples=he made a motion to adjourn; she called for the question
6. definition=an informal reference to a marriage proposal | examples=he was ready to pop the question

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth.' The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect."
    *   Target word: "question" (in the phrase "The teeth in question").

    *   "The teeth in question" refers back to the "teeth" mentioned in the previous sentence ("look for missing points of growth 'with the teeth'").
    *   In this context, "in question" means "the one being discussed," "the one under consideration," or "the one previously mentioned."

    *   Sense 1: an instance of questioning (inquiry, query). (Doesn't fit)
    *   Sense 2: the subject matter at issue (head). (Example: "the question of disease merits serious discussion"). "In question" often aligns with "the subject matter at issue" or "the thing being discussed."
    *   Sense 3: a sentence of inquiry (interrogative). (Doesn't fit)
    *   Sense 4: uncertainty about truth (doubt). (Doesn't fit)
    *   Sense 5: a formal proposal (motion). (Doesn't fit)
    *   Sense 6: marriage proposal. (Doesn't fit)

    *   The phrase "in question" is a common idiom.
    *   Merriam-Webster or Oxford dictionaries often define "in question" as "being discussed or examined" or "under consideration."
    *   Looking at Sense 2: "the subject matter at issue." If "the teeth" are the subject matter at issue, then "the teeth in question" refers to those specific teeth.

    *   Sense 1: Inquiry/Query. (No)
    *   Sense 2: Subject matter at issue. (Yes, "the teeth" are the subject being discussed).
    *   Sense 3: Interrogative sentence. (No)
    *   Sense 4: Doubt. (No)
    *   Sense 5: Motion. (No)
    *   Sense 6: Marriage proposal. (No)

    *   "The teeth in question" = the teeth that are the subject of the discussion.
    *   Sense 2: "the subject matter at issue". This is the closest match.