[User]
Which numbered sense of "open" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Senses:
1. definition=cause to open or to become open | synonyms=open up | examples=Mary opened the car door
2. definition=start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning | synonyms=open up | examples=open a business
3. definition=become open | synonyms=open up | examples=The door opened
4. definition=begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc. | examples=He opened the meeting with a long speech
5. definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread, spread out | examples=open the map; spread your arms
6. definition=make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities
7. definition=become available | synonyms=open up | examples=an opportunity opened up
8. definition=have an opening or passage or outlet | examples=The bedrooms open into the hall
9. definition=make the opening move | examples=Kasparov opened with a standard opening
10. definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, give | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
11. definition=display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."
    *   Target word: "opened"
    *   Meaning in context: The discovery of the gene created a new area of research or made a new field of study possible/available.

    *   1. cause to open or to become open (physical door) - No.
    *   2. start to operate or function (business) - No.
    *   3. become open (physical door) - No.
    *   4. begin or set in action (meeting/speech) - No.
    *   5. spread out or open from a closed state (map) - No.
    *   6. make available (new possibilities) - Yes. "Opened a field of cancer study" is similar to "opened up new possibilities."
    *   7. become available (opportunity opened up) - No (the discovery *made* it available, it didn't just *become* available on its own).
    *   8. have an opening or passage (room opens into hall) - No.
    *   9. make the opening move (chess) - No.
    *   10. afford access to (door opens to patio) - No.
    *   11. display contents of a file (computer) - No.

    *   The discovery "opened a field of cancer study."
    *   This means the discovery *made available* a new area for research.
    *   Sense 6: "make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities."
    *   This fits perfectly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of <t>cancer</t> study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about a genetic test for retinoblastoma (a rare tumor), the discovery of a tumor-suppressor gene, and the broader field of "cancer study" and the "workings of cancer."
    *   Target word: `<t>cancer</t>` in the phrase "has opened a field of <t>cancer</t> study".

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division. (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer. (Astrology)
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation. (Astronomy)
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac. (Astrology)
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs. (Biology/Taxonomy)

    *   The context mentions "tumor," "retinoblastoma," "genetic probes," "damaged gene," and the "National Cancer Institute."
    *   The phrase "field of cancer study" clearly refers to the medical study of malignant tumors.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical definition of cancer.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "recent" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in <t>recent</t> months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Senses:
1. definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has opened a field of cancer study, which in <t>recent</t> months has exploded."
    *   Target word: "recent"
    *   Senses:
        1.  `new` (e.g., recent graduates, recent addition)
        2.  `of the immediate past or just previous to the present time` (e.g., a late development, their late quarrel)

    *   "recent months" refers to the months that have just passed leading up to the present time.
    *   It describes a period of time in the immediate past.

    *   Sense 1 ("new") usually refers to something that has just been created, added, or has just attained a status (like graduating).
    *   Sense 2 ("of the immediate past or just previous to the present time") refers to time elapsed shortly before now.

    *   "Recent months" fits perfectly with "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time."

    *   Sense 2 is the correct one.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "month" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent <t>months</t> has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Senses:
1. definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent <t>months</t> has exploded."
    *   Target word: "months"
    *   Senses:
        1.  One of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month).
        2.  A time unit of approximately 30 days.

    *   The phrase "in recent months" refers to a period of time spanning several months leading up to the present.
    *   Does it refer to specific calendar divisions (January, February, etc.) or just a general duration of time?
    *   Usually, "in recent months" refers to the general passage of time (duration), but it's often used interchangeably with calendar months.
    *   Let's look at the distinction between Sense 1 and Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: Calendar month (e.g., "last month" meaning the previous calendar month).
        *   Sense 2: A period of about 30 days (e.g., "a month to pay the bill" meaning a duration of 30 days).

    *   "In recent months" means "during the last few months."
    *   Is this a calendar division or a duration?
    *   If I say "I've been exercising in recent months," I mean over the last few months of time.
    *   Comparing the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "he paid the bill last month" (Specific calendar month).
        *   Sense 2: "he was given a month to pay the bill" (Duration of 30 days).

    *   "In recent months" describes a period of time (duration) rather than a specific calendar division. However, "months" in "recent months" is plural.
    *   If it were Sense 1, it would be referring to the divisions of the year.
    *   If it were Sense 2, it would be referring to units of time.

    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate. "Recent months" usually refers to the most recent calendar months.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "last month" (calendar).
        *   Sense 2: "a month to pay" (duration).
    *   "In recent months" is more like "during the last few months." This is a duration of time.

    *   Let's check common NLP datasets (like WordNet) for this distinction.
    *   WordNet often distinguishes between the calendar month and the duration.
    *   "Recent months" refers to a period of time.

    *   Let's re-read: "...which in recent months has exploded."
    *   This means "over the last few months."
    *   Is "the last few months" a set of calendar months or a duration of time?
    *   Usually, "recent months" is treated as a duration (Sense 2).

    *   Let's double-check.
        *   Sense 1: "last month" (The month of October, for example).
        *   Sense 2: "a month" (30 days).
    *   "Recent months" = a period of several 30-day units.

    *   Actually, looking at how these tasks are usually structured (like in the SemEval or similar datasets), "recent months" often falls under the "duration/time unit" sense rather than the "calendar division" sense.

    *   Let's try to see if it fits Sense 1 better. "In recent [calendar divisions of the year]". That doesn't sound right.
    *   "In recent [units of approximately 30 days]". That sounds more like a duration.

    *   Wait, let me think again. "Last month" (Sense 1) is a specific calendar month. "Recent months" is a collection of months.
    *   If I say "I've been busy these last two months," am I talking about calendar months or 60 days? Usually, it's a mix, but it's describing a duration.

    *   Let's compare:
        *   "The meeting is in March" (Sense 1).
        *   "The project will take three months" (Sense 2).
        *   "In recent months" is closer to "The project has progressed over the last three months."

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 (time unit/duration) is the more likely fit.

    *   Wait, let me search for "recent months" sense.
    *   In many dictionaries, "month" as a period of 30 days is the general sense, and the calendar month is a specific application.
    *   Sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year"
    *   Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days"

    *   "In recent months" = "In the last few [time units of approximately 30 days]".

    *   Let's re-verify Sense 1: "he paid the bill last month". This refers to the specific calendar month preceding the current one.
    *   "Recent months" doesn't refer to a specific calendar month (like "January"), but to a duration of time.

    *   Conclusion: Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "explode" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has <t>exploded</t>. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Senses:
1. definition=cause to burst with a violent release of energy | synonyms=detonate, blow up, set off | examples=We exploded the nuclear bomb
2. definition=burst outward, usually with noise | synonyms=burst | examples=The champagne bottle exploded
3. definition=show a violent emotional reaction | examples=The boss exploded when he heard of the resignation of the secretary
4. definition=be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise | synonyms=burst forth, break loose | examples=His anger exploded
5. definition=destroy by exploding | examples=The enemy exploded the bridge
6. definition=cause to burst as a result of air pressure; of stop consonants like /p/, /t/, and /k/
7. definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval
8. definition=show (a theory or claim) to be baseless, or refute and make obsolete
9. definition=burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction | synonyms=detonate, blow up | examples=the bomb detonated at noon; The Molotov cocktail exploded
10. definition=increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=irrupt | examples=The population of India is exploding; The island's rodent population irrupted

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth... has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has <t>exploded</t>."
    *   Target word: "exploded"
    *   Meaning in context: The "field of cancer study" has grown very quickly or increased rapidly in activity/interest.

    *   Sense 1: cause to burst with a violent release of energy (detonate). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: burst outward, usually with noise. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: show a violent emotional reaction. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: destroy by exploding. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: cause to burst as a result of air pressure (linguistics). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 7: drive from the stage by noisy disapproval. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 8: show (a theory or claim) to be baseless. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 9: burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 10: increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner. (Correct - fits the context of a field of study growing rapidly).

    *   The field of cancer study "exploded" means it grew rapidly. This matches Sense 10.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "turn_out" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It <t>turns out</t> that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It <t>turns out</t> that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder...
    *   Target phrase: "turns out"

    *   Sense 1: be shown or be found to be (e.g., "She proved to be right").
    *   Sense 2: prove to be in the result or end (e.g., "It turns out that he was right").
    *   Sense 3: produce quickly or regularly (machinery).
    *   Sense 4: result or end (e.g., "How will the game turn out?").
    *   Sense 5: come in answer to invitation.
    *   Sense 6: bring forth (bear).
    *   Sense 7: put out or expel.
    *   Sense 8: come and gather for a public event.
    *   Sense 9: outfit or equip.
    *   Sense 10: turn outward.
    *   Sense 11: cause to stop operating (switch off).
    *   Sense 12: get up and out of bed.

    *   The sentence is: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights..."
    *   This means: "It was discovered/revealed/proven to be the case that..."
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be" (e.g., "She proved to be right").
        *   Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end" (e.g., "It turns out that he was right").

    *   Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be" (often used as "X turned out to be Y").
    *   Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end" (often used as "It turns out that...").
    *   The context uses the construction "It turns out that [clause]". This matches the example for Sense 2 ("It turns out that he was right").

    *   Sense 1: "She proved to be right" (Subject is the person/thing being described).
    *   Sense 2: "It turns out that he was right" (Dummy subject "It" followed by a "that" clause).
    *   Context: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor..." (Dummy subject "It" followed by a "that" clause).

    *   The usage matches Sense 2 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "study" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that <t>studying</t> a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It turns out that <t>studying</t> a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder...
    *   Target word: "studying" (from "study").
    *   Meaning in context: The act of analyzing or examining a specific tumor to gain scientific insights into cancer.

    *   Sense 1: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" (Synonyms: analyze, examine).
    *   Sense 2: "be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning".
    *   Sense 3: "give careful consideration to" (Synonym: consider).
    *   Sense 4: "be a student of a certain subject" (Synonyms: learn, read, take).
    *   Sense 5: "learn by reading books" (Synonym: hit the books).
    *   Sense 6: "think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes" (Synonyms: meditate, contemplate).

    *   The context describes scientific research ("fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer").
    *   "Studying a tragic but uncommon tumor" means analyzing the tumor to understand how it works.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning".

    *   Sense 2, 4, 5 are about being a student or academic learning.
    *   Sense 3 is more about pondering a possibility.
    *   Sense 6 is about meditation/spiritual contemplation.
    *   Sense 1 is about scientific/detailed analysis.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "tragic" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a <t>tragic</t> but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction | synonyms=tragical | examples=a tragic face; a tragic plight
2. definition=of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy | examples=tragic hero

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about the discovery of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene. The specific sentence is: "It turns out that studying a <t>tragic</t> but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder...
    *   Target word: "tragic"
    *   Senses:
        1.  Very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction.
        2.  Of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy (literary/drama sense).

    *   The word "tragic" describes a "tumor" (retinoblastoma).
    *   Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer in children.
    *   Cancer, especially in children, is very sad and often involves grief, death, or destruction.
    *   It is not referring to a "tragic hero" or a play/drama (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: "very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction" fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy" (as in a theatrical tragedy) does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "uncommon" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but <t>uncommon</t> tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind | examples=uncommon birds; frost and floods are uncommon during these months
2. definition=marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; -J.R.Lowell | synonyms=rare | examples=what is so rare as a day in June; a rare skill

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It turns out that studying a tragic but <t>uncommon</t> tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," says Samuel Broder...
    *   Target word: "uncommon"
    *   Contextual meaning: The tumor is "tragic but uncommon." In the context of cancer research, "uncommon" here refers to the rarity of the specific type of tumor (retinoblastoma).

    *   Sense 1: "not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind" (Examples: uncommon birds; frost and floods are uncommon during these months).
    *   Sense 2: "marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; -J.R.Lowell" (Synonyms: rare; Examples: what is so rare as a day in June; a rare skill).

    *   Sense 1 describes things that don't happen often or aren't seen often (frequency/occurrence).
    *   Sense 2 describes things that are exceptional, superlative, or possess a rare quality (excellence/extremity).

    *   The text says "the rare cancer" earlier: "...faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."
    *   The tumor is described as "tragic but uncommon."
    *   Is the tumor "superlative or extreme of its kind" (Sense 2) or "not common or ordinarily encountered" (Sense 1)?
    *   It is not common (it's a rare type of cancer). It's not being described as "superlative" or "exceptional" in a positive or extreme quality sense, but rather in terms of its frequency of occurrence in the population.

    *   Sense 1 fits "not common or ordinarily encountered."
    *   Sense 2 fits "rare" in the sense of "exceptional" (like a rare skill). While "rare" is a synonym for both, the distinction provided in the definitions separates "not common" (frequency) from "superlative/extreme" (quality).

    *   "Uncommon tumor" = a tumor that is not common/ordinarily encountered. This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "make" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor <t>made</t> possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...studying a tragic but uncommon tumor <t>made</t> possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer..."
    *   Target word: "made"
    *   Usage: "made possible some fundamental insights"

    *   The phrase "made possible" means that studying the tumor *caused* or *enabled* the fundamental insights to happen or exist.
    *   It's about creating a condition where something (insights) became possible.

    *   1: engage in (do) - No.
    *   2: give certain properties to something (get someone mad) - No.
    *   3: make or cause to be or to become (create a mess) - This is close. "Made possible" means caused to be possible.
    *   4: cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner (induce) - No.
    *   5: give rise to; cause to happen or occur (cause a commotion) - This is also close.
    *   6: create or manufacture (produce cars) - No.
    *   7: make, formulate, or derive in the mind (draw a conclusion) - No.
    *   8: compel or make somebody or something to act (Heat makes you sweat) - No.
    *   9: create by artistic means - No.
    *   10: earn money - No.
    *   11: create or design - No.
    *   12: compose or represent (form) - No.
    *   13: reach a goal - No.
    *   14: be or be capable of being changed into - No.
    *   15: make by shaping - No.
    *   16: perform or carry out - No.
    *   17: make by combining materials - No.
    *   18: change from one form into another - No.
    *   19: act in a certain way to acquire - No.
    *   20: charge with a function - No.
    *   21: achieve a point or goal - No.
    *   22: reach a destination - No.
    *   23: institute, enact, or establish - No.
    *   24: carry out or commit - No.
    *   25: form by assembling - No.
    *   26: organize or be responsible for - No.
    *   27: put in order - No.
    *   28: head into a specified direction - No.
    *   29: bowel movement - No.
    *   30: undergo fabrication - No.
    *   31: be suitable for - No.
    *   32: add up to - No.
    *   33: amount to - No.
    *   34: constitute the essence of - No.
    *   35: appear to begin an activity - No.
    *   36: proceed along a path - No.
    *   37: reach in time - No.
    *   38: gather and light materials - No.
    *   39: prepare for eating - No.
    *   40: induce to have sex - No.
    *   41: assure the success of - No.
    *   42: represent fictitiously - No.
    *   43: consider as being - No.
    *   44: calculate as being - No.
    *   45: cause to be enjoyable - No.
    *   46: favor the development of - No.
    *   47: develop into - No.
    *   48: behave in a certain way - No.
    *   49: eliminate urine - No.

    *   Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor"
    *   Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir"

    *   "Made possible" is a very common construction.
    *   Does it mean "caused the insights to be possible" (Sense 3) or "gave rise to the insights" (Sense 5)?
    *   Sense 3 focuses on causing something *to be* or *to become* a certain state (possible).
    *   Sense 5 focuses on causing an *event* or *occurrence* to happen.

    *   "Studying the tumor made [the insights] possible."
    *   Here, "possible" is an adjective describing the state of the "insights."
    *   This fits the pattern "make [object] [adjective]" (cause to be/become).
    *   Example: "The rain made the ground wet." (Sense 3: cause to be/become).
    *   Example: "The discovery made the project possible." (Sense 3: cause to be/become).

    *   Sense 5: "cause a commotion," "make a stir." These are usually "make [noun]" where the noun is the result/event.
    *   Sense 3: "make a mess" (create a state of messiness), "create a furor."

    Wait, let's re-examine Sense 3 and Sense 5.
    Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become"
    Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur"

    "Made possible" = caused to be possible. This aligns perfectly with "cause to be or to become."

    Let's double-check other options just in case.
    Sense 4: "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner" (usually "make someone do something"). Not this.
    Sense 8: "compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way." Not this.

    Comparing Sense 3 and Sense 5 again:
    Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become"
    Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur"

    If the sentence was "Studying the tumor made some fundamental insights," it might be Sense 5 (caused them to happen). But it's "made *possible* some fundamental insights." The "possible" is key. It's causing the insights to be in a state of being possible.

    Wait, let me look at the examples for Sense 3 again: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor." These are "make [noun]."
    Let me look at Sense 5: "cause a commotion; make a stir." These are also "make [noun]."

    Actually, "make [object] [adjective]" (like "make it possible") is almost always "cause to be or become."

    Let's re-read Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become".
    Let's re-read Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur".

    "Made possible" = caused to be possible.

    Is there any other sense?
    Sense 2: "give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly"
    "Made possible" could be seen as giving the property of "possibility" to the insights. But "cause to be or become" (Sense 3) is a more direct fit for "made possible."

    Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3 again.
    Sense 2: "give certain properties to something" (get someone mad, make us look silly).
    Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" (make a mess, create a furor).

    Wait, "make a mess" is creating something. "Make someone mad" is changing their state.
    "Make possible" is changing the state of the insights (from impossible/unknown to possible).

    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "make or cause to be or to become".
    If I say "The news made me happy," that's "cause to become."
    If I say "The discovery made the research possible," that's "cause to be."

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "give certain properties to something".
    "Mad" and "silly" are properties. "Possible" is also a property.

    However, "cause to be or become" (Sense 3) is the standard definition for "make [object] [adjective]."

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 3's examples: "make a mess in one's office; create a furor." These are more like "create."
    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2's examples: "get someone mad; She made us look silly." These are "make [object] [adjective]."

    Wait!
    Sense 2: "give certain properties to something" (examples: get someone mad; She made us look silly).
    Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become" (examples: make a mess in one's office; create a furor).

    If "made possible" is "make [object] [adjective]," then Sense 2 ("give certain properties to something") fits the *examples* (mad, silly) better than Sense 3's examples (mess, furor).

    Let's look at Sense 3 again. "make or cause to be or to become". This definition *is* the definition of "make [object] [adjective]". But the examples "make a mess" and "create a furor" are "make [noun]". This is confusing.

    Let's re-examine Sense 2: "give certain properties to something". Examples: "get someone mad", "made us look silly". These are definitely "make [object] [adjective]".

    Is "possible" a property? Yes.
    Is "made possible" the same as "made us look silly"?
    "The discovery made the insights possible."
    "The discovery made us look silly."
    Both follow the structure: [Subject] + make + [Object] + [Adjective].

    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "make or cause to be or to become".
    If I "make a mess," I am causing a mess to be.
    If I "create a furor," I am causing a furor to be.

    Let's look at Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur".
    "Cause a commotion," "make a stir."

    This is tricky. Let's look at the definitions one more time.
    Sense 2: give certain properties to something.
    Sense 3: make or cause to be or to become.

    In many dictionaries, "make [object] [adjective]" is defined as "cause to become."
    Example: "The movie made me sad." (Cause to become sad).
    Example: "The discovery made it possible." (Cause to be possible).

    If Sense 3 is "cause to be or to become," it fits "made possible" perfectly.
    If Sense 2 is "give certain properties to something," it also fits.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 2: "get someone mad", "made us look silly".
    Sense 3: "make a mess", "create a furor".

    The examples for Sense 2 are exactly the same structure as "made possible" (make + object + adjective).
    The examples for Sense 3 are "make + noun".

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the more likely intended answer, as its examples match the grammatical structure of the target phrase.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 3 again. "make or cause to be or to become".
    If you "make a mess," you are causing a mess to *be*.
    If you "create a furor," you are causing a furor to *be*.

    But "made possible" is "make [object] [adjective]".
    Sense 2: "give certain properties to something" (mad, silly).
    "Possible" is a property.

    Let's search for "make possible" in a dictionary.
    Merriam-Webster: "to cause to be possible".
    Oxford: "to make something possible".

    If the definition is "cause to be," that's Sense 3.
    If the definition is "give a property," that's Sense 2.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 2: "get someone mad", "made us look silly".
    Sense 3: "make a mess", "create a furor".

    "Mad" and "silly" are adjectives. "Mess" and "furor" are nouns.
    "Possible" is an adjective.

    This strongly suggests Sense 2.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again. "make or cause to be or to become".
    If I "make a mess," I'm not causing something to *become* a mess, I'm *creating* a mess.
    If I "create a furor," I'm *creating* a furor.

    So Sense 3 is more about *creation* (as the synonym "create" suggests).
    Sense 2 is more about *changing a state* or *assigning a property* (as the examples "mad" and "silly" suggest).

    "Made possible" is changing the state of the insights from "not possible" to "possible."

    Let's re-verify Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur".
    "Studying the tumor made possible some fundamental insights."
    This could be interpreted as "Studying the tumor caused some fundamental insights to occur."
    But the word "possible" is there. You can't just ignore "possible."
    "Made possible [insights]" is not the same as "made [insights]."

    So, it's between 2 and 3.
    Sense 2: give certain properties to something (examples: mad, silly).
    Sense 3: make or cause to be or to become (examples: mess, furor).

    Given the examples, Sense 2 is the best fit for the "make [object] [adjective]" structure.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again. "make or cause to be or to become".
    If I "make a mess," I am causing a mess to *be*.
    But the synonym is "create."
    If I "create a furor," I am creating it.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again. "give certain properties to something".
    "Mad" is a property. "Silly" is a property. "Possible" is a property.

    Let's double-check other senses one more time.
    Sense 4: "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner" (make someone do something).
    Sense 8: "compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way".

    No, Sense 2 seems the most plausible based on the examples provided.

    Wait, let me think about "made possible" again.
    "The discovery made the research possible."
    Is "possible" a property of the research? Yes.
    Did the discovery "give" that property to the research? Yes.

    Let's compare:
    "The discovery made the research possible."
    "The discovery made the research easy."
    "The discovery made the research difficult."
    All of these fit Sense 2's "give certain properties to something."

    Now let's look at Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become".
    "The discovery made a mess." (Created a mess).
    "The discovery created a furor." (Created a furor).
    These are different.

    Wait, I just noticed something.
    Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor"
    Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir"

    Both 3 and 5 are about causing something (a noun) to happen.
    Sense 2 is about causing something (an object) to have a property (an adjective).

    "Made possible some fundamental insights"
    Structure: make + adjective + object (this is a common inversion of make + object + adjective).
    "Made [some fundamental insights] possible."

    This matches the structure of Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "possible" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made <t>possible</t> some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=capable of happening or existing | examples=a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible
2. definition=existing in possibility | synonyms=potential | examples=a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made <t>possible</t> some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer..."
    *   Target word: "possible"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  capable of happening or existing (e.g., "a breakthrough may be possible next year")
        2.  existing in possibility / potential (e.g., "a potential problem")

    *   The phrase is "made possible some fundamental insights".
    *   This means the study *enabled* the insights to happen or exist.
    *   It's not describing the insights as "potential" (Sense 2).
    *   It's saying that the insights became "capable of happening or existing" because of the study.

    *   Sense 1: "capable of happening or existing". If something is "made possible", it means it is now capable of happening or existing.
    *   Sense 2: "existing in possibility" (potential). "Possible insights" in the sense of "potential insights" would be used as an adjective modifying the noun (e.g., "We discussed possible insights"), but "made possible" is a predicate adjective construction meaning "enabled".

    *   "made possible" $\approx$ "enabled" or "allowed to happen".
    *   This aligns with Sense 1 (capable of happening or existing).

    *   Sense 1: "a breakthrough may be possible next year" (capable of happening).
    *   Sense 2: "possible uses of nuclear power" (potential uses).
    *   In the context "made possible some fundamental insights", it means the insights were now capable of being achieved/existing.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "insight" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental <t>insights</t> about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=clear or deep perception of a situation | synonyms=penetration
2. definition=a feeling of understanding | synonyms=perceptiveness, perceptivity
3. definition=the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation | synonyms=brainstorm, brainwave
4. definition=grasping the inner nature of things intuitively | synonyms=sixth sense

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental <t>insights</t> about the most basic workings of cancer..."
    *   Target word: "insights"
    *   Meaning in context: The text discusses scientific research, the discovery of a gene, and how studying a specific tumor led to a deeper understanding of how cancer works fundamentally.

    *   Sense 1: "clear or deep perception of a situation" (synonym: penetration). This often refers to a deep understanding of a complex issue or a specific situation.
    *   Sense 2: "a feeling of understanding" (synonyms: perceptiveness, perceptivity). This sounds more like a trait or a general feeling.
    *   Sense 3: "the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation" (synonyms: brainstorm, brainwave). This refers to an "aha!" moment.
    *   Sense 4: "grasping the inner nature of things intuitively" (synonym: sixth sense). This refers to intuition or psychic-like ability.

    *   The context is about scientific discovery ("fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer").
    *   This is a "deep perception" or "deep understanding" of a biological mechanism.
    *   Sense 1 ("clear or deep perception of a situation") fits best because scientific insights are deep understandings of how things work.
    *   Sense 3 is too focused on the *suddenness* (brainstorm/brainwave), whereas scientific progress is usually a process leading to deep understanding.
    *   Sense 2 is too vague ("feeling of understanding").
    *   Sense 4 is intuitive/supernatural ("sixth sense"), which doesn't fit scientific research.

    *   "Fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer" $\approx$ "Deep perceptions/understandings of the most basic workings of cancer."
    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "basic" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most <t>basic</t> workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most <t>basic</t> workings of cancer..."
    *   Target word: "basic"
    *   Surrounding words: "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer"

    *   Sense 1: pertaining to or constituting a base or basis (e.g., basic fact, basic ingredients).
    *   Sense 2: reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality (e.g., basic story line).
    *   Sense 3: serving as a base or starting point; introductory (e.g., basic course, basic training).
    *   Sense 4: of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base (chemistry sense).

    *   The phrase "most basic workings of cancer" refers to the fundamental, underlying mechanisms or principles of how cancer works.
    *   It is used synonymously with "fundamental" (which appears earlier in the sentence: "fundamental insights").
    *   Sense 1 ("pertaining to or constituting a base or basis") fits well here, as it refers to the foundational elements or the basis of the process.
    *   Sense 2 ("simplest and most significant form") is more about abstraction or reduction.
    *   Sense 3 ("introductory") is clearly wrong (not an introductory course on cancer).
    *   Sense 4 ("containing a base") is chemical and irrelevant here.

    *   "Basic workings" = the fundamental/foundational mechanisms.
    *   Sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis". This aligns with the idea of foundational mechanisms.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of <t>cancer</t>, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, genetic probes, the risk of developing "the rare cancer," and the "basic workings of <t>cancer</t>."
    *   Target word: "cancer" (marked with <t></t>).
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division.
        2.  Astrology: Person born under the sign of Cancer.
        3.  Astronomy: Zodiacal constellation.
        4.  Astrology: Fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  Biology: Genus of crabs (Cancridae).

    *   The text mentions "retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene," "damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene," "developing the rare cancer," "predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer," "field of cancer study," and "National Cancer Institute."
    *   The specific instance of <t>cancer</t> is in the sentence: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of <t>cancer</t>..."
    *   This clearly refers to the disease characterized by malignant tumors.

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor. (Matches perfectly)
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Astronomy (constellation). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Astrology (sign). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Biology (genus of crabs). (Incorrect)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "say" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "<t>says</t> Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...'It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer,' <t>says</t> Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute."
    *   Target word: "says" (used as a reporting verb for a quote).

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver). Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime."
    *   Sense 3: express a supposition (suppose). Example: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth."
    *   Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read). Example: "What does the law say?"
    *   Sense 5: give instructions/direct (order, tell). Example: "I said to him to go home."
    *   Sense 6: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce). Example: "She pronounces French words in a funny way."
    *   Sense 7: communicate or express nonverbally. Example: "What does this painting say?"
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud. Example: "She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office."
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. Example: "I say let's forget this whole business."
    *   Sense 10: recite or repeat a fixed text. Example: "Say grace."
    *   Sense 11: indicate. Example: "The clock says noon."

    *   The sentence is: "'It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer,' says Samuel Broder..."
    *   Samuel Broder is expressing a thought/fact in words.
    *   This is a standard reporting verb usage.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1: "express in words" (state, tell).
        *   Sense 2: "report or maintain" (allege, aver).
    *   In this context, Samuel Broder is stating a conclusion based on research. It's a direct quote.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and common use for reporting speech/statements.
    *   Sense 8 ("utter aloud") is usually for specific words or greetings (e.g., "She said 'Hello'").
    *   Sense 9 ("state as one's opinion or judgement") is more about making a proposal or a strong declaration (e.g., "I say let's forget this").
    *   Sense 1 fits best as it describes the act of expressing something in words.

    *   "He said that he wanted to marry her" (Sense 1) is very similar to "Samuel Broder says [quote]" (Context). Both are reporting what someone said.

    *   Sense 1: express in words.
    *   Context: Samuel Broder is expressing his thoughts/findings in words.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "director" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, <t>director</t> of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Senses:
1. definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
2. definition=member of a board of directors
3. definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
4. definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
5. definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...says Samuel Broder, <t>director</t> of the National Cancer Institute."
    *   Target word: "director"
    *   Entity: Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute (NCI).

    *   Sense 1: someone who controls resources and expenditures (manager, managing director).
    *   Sense 2: member of a board of directors.
    *   Sense 3: someone who supervises actors/action in a show (theater director).
    *   Sense 4: the person who directs the making of a film (film director).
    *   Sense 5: the person who leads a musical group (conductor, music director).

    *   The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is a government agency/research organization.
    *   The "director" of such an organization is the person in charge of its administration, resources, and overall direction.
    *   This fits the general meaning of a manager or executive leader.
    *   Sense 1 ("someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director") is the closest fit for the head of an institute.
    *   Senses 3, 4, and 5 are related to arts/entertainment.
    *   Sense 2 refers to a member of a board, whereas the "Director of the NCI" is the top executive leader.

    *   Sense 1 is the most appropriate description for the head of a national institute.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "public" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
2. definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about genetic probes, cancer research (retinoblastoma), and the importance of basic research.
    *   Target word: "public" in the sentence: "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment..."
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  People in general considered as a whole (populace, world).
        2.  A body of people sharing some common interest (e.g., the reading public).

    *   The sentence says: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment..."
    *   The "public" here refers to the general population, the average person who isn't a scientist in this field, as opposed to the specialized scientific community mentioned earlier (Thaddeus Dryja, Samuel Broder, scientists).
    *   It doesn't refer to a specific group sharing a particular interest (like "the reading public" or "the sporting public"), but rather to people in general.

    *   Sense 1: "people in general considered as a whole" -> Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a body of people sharing some common interest" -> Does not fit as well; while the public might be "concerned about advances in treatment," the primary meaning here is the general populace vs. the scientific experts.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "concerned" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
2. definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
3. definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment..."
    *   Target word: "concerned"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Feeling or showing worry or solicitude (e.g., concerned parents, concerned about the future).
        2.  Involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in (e.g., those concerned, an enterprise in which three men are concerned).
        3.  Culpably involved (e.g., concerned in the bribery case).

    *   The sentence says: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment..."
    *   The "public" is the subject.
    *   They are "concerned about advances in treatment."
    *   In this context, "concerned about" means they are worried about, interested in a way that involves worry/care, or anxious to see progress.
    *   Comparing with the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "feeling or showing worry or solicitude" (Example: "was concerned about the future"). This fits perfectly. The public is worried/anxious/solicitous about whether treatments are advancing.
        *   Sense 2: "involved in or affected by" (Example: "those concerned"). While the public is "affected by" treatment, the phrase "concerned about [something]" typically aligns with Sense 1 (worry/interest).
        *   Sense 3: "culpably involved" (Example: "bribery case"). This clearly does not fit.

    *   The phrase "concerned about" is a classic marker for Sense 1 (worry/solicitude).

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "advance" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression | examples=he listened for the progress of the troops
2. definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
3. definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler | examples=she rejected his advances
4. definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
5. definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
6. definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment..."
    *   Target word: "advances"
    *   Contextual meaning: The public is interested in progress, improvements, or new developments in cancer treatment.

    *   Sense 1: a movement forward (physical movement, e.g., troops). -> Not a fit.
    *   Sense 2: a change for the better; progress in development (improvement, betterment). -> Fits well (progress in medical treatment).
    *   Sense 3: a tentative suggestion (social/romantic approach). -> Not a fit.
    *   Sense 4: the act of moving forward (toward a goal). -> Similar to 1, more about the process of moving.
    *   Sense 5: an amount paid before it is earned (money). -> Not a fit.
    *   Sense 6: increase in price or value (financial). -> Not a fit.

    *   "Advances in treatment" refers to breakthroughs, improvements, or progress in the field of medicine.
    *   Sense 2 ("a change for the better; progress in development") aligns perfectly with this usage.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "treatment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about genetic probes, cancer research (retinoblastoma suppressor gene), and the National Cancer Institute.
    *   Target word: "treatment" in the sentence: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

    *   Sense 1: Medical care/procedures to relieve illness or injury (synonym: intervention).
    *   Sense 2: Management/handling of someone or something (e.g., prisoners, sewage).
    *   Sense 3: Artistic manner of dealing with something (e.g., space in architecture).
    *   Sense 4: Extended communication/discussion on a topic (e.g., a book's discussion of logic).

    *   The context is about cancer, genetic probes, and the National Cancer Institute.
    *   The public is concerned about "advances in treatment" for cancer.
    *   This clearly refers to medical procedures or applications intended to relieve the illness (cancer).

    *   Sense 1 matches perfectly (medical procedures to relieve illness).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "basic" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon."
    *   Surrounding text: The passage discusses genetic probes, the discovery of a gene controlling retinal cell growth, and "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer."
    *   Target word: "basic" (modifying "research").

    *   Sense 1: pertaining to or constituting a base or basis (e.g., basic fact, basic ingredients). This often refers to fundamental principles or the core essence.
    *   Sense 2: reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible (e.g., basic story line).
    *   Sense 3: serving as a base or starting point; introductory (e.g., basic course, basic training).
    *   Sense 4: of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base (chemistry sense).

    *   "Basic research" is a standard term in science. It refers to research that is conducted to increase fundamental knowledge, rather than to solve a specific immediate problem (which would be "applied research").
    *   Looking at the context: "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer" leads into "this basic research."
    *   Sense 1 ("pertaining to or constituting a base or basis") aligns with the idea of "fundamental" and the core workings of a system.
    *   Sense 2 (simplest form) doesn't fit "research."
    *   Sense 3 (introductory) doesn't fit "research" in this scientific context (it's not "beginner research").
    *   Sense 4 (chemistry) is irrelevant.

    *   Sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis" -> "basic research" (fundamental research). This is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "begin" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon."
    *   Target word: "begin"
    *   Meaning in context: The research will start to show results. It's about the initiation of an action or process (showing results).

    *   Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action (e.g., "We began working at dawn").
    *   Sense 2: have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense (e.g., "The DMZ begins right over the hill").
    *   Sense 3: set in motion, cause to start (e.g., "The U.S. started a war").
    *   Sense 4: begin to speak or say.
    *   Sense 5: be the first item or point (e.g., "The number 'one' begins the sequence").
    *   Sense 6: have a beginning, of a temporal event (e.g., "WW II began in 1939").
    *   Sense 7: have a beginning characterized in some specified way (e.g., "The novel begins with a murder").
    *   Sense 8: begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object (e.g., "begin a cigar").
    *   Sense 9: achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative (e.g., "doesn't even begin to deal with").
    *   Sense 10: begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language.

    *   The phrase is "will begin showing results".
    *   This means the research will start the process of showing results.
    *   Sense 1 ("take the first step or steps in carrying out an action") fits best. "Showing results" is the action being carried out.

    *   Sense 2, 6, 7 are about *having* a beginning (intransitive/stative).
    *   Sense 3 is about *causing* something else to start (transitive).
    *   Sense 4, 10 are specific to speaking/language.
    *   Sense 5 is about being the first in a sequence.
    *   Sense 8 is about starting a specific activity like smoking or eating.
    *   Sense 9 is about the "least degree" (usually negative).

    *   "will begin showing results" $\approx$ "will start showing results".
    *   This matches Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action".

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "We began working at dawn" (Subject is the one doing the action).
    *   Sense 3: "The U.S. started a war" (Subject causes the action).
    *   In "this basic research will begin showing results", the research is the subject, and it is the thing that will be showing results. It's not causing something else to show results; it is the entity that will start the process of showing results.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.