[User]
Which numbered sense of "go_back" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes <t>goes back</t> to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Senses:
1. definition=belong to an earlier time | synonyms=date back, date from | examples=This story dates back 200 years
2. definition=return in thought or speech to something | synonyms=recur
3. definition=regain a former condition after a financial loss | synonyms=recover, recuperate | examples=We expect the stocks to recover to $2.90; The company managed to recuperate

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes <t>goes back</t> to the 1970s..."
    *   Target phrase: "goes back"
    *   Meaning in context: The history or origin of the story of tumor-suppressor genes started in the 1970s.

    *   Sense 1: "belong to an earlier time" (synonyms: date back, date from). Example: "This story dates back 200 years."
    *   Sense 2: "return in thought or speech to something" (synonym: recur).
    *   Sense 3: "regain a former condition after a financial loss" (synonyms: recover, recuperate).

    *   The context "The story... goes back to the 1970s" matches Sense 1 ("belong to an earlier time" / "date back").


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "name" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician <t>named</t> Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Senses:
1. definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...when a pediatrician <t>named</t> Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
    *   Target word: "named"

    *   Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to (e.g., "They named their son David").
    *   Sense 2: give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name (e.g., "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal").
    *   Sense 3: charge with a function; nominate (e.g., "She was named Head of the Committee").
    *   Sense 4: create and charge with a task (e.g., "nominate a committee").
    *   Sense 5: mention and identify by name (e.g., "name your accomplices!").
    *   Sense 6: make reference to (e.g., "His name was mentioned").
    *   Sense 7: identify as in botany or biology (e.g., identify a species).
    *   Sense 8: give or make a list of (e.g., "List the states").
    *   Sense 9: determine or distinguish the nature of a problem/illness (diagnose).

    *   The phrase is "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr."
    *   In this context, "named" is used as a past participle acting as an adjective to identify the pediatrician by his name.
    *   Looking at the senses:
        *   Sense 1 is about the *act* of assigning a name. While "named" here refers to the name he was assigned, the usage "a [person] named [Name]" is a standard way to identify someone by their name.
        *   Sense 2 is "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name".
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to". Example: "They named their son David."
        *   Sense 2: "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name". Example: "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal."
    *   Actually, in the phrase "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr.", "named" is a reduced relative clause ("who was named...").
    *   Does "who was named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." mean he was *given* that name (Sense 1) or that he is *called* by that name (Sense 1/2)?
    *   Usually, "a person named X" means "a person called X".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call".
    *   If the synonym for Sense 1 is "call", then "a pediatrician called Alfred G. Knudson Jr." fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: assign a name / call.
    *   Sense 2: identify/refer to by name (often in a context of accusation or listing).
    *   Sense 3: appoint.
    *   Sense 4: appoint.
    *   Sense 5: list/identify (imperative).
    *   Sense 6: mention.
    *   Sense 7: biological identification.
    *   Sense 8: list.
    *   Sense 9: diagnose.

    The usage "a [noun] named [Name]" is the most common way to introduce someone by their name. This aligns with the "call" synonym in Sense 1.

    *   "They named their son David" (Active: assign name).
    *   "The new school was named after..." (Passive: assign name).
    *   "A pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." (Passive/Adjectival: called/given the name).

    Sense 1 is the best fit.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "propose" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. <t>proposed</t> that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Senses:
1. definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=suggest, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. definition=present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. | synonyms=project | examples=He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity
3. definition=propose or intend | synonyms=aim, purpose, purport | examples=I aim to arrive at noon
4. definition=put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position | synonyms=nominate | examples=The President nominated her as head of the Civil Rights Commission
5. definition=ask (someone) to marry you | synonyms=declare oneself, offer, pop the question | examples=he popped the question on Sunday night; she proposed marriage to the man she had known for only two months

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. <t>proposed</t> that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
    *   Target word: "proposed"

    *   Sense 1: make a proposal, declare a plan for something (e.g., abolish sales tax).
    *   Sense 2: present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. (e.g., proposed a new plan, proposed a new theory).
    *   Sense 3: propose or intend (e.g., aim to arrive).
    *   Sense 4: put forward; nominate for appointment (e.g., nominated as head of commission).
    *   Sense 5: ask to marry.

    *   The sentence says Alfred G. Knudson Jr. "proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
    *   This is a scientific hypothesis or theory being put forward for consideration/examination.
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1 is more about a plan of action (e.g., a policy change).
        *   Sense 2 is about presenting a theory or plan for consideration (e.g., "She proposed a new theory of relativity"). This fits perfectly.
        *   Sense 3 is about intention (e.g., "I intend to...").
        *   Sense 4 is about nomination for a position.
        *   Sense 5 is about marriage.

    *   The context describes a scientist putting forward a theory/hypothesis.
    *   Sense 2 specifically mentions "present for consideration" and gives the example "She proposed a new theory of relativity."
    *   This matches the context "proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."


[User]
Which numbered sense of "stem" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Senses:
1. definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects."
    *   Target word: "stemmed" (past tense of "stem").
    *   Meaning in context: Retinoblastoma *originated from* or *was caused by* two separate genetic defects.

    *   Sense 1: "grow out of, have roots in, originate in" (Example: "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war").
    *   Sense 2: "cause to point inward" (Example: "stem your skis").
    *   Sense 3: "stop the flow of a liquid" (Example: "stem the tide").
    *   Sense 4: "remove the stem from" (Example: "the words must be stemmed").

    *   The context "retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects" matches Sense 1 ("originate in").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "separate" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Senses:
1. definition=independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways
2. definition=standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | synonyms=freestanding | examples=a freestanding bell tower; a house with a separate garage
3. definition=separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | examples=separate but equal; girls and boys in separate classes
4. definition=have the connection undone; having become separate | synonyms=disjoined

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects."
    *   Meaning: The text describes a theory where two distinct genetic defects (one inherited, one acquired/from another parent) lead to the cancer.

    *   Sense 1: independent; not united or joint (e.g., "two separate issues").
    *   Sense 2: standing apart; not attached (e.g., "separate garage").
    *   Sense 3: separated according to race, sex, class, or religion (e.g., "separate classes").
    *   Sense 4: have the connection undone; having become separate (e.g., "disjoined").

    *   The "genetic defects" are distinct, individual events/issues. They are not physically "freestanding" (Sense 2), not based on social segregation (Sense 3), and not something that was once joined and then undone (Sense 4).
    *   They are "independent" or "not united" in the sense that they are two different occurrences/defects. This matches Sense 1 ("two separate issues").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "genetic" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Senses:
1. definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects."
    *   Target word: "genetic"
    *   Surrounding context: "retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects," "inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

    *   Sense 1: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary, inherited).
    *   Sense 2: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic, genetical).
    *   Sense 3: pertaining to or referring to origin.
    *   Sense 4: of or relating to the science of genetics.

    *   The text discusses "tumor-suppressor genes," "defective versions of these genes," and "inherited a damaged copy of a gene."
    *   The phrase "genetic defects" in this context refers to defects *in the genes* themselves.
    *   While the defects are inherited (Sense 1), the term "genetic defect" specifically describes a defect *of or relating to a gene*.
    *   Let's compare Sense 1 and Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1 (hereditary): "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity."
        *   Sense 2 (genic): "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene."
    *   In "genetic defects," the defects are mutations in the DNA/genes. This fits Sense 2 perfectly.
    *   Does it fit Sense 1? Yes, because they are inherited, but "genetic defect" is a standard term for a mutation in a gene.
    *   Wait, let's look at the examples.
        *   Sense 1: "an inherited disease; familial traits"
        *   Sense 2: "genic combinations; genetic code"
    *   "Genetic defects" are essentially mutations in the genetic code or specific genes.
    *   Looking closer at the context: "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other." This explains *how* the genetic defects occurred.
    *   Usually, "genetic" in "genetic defect" refers to the nature of the defect (it's in the genes), which is Sense 2. However, in many dictionaries, "genetic" meaning "hereditary" is very common.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: hereditary/familial.
        *   Sense 2: relating to genes.
    *   If the text says "genetic defects" and then explains that they are inherited, it's describing the *source* (genes) and the *transmission* (heredity).
    *   In medical contexts, "genetic disorder" or "genetic defect" often overlaps both. But "of or relating to a gene" is the most precise definition for a defect *in* a gene.
    *   Let's check the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "inherited disease"
        *   Sense 2: "genetic code"
    *   A "genetic defect" is a defect in the genetic code.
    *   However, looking at the provided senses, Sense 1 specifically mentions "inherited disease." A "genetic defect" that causes retinoblastoma is essentially an inherited disease (or a mutation).
    *   Let's look at the sentence again: "...retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene..."
    *   The "defects" are the "damaged copy of a gene."
    *   Therefore, the defects are *of or relating to a gene*.

    *   Sense 1: Hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: Relating to genes.
    *   Sense 3: Origin.
    *   Sense 4: Science of genetics.
    *   "Genetic defects" = defects in the genes. This is Sense 2.
    *   Wait, let me double-check. If I say "genetic disease," is that Sense 1 or Sense 2?
    *   If the disease is caused by a gene, it's Sense 2. If it's passed down through families, it's Sense 1.
    *   In this specific text, the author explicitly mentions "inherited a damaged copy of a gene."
    *   Actually, in many lexical databases (like WordNet, which these senses seem to mirror), "genetic" meaning "hereditary" is distinct from "genetic" meaning "relating to genes."
    *   "Genetic defect" usually refers to the mutation itself (Sense 2).
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   A "defect" isn't "occurring among members of a family"; the *disease* or *trait* occurs among members. The *defect* is the actual error in the gene.
    *   Therefore, "genetic defect" refers to the nature of the defect (it is a gene-related defect).

    *   Sense 1: familial, hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: genic.
    *   "Genetic defect" -> "Genic defect". This makes sense.
    *   "Genetic defect" -> "Hereditary defect". This also makes sense.
    *   But the context emphasizes the "copy of a gene."
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "an inherited disease".
    *   Is a "genetic defect" more like an "inherited disease" or "genetic code"?
    *   A defect is a specific error in the code.
    *   Let's search for "genetic defect" in dictionaries. It's often defined as a mutation. A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence (the gene).
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and 2 again:
        1. occurring among members of a family usually by heredity
        2. of or relating to or produced by or being a gene
    *   The defect *is* the damaged copy of the gene. Thus, it is "of or relating to... a gene."

    *   Sense 1: Hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: Relating to genes.
    *   The text says "two separate genetic defects" and then explains "inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   The "defects" are the "damaged copies of a gene."
    *   This points strongly to Sense 2.

    *   Wait, let me think about this again. If the defects are inherited, they are hereditary.
    *   But "genetic" in "genetic defect" describes *what* is defective (the gene), not *how* it was acquired (though it often is).
    *   If the defect happened spontaneously (de novo mutation), it would still be a "genetic defect" but it wouldn't be "hereditary" in the sense of being passed from a parent (though it could be passed to offspring).
    *   The context says "inherited a damaged copy," which means it *is* hereditary in this case.
    *   However, the most direct definition of a "genetic defect" is a defect in the genes.

    *   Sense 1: familial, hereditary, inherited.
    *   Sense 2: genic, genetical.
    *   If the answer is 1, "genetic" means "inherited."
    *   If the answer is 2, "genetic" means "relating to genes."
    *   "Genetic defects" = "Inherited defects" OR "Gene-related defects."
    *   In the context of "damaged copy of a gene," "gene-related" is the more precise fit.

    *   Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity"
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
    *   The "defects" are the "damaged copy of a gene."
    *   A "damaged copy of a gene" is "of or relating to... a gene."
    *   It is not "occurring among members of a family" (the *disease* occurs among members; the *defect* is the biological cause).

    *   Sense 1: familial, hereditary, inherited.
    *   Sense 2: genic, genetical.
    *   "Genetic defect" is a very common phrase. In most contexts, it means a mutation in the DNA.
    *   Looking at the provided examples:
        Sense 1: "an inherited disease"
        Sense 2: "genetic code"
    *   A "genetic defect" is a flaw in the "genetic code."
    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most likely intended answer.

    *   Wait, let me search for this specific text. It looks like it's from a scientific article.
    *   The text says: "retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
    *   Knudson's "two-hit hypothesis" describes how both alleles of the RB1 gene must be inactivated.
    *   The "defects" are the mutations in the gene.
    *   This is definitely Sense 2 (relating to the gene itself).

    *   Sense 1: Hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: Relating to genes.
    *   Sense 3: Origin.
    *   Sense 4: Science of genetics.
    *   The context is about mutations in genes. Sense 2 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "defect" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Senses:
1. definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
2. definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information
3. definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer
4. definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>."
    *   Target word: "defects" (plural of "defect").
    *   Contextual clues: "genetic", "retinoblastoma" (a type of cancer), "inherited a damaged copy of a gene".

    *   Sense 1: "an imperfection in a bodily system" (Examples: visual defects, defects in the lungs).
    *   Sense 2: "a failing or deficiency" (Synonym: shortcoming; Example: lack of information).
    *   Sense 3: "an imperfection in an object or machine" (Synonyms: fault, flaw; Example: crystal shatter, manufacturer).
    *   Sense 4: "a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body)" (Synonyms: blemish, mar; Example: facial blemish).

    *   The context refers to "genetic defects" causing a disease (retinoblastoma).
    *   Genetic defects are imperfections in the biological/bodily system (specifically the DNA/genes).
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "imperfection in a bodily system" and gives examples like "defects in the lungs".
    *   Sense 2 is about abstract failings (shortcomings).
    *   Sense 3 is about physical objects/machines.
    *   Sense 4 is about cosmetic blemishes.

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly as it describes biological/bodily imperfections.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "theorize" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=speculate, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. definition=construct a theory about | examples=Galileo theorized the motion of the stars
3. definition=form or construct theories | examples=he thinks and theorizes all day

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Target word: "theorized"
    *   Contextual meaning: Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed a hypothesis/idea about how retinoblastoma occurs (inheriting one damaged copy and then damaging the second).

    *   Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" (synonyms: speculate, conjecture, hypothesize). Example: "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps."
    *   Sense 2: "construct a theory about" (Example: "Galileo theorized the motion of the stars").
    *   Sense 3: "form or construct theories" (Example: "he thinks and theorizes all day").

    *   Sense 3 is about the general habit or act of theorizing ("theorizes all day"). This doesn't fit the specific instance of proposing a specific mechanism.
    *   Sense 2 is about constructing a theory *about* a subject (e.g., "theorized the motion of the stars"). While similar, the sentence structure "theorized that [clause]" usually aligns more with hypothesizing or speculating on a specific point.
    *   Sense 1 is "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" (synonyms: hypothesize). The context "He theorized that..." is a classic use of "hypothesize" or "speculate" to explain a phenomenon.

    *   "He theorized that..." = "He hypothesized that..."
    *   Sense 1 synonyms include "hypothesize".
    *   Sense 2 is more about the formal construction of a theory (e.g., "theorized the motion of the stars" - object is the subject of the theory).
    *   In the context, Knudson is proposing a specific mechanism (a hypothesis) to explain retinoblastoma.

    *   Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" / "hypothesize".
    *   Sense 2: "construct a theory about".
    *   The sentence "He theorized that..." fits the pattern of Sense 1 (hypothesizing a specific scenario).

    *   Sense 1: "Scientists supposed that..." (Similar structure to "He theorized that...")
    *   Sense 2: "Galileo theorized the motion of the stars" (Direct object is the topic).
    *   The context "He theorized that in the eye cancer..." uses a "that" clause, which matches the "supposed that" structure in Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "eye" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Target word: "eye"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  the organ of sight (oculus, optic)
        2.  good discernment (e.g., eye for talent)
        3.  attention to what is seen (e.g., catch her eye)
        4.  central area (e.g., eye of the storm/center)
        5.  small hole or loop (e.g., eye of a needle)

    *   The sentence mentions "eye cancer" and "retinoblastoma" (which is a rare form of eye cancer).
    *   The context is about genetic defects leading to cancer in the eye.
    *   Therefore, "eye" refers to the physical organ of sight.

    *   Sense 1: "the organ of sight" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "good discernment" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 3: "attention to what is seen" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 4: "central area" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 5: "small hole or loop" - Does not match.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing tumor-suppressing genes, genetic defects, and the development of tumors (specifically retinoblastoma in the eye).
    *   Target word: "cancer" (marked as `<t>cancer</t>`).
    *   Sentence: "He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person born under Cancer).
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation.
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac.
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (Cancridae).

    *   The context mentions "tumor-suppressing genes", "malignant growth", "retinoblastoma" (a type of eye cancer), and "genetic defects".
    *   The phrase "eye cancer" clearly refers to a malignant tumor in the eye.
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "inherit" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about tumor-suppressing genes and cancer.
    *   Target word: "inherited" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and the other."
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Obtain from someone after their death (e.g., a castle).
        2.  Receive from a predecessor (e.g., problems from a previous chair).
        3.  Receive by genetic transmission (e.g., eyesight from a mother).

    *   The sentence discusses an infant receiving a "damaged copy of a gene from one parent".
    *   Genes are passed from parents to offspring via genetic transmission.

    *   Sense 1 (death/property) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2 (predecessor/position) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (genetic transmission) - Correct.

    *   The correct sense is 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "damaged" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific discussion about tumor-suppressor genes and cancer (specifically retinoblastoma).
    *   Target word: "damaged" (used twice: "inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene" and "the second, normal copy also was damaged").
    *   Meaning in context: The gene is defective, mutated, or not functioning correctly.

    *   Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled" (e.g., damaged goods, damaged buildings). This refers to physical or functional impairment.
    *   Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" (e.g., discredited politician, damaged reputation). This refers to social standing or reputation.

    *   A "damaged copy of a gene" refers to a genetic mutation or defect (functional impairment), not a loss of reputation.
    *   Sense 1 fits the idea of something being "spoiled" or "harmed" (in a biological/functional sense).
    *   Sense 2 is completely irrelevant to genetics.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Target word: "copy"
    *   Contextual meaning: In genetics, humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent). Here, "copy" refers to one of the identical or nearly identical versions of a gene.

    *   Sense 1: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" -> This fits. A gene copy is an identical (or nearly identical) version of a genetic sequence.
    *   Sense 3: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "material suitable for a journalistic account" -> Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2 describes a thing made to be similar or identical to another. In biological terms, alleles or copies of genes are identical or similar versions of the same genetic sequence. While "made" might imply artificiality in some contexts, in a general sense, a copy is a duplicate.

    *   Sense 1: Transcript (No)
    *   Sense 2: Duplicate/Clone (Yes - a gene copy is a duplicate of the genetic sequence)
    *   Sense 3: Text for printing (No)
    *   Sense 4: Journalistic material (No)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "parent" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about tumor-suppressor genes and retinoblastoma. Specifically, the sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other."
    *   Target word: "parent"
    *   Senses:
        1.  a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian.
        2.  an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained.

    *   The sentence discusses an "infant" inheriting a "gene" from a "parent".
    *   In the context of human genetics and infants, "parent" refers to the biological father or mother.

    *   Sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child..." (Fits perfectly).
    *   Sense 2: "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained" (This is a more general biological term, often used in botany or asexual reproduction/breeding, but Sense 1 is the specific human definition).

    *   While Sense 2 is technically true (a human is an organism), Sense 1 is the standard meaning when referring to an infant's father or mother. In the context of inheritance in humans, "parent" almost always refers to the father or mother.

    *   The context is about human genetics (pediatrician, infant, cancer).
    *   "Parent" here means the biological father or mother.
    *   This matches Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "normal" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. definition=forming a right angle

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific discussion about tumor-suppressor genes and retinoblastoma.
    *   Specific sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other."
    *   Target word: "normal"

    *   Sense 1: Conforming with a norm, standard, level, type, or social norm; not abnormal. (General usage, e.g., room temperature, diplomatic relations).
    *   Sense 2: In accordance with scientific laws. (Often used in physics/math, but can be broader).
    *   Sense 3: Being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development. (Focuses on human development/psychology).
    *   Sense 4: Forming a right angle. (Geometry).

    *   The text discusses genes.
    *   It contrasts a "damaged copy of a gene" with a "normal copy".
    *   In genetics, a "normal" gene is one that is not mutated or defective; it conforms to the standard/typical sequence and function.
    *   Sense 1 ("not abnormal", "conforming with a norm or standard") fits best here. A "normal" gene is the standard, non-mutated version.
    *   Sense 2 ("scientific laws") doesn't fit the context of a gene's state.
    *   Sense 3 ("average intelligence/development") is for people/behavior, not gene sequences.
    *   Sense 4 ("right angle") is irrelevant.

    *   Is "normal" in "normal copy of a gene" describing it as "not abnormal" or "conforming to the standard"? Yes.
    *   Does it fit Sense 1? Yes.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific discussion about tumor-suppressor genes and retinoblastoma.
    *   Specific sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other."
    *   Target word: "copy"

    *   Sense 1: A reproduction of a written record (transcript). (Incorrect: Not a written record).
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a duplicate). (Correct: In genetics, humans have two copies of most genes—one from each parent. These are identical or nearly identical versions of the same gene).
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed (written matter). (Incorrect: Not about printing).
    *   Sense 4: Material suitable for a journalistic account. (Incorrect: Not about journalism).

    *   The context refers to genetic material. A "copy of a gene" refers to one of the two alleles/versions of a gene present in a diploid organism. This fits the definition of "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" (Sense 2).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "develop" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Senses:
1. definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   Subject: "The tumor"
    *   Action: "developed"
    *   Condition: "when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   Meaning: The tumor came into existence or started to grow/form as a result of the genetic damage.

    *   1: make something new (product/creation) - No.
    *   2: work out (theory) - No.
    *   3: gain through experience (skill/trait) - No.
    *   4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features/attributes, e.g., abdominal pains) - Possible, as a tumor is a physical condition.
    *   5: come into existence; take on form or shape (originate, arise) - Possible.
    *   6: change use of land/resources - No.
    *   7: elaborate on theories - No.
    *   8: create by training - No.
    *   9: be gradually disclosed (plot) - No.
    *   10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation - Possible.
    *   11: become technologically advanced - No.
    *   12: cause to grow (make grow) - No.
    *   13: generate gradually (customers/market) - No.
    *   14: grow emotionally/mature - No.
    *   15: chemical solutions (film) - No.
    *   16: geometry - No.
    *   17: chess (pieces) - No.
    *   18: chess (rook) - No.
    *   19: music - No.
    *   20: happen (news/political movements) - No.
    *   21: series (math) - No.

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains"
    *   Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower"

    *   The context is about a tumor forming due to genetic mutations.
    *   "The patient developed abdominal pains" (Sense 4) is very similar to "The tumor developed". In medical contexts, "developing a condition" or "developing a symptom" often falls under Sense 4.
    *   However, a tumor is not just a symptom or a pain; it's a physical growth.
    *   Sense 10 mentions "natural growth, differentiation". A tumor is a result of abnormal cell growth and differentiation.
    *   Sense 5 is more about originating or arising (like a movement or a feeling).
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)". Developing a tumor is coming to have a physical attribute (the tumor).
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation...". A tumor grows and differentiates (though abnormally).

    *   "The patient developed abdominal pains" (Sense 4)
    *   "A flower developed on the branch" (Sense 10)
    *   "The tumor developed" is closer to "The patient developed [a tumor]" or "A tumor developed [in the patient]".
    *   Wait, if the subject is "The tumor", then "The tumor developed" means the tumor itself grew or came into existence.
    *   If the sentence was "The patient developed a tumor", it would definitely be Sense 4.
    *   But the sentence is "The tumor... developed". This means the tumor *itself* underwent the process of coming into existence or growing.
    *   Looking at Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of... natural growth, differentiation". This fits the biological process of a tumor forming.
    *   Looking at Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape". This also fits.

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - This usually requires a person as the subject (He grew a beard; The patient developed pains).
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation" - This fits a biological entity like a flower or a tumor.
    *   Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - This is more general (religious movement, love).

    *   "The tumor... developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   This means the tumor *started to grow* or *came into being*.
    *   Sense 10 specifically mentions "natural growth, differentiation". While a tumor is abnormal, it's still a biological growth process.
    *   Let's check Sense 4 again. "The patient developed abdominal pains." Here, the patient is the subject. In the target sentence, "The tumor" is the subject. If the tumor is the subject, it can't "come to have" itself. It must be the thing that is growing or coming into existence.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is out because the subject is the tumor, not the patient.
    *   Between Sense 5 and Sense 10: Sense 10 is more specific to biological growth ("A flower developed on the branch").

    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
    *   This fits the biological context of a tumor forming from genetic mutations.

    *   Wait, could it be Sense 5? "come into existence; take on form or shape".
    *   Let's compare "A flower developed on the branch" (10) and "A new religious movement originated" (5).
    *   A tumor is more like a flower (biological growth) than a religious movement.

    *   Sense 10 seems the most appropriate for the biological growth of a tumor.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "second" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Senses:
1. definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   Target word: "second"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude.
        2.  A part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first.

    *   The text discusses Dr. Knudson's "two-hit" theory.
    *   It mentions an infant inheriting a "damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."
    *   The tumor develops when the "second, normal copy also was damaged."
    *   Here, "second" refers to the other copy of the gene (the one that follows the first one mentioned). It's a sequence/count of items (first copy, second copy).

    *   Sense 1: "coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude". This fits perfectly. There are two copies; one is the first, the other is the second.
    *   Sense 2: "a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first". This refers to musical parts (e.g., second violin). This does not fit the context of genetic copies.

Sense 1 is the correct one.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "normal" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Senses:
1. definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. definition=forming a right angle

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged."
    *   Target word: "normal"
    *   Contextual meaning: In the context of genetics, a "normal copy" of a gene is one that is not mutated or defective. It's the standard, non-damaged version of the gene.

    *   Sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal" (Examples: normal room temperature, normal diplomatic relations).
    *   Sense 2: "in accordance with scientific laws" (Usually refers to physics/geometry or specific scientific properties, but less likely here).
    *   Sense 3: "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development" (Examples: a perfectly normal child).
    *   Sense 4: "forming a right angle" (Geometry).

    *   The text contrasts "damaged copy" with "normal copy".
    *   "Normal" here means "not abnormal" or "not defective" (conforming to the standard/typical genetic sequence).
    *   Sense 1 covers "not abnormal" and "conforming with a norm or standard".
    *   Sense 3 is specifically about intelligence/development in humans/animals.
    *   Sense 2 is too broad or specific to laws of nature.
    *   Sense 4 is geometric.

    *   The gene is "normal" because it is the standard, non-mutated version. This fits Sense 1 ("not abnormal", "conforming with a norm or standard").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific discussion about tumor-suppressor genes and cancer. Specifically, the sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged."
    *   Target word: "copy"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Reproduction of a written record (transcript).
        2.  A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., clone, duplicate).
        3.  Matter to be printed (written matter).
        4.  Material suitable for a journalistic account.

    *   The text discusses genes.
    *   Humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent).
    *   In this context, "copy" refers to one of the identical (or nearly identical) versions of a gene.
    *   This fits the idea of something that is identical or similar to another thing (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: Not a written record/transcript.
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing. (Genes are biological copies/duplicates).
    *   Sense 3: Not printed matter.
    *   Sense 4: Not journalistic material.

    *   Sense 2 is the only one that fits the biological context of genetic duplication/alleles.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "damaged" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Senses:
1. definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific discussion about tumor-suppressor genes and cancer (specifically retinoblastoma).
    *   Sentence: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>."
    *   Target word: "damaged"

    *   Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled" (e.g., damaged goods, damaged buildings). In a biological/genetic context, "damaged" often refers to mutations or structural changes that impair function.
    *   Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" (e.g., discredited politician, damaged reputation). This refers to social standing or reputation.

    *   The context is about genes (DNA).
    *   A "damaged copy of a gene" refers to a mutation or a defect that prevents the gene from functioning correctly.
    *   This aligns with "harmed or injured or spoiled" (Sense 1) in the sense of physical/structural impairment, rather than social disrepute (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "way" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Senses:
1. definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..."
    *   Target word: "way"
    *   Meaning in context: "no way to prove" / "no way of ferreting out" means there was no *method*, *means*, or *possibility* to achieve the result of proving the theory or identifying the genes.

    *   Sense 1: how something is done or how it happens (manner, mode, style). (e.g., "his rapid manner of talking") - *Not quite. It's not about the style of proving, but the ability/means to prove.*
    *   Sense 2: how a result is obtained or an end is achieved (means, agency). (e.g., "a means of control") - *This fits well. "No way to prove" = "no means to prove".*
    *   Sense 3: a line leading to a place or point (direction). - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 4: the condition of things generally. - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 5: a course of conduct (path, way of life). - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 6: any artifact consisting of a road or path. - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 7: a journey or passage. - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 8: space for movement. - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 9: the property of distance in general. - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 10: doing as one pleases or chooses. - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 11: a general category of things (in the way of). - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 12: a portion of something divided into shares. - *Incorrect.*

    *   "no way to prove" $\approx$ "no means to prove"
    *   Sense 2: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency"
    *   This matches perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "prove" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Senses:
1. definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=turn out, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=demonstrate, establish, show, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, evidence, show | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. definition=prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof
5. definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
6. definition=increase in volume | synonyms=rise | examples=the dough rose slowly in the warm room
7. definition=cause to puff up with a leaven | synonyms=raise, leaven | examples=unleavened bread
8. definition=take a trial impression of
9. definition=obtain probate of | examples=prove a will

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."
    *   Target word: "prove"
    *   Meaning in context: The text discusses a scientific theory (the "two-hit" theory) and the inability of scientists at the time to demonstrate its validity or establish it as a fact through evidence or experiment.

    *   Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be" (e.g., "She proved to be right"). This is an intransitive/linking verb usage. In the context, "prove" has a direct object ("Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory"). Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" (synonyms: demonstrate, establish, show). This fits perfectly. The context is about establishing the validity of a scientific theory.
    *   Sense 3: "provide evidence for" (synonyms: testify, bear witness). While similar to Sense 2, Sense 2 is more about establishing the validity of a theory/hypothesis, whereas Sense 3 is often about providing evidence for a fact or a person's state (e.g., "blood test showed he was the father"). However, Sense 2 specifically mentions "experiment" and "validity," which aligns better with a scientific theory.
    *   Sense 4: "prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof." This is specifically for mathematics or formal logic. While a theory is being discussed, the context mentions "ferreting out specific genes" and "microscopes," implying empirical/experimental proof rather than a formal mathematical proof.
    *   Sense 5: "put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to" (synonyms: test, try). This is about testing a product or a recipe. Not the case here.
    *   Sense 6: "increase in volume" (dough). Incorrect.
    *   Sense 7: "cause to puff up with a leaven" (bread). Incorrect.
    *   Sense 8: "take a trial impression of". Incorrect.
    *   Sense 9: "obtain probate of" (a will). Incorrect.

    *   The context is about a scientific theory ("two-hit theory").
    *   The goal was to establish whether the theory was correct using scientific methods.
    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment." This is the standard definition for proving a scientific hypothesis or theory.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "theory" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "<t>theory</t>. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Senses:
1. definition=a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena | examples=theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses; true in fact and theory
2. definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, possibility | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
3. definition=a belief that can guide behavior | examples=the architect has a theory that more is less; they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about tumor-suppressor genes and Alfred G. Knudson Jr.'s "two-hit theory."
    *   Target word: "theory" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Specific sentence: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' <t>theory</t>."
    *   Preceding sentence: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

    *   Sense 1: A well-substantiated explanation, an organized system of accepted knowledge (e.g., Theory of Evolution, Theory of Relativity).
    *   Sense 2: A tentative insight, a concept not yet verified, a hypothesis (e.g., a proposed explanation that needs testing).
    *   Sense 3: A belief that guides behavior (e.g., "more is less").

    *   The text says Dr. Knudson "proposed" the idea.
    *   It says "there was no way to prove" the theory at the time.
    *   It mentions that "scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes" back then.
    *   This indicates that at the time it was called a "theory," it was a proposed explanation (a hypothesis) that had not yet been proven or verified.

    *   Sense 1 is for *well-substantiated* explanations. The text explicitly says there was "no way to prove" it at the time.
    *   Sense 2 is for *tentative insights* or *concepts not yet verified*. This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 is for *beliefs guiding behavior*. This does not fit.

The correct sense is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "back" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. <t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Senses:
1. definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s... <t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..."
    *   Target word: "Back" (in "Back then").

    *   Sense 1: in or to or toward a former location (spatial/location).
    *   Sense 2: at or to or toward the back or rear (spatial/direction).
    *   Sense 3: in or to or toward an original condition (state).
    *   Sense 4: in or to or toward a past time (temporal).
    *   Sense 5: in reply (communication).
    *   Sense 6: in repayment or retaliation (transactional/action).

    *   The phrase is "Back then".
    *   "Then" refers to a specific time in the past (the 1970s mentioned in the previous sentence).
    *   "Back then" is a common idiomatic expression meaning "at that time in the past".
    *   This fits perfectly with Sense 4: "in or to or toward a past time".

    *   Sense 1 (location)? No.
    *   Sense 2 (rear)? No.
    *   Sense 3 (original condition)? No.
    *   Sense 4 (past time)? Yes.
    *   Sense 5 (reply)? No.
    *   Sense 6 (repayment)? No.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "then" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back <t>then</t>, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Senses:
1. definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Back <t>then</t>, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..."
    *   Target word: "then"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  subsequently or soon afterward (sequence of events).
        2.  in that case or as a consequence (logical result).
        3.  at that time (referring to a specific point in the past).

    *   The sentence "Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes..." refers to the time period mentioned previously: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s...".
    *   "Back then" is a common idiomatic phrase meaning "at that time in the past."

    *   Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward" - Does not fit. It's not describing a sequence of events (e.g., "He did X, then he did Y").
    *   Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence" - Does not fit. It's not a conditional or logical consequence.
    *   Sense 3: "at that time" - Fits perfectly. "Back then" = "At that time (the 1970s)".

    *   The correct sense is 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "way" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no <t>way</t> of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Senses:
1. definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Back then, scientists had no <t>way</t> of ferreting out specific genes..."
    *   Sentence meaning: Scientists lacked the method or means to identify/isolate specific genes.

    *   Sense 1: how something is done (manner, mode, style).
    *   Sense 2: how a result is obtained or an end is achieved (means, agency).
    *   Sense 3: a line leading to a place (direction).
    *   Sense 4: the condition of things generally.
    *   Sense 5: a course of conduct (path, way of life).
    *   Sense 6: a road or path (physical passage).
    *   Sense 7: a journey or passage.
    *   Sense 8: space for movement.
    *   Sense 9: property of distance.
    *   Sense 10: doing as one pleases.
    *   Sense 11: general category (in the way of).
    *   Sense 12: portion divided into shares.

    *   "no way of ferreting out specific genes" means "no means of ferreting out specific genes" or "no method for achieving the result of ferreting out specific genes."
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 2: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency".

    *   Sense 1 (manner) is about *how* it's done (e.g., "in a slow way"), whereas Sense 2 (means) is about *whether* it can be done or the *tool/method* used to do it. "No way to prove" or "no way of ferreting out" indicates a lack of means.