[User]
Which numbered sense of "formation" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer <t>formation</t>, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Senses:
1. definition=an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit | examples=a defensive formation; a formation of planes
2. definition=the act of fabricating something in a particular shape | synonyms=shaping
3. definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
4. definition=(geology) the geological features of the earth | synonyms=geological formation
5. definition=a particular spatial arrangement
6. definition=natural process that causes something to form | examples=the formation of gas in the intestine; the formation of crystals
7. definition=creation by mental activity | examples=the formation of sentences; the formation of memories

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer <t>formation</t>,' says Robert Weinberg..."
    *   Target word: "formation"
    *   Meaning in context: The process by which cancer develops or forms in the body.

    *   Sense 1: Arrangement of people/things acting as a unit (e.g., defensive formation). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: Act of fabricating something in a particular shape (shaping). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Act of forming or establishing something (constitution, organization). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Geological features. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Particular spatial arrangement. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: Natural process that causes something to form (e.g., gas in intestine, crystals). -> This fits well. Cancer formation is a biological/natural process.
    *   Sense 7: Creation by mental activity (e.g., sentences, memories). -> Incorrect.

    *   "Cancer formation" refers to the biological process of cancer developing.
    *   Sense 6 specifically mentions "natural process that causes something to form" and gives examples like "formation of gas in the intestine," which is a biological process similar to the development of cancer.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "say" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "<t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Senses:
1. definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' <t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."
    *   Target word: "says" (used as a reporting verb for a quote).

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver). Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime."
    *   Sense 3: express a supposition (suppose). Example: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth."
    *   Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read). Example: "What does the law say?"
    *   Sense 5: give instructions/direct (order). Example: "I said to him to go home."
    *   Sense 6: speak/pronounce in a certain way (articulate). Example: "She pronounces French words in a funny way."
    *   Sense 7: communicate nonverbally. Example: "What does this painting say?"
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud. Example: "She said 'Hello' to everyone."
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement (declare). Example: "I say let's forget this whole business."
    *   Sense 10: recite a fixed text. Example: "Say grace."
    *   Sense 11: indicate. Example: "The clock says noon."

    *   The sentence is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."
    *   This is a direct quote attributed to a person.
    *   Robert Weinberg is expressing a statement/opinion/fact in words.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1 is the general "express in words" (state, tell).
        *   Sense 2 is "report or maintain" (allege, aver), often implying a claim that might be disputed or a formal assertion.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 8:
        *   Sense 8 is "utter aloud" (like saying "Hello").
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 9:
        *   Sense 9 is "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" (like "I say let's go").
    *   In journalistic writing, "says" used to attribute a quote is typically the most basic sense of expressing something in words (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her"
    *   The usage in the text ("...says Robert Weinberg") is a standard way of stating/expressing a thought in words.

    *   Is it Sense 2 (allege)? No, it's not presented as an allegation.
    *   Is it Sense 8 (utter aloud)? While he did utter it, the focus is on the content of the statement (the information conveyed), which fits Sense 1 better.
    *   Is it Sense 9 (opinion/judgment)? While it is his professional opinion, the primary function of "says" here is to attribute the words spoken.

    *   Sense 1 is the most general and fitting for attributing a quote in this manner.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "leader" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who rules or guides or inspires others
2. definition=a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers | synonyms=drawing card, loss leader

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer research, specifically the p53 gene.
    *   Target word: "leader" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."

    *   Sense 1: "a person who rules or guides or inspires others" (e.g., a leader of a country, a leader in a field of study).
    *   Sense 2: "a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers" (e.g., a loss leader).

    *   The context refers to Robert Weinberg, who is described as a "leader in cancer-gene research."
    *   In this context, "leader" means someone who is at the forefront of their field, guiding or inspiring others through their research and expertise.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.
    *   It does not align with Sense 2 (merchandise).

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "evidence" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. <t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Senses:
1. definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific discussion about the p53 gene and its role in cancer. The specific sentence is: "<t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Senses of "evidence":
        1.  Basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief (grounds). Example: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling".
        2.  An indication that makes something evident. Example: "his trembling was evidence of his fear".
        3.  Legal evidence used in a trial.

    *   The sentence says "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   It refers to scientific findings (researchers in Edinburgh finding mutations in breast tumors) that support the belief/theory that p53 is involved in other cancers.
    *   This fits the description of "basis for belief or disbelief" or "knowledge on which to base belief" (Sense 1).
    *   It is not a simple "indication" like trembling (Sense 2), nor is it related to a judicial trial (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 1: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief". This matches scientific evidence perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "now" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Senses:
1. definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Target word: "now"

    *   Sense 1: Historical present (narrating past events).
    *   Sense 2: In these times/nowadays (general current era).
    *   Sense 3: Preface to command/reproof.
    *   Sense 4: At the present moment/at present.
    *   Sense 5: Without delay/immediately.
    *   Sense 6: Change of subject/activity.
    *   Sense 7: In the immediate past.

    *   The sentence says "Evidence now is emerging...".
    *   This means that at the current time (relative to the writing of the text), evidence is becoming available.
    *   It describes a current state of affairs or a current trend in research.

    *   Sense 1 (Historical present): No, the text is not narrating a sequence of past events in the present tense (like a history book).
    *   Sense 2 (Nowadays/In these times): This is close. "Nowadays, evidence is emerging..."
    *   Sense 4 (At the present moment/At present): This is also close. "At present, evidence is emerging..."
    *   Sense 5 (Immediately): No.
    *   Sense 6 (Change of subject): No.
    *   Sense 7 (Immediate past): No.

    *   Sense 2: "in these times; nowadays, today". Example: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets".
    *   Sense 4: "at the present moment; at present". Example: "goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator".

    *   "Evidence now is emerging" suggests a process happening in the current period.
    *   Comparing "nowadays" (Sense 2) vs "at present" (Sense 4).
    *   "Evidence is now emerging" = "Evidence is currently emerging" or "At present, evidence is emerging".
    *   Sense 4 often refers to a specific point in time or a current state.
    *   Sense 2 often refers to a general era or a contrast with the past.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles" (general trend of the era).
    Sense 4: "goods now on sale" (current state).

    "Evidence now is emerging" describes a current state of scientific discovery. It fits "at present" (Sense 4) very well. It also fits "nowadays" (Sense 2) in the sense of the current era of research.

    However, in many dictionaries (like WordNet, which these senses seem to be from), "now" as in "currently" or "at the present time" is often mapped to Sense 4.

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 4.
    Sense 2: "in these times" (broadly).
    Sense 4: "at the present moment" (more specific, though can be broad).

    "Evidence now is emerging" -> "Evidence is currently emerging".
    If I say "I am now eating", that's Sense 4.
    If I say "People now use smartphones", that's Sense 2.
    "Evidence now is emerging" feels more like a current process (Sense 4) than a general characteristic of the modern age (Sense 2), although the line is thin.

    Wait, let's look at the provided examples for Sense 4: "goods now on sale", "the now-aging dictator". These are adjectives/modifiers.
    Sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles". This is an adverb modifying the verb "see".

    In the context "Evidence now is emerging", "now" is an adverb modifying "is emerging". This matches the structure of the Sense 2 example ("we now rarely see").

    Let's check Sense 4 again. "at the present moment".
    If we substitute: "Evidence at the present moment is emerging" vs "Evidence nowadays is emerging".
    Actually, "at present" (Sense 4) fits better than "nowadays" (Sense 2) for a scientific discovery process.

    Let's look at the WordNet definitions (which these look like):
    - now.adv.1: at the present time, at this moment (Sense 4)
    - now.adv.2: in this age, nowadays (Sense 2)

    "Evidence now is emerging" means that as of the time of writing, this is happening. This is the most common use of "now" as "currently".

    Let's re-read Sense 4: "at the present moment | synonyms=at present".
    Let's re-read Sense 2: "in these times | synonyms=nowadays, today".

    "Evidence is now emerging" = "Evidence is currently emerging".
    Is "currently" closer to "at present" or "nowadays"?
    Usually, "currently" = "at present".

    Let's double-check the context of the whole paragraph. It's a scientific report. It's talking about a discovery and the subsequent evidence coming to light. This is a current state of affairs.

    Sense 4: "at the present moment"
    Sense 2: "in these times"

    If the author meant "nowadays", they would be contrasting the current era of science with a previous era. While there is a contrast with the past (the earlier experiments), the phrase "is emerging" describes a current ongoing process.

    Let's try substituting:
    "Evidence at present is emerging..." (Sounds correct)
    "Evidence nowadays is emerging..." (Sounds slightly off, "nowadays" usually describes a habit or a general state, not a specific emerging discovery).

    Therefore, Sense 4 is the most likely.

    Wait, let me look at the examples for Sense 4 again: "goods now on sale", "the now-aging dictator". These are used as adjectives. But the definition says "at the present moment".
    Example for Sense 2: "we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles". This is an adverb.

    Is "now" in "Evidence now is emerging" an adverb or an adjective? It's an adverb.
    Does that push it toward Sense 2?
    Not necessarily. "At the present moment" is the definition for Sense 4.

    Let's search for "now is emerging".
    "Evidence is now emerging that..." is a very common phrase. It means "currently".
    "Currently" is a synonym for "at present".

    Let's check Sense 4 again. "at the present moment | synonyms=at present".
    This fits perfectly.

    Final check:
    1. Historical present? No.
    2. Nowadays? No.
    3. Command? No.
    4. At present? Yes.
    5. Immediately? No.
    6. Change of subject? No.
    7. Immediate past? No.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "emerge" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Senses:
1. definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   Target word: "emerging" (from "emerge").
    *   Meaning in context: New evidence is becoming known or apparent.

    *   Sense 1: "come out into view, as from concealment" (Physical movement from hidden to visible).
    *   Sense 2: "come out of" (Physical movement/issuing from a source).
    *   Sense 3: "become known or apparent" (Information, results, or facts becoming known).
    *   Sense 4: "come up to the surface of or rise" (Physical rising or emotional surfacing).
    *   Sense 5: "happen or occur as a result of something" (Causality).

    *   The context refers to "Evidence... emerging". Evidence doesn't physically move from concealment (Sense 1), issue from a hole (Sense 2), rise to a surface (Sense 4), or simply "happen" as a result (Sense 5).
    *   Instead, the evidence is *becoming known* or *becoming apparent* to the scientific community. This matches Sense 3 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "involved" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Senses:
1. definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. definition=emotionally involved
4. definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too."
    *   Meaning: The p53 suppressor gene plays a role in, is connected to, or is part of the process of other cancers.

    *   Sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use" (Examples: "large number of people involved", "the problems involved").
    *   Sense 2: "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" (Synonym: mired).
    *   Sense 3: "emotionally involved".
    *   Sense 4: "highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious" (Synonyms: Byzantine, convoluted).
    *   Sense 5: "enveloped" (Example: "a castle involved in mist").

    *   The gene is not "emotionally involved" (Sense 3).
    *   The gene is not "entangled or hindered" (Sense 2).
    *   The gene is not "highly complex/devious" (Sense 4).
    *   The gene is not "enveloped" (Sense 5).
    *   The gene is "connected by participation or association" (Sense 1) in the process of cancer formation.

Sense 1 fits perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "other" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Senses:
1. definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too."
    *   Target word: "other"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied.
        2.  Recently past.
        3.  Belonging to the distant past.
        4.  Very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected.

    *   The sentence says: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."
    *   The previous context discusses p53 in the context of specific cancer research (likely colon cancer, given the mention of Vogelstein and Johns Hopkins, though not explicitly named in the snippet, it mentions "human cancer cells" and "breast tumors" later).
    *   "Other cancers" refers to types of cancer *different from* the ones already discussed or implied.

    *   Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" -> This fits perfectly. The text mentions specific cancer research and then says it's involved in *other* (different) cancers.
    *   Sense 2: "recently past" -> Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past" -> Does not fit.
    *   Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" -> Does not fit.

    *   The word "other" in "other cancers" means "additional" or "different from the ones previously mentioned." This aligns with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing genetic research (p53 gene, Princeton University, Johns Hopkins, breast tumors, cancer-suppressing gene, cancer formation).
    *   Target word: "cancers" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division (medical).
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (biology/taxonomy).

    *   The context mentions "breast tumors," "cancer-suppressing gene," "cancer formation," and "cancer-gene research."
    *   The word "cancers" in "involved in other cancers" clearly refers to the medical condition of malignant growths.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical definition.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "too" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Senses:
1. definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>."
    *   Senses:
        1.  Excessively/overly (e.g., "too big").
        2.  In addition/also/as well (e.g., "he has a Mercedes, too").

    *   The sentence says the p53 suppressor gene is involved in "other cancers, too."
    *   This means it is involved in these other cancers *in addition* to the ones previously mentioned or implied.
    *   It does not mean it is involved "excessively" in other cancers.

    *   Sense 1: Degree exceeding limits (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 2: In addition/also (Correct).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "find" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."
    *   Target word: "found" (past participle of "find").
    *   Meaning in context: The researchers discovered a fact or determined a result through their research/study.

    *   Sense 1: Come upon by accident (e.g., "find this idea in Plato"). (Not quite, this was a research study).
    *   Sense 2: Discover or determine existence/presence/fact (e.g., "detected high levels of lead"). (Close, but usually refers to physical presence).
    *   Sense 3: Come upon after searching for something lost (e.g., "find your glasses"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Establish after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (e.g., "find the product of two numbers", "physicist who found the elusive particle"). (Very close).
    *   Sense 5: Believe based on emotion/intuition (e.g., "I find him obnoxious"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: Perceive or be contemporaneous with (e.g., "found Republicans winning"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: Get something for a specific purpose (e.g., "found this gadget"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 8: Make a discovery/new finding (e.g., "Roentgen discovered X-rays"). (Close, but usually refers to a new entity/particle).
    *   Sense 9: Make a discovery (e.g., "She found that he had lied to her"). (This fits the structure "found that [clause]").
    *   Sense 10: Obtain through effort (e.g., "found the time"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 11: Decide/declare (e.g., "find someone guilty"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 12: Receive treatment (e.g., "find expression"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 13: Perceive oneself in a condition (e.g., "found myself in a difficult situation"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 14: Recover (e.g., "found her voice"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 15: Reach/arrive at (e.g., "arrow found its mark"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 16: Find oneself (e.g., "go to Berkeley to find himself"). (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize."
    *   Sense 9: "make a discovery". Example: "She found that he had lied to her."

    Let's look at the context again: "Researchers... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..."

    This is a result of a scientific study.
    Sense 4 specifically mentions "investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    Sense 9 is more general ("make a discovery").

    Wait, let's re-examine Sense 4 and Sense 9.
    Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    Sense 9: "make a discovery". Example: "She found that he had lied to her."

    In the context, the researchers conducted a study and established a fact. This aligns perfectly with Sense 4. However, Sense 9's example "She found that he had lied to her" uses the "found that..." construction, which matches the sentence structure "found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors...".

    Let's look at Sense 4's examples: "find the product of two numbers", "The physicist who found the elusive particle". These are more about finding a specific value or a specific object/particle.

    Let's look at Sense 9 again: "make a discovery". Example: "She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover".

    Is "found that [fact]" more Sense 4 or Sense 9?
    Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    Sense 9: "make a discovery".

    Actually, scientific findings are usually "established after an investigation".
    Let's compare:
    "Researchers found that [fact]"
    Sense 4: establish after investigation.
    Sense 9: make a discovery.

    If I look at the examples for Sense 4, they are "find the product" (calculation) and "found the elusive particle" (experiment/investigation).
    If I look at the examples for Sense 9, they are "found that he had lied" (discovery of a fact).

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint". This is very similar to finding a mutation in tumors.

    Let's re-evaluate:
    Context: "Researchers... have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..."

    This is a scientific result.
    Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    Sense 9: "make a discovery".

    Let's look at the difference between 4 and 9.
    Sense 4 is about the *process* (investigation, study).
    Sense 9 is about the *act* of discovering a fact.

    In many dictionaries (like WordNet, which these senses seem to be based on), "find" as in "discover a fact" is often distinguished from "find" as in "locate an object".

    Let's check Sense 4 again: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study". This fits the "Researchers... have found" context perfectly.

    Let's check Sense 9 again: "make a discovery". Example: "She found that he had lied to her". This is more of a personal discovery or uncovering a secret.

    Let's check Sense 2 again: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint". This is very close to "found that... chromosome 17 was mutated".

    Wait, let's look at the structure "found that...".
    Sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her".
    Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers".

    If the sentence is "Researchers found that [clause]", it's often categorized as "discovering a fact".

    Let's re-read Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    This is exactly what researchers do.

    Let's re-read Sense 9: "make a discovery".

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize". (This is a scientific discovery).
    Sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her". (This is discovering a fact).

    The context "Researchers... have found that..." is a scientific discovery of a fact.

    Is it Sense 4 or Sense 9?
    Sense 4: establish after investigation.
    Sense 9: make a discovery.

    Actually, looking at the provided senses, Sense 4 is more specific to the *scientific/study* context ("investigation, experiment, survey, or study"). The context is explicitly about researchers in Edinburgh.

    Let's double-check Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint". This is also very close.

    Wait, let's look at the "found that" construction again.
    Sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her".
    Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers".

    If the sentence is "Researchers found that [fact]", it's a discovery made through study.

    Let's compare Sense 4 and Sense 9 again.
    Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study.
    Sense 9: make a discovery.

    In many NLP datasets (like SemCor), "find" in a scientific context ("Researchers found that...") is often mapped to the sense of "establish by study/investigation".

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 4 again: "find the product of two numbers" (calculation), "The physicist who found the elusive particle" (investigation).
    The "elusive particle" example is a scientific discovery.

    Let's look at Sense 9 again: "She found that he had lied to her". This is more like "discovered a secret".

    Therefore, Sense 4 seems the most appropriate for "Researchers... have found that...".

    Wait, let me look at Sense 2 one more time: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". Example: "We found traces of lead in the paint".
    "Researchers found that... one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated".
    This is determining the fact of a mutation.

    This is tricky. Let's re-examine the nuances.
    Sense 2: detect/observe/notice (e.g., lead in water).
    Sense 4: establish after investigation/study (e.g., product of numbers, elusive particle).
    Sense 9: make a discovery (e.g., found that he lied).

    The context is "Researchers in Edinburgh... have found that...". This is the result of a scientific study. Sense 4 specifically mentions "investigation, experiment, survey, or study".

    Let's check if "found that" is more common in Sense 4 or Sense 9.
    Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    Sense 9: "make a discovery".

    Actually, "found that" is a very common way to report the results of a study.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize".
    Sense 9: "She found that he had lied to her".

    The "elusive particle" was found through investigation. The "lied to her" was a discovery.

    If I have to choose between 4 and 9, 4's definition ("establish after a... study") is a perfect match for "Researchers... have found".

    Let's double-check Sense 2 again. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". "We found traces of lead in the paint".
    Is "found that... chromosome 17 was mutated" more like "found traces of lead" (Sense 2) or "found the elusive particle" (Sense 4)?

    "Found traces of lead" is more about detection.
    "Found the elusive particle" is more about a scientific breakthrough/establishment.
    "Found that... chromosome 17 was mutated" is a result of a study.

    Let's look at the senses one more time.
    Sense 4: establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study.
    Sense 9: make a discovery.

    Wait, I just noticed Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding". Example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".
    And Sense 9: "make a discovery". Example: "She found that he had lied to her".

    This is very confusing. Senses 4, 8, and 9 are all very similar.
    Sense 4: establish after study.
    Sense 8: make a discovery (like X-rays).
    Sense 9: make a discovery (like "he lied").

    Let's re-read the context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated..."

    This is a specific finding from a study (23 of 38 tumors). It's not a general discovery like X-rays (Sense 8). It's not a personal discovery like a lie (Sense 9). It's a result established after a study (Sense 4).

    Let's re-verify Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    This fits "Researchers... have found that [result of study]" perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "breast" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen | synonyms=chest | examples=he beat his breast in anger
2. definition=either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman | synonyms=bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty
3. definition=meat carved from the breast of a fowl | synonyms=white meat
4. definition=the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors..."
    *   Target word: "breast"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Front of the trunk (chest).
        2.  Milk-secreting glandular organs on a woman's chest.
        3.  Meat from a fowl.
        4.  Animal's chest.

    *   The text discusses "breast tumors" and "breast cancer" in the context of women ("predispose women to the cancer").
    *   "Breast tumors" and "breast cancer" refer to the glandular organs (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: General chest area.
    *   Sense 2: Specifically the mammary glands (where breast cancer occurs).
    *   Sense 3: Food.
    *   Sense 4: Animal chest.

    *   The context is medical, specifically referring to breast cancer in women. This aligns perfectly with Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."
    *   Target word: "copy"
    *   Contextual meaning: In genetics, humans have two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent). The text refers to one of these two identical (or nearly identical) structures.

    *   Sense 1: "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" -> This fits the biological context of chromosomes/genes (where one is a duplicate or identical version of another).
    *   Sense 3: "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" -> Not applicable.
    *   Sense 4: "material suitable for a journalistic account" -> Not applicable.

    *   Sense 2 describes something "made to be similar or identical to another thing." While chromosomes aren't "made" in the sense of a factory, they are biological duplicates. In genetics, "copy" refers to one of the identical versions of a gene or chromosome.

    *   Sense 1: Transcript (No)
    *   Sense 2: Duplicate/Clone (Yes - biological copy)
    *   Sense 3: Text for printing (No)
    *   Sense 4: Journalistic material (No)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "spot" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies."
    *   Target word: "spot"
    *   Meaning in context: A specific location on a chromosome where a gene is located.

    *   Sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place" (Example: "this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet")
    *   Sense 2: "a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising"
    *   Sense 3: "an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point"
    *   Sense 4: "a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur"
    *   Sense 5: "a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation"
    *   Sense 6: "a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance"
    *   Sense 7: "a business establishment for entertainment"
    *   Sense 8: "a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place"
    *   Sense 9: "a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch"
    *   Sense 10: "a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit"
    *   Sense 11: "a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip"
    *   Sense 12: "a lamp that produces a strong beam of light..."
    *   Sense 13: "a playing card with a specified number of pips on it..."
    *   Sense 14: "an act that brings discredit to the person who does it..."

    *   The context refers to a location on a chromosome.
    *   Sense 1 describes a "point located with respect to surface features of some region" or a "place". A chromosome can be viewed as a region, and the location of a gene is a specific point/place on it.
    *   None of the other senses (advertising, characteristic, blemish, contrasting part, entertainment, job, illness, quantity, card mark, lamp, discredit) fit.

    *   Sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" -> "the spot where gene p53 lies". This fits perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "say" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Target word: "say"

    *   1. express in words (state, tell)
    *   2. report or maintain (allege, aver)
    *   3. express a supposition (suppose)
    *   4. have or contain a certain wording or form (read)
    *   5. give instructions/direct (order, tell)
    *   6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (pronounce)
    *   7. communicate or express nonverbally
    *   8. utter aloud
    *   9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare
    *   10. recite or repeat a fixed text
    *   11. indicate

    *   The sentence is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene... may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   The scientists are stating a conclusion or a hypothesis based on their research.
    *   They are reporting their findings or maintaining a position based on evidence.

    *   Sense 1 (express in words/state) is very general.
    *   Sense 2 (report or maintain/allege/aver) fits well when scientists are presenting a claim or a finding.
    *   Sense 9 (state as one's opinion or judgement) also fits, but "report or maintain" (Sense 2) is often used for scientific claims.

    *   Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" (Simple statement of fact/desire).
    *   Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (Reporting a claim or maintaining a position).
    *   In the context, the scientists are reporting a conclusion derived from their research ("the gene... may predispose women to the cancer"). This is a claim/report of a finding.

    *   Is it just "expressing in words" (1) or "reporting/maintaining a claim" (2)?
    *   Usually, in academic or journalistic writing, when scientists "say" something about their findings, they are reporting a conclusion.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "report or maintain". This fits the act of presenting a scientific hypothesis or finding.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "express in words". This is the most basic meaning.
    *   Comparing "The scientists say that..." with "He said that he wanted to marry her." The former is a report of a professional conclusion; the latter is a simple statement.
    *   Comparing "The scientists say that..." with "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime." Both are reporting a claim.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1 and Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: express in words | synonyms=state, tell.
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver.
    *   In many dictionaries, "say" in the context of "The scientists say that..." is often categorized as reporting information.
    *   Let's check if Sense 2 is too strong ("allege"). "Allege" often implies a lack of proof. "Aver" means to state as a fact.
    *   The scientists are stating a possibility ("may predispose").
    *   Actually, looking at the examples for Sense 1 ("He said that he wanted to marry her"), it's a simple report of a statement.
    *   Looking at Sense 2 ("He said it was too late to intervene in the war"), it's reporting a position or a claim.
    *   The scientists' statement is a claim based on their research.

    *   Sense 1: state, tell.
    *   Sense 2: report, maintain, allege, aver.
    *   In the context "The scientists say that...", they are reporting their findings. This aligns well with "report or maintain".

    *   Wait, let me look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her"
    *   Sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war"
    *   The difference is subtle. Sense 1 is more about the act of speaking, while Sense 2 is more about the content being a claim or a report.
    *   "The scientists say that..." is reporting a scientific claim.

    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1. "State" is a synonym. "The scientists state that..."
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2. "Report" is a synonym. "The scientists report that..."
    *   Both are very close. However, in the context of scientific reporting, "report" (Sense 2) is often more precise than "state" (Sense 1).

    *   Let's look at the other options just in case.
    *   3 (supposition), 4 (wording), 5 (instructions), 6 (pronunciation), 7 (nonverbal), 8 (utter aloud), 9 (opinion/judgment), 10 (recite), 11 (indicate).
    *   Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare". "I say let's forget this whole business." This is more of a proposal or a strong personal opinion.

    *   Between 1 and 2:
        Sense 1: express in words (state, tell)
        Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver)
        The scientists are reporting a conclusion based on their research. "Report" is explicitly listed in Sense 2.

    *   Let's double-check the examples for Sense 2 again: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
    *   The second example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is very similar to "The scientists say that... the gene... may predispose women to the cancer." Both are reporting a conclusion or a belief about a situation.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her." This is a simple statement of a personal fact/desire.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 seems more appropriate for reporting a scientific claim.

    *   Wait, let me think again. Is "say" in "The scientists say that..." really "reporting or maintaining" in the sense of "alleging"?
    *   Actually, in many contexts, "say" is just used as a neutral reporting verb.
    *   If I look at the WordNet senses (which these seem to be based on), "say" as "report" or "state" can be tricky.
    *   Let's look at the provided senses again.
    *   1. express in words | synonyms=state, tell
    *   2. report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver
    *   If the scientists are stating a finding, "state" (Sense 1) and "report" (Sense 2) both work. But "report" often fits scientific contexts better.

    *   Let's re-read the context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene... may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   This is a claim they are making based on their observations. "Report or maintain" fits this well.

    *   Let's consider if it could be Sense 1. "The scientists state that..." (Sense 1).
    *   Let's consider if it could be Sense 2. "The scientists report that..." (Sense 2).
    *   In many cases, "say" is used as a synonym for "state" (Sense 1).
    *   However, "report or maintain" (Sense 2) specifically covers the act of asserting something as a fact or a claim.

    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2 again: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." This is an assertion/claim.
    *   The scientists' statement is also an assertion/claim.

    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "He said that he wanted to marry her." This is a simple communication of a fact.

    *   The distinction is subtle, but Sense 2 seems to better capture the "claiming/reporting" aspect of scientific discourse.

    *   Wait, let me search for these specific sense definitions. They look like they come from a dictionary (possibly WordNet).
    *   In WordNet:
        say.v.01: utter words
        say.v.02: communicate, convey
        say.v.03: state, report
        say.v.04: allege, aver
        (This doesn't match the numbering here).

    *   Let's re-examine the provided senses:
        1. express in words (state, tell)
        2. report or maintain (allege, aver)
        The scientists are reporting their findings. "Report" is in Sense 2.

    *   Let's try to see if Sense 1 is more likely. "The scientists say that..." is a very common way to introduce a statement.
    *   If I had to choose between "state" and "report/maintain", "report" feels slightly more accurate for scientific findings.

    *   Let's think about "maintain" (Sense 2). To maintain a position is to assert it. The scientists are asserting that the gene may predispose women to cancer.

    *   Let's think about "state" (Sense 1). To state something is simply to say it.

    *   In the context of "The scientists say that...", they are not just uttering words; they are making a claim.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 2's synonyms: "allege, aver".
    *   "Aver" means to state or assert to be the case.
    *   "Allege" means to claim that someone has done something illegal or wrong, but it can also mean to claim that something is the case, typically without proof.
    *   The scientists are claiming that the gene may predispose women to cancer. This fits "aver" and "report".

    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "state, tell".
    *   "The scientists state that..."
    *   "The scientists tell us that..."

    *   Actually, "report" is a very strong fit for scientific findings.

    *   Let's re-read the context one more time.
    *   "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   This is a conclusion they've reached. They are reporting this conclusion.

    *   Let's compare:
        (1) "He said he was hungry." (Simple statement)
        (2) "The witness said the defendant was at the scene." (Reporting a claim/allegation)
        (3) "The scientists say the gene causes cancer." (Reporting a finding/claim)

    *   The scientists' statement is more like the witness's statement (reporting a claim) than the hungry person's statement (simple fact).

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most likely answer.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "often" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. definition=in many cases or instances

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Target word: "often"

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (frequently, oftentimes). Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee". (Focuses on frequency of an event happening to the same subject/entity over time).
    *   Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" (much, a great deal). Example: "I don't drink much". (Focuses on quantity/amount).
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances". (Focuses on prevalence across a population or different scenarios).

    *   The sentence says: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families".
    *   Does it mean breast cancer strikes the *same* family many times at short intervals? (Sense 1 - though "strikes" could be seen as an event, the context is about the *occurrence* of the disease across different families/cases).
    *   Does it mean breast cancer strikes in great quantities? (Sense 2 - doesn't fit).
    *   Does it mean that in many cases/instances of breast cancer, it strikes multiple members of certain families? (Sense 3 - this fits best. It's describing a pattern observed across many instances of the disease).

    *   Sense 1 is usually about a repeated action by a subject (e.g., "I often go there").
    *   Sense 3 is about a general characteristic or a common occurrence across different cases (e.g., "It is often the case that...").
    *   In "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families", the "often" refers to the frequency of this *phenomenon* occurring across the population of breast cancer cases.

    *   Sense 1: Frequency of repetition.
    *   Sense 3: Frequency of occurrence in different instances.
    *   The sentence describes a common pattern/instance of breast cancer (familial occurrence). This aligns with "in many cases or instances".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "strike" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
2. definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
3. definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
4. definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
5. definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
6. definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
7. definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
8. definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
9. definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
10. definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
11. definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
12. definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
13. definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
14. definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
15. definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
16. definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
17. definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
18. definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
19. definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
20. definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
21. definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Target word: "strikes"

    *   1: deliver a sharp blow (physical hit) - No.
    *   2: emotional or cognitive impact (impressed) - No.
    *   3: hit against (physical collision) - No.
    *   4: strategic offensive assault (military) - No.
    *   5: indicate time (clock) - No.
    *   6: affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely (e.g., "stricken with cancer") - Yes, this fits. Breast cancer "strikes" (afflicts) family members.
    *   7: stop work (labor strike) - No.
    *   8: touch visually or audibly (light) - No.
    *   9: attain (pace) - No.
    *   10: produce sound (musical instrument) - No.
    *   11: electric arc - No.
    *   12: find unexpectedly (goldmine) - No.
    *   13: produce by ignition (match) - No.
    *   14: remove by erasing - No.
    *   15: cause to experience suddenly (panic/idea) - No.
    *   16: drive something violently into a location - No.
    *   17: occupy or take on (position) - No.
    *   18: form by stamping (coins) - No.
    *   19: smooth with a strickle - No.
    *   20: pierce with force (bullet) - No.
    *   21: arrive at after reckoning (balance/bargain) - No.

    *   Sense 6: "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager"
    *   Context: "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families"
    *   The usage matches perfectly. Cancer "striking" someone means they are afflicted by it.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "member" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Target word: "members"
    *   Contextual meaning: People who belong to a family.

    *   Sense 1: "one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)" - Examples: "only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty". (A family is a social group).
    *   Sense 2: "anything that belongs to a set or class" - Examples: "snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex". (This is more general/categorical).
    *   Sense 3: "an external body part that projects from the body" - Examples: "extremity, appendage". (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 4: "an organization that is a member of another organization" - Examples: "Canada is a member of the United Nations". (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 5: "the male organ of copulation" - (Not applicable).

    *   The context refers to "members of certain families".
    *   A family is a social group.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "persons who compose a social group".
    *   Sense 2 is for sets or classes (like biological classes or abstract sets). While a family could be seen as a set, "members of a family" almost always refers to the people (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "one of the persons who compose a social group" -> Fits perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "certain" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Target word: "certain"

    *   Sense 1: definite but not specified or identified (e.g., "a certain sum", "to a certain degree").
    *   Sense 2: having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident (e.g., "felt certain of success").
    *   Sense 3: established beyond doubt or question; definitely known (e.g., "what is certain is...").
    *   Sense 4: certain to occur; destined or inevitable (e.g., "he was certain to fail").
    *   Sense 5: established irrevocably (e.g., "his fate is sealed").
    *   Sense 6: reliable in operation or effect (e.g., "a quick and certain remedy").
    *   Sense 7: exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance (e.g., "be certain to disconnect").

    *   The phrase is "certain families".
    *   In this context, "certain families" means *some specific* families (those with a genetic predisposition), but those families are not explicitly named or identified in the text.
    *   It refers to a particular group of families without specifying exactly which ones.

    *   Sense 1 ("definite but not specified or identified") fits perfectly. "Certain families" = "some specific, though unnamed, families".
    *   Sense 2 (confident) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3 (established beyond doubt) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 (inevitable) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5 (irrevocable) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 6 (reliable) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 7 (taking care) doesn't fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "family" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Target word: "families"

    *   Sense 1: Social unit living together (household).
    *   Sense 2: Primary social group (parents and children).
    *   Sense 3: Collection of things sharing a common attribute (class/category).
    *   Sense 4: People descended from a common ancestor (family line, kinfolk).
    *   Sense 5: A person having kinship (kin).
    *   Sense 6: (Biology) Taxonomic group.
    *   Sense 7: Organized crime syndicate.
    *   Sense 8: Association of people sharing beliefs/activities.

    *   The sentence discusses breast cancer striking "multiple members of certain families" and mentions a "gene, when inherited in a damaged form."
    *   Inheritance of genes happens through biological descent from common ancestors.
    *   Therefore, "families" here refers to groups of people related by blood/ancestry.

    *   Sense 1 (household) is too narrow (people living together).
    *   Sense 2 (parents/children) is too narrow (nuclear family).
    *   Sense 4 (people descended from a common ancestor) fits perfectly with the concept of genetic inheritance and hereditary cancer.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "inherit" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about the p53 gene, cancer, and genetic mutations.
    *   Target word: "inherited" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Obtain from someone after their death (e.g., property).
        2.  Receive from a predecessor (e.g., problems/position).
        3.  Receive by genetic transmission (e.g., eyesight).

    *   The context discusses genes (p53), cancer, and family members.
    *   "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form..." refers to passing a genetic mutation from parent to offspring.
    *   This matches the definition of genetic transmission.

    *   Sense 1: Property/money after death. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Problems/status from a predecessor. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Genetic transmission. (Correct)