[User]
Which numbered sense of "disciplined" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Senses:
1. definition=obeying the rules
2. definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Progressive education" (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction.
    *   Target word: "disciplined"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  obeying the rules
        2.  trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise (examples: disciplined muscles, disciplined mind)

    *   The sentence compares "Progressive education" with "disciplined instruction".
    *   "Progressive education" often emphasizes student-led learning, creativity, and flexibility.
    *   "Disciplined instruction" in this context refers to a more traditional, structured, rigorous, and systematic approach to teaching (the opposite of the "personality development" and "creativity" mentioned earlier).
    *   Does it mean "obeying the rules" (Sense 1)? While discipline involves rules, "disciplined instruction" doesn't mean the *instruction* obeys rules; it means the *method* of instruction is rigorous, structured, and focused on training/mastery.
    *   Does it mean "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise" (Sense 2)? Yes. "Disciplined instruction" refers to a systematic, rigorous method of training the mind. It aligns with the idea of a "disciplined mind" mentioned in the example for Sense 2.

    *   Sense 1 is about behavior (obedience).
    *   Sense 2 is about rigor, training, and systematic development.
    *   In the context of "instruction," "disciplined" describes the nature of the teaching method—one that is structured and rigorous to achieve a specific mental result.

    *   The word "disciplined" here describes a type of instruction that is rigorous and systematic, aimed at mental training. This fits Sense 2 better than Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "instruction" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Senses:
1. definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>."
    *   Key phrase: "disciplined instruction".
    *   Contrast: "Progressive education" vs. "disciplined instruction".
    *   Contextual clues: "teachers", "education establishment", "personality development", "tests".

    *   Sense 1: A message describing how something is to be done (directions). (e.g., "follow the instructions to build the shelf").
    *   Sense 2: The activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill (education, teaching). (e.g., "formal instruction").
    *   Sense 3: The profession of a teacher (the career/field). (e.g., "he entered the field of instruction").
    *   Sense 4: Computer science (line of code).

    *   The text compares "Progressive education" with "disciplined instruction".
    *   It's talking about the *act* or *method* of teaching/educating students.
    *   Sense 2 ("the activities of educating or instructing") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 3 ("the profession") is close, but the text is contrasting the *style* of teaching (progressive vs. disciplined), not the profession itself.
    *   Sense 1 and 4 are completely irrelevant.

    *   Sense 2: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". This matches "disciplined instruction" in the context of a classroom setting.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "nice" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Target word: "nice"
    *   Surrounding text: The author is arguing against "progressive education" and in favor of "disciplined instruction." They claim that progressive education is "more interesting and agreeable to teachers." The sentence in question explains *why* it's agreeable: it feels good/pleasant for teachers to believe they are doing something high-minded ("personality development") and to avoid unpleasant tasks (tests).

    *   Sense 1: pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance. (Example: "what a nice fellow you are", "nice manners")
    *   Sense 2: socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous. (Example: "a nice girl")
    *   Sense 3: done with delicacy and skill. (Example: "a nice bit of craft")
    *   Sense 4: excessively fastidious and easily disgusted. (Example: "too nice about his food")
    *   Sense 5: exhibiting courtesy and politeness. (Example: "a nice gesture")

    *   The context says "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers... It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think..."
    *   In this context, "nice" means it is pleasant, agreeable, or satisfying for the teachers.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance."

    *   Sense 2 (refined/virtuous)? No.
    *   Sense 3 (skillful)? No.
    *   Sense 4 (fastidious)? No.
    *   Sense 5 (courteous)? No.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "teacher" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing education, "progressive education," "disciplined instruction," and the preferences of those who teach.
    *   Target word: "teachers" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

    *   Sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching" (synonym: instructor).
    *   Sense 2: "a personified abstraction that teaches" (examples: books, experience).

    *   The text mentions "American education's future," "education establishment," "Progressive education," "disciplined instruction," and "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   The "teachers" in the sentence are described as thinking they are engaged in "personality development," wanting to minimize "irksome tests," and having a "superior self-definition as a 'profession'."
    *   These descriptions (having a profession, taking courses, administering tests) clearly refer to human beings whose occupation is teaching.

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly (human instructors).
    *   Sense 2 does not fit (not an abstraction like "experience" or "books").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "think" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Target word: "think"

    *   The sentence says teachers "think they are engaged in 'personality development'".
    *   This means they *believe* or *regard* themselves as being engaged in it, even though the author implies this might be an illusion or a misconception (contrasting it with "disciplined instruction").

    *   Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart.
    *   Sense 2: expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money...
    *   Sense 3: use or exercise the mind... (cogitate)
    *   Sense 4: recall knowledge from memory... (remember)
    *   Sense 5: imagine or visualize...
    *   Sense 6: focus one's attention on a certain state...
    *   Sense 7: have in mind as a purpose... (intend)
    *   Sense 8: decide by pondering...
    *   Sense 9: ponder; reflect on...
    *   Sense 10: dispose the mind in a certain way...
    *   Sense 11: have or formulate in the mind...
    *   Sense 12: be capable of conscious thought...
    *   Sense 13: bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation...

    *   The usage "think they are engaged in..." is very similar to "believe they are engaged in..." or "regard themselves as engaged in...".
    *   Sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive". Example: "I think he is very smart" (I believe he is very smart).
    *   Sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess". Example: "I imagine she earned a lot of money".

    *   Sense 1 is about a belief or a judgment about a state of being or a quality ("I think he is smart").
    *   Sense 2 is more about a supposition or a guess ("I imagine she earned a lot of money").
    *   In the context "think they are engaged in 'personality development'", the teachers hold a belief or a conviction about their activity. This aligns well with "believe" or "regard".

    *   "It is nice for teachers to believe they are engaged in 'personality development'..."
    *   "It is nice for teachers to regard themselves as engaged in 'personality development'..."
    *   This fits Sense 1 perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive.
    *   Sense 2: expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess.
    *   The distinction is subtle, but Sense 1 is often used for opinions/beliefs about a fact or state, while Sense 2 is often used for conjectures. "Think they are engaged in" is a belief about their current state/action.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 2 again: "expect, believe, or suppose".
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "judge or regard; look upon; judge".
    *   Example for Sense 1: "I think he is very smart."
    *   Example for Sense 2: "I imagine she earned a lot of money."
    *   "Teachers think they are engaged in..." is more like "I think he is smart" (a belief about a state) than "I imagine she earned a lot of money" (a guess about a fact).

    *   Sense 1: believe, consider, conceive.
    *   Sense 2: opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess.
    *   The context suggests a belief that is potentially mistaken (an illusion). "Believe" (Sense 1) fits well.

    *   Sense 1: "I think he is very smart" -> "Teachers think they are engaged in..."
    *   Sense 2: "I imagine she earned a lot of money" -> "Teachers imagine they are engaged in..." (This also works, but Sense 1's "believe" is a more direct synonym for "think" in this common construction).

    *   Looking at the provided senses, Sense 1 is the most standard fit for "think [that] [clause]" when it means "believe".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "personality" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing education, specifically criticizing "progressive education" and the preference for "personality development" over "disciplined instruction."
    *   Target word: "personality" (in the phrase "personality development").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  The complex of attributes (behavioral, temperamental, emotional, mental) characterizing a unique individual.
        2.  A person of considerable prominence (a celebrity).

    *   The sentence is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   In the context of education, "personality development" refers to the growth of a student's character, social skills, emotional intelligence, and individual traits, rather than just academic knowledge or disciplined instruction.

    *   Sense 1: "the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual." This fits perfectly with the idea of "personality development" in an educational context.
    *   Sense 2: "a person of considerable prominence." This refers to a celebrity. "Celebrity development" makes no sense in this context.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "development" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality <t>development</t>' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Target word: "development" (specifically "personality development").

    *   Sense 1: Act of improving by expanding, enlarging, or refining (e.g., development of a plan, R&D).
    *   Sense 2: Process of passing by degrees to a different stage, especially more advanced or mature (e.g., development of ideas, evolution of civilization).
    *   Sense 3: (Biology) Organic growth/maturation of an organism (e.g., osseous development).
    *   Sense 4: A recent event (e.g., developments in Iraq).
    *   Sense 5: Making land/water more profitable (e.g., development of resources).
    *   Sense 6: A developed district (e.g., park developments).
    *   Sense 7: A state of improving or the result of developing (e.g., chess development).
    *   Sense 8: Processing photosensitive material.
    *   Sense 9: Music (sonata form).

    *   "Personality development" refers to the process of a person's personality evolving, maturing, or growing over time.
    *   Sense 1 (improving/refining) is close, but "personality development" is more about the process of growth/maturation.
    *   Sense 2 (process of passing by degrees to a more advanced or mature stage) fits well.
    *   Sense 3 (biological growth) is too narrow (biological unfolding). While personality is linked to biology, "personality development" is usually seen as a psychological/social process of maturation.

    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)". This fits "personality development" perfectly.

    *   Sense 1 is often about creating something (a plan) or improving a product (R&D).
    *   Sense 2 is about the evolution/maturation of a concept, a person's character, or a civilization.

    *   The phrase "personality development" describes the process of a person's personality maturing or evolving. This aligns best with Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "even" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Target word: "even"
    *   Surrounding phrase: "...nice for teachers to think... and even nicer to minimize..."

    *   Sense 1: Intensive/unexpected (e.g., "even an idiot knows").
    *   Sense 2: In spite of/notwithstanding (e.g., "even when he is sick").
    *   Sense 3: To a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons (e.g., "felt even worse", "even more interesting").
    *   Sense 4: To the full extent (e.g., "loyal even unto death").

    *   The phrase is "nice... and even nicer".
    *   "Nicer" is a comparative adjective.
    *   "Even" is modifying "nicer" to indicate a greater degree of "niceness".
    *   This matches Sense 3: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons".

    *   Sense 1? No, it's not about something unexpected in the "even an idiot" sense.
    *   Sense 2? No, it's not "in spite of".
    *   Sense 3? Yes, "even nicer" is a comparison of degree.
    *   Sense 4? No, it's not "to the full extent".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "nice" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Target word: "nicer" (comparative of "nice").
    *   Meaning in context: The author is saying that teachers find it pleasant, agreeable, or satisfying to believe they are doing "personality development" and even more pleasant/satisfying to avoid tests. It's about a feeling of satisfaction or pleasure.

    *   Sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance" (e.g., "what a nice fellow", "nice manners").
    *   Sense 2: "socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous" (e.g., "a nice girl").
    *   Sense 3: "done with delicacy and skill" (e.g., "a nice bit of craft").
    *   Sense 4: "excessively fastidious and easily disgusted" (e.g., "too nice about his food").
    *   Sense 5: "exhibiting courtesy and politeness" (e.g., "a nice gesture").

    *   The context "It is nice for teachers to think..." means it is *pleasant* or *agreeable* for them.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance".

    *   Sense 2 (refined/virtuous) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3 (skillful) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 (fastidious) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5 (courteous) doesn't fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "minimize" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

finish_reason: length

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Target word: "minimize"
    *   Surrounding context: Teachers prefer "personality development" over "disciplined instruction" and find tests "irksome" with "disappointing results."

    *   Sense 1: "make small or insignificant" (e.g., minimize the risk). This usually refers to reducing the actual size, amount, or probability of something.
    *   Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important" (e.g., understate, downplay). This refers to how something is described or perceived.
    *   Sense 3: "cause to seem less serious; play down" (e.g., belittle, denigrate). This is similar to Sense 2 but often carries a more negative connotation of belittling someone or something.

    *   The sentence says it's "nicer to minimize those irksome tests."
    *   Does it mean to *reduce the number/frequency* of tests (make them small/insignificant in quantity/impact)? Or does it mean to *downplay their importance*?
    *   In the context of "progressive education" vs. "disciplined instruction," the author is arguing that teachers avoid the rigor of testing.
    *   If they "minimize" the tests, they are likely trying to reduce the emphasis on them, make them less central to the curriculum, or treat them as less important.
    *   Let's look at the options again.
        *   Sense 1: Make small/insignificant. (Reducing the actual impact or quantity).
        *   Sense 2: Represent as less significant/important. (Downplaying).
        *   Sense 3: Cause to seem less serious/play down. (Belittling).

    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1 is often about physical size or quantitative risk/amount.
        *   Sense 2 is about the *representation* or *perceived importance*.
    *   In the phrase "minimize those irksome tests," the teachers are likely trying to reduce the role or the importance of the tests in the educational process because the results are disappointing.
    *   Wait, looking at the context again: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    *   This suggests they want to avoid the tests or make them less of a factor.
    *   If they "minimize" the tests, are they making the tests themselves smaller (Sense 1) or are they downplaying the importance of the tests (Sense 2)?
    *   Usually, in educational critiques like this, "minimizing tests" means reducing their frequency or the weight given to them.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1: "make small or insignificant". If you make the tests insignificant, you are reducing their impact.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important". This is about the *description* of the tests.

    *   Looking at the synonyms:
        *   Sense 1: minimise (UK spelling)
        *   Sense 2: understate, minimise, downplay
        *   Sense 3: belittle, denigrate, derogate

    *   If the teachers are avoiding "disciplined instruction" and "irksome tests," they are likely trying to reduce the *extent* to which tests are used or the *importance* placed upon them.
    *   "Minimize the risk" (Sense 1) is about reduction.
    *   "Minimize the importance" (Sense 2) is about downplaying.
    *   In the sentence "minimize those irksome tests," it's more likely they are trying to reduce the role/presence/impact of the tests.

    *   Let's check if "minimize" here means "to reduce to the smallest possible amount or degree."
    *   If they minimize the tests, they are reducing the amount of testing. This fits Sense 1 ("make small or insignificant").
    *   If they minimize the tests, they are downplaying the results. This fits Sense 2.

    *   Let's look at the contrast: "personality development" vs "disciplined instruction" (which includes tests).
    *   The author is saying teachers prefer the vague "personality development" because it allows them to avoid the hard data of tests.
    *   Therefore, they want to *reduce* the role of tests.

    *   Sense 1: make small or insignificant.
    *   Sense 2: represent as less significant or important.
    *   Sense 3: cause to seem less serious.

    *   If I say "minimize the tests," I usually mean "reduce the number of tests" or "reduce the importance of the tests."
    *   If the focus is on the *results* being disappointing, they want to minimize the *impact* or *significance* of those results.
    *   "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   This sounds like they are trying to make the tests (and their results) less significant.

    *   Let's compare "minimize the risk" (Sense 1) with "minimize the importance" (Sense 2).
    *   "Minimize the tests" is closer to "minimize the importance/role of the tests."

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 1 again: "make small or insignificant".
    *   If you make the tests insignificant, you are effectively doing Sense 1.
    *   But Sense 2 is "represent as less significant".

    *   Let's think about the author's tone. The author is criticizing the teachers. He's saying they prefer the "nice" feeling of personality development over the "irksome" reality of tests.
    *   To "minimize" the tests in this context likely means to reduce their role or importance so they don't have to deal with the disappointing results.

    *   Is it "reducing the quantity" (Sense 1) or "downplaying the importance" (Sense 2)?
    *   "Minimize those irksome tests" -> "Reduce the importance/role of those tests."
    *   Sense 1: "make small or insignificant".
    *   Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important".

    *   Actually, "minimize" in the sense of "reducing the amount/importance" is often Sense 1. "Representing as less important" (Sense 2) is more about *speech* or *description* (understating).
    *   Example: "He minimized his role in the project" (Sense 2 - he said it was smaller than it was).
    *   Example: "We must minimize the cost" (Sense 1 - actually make the cost smaller).
    *   In the context "minimize those irksome tests," are the teachers *saying* the tests are unimportant, or are they *actually* reducing the amount of testing?
    *   The text says "It is nice for teachers to think... and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests." This suggests an action they take in their teaching practice. They are reducing the role/frequency of the tests.

    *   Let's re-read: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   This sounds like they are reducing the emphasis or the occurrence of the tests.
    *   Sense 1: "make small or insignificant".
    *   Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important".

    *   If they are reducing the *importance* of the tests, is that "making them insignificant" (Sense 1) or "representing them as less significant" (Sense 2)?
    *   "Representing" (Sense 2) is specifically about how something is *portrayed*.
    *   "Making" (Sense 1) is about the *actual state*.

    *   In this context, the teachers are likely doing both, but the primary action is reducing the role of the tests in the classroom.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms again.
        *   Sense 1: minimise
        *   Sense 2: understate, minimise, downplay
        *   Sense 3: belittle, denigrate, derogate

    *   "Downplay" (Sense 2) fits very well here. They are downplaying the tests to avoid the disappointing results.
    *   "Make small" (Sense 1) is usually for physical size or a quantifiable amount (like risk or cost).

    *   Let's try Sense 2 again. "Represent as less significant or important."
    *   If they "minimize the tests," they are treating them as less important than they should be.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1: "make small or insignificant."
    *   If you make a test "insignificant," you are reducing its importance.

    *   Wait, let's look at the examples.
        *   Sense 1: "Let's minimize the risk." (Reduce the actual risk).
        *   Sense 2: (No example, but synonyms are understate, downplay).
        *   Sense 3: "Don't belittle his influence." (Make it seem less serious).

    *   "Minimize those irksome tests" is more like "downplay those irksome tests" than "reduce the risk of those irksome tests."

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 seems more appropriate than Sense 1.

    *   Is it Sense 2 (represent as less significant) or Sense 3 (cause to seem less serious/belittle)?
    *   Sense 3 ("belittle", "denigrate") usually applies to people or their achievements/influence.
    *   Sense 2 ("understate", "downplay") applies more generally to the importance of things.
    *   "Minimize those irksome tests" fits "downplay" (Sense 2) better than "belittle" (Sense 3).

    *   Context: Teachers prefer "personality development" over "disciplined instruction."
    *   Action: They "minimize those irksome tests."
    *   Meaning: They treat the tests as less important or reduce their role to avoid disappointing results.
    *   This aligns with "represent as less significant or important" or "downplay."

    *   Wait, let me think one more time. Could it be Sense 1? "Make small or insignificant."
    *   If they are reducing the *number* of tests, that's Sense 1.
    *   If they are reducing the *importance* of the tests, that's Sense 2.
    *   "Minimize those irksome tests" could mean "give fewer tests."
    *   But the phrase "with often disappointing results" suggests that the *results* are the problem. If you give fewer tests, you get fewer disappointing results. If you downplay the tests, you can ignore the disappointing results.
    *   Both are possible. However, "downplay" (Sense 2) is a very common way to use "minimize" when talking about things one wants to avoid or ignore.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1 again: "minimise".
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2 again: "understate, minimise, downplay".
    *   The word "minimise" is listed in both. This is tricky.

    *   Let's re-read the sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   The contrast is between the *feeling* of doing something "nice" (personality development) and the *unpleasantness* of tests.
    *   To "minimize" the tests is to make them less of a factor.
    *   If I "minimize the risk," I'm making the risk smaller.
    *   If I "minimize the tests," I'm making the tests' role smaller.

    *   Let's search for "minimize the importance of tests" vs "minimize the number of tests."
    *   "Minimize the importance" = Sense 2.
    *   "Minimize the number" = Sense 1.
    *   The sentence says "minimize those irksome tests," not "minimize the number of tests."
    *   When you "minimize [something]," and that something is a concept or a requirement (like tests), it often means you are downplaying its importance.

    *   Let's compare:
        *   "Minimize the damage" (Sense 1 - make the damage smaller).
        *   "Minimize the problem" (Sense 2 - make the problem seem smaller).
    *   "Minimize those irksome tests" is more like "minimize the problem." The tests are the "problem" (because they are irksome and have disappointing results).

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most likely.

    *   Sense 1: make small or insignificant (e.g., risk, cost, damage).
    *   Sense 2: represent as less significant or important (e.g., a problem, a role, an achievement).
    *   Sense 3: cause to seem less serious (e.g., belittle someone's influence).

    *   "Minimize those irksome tests" fits Sense 2 best.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 1 again. "Make small or insignificant."
    *   If you make the tests insignificant, you are making them not matter.
    *   Is that different from "representing them as less significant"?
    *   Yes. One is an actual change in status/importance, the other is a change in representation.
    *   In the context of "progressive education," the teachers are actually changing the way they teach (reducing the role of tests), not just talking about it.
    *   But "downplay" (Sense 2) can also mean to treat something as less important than it is.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 2 again: "understate, minimise, downplay."
    *   "Downplay" means "to make something appear less important than it really is."
    *   This fits perfectly. The tests *are* important (according to the author), but the teachers *downplay* them.

    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "make small or insignificant."
    *   If the teachers "make the tests insignificant," they are doing the same thing.

    *   Wait, the difference between Sense 1 and Sense 2 is often:
        *   Sense 1: Actual reduction (e.g., "minimize the amount of waste").
        *   Sense 2: Perceived reduction (e.g., "minimize the importance of the error").

    *   In "minimize those irksome tests," are they reducing the *amount* of testing or the *importance* of testing?
    *   The author says "the education establishment will fight against common sense... 'Progressive education' is far more interesting... It is nice for teachers to think... and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests."
    *   This implies that the teachers are avoiding the rigor of testing. This could be by giving fewer tests (Sense 1) or by treating the tests as unimportant (Sense 2).

    *   However, "downplay" (Sense 2) is a much more common fit for this kind of rhetorical context.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay".

    *   If the author meant "reduce the number of tests," he probably would have said "minimize the *number* of tests" or "reduce the tests."
    *   "Minimize the tests" as a phrase most often means to downplay their importance.

    *   Let's check Sense 3 again: "cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate".
    *   This is very similar to Sense 2. What's the difference?
    *   Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important" (understate, downplay).
    *   Sense 3: "cause to seem less serious" (belittle, denigrate).
    *   "Belittle" and "denigrate" are much more aggressive and usually directed at people or their work. "Downplay" is more neutral.
    *   "Minimize those irksome tests" is more like "downplay" than "belittle."

    *   Final check:
        *   Sense 1: Actual reduction (risk, cost).
        *   Sense 2: Downplaying importance (understate, downplay).
        *   Sense 3: Belittling (denigrate, belittle).

    *   The context is about teachers avoiding the rigor of tests. They are downplaying the importance of tests to favor "personality development."

    *   Wait, let me think about Sense 1 one more time. "Make small or insignificant."
    *   If you make the tests insignificant, you are making them not matter.
    *   Is that "representing" them as insignificant (Sense 2) or "making" them insignificant (Sense 1)?
    *   If the teachers are in charge of the classroom, they can *actually* make the tests insignificant by not grading them or not giving them.

    *   Let's look at the synonyms again.
        *   Sense 1: minimise
        *   Sense 2: understate, minimise, downplay
    *   This is so close. Let's search for "minimize the importance of" vs "minimize the role of."
    *   "Minimize the role of" often means to reduce it (Sense 1).
    *   "Minimize the importance of" often means to downplay it (Sense 2).

    *   "Minimize those irksome tests"
    *


[User]
Which numbered sense of "minimize" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 3. Return only the integer.

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   Target word: "minimize"
    *   Meaning in context: The author is arguing that teachers prefer "progressive education" because it allows them to avoid or reduce the importance/frequency/impact of standardized tests ("irksome tests with often disappointing results").

    *   Sense 1: "make small or insignificant" (e.g., minimize the risk). This often refers to reducing the actual amount, size, or probability of something.
    *   Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important" (e.g., understate, downplay). This refers to how something is presented or perceived.
    *   Sense 3: "cause to seem less serious; play down" (e.g., belittle, denigrate). This is similar to Sense 2 but often carries a more negative connotation of belittling someone or something.

    *   The context says teachers find it "nicer to minimize those irksome tests."
    *   Does it mean they want to *reduce the number/frequency* of tests (Sense 1)?
    *   Does it mean they want to *downplay the importance* of the tests (Sense 2)?
    *   Does it mean they want to *belittle* the tests (Sense 3)?

    *   In the context of education and "progressive education" vs. "disciplined instruction," "minimizing tests" usually means reducing their role, frequency, or the weight given to them.
    *   Sense 1 ("make small or insignificant") fits the idea of reducing the actual presence or impact of the tests.
    *   Sense 2 ("represent as less significant") fits the idea of downplaying their importance.
    *   Sense 3 ("cause to seem less serious") is very similar to Sense 2 but often applied to people's achievements or influence.

    *   "Minimize the risk" (Sense 1) is about reduction.
    *   "Understate/downplay" (Sense 2) is about representation.
    *   "Belittle/denigrate" (Sense 3) is about making something seem unimportant or worthless.

    Looking at the sentence: "...even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    The teachers want the tests to have less of an effect on their perceived success or the students' perceived success. They want to reduce the *significance* or the *occurrence* of the tests.

    Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
    Sense 1: make small or insignificant.
    Sense 2: represent as less significant or important.

    If they "minimize the tests," are they making the tests themselves smaller/fewer (Sense 1) or are they just saying the tests aren't important (Sense 2)?
    In the context of "progressive education," there is often a push to actually *reduce* the amount of testing (Sense 1) as well as to *downplay* its importance (Sense 2).

    However, "minimize" in the sense of "reducing the amount/frequency/impact" is most closely aligned with Sense 1 ("make small or insignificant").

    Let's re-read: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests..."
    This suggests that by focusing on personality development, they can avoid the reality of the tests. This points toward making the tests less significant in the overall educational process.

    Sense 1: make small or insignificant.
    Sense 2: represent as less significant or important.

    If I say "minimize the damage," I'm using Sense 1.
    If I say "minimize the importance of the problem," I'm using Sense 2.
    If I say "minimize the tests," it likely means reducing their role or frequency.

    Let's look at the synonyms:
    Sense 1: minimise (British spelling)
    Sense 2: understate, minimise, downplay
    Sense 3: belittle, denigrate, derogate

    In this context, "minimize" means to reduce the importance or the extent of the tests. Sense 1 is the most general "make small/insignificant." Sense 2 is specifically about *representing* it as such.

    Wait, looking at the options again:
    1. make small or insignificant
    2. represent as less significant or important
    3. cause to seem less serious; play down

    If the teachers are *actually* reducing the tests, it's Sense 1. If they are just *claiming* they aren't important, it's Sense 2. The text says "it is... nicer to minimize those irksome tests," which suggests an action they take to avoid the "disappointing results." This could be either reducing the tests or downplaying them.

    However, in many dictionary contexts (like WordNet), "minimize" as in "reduce to the smallest possible amount" is the primary sense (Sense 1).

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "represent as less significant or important." This is more about communication (understating).
    Sense 1: "make small or insignificant." This is more about the actual state or effect.

    In the context of "progressive education," the goal is often to actually *reduce* the reliance on tests.

    Let's check Sense 1 again: "make small or insignificant | examples=Let's minimize the risk".
    If you minimize a risk, you make it smaller. If you minimize tests, you make their role or number smaller.

    Let's check Sense 2 again: "represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay".
    If you minimize the results of a test, you are downplaying them.

    The sentence is "minimize those irksome tests." It's not "minimize the *results* of those tests," but the tests themselves. This makes Sense 1 ("make small or insignificant") a stronger fit than Sense 2 ("represent as less significant").

    Sense 1: make small or insignificant.
    Sense 2: represent as less significant or important.
    Sense 3: cause to seem less serious.

    If you "minimize the tests," you are making them less of a factor. This fits "make small or insignificant."

    Let's double-check if "minimize" in this context could mean "downplay."
    "It is... nicer to [downplay] those irksome tests." (Sense 2)
    "It is... nicer to [reduce/make insignificant] those irksome tests." (Sense 1)

    Both are plausible, but "make small or insignificant" (Sense 1) is a broader and more direct fit for "minimize [the tests]."

    Wait, let me think about the phrase "minimize the risk." That's a reduction in probability or impact. "Minimize the tests" would be a reduction in their frequency or impact. This aligns well with Sense 1.

    Sense 2 is more about *how* something is described (understating).
    Sense 3 is more about *belittling* (denigrating).

    The most likely meaning is reducing the importance or the occurrence of the tests. Sense 1 covers "make insignificant."

    Let's re-read the context one more time.
    "Progressive education... is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

    The contrast is between "disciplined instruction" (which likely involves tests) and "personality development" (which doesn't). Therefore, "minimizing the tests" means making them less central, less frequent, or less significant to the process. This fits "make small or insignificant."

    Sense 1: make small or insignificant.
    Sense 2: represent as less significant or important.
    Sense 3: cause to seem less serious.

    If the author meant "downplay," they would be talking about the *perception* of the tests. If they meant "reduce," they would be talking about the *actual role* of the tests. The context suggests that progressive education *allows* them to actually do this (reduce the role of tests), not just talk about them as being unimportant.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "test" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results."
    *   Key words/phrases: "teachers", "personality development", "minimize those irksome tests", "disappointing results".
    *   The context is about education, teachers, and the tension between "progressive education" (personality development) and "disciplined instruction".

    *   Sense 1: Trying something to find out about it (trial run). (Doesn't fit the educational context of measuring student progress).
    *   Sense 2: Standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity, memory, intelligence, aptitude, personality, etc. (Fits the context of education/psychology, but is it more specific than Sense 3?).
    *   Sense 3: A set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge (examination, exam). (Fits the context of teachers and students perfectly).
    *   Sense 4: The act of undergoing testing (trial of battle). (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 5: The act of testing something (experimental trials). (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 6: Hard outer covering (biological). (Doesn't fit).

    *   Sense 2 focuses on *standardized* procedures for measuring traits (intelligence, personality).
    *   Sense 3 focuses on *evaluating skill or knowledge* (exams).
    *   The text mentions "disciplined instruction" vs "personality development" and "irksome tests with often disappointing results."
    *   In the context of "disciplined instruction" and "education establishment," "tests" usually refers to examinations used to measure learning/knowledge (Sense 3).
    *   While Sense 2 mentions "personality," the text says teachers *prefer* "personality development" *over* the "irksome tests." This implies the tests are the traditional tools of disciplined instruction (exams), not tests *of* personality.

    *   The author is criticizing the move away from disciplined instruction.
    *   "Disciplined instruction" is usually measured by exams/tests of knowledge.
    *   Therefore, "tests" here refers to examinations.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "often" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. definition=in many cases or instances

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results."
    *   Target word: "often"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  many times at short intervals (frequently, oftentimes)
        2.  frequently or in great quantities (much, a great deal)
        3.  in many cases or instances

    *   The phrase is "often disappointing results."
    *   This means the results are disappointing in many cases or instances.
    *   It doesn't mean the results happen "at short intervals" (Sense 1) or "in great quantities" (Sense 2 - which usually applies to uncountable nouns or verbs of consumption/travel).
    *   It describes the frequency/probability of the results being disappointing.

    *   Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" (e.g., "we often met"). This usually refers to a repeated action.
    *   Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" (e.g., "I don't travel much"). This is more about volume or general frequency of an activity.
    *   Sense 3: "in many cases or instances". This fits perfectly. "Often disappointing results" = "results that are disappointing in many cases."

    *   Sense 3 is the most accurate fit for "often" when modifying an adjective like "disappointing" to indicate a common occurrence across different instances.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "result" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>."
    *   Target word: "results"
    *   Contextual meaning: The scores or outcomes of tests.

    *   Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence, effect, outcome).
    *   Sense 2: "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem" (solution, answer).
    *   Sense 3: "something that results" (resultant, final result, outcome). Example: "he listened for the results on the radio."
    *   Sense 4: "the semantic role of the noun phrase..." (linguistic term).

    *   "Results" in the context of tests usually refers to the scores or the final outcome of the testing process.
    *   Sense 1 is a general "consequence."
    *   Sense 2 is a "solution" to a problem.
    *   Sense 3 is "something that results," specifically used in examples like "results on the radio" (which often refers to test results, election results, etc.).
    *   Sense 4 is a technical linguistic term.

    *   Sense 1 (consequence/effect) is close, but Sense 3 (something that results/outcome) is more specific to the "results of a test" usage (like the example "results on the radio").
    *   Wait, let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (e.g., "his decision had depressing consequences").
    *   Sense 3: "something that results" (e.g., "he listened for the results on the radio").
    *   In the context of "tests with often disappointing results," the results are the scores/outcomes. This matches the "results on the radio" example (Sense 3) much better than the "consequences for business" example (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 3 is the most appropriate for test scores/outcomes.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "provide" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Senses:
1. definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
4. definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
5. definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon
7. definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Target word: "provides"

    *   Sense 1: give something useful or necessary to (supply, render, furnish). Example: "provided the room with an electrical heater".
    *   Sense 2: give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance (supply, ply, cater). Example: "provided lunch for all the guests".
    *   Sense 3: determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation. Example: "The will provides that...".
    *   Sense 4: mount or put up (put up, offer). Example: "put up a good fight".
    *   Sense 5: make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain. Example: "leaves no room for improvement".
    *   Sense 6: supply means of subsistence; earn a living. Example: "provides for his large family".
    *   Sense 7: take measures in preparation for. Example: "provide for the proper care...".

    *   The sentence says: "It [Progressive education/the approach] also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'..."
    *   Here, "provides" means it gives or supplies the teachers with a certain self-definition.
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "give something useful or necessary to" (supply, render, furnish). This fits well. The "something" is a "superior self-definition".
        *   Sense 2: "give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance". This is more about physical needs or specific desires (like lunch).
        *   Sense 3: Legal/stipulation context. Not applicable.
        *   Sense 4: Putting up a fight. Not applicable.
        *   Sense 5: Making a possibility/opportunity. While it makes the self-definition possible, the structure "provides [someone] with [something]" strongly aligns with Sense 1.
        *   Sense 6: Earning a living. Not applicable.
        *   Sense 7: Preparation. Not applicable.

    *   Sense 1: "give something useful or necessary to" / "supply, render, furnish".
    *   Example: "We provided the room with an electrical heater." (Structure: provide [object] with [something]).
    *   Context: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition". (Structure: provide [object] with [something]).
    *   The "superior self-definition" is the thing being supplied/given to the teachers.

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "teacher" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Senses:
1. definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing American education, "progressive education," and the preferences of teachers regarding instruction and self-definition.
    *   Target word: `<t>teachers</t>` in the sentence: "It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Senses:
        1.  A person whose occupation is teaching (instructor).
        2.  A personified abstraction that teaches (e.g., books, experience).

    *   The sentence mentions "teachers" in the context of a "profession," passing "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy," and contrasting "progressive education" with "disciplined instruction."
    *   These are all characteristics of human beings employed in the occupation of teaching.

    *   Sense 1: Person whose occupation is teaching. (Matches)
    *   Sense 2: Personified abstraction. (Does not match)

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "profession" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Senses:
1. definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a '<t>profession</t>,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Target word: "profession"

    *   Sense 1: The body of people in a learned occupation (e.g., the medical profession).
    *   Sense 2: An occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences).
    *   Sense 3: An open avowal of some belief or opinion (e.g., a profession of disagreement).
    *   Sense 4: Affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith (e.g., a profession of Christianity).

    *   The sentence says teachers see themselves as a "profession" because they've taken specific courses (educational psychology, philosophy).
    *   This refers to the status of teaching as a specialized occupation or the group of people practicing it.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1: "the body of people in a learned occupation" (collective noun).
        *   Sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education" (the type of job).
    *   In the phrase "self-definition as a 'profession'", it could be interpreted as "defining themselves as members of a profession" (Sense 1) or "defining teaching as a profession" (Sense 2).
    *   Looking closer: "provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'". This phrasing is slightly awkward ("teachers... as a profession"), but it clearly refers to the status of their occupation as a learned one.
    *   Usually, "the medical profession" (Sense 1) refers to the group. "Law is a profession" (Sense 2) refers to the occupation.
    *   In this context, "self-definition as a 'profession'" suggests they are defining their *collective identity* or the *nature of their work*.
    *   Let's re-read: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession'..."
    *   If it meant Sense 1, it would be "self-definition as *members of* a profession".
    *   If it meant Sense 2, it would be "self-definition [of their work] as a profession".
    *   However, in common usage, "the [X] profession" often blurs the line between the group and the occupation.
    *   Let's look at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession" (the group).
        *   Sense 2: "an occupation requiring special education".
    *   The context emphasizes the *requirement* of special education ("since they will have passed courses in educational psychology..."). This aligns strongly with the definition in Sense 2.

    *   Sense 1: Body of people.
    *   Sense 2: Occupation requiring special education.
    *   The text says they feel like a "profession" *because* they took specific courses. This points to the *definition* of what a profession is (an occupation requiring special education).

    *   "self-definition as a 'profession'" -> They define their role/occupation as a profession.
    *   Sense 2 fits best because the justification provided ("since they will have passed courses...") is the defining characteristic of a profession as an occupation.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "pass" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Senses:
1. definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Target word: "passed"
    *   Meaning in context: The teachers have successfully completed the required courses.

    *   1: go across or through (physical movement) - No.
    *   2: move past (physical movement) - No.
    *   3: make laws/bills - No.
    *   4: pass by (time) - No.
    *   5: place into hands/custody - No.
    *   6: stretch out over distance/time - No.
    *   7: travel past (overtake) - No.
    *   8: come to pass (happen) - No.
    *   9: go unchallenged/be approved (like a bill) - No.
    *   10: pass time (spend) - No.
    *   11: pass over, across, or through (guide/run) - No.
    *   12: transmit information - No.
    *   13: disappear gradually - No.
    *   14: go successfully through a test or a selection process (synonym: make it) - This fits well. Completing a course usually involves passing tests or meeting requirements.
    *   15: be superior or better than some standard - No.
    *   16: accept or judge as acceptable (teacher passing a student) - This is similar, but sense 14 is more about the student's action of successfully completing the process.
    *   17: allow to go without comment - No.
    *   18: transfer rights/property - No.
    *   19: pass into a state/condition - No.
    *   20: throw a ball - No.
    *   21: be inherited by - No.
    *   22: cause to pass (pass around plates) - No.
    *   23: grant authorization - No.
    *   24: die - No.
    *   25: eliminate from body - No.

    *   Sense 14: "go successfully through a test or a selection process"
    *   Sense 16: "accept or judge as acceptable" (This is usually from the perspective of the evaluator, e.g., "The teacher passed the student").
    *   In the context "they will have passed courses", the teachers are the ones who successfully completed the courses. This aligns best with sense 14.

    *   Context: "...since they will have passed courses in educational psychology..."
    *   Meaning: Successfully completed the requirements of the courses.
    *   Sense 14: "go successfully through a test or a selection process" (Completing a course is essentially a series of tests/requirements).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "course" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Senses:
1. definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college..."
    *   Target word: "courses"
    *   Contextual clues: "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy", "took such courses in college".

    *   Sense 1: education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings (course of study, class). Example: "he took a course in basket weaving".
    *   Sense 2: connected series of events or actions (line). Example: "the government took a firm course".
    *   Sense 3: general line of orientation (trend). Example: "the river takes a southern course".
    *   Sense 4: a mode of action (course of action). Example: "if you persist in that course you will surely fail".
    *   Sense 5: a line or route along which something travels (path, track). Example: "the hurricane demolished houses in its path".
    *   Sense 6: a body of students who are taught together (class, form, grade). Example: "early morning classes are always sleepy".
    *   Sense 7: part of a meal. Example: "three course meal".
    *   Sense 8: (construction) a layer of masonry. Example: "a course of bricks".
    *   Sense 9: facility for a sport. Example: "the course had only nine holes".

    *   The context refers to "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" and "took such courses in college".
    *   This clearly refers to educational units or classes.
    *   Sense 1 matches perfectly: "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings", "course of study", "class".

    *   Sense 6 refers to the *students* (the group), whereas Sense 1 refers to the *instruction/curriculum*. The text says "passed courses", which refers to the units of study, not the groups of people.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "educational" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Senses:
1. definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy."
    *   Target word: "educational"
    *   Senses:
        1.  relating to the process of education (example: educational psychology)
        2.  providing knowledge (example: an educational film)

    *   The phrase is "educational psychology".
    *   "Educational psychology" is a branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. It relates to the *process* of education.
    *   Sense 1 specifically lists "educational psychology" as an example.
    *   Sense 2 refers to something that *is* educational (instructive), like a film that teaches you something.

    *   The usage in the text ("educational psychology") matches Sense 1 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "educational" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Senses:
1. definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy."
    *   Target word: "educational" (in "educational philosophy").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  relating to the process of education (example: educational psychology).
        2.  providing knowledge (example: an educational film).

    *   The phrase is "educational philosophy".
    *   Does "educational philosophy" mean a philosophy that *provides knowledge* (Sense 2), or a philosophy *relating to the process of education* (Sense 1)?
    *   In the context of academic courses (like "educational psychology"), "educational philosophy" refers to the study of the goals, forms, and methods of education. It is a field of study *about* education.

    *   Sense 1: "relating to the process of education". This fits perfectly. "Educational psychology" is explicitly listed as an example for Sense 1, and "educational philosophy" is used in the exact same parallel structure ("educational psychology and educational philosophy").
    *   Sense 2: "providing knowledge". While a philosophy course might provide knowledge, the adjective "educational" here describes the *subject matter* (education), not the *effect* of the philosophy (that it teaches you something).

    *   The correct sense is 1.