[User]
Which numbered sense of "satisfying" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily <t>satisfying</t>, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "

Senses:
1. definition=providing abundant nourishment | synonyms=hearty, solid, square, substantial | examples=a hearty meal; good solid food
2. definition=providing freedom from worry | synonyms=comforting, cheering

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific discovery about gene loss leading to cancer. Dr. Knudson describes the finding as "extraordinarily satisfying."
    *   Target word: "satisfying"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Providing abundant nourishment (hearty, solid, square, substantial).
        2.  Providing freedom from worry (comforting, cheering).

    *   The context is about a scientific breakthrough.
    *   The discovery confirmed a hypothesis ("I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers").
    *   "Satisfying" here means fulfilling, gratifying, or providing a sense of completion/validation.

    *   Sense 1: Nourishment/food. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Freedom from worry/comforting/cheering. (Closer, but not a perfect fit for "intellectual satisfaction," though it's the only other option provided).

    *Wait*, let me re-read the senses provided.
    Sense 1: Nourishment.
    Sense 2: Freedom from worry.

    Is there a third sense missing? The prompt only gives two.
    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "providing freedom from worry | synonyms=comforting, cheering".
    Does "satisfying" in the context of a scientific discovery mean "comforting" or "cheering"? It's more like "gratifying."

    Let's re-evaluate the provided senses.
    Sense 1: Hearty meal. (Definitely not).
    Sense 2: Comforting, cheering. (Maybe? It's the only one left).

    Wait, let me check if I missed any other senses in the prompt. No, only 1 and 2.

    Is "satisfying" in this context "comforting" or "cheering"?
    When a scientist's hypothesis is proven correct, it is gratifying. Gratification can be seen as a form of emotional relief or cheer.

    Let's double-check if there's a common dictionary definition for "satisfying" that matches Sense 2.
    Merriam-Webster:
    1. satisfying (adj): giving satisfaction.
    2. satisfying (adj): fulfilling a need or desire.

    The provided senses are very specific.
    Sense 1: Nourishment.
    Sense 2: Freedom from worry.

    If I have to choose between "hearty meal" and "comforting/cheering," Sense 2 is the only plausible choice, even if it's not a perfect synonym for "intellectually gratifying."

    Wait, let me look at the context again. "It was extraordinarily satisfying... I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."
    The discovery confirmed his belief. This removes the "worry" or uncertainty of whether he was right. Thus, it provides "freedom from worry" (uncertainty).

    Sense 1: Food.
    Sense 2: Comforting/Cheering.

    The answer must be 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "say" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "<t>says</t> Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "

Senses:
1. definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It was extraordinarily satisfying," <t>says</t> Dr. Knudson...
    *   Target word: "says"
    *   Contextual meaning: Dr. Knudson is quoting himself or stating something he felt/thought. He is expressing his feelings in words.

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver). Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime."
    *   Sense 3: express a supposition (suppose). Example: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth."
    *   Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read). Example: "What does the law say?"
    *   Sense 5: give instructions/direct (order). Example: "I said to him to go home."
    *   Sense 6: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (articulate). Example: "She pronounces French words in a funny way."
    *   Sense 7: communicate or express nonverbally. Example: "What does this painting say?"
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud. Example: "She said 'Hello' to everyone."
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. Example: "I say let's forget this whole business."
    *   Sense 10: recite or repeat a fixed text. Example: "Say grace."
    *   Sense 11: indicate. Example: "The clock says noon."

    *   The sentence is a direct quote: "It was extraordinarily satisfying," says Dr. Knudson.
    *   This is the most basic use of "say" meaning to express something in words.
    *   Sense 1 (express in words) fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 8 (utter aloud) is similar, but Sense 1 is the general term for stating something, especially in a reporting context.
    *   Sense 2 (report or maintain) usually implies a claim that might be disputed (allege).
    *   Sense 9 (state as opinion/judgment) is more about making a proposal or a strong declaration ("I say we leave").

    *   "says Dr. Knudson" is a standard reporting verb.
    *   Sense 1: "express in words | synonyms=state, tell". This is the standard definition for reporting speech.

    *   Sense 1: express in words.
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud.
    *   In " 'It was extraordinarily satisfying,' says Dr. Knudson," the focus is on the content being expressed (the statement), not the physical act of uttering the sound. Sense 1 is the broader and more appropriate category for reporting a statement.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "now" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then, a scientific team led by molecular geneticist Webster Cavenee, then at the University of Utah, found the answer. The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, <t>now</t> at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "

Senses:
1. definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...says Dr. Knudson, <t>now</t> at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia."
    *   Target word: "now"
    *   Goal: Identify the correct sense number from the provided list.

    *   The sentence describes Dr. Knudson's current location/affiliation ("now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia") in contrast to the past events described in the previous paragraphs (where the research took place).
    *   It indicates his current status at the time of the writing/speaking.

    *   Sense 1: Historical present (e.g., "Kennedy now calls..."). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 2: In these times/nowadays (e.g., "we now rarely see..."). -> This refers to general eras/trends.
    *   Sense 3: Preface to command/reproof (e.g., "now hear this!"). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 4: At the present moment/at present (e.g., "goods now on sale"). -> This fits. Dr. Knudson is *at present* at Fox Chase.
    *   Sense 5: Without delay/immediately (e.g., "he answered immediately"). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 6: Change of subject (e.g., "Now the next problem is..."). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 7: In the immediate past (e.g., "told me just now"). -> Not this.

    *   The phrase "now at [Location]" is a standard way to indicate a person's current position. This aligns perfectly with "at the present moment" or "at present" (Sense 4).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "true" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was <t>true</t> of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim.

Senses:
1. definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false; ; - B. Russell | examples=the story is true; it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true
2. definition=accurately placed or thrown | synonyms=dead on target | examples=his aim was true; he was dead on target
3. definition=devoted (sometimes fanatically) to a cause or concept or truth | examples=true believers bonded together against all who disagreed with them
4. definition=expressing or given to expressing the truth | synonyms=truthful | examples=a true statement; gave truthful testimony
5. definition=conforming to definitive criteria | examples=the horseshoe crab is not a true crab; Pythagoras was the first true mathematician
6. definition=worthy of being depended on | synonyms=dependable, honest, reliable | examples=a dependable worker; an honest working stiff
7. definition=not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed | synonyms=genuine, unfeigned | examples=genuine emotion; her interest in people was unfeigned
8. definition=rightly so called | examples=true courage; a spirit which true men have always admired
9. definition=determined with reference to the earth's axis rather than the magnetic poles | examples=true north is geographic north
10. definition=having a legally established claim | synonyms=lawful, rightful | examples=the legitimate heir; the true and lawful king
11. definition=in tune; accurate in pitch | synonyms=on-key | examples=a true note
12. definition=accurately fitted; level | synonyms=straight | examples=the window frame isn't quite true

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "I was convinced that what was <t>true</t> of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."
    *   Target word: "true"
    *   Meaning in context: Dr. Knudson believes that the mechanism/fact discovered in retinoblastoma (loss of both copies of a gene leading to cancer) is also a fact/reality for all other types of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: consistent with fact or reality; not false. (Example: "the story is true")
    *   Sense 2: accurately placed or thrown. (Example: "his aim was true")
    *   Sense 3: devoted to a cause. (Example: "true believers")
    *   Sense 4: expressing the truth/truthful. (Example: "a true statement")
    *   Sense 5: conforming to definitive criteria. (Example: "not a true crab")
    *   Sense 6: dependable, honest, reliable. (Example: "a dependable worker")
    *   Sense 7: not pretended; sincerely felt. (Example: "genuine emotion")
    *   Sense 8: rightly so called. (Example: "true courage")
    *   Sense 9: earth's axis (geographic north).
    *   Sense 10: legally established claim. (Example: "the true and lawful king")
    *   Sense 11: in tune/accurate pitch.
    *   Sense 12: accurately fitted/level.

    *   The phrase "what was true of [something]" typically means "what was a fact regarding [something]" or "what applied to [something] as a matter of fact."
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1: "consistent with fact or reality; not false."

    *   Sense 4 (truthful) refers to the *expression* of truth (like a statement), whereas Sense 1 refers to the *fact* itself. In "what was true of retinoblastoma," it's about the factual state of the disease, not a statement being truthful.
    *   Sense 5 (definitive criteria) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 8 (rightly so called) doesn't fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "true" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be <t>true</t> for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim.

Senses:
1. definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false; ; - B. Russell | examples=the story is true; it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true
2. definition=accurately placed or thrown | synonyms=dead on target | examples=his aim was true; he was dead on target
3. definition=devoted (sometimes fanatically) to a cause or concept or truth | examples=true believers bonded together against all who disagreed with them
4. definition=expressing or given to expressing the truth | synonyms=truthful | examples=a true statement; gave truthful testimony
5. definition=conforming to definitive criteria | examples=the horseshoe crab is not a true crab; Pythagoras was the first true mathematician
6. definition=worthy of being depended on | synonyms=dependable, honest, reliable | examples=a dependable worker; an honest working stiff
7. definition=not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed | synonyms=genuine, unfeigned | examples=genuine emotion; her interest in people was unfeigned
8. definition=rightly so called | examples=true courage; a spirit which true men have always admired
9. definition=determined with reference to the earth's axis rather than the magnetic poles | examples=true north is geographic north
10. definition=having a legally established claim | synonyms=lawful, rightful | examples=the legitimate heir; the true and lawful king
11. definition=in tune; accurate in pitch | synonyms=on-key | examples=a true note
12. definition=accurately fitted; level | synonyms=straight | examples=the window frame isn't quite true

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be <t>true</t> for all cancers."
    *   Target word: "true" (the second one).
    *   Meaning in context: Dr. Knudson believes that the mechanism/fact observed in retinoblastoma (loss of both copies of a gene leading to cancer) also applies or is a fact for all other types of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: consistent with fact or reality; not false. (Example: "the story is true")
    *   Sense 2: accurately placed or thrown. (Example: "his aim was true")
    *   Sense 3: devoted to a cause. (Example: "true believers")
    *   Sense 4: expressing the truth/truthful. (Example: "a true statement")
    *   Sense 5: conforming to definitive criteria. (Example: "not a true crab")
    *   Sense 6: dependable, honest, reliable. (Example: "a dependable worker")
    *   Sense 7: not pretended; sincerely felt. (Example: "genuine emotion")
    *   Sense 8: rightly so called. (Example: "true courage")
    *   Sense 9: earth's axis (true north).
    *   Sense 10: legally established claim. (Example: "the true and lawful king")
    *   Sense 11: in tune. (Example: "a true note")
    *   Sense 12: accurately fitted; level. (Example: "the window frame isn't quite true")

    *   The sentence "what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers" means that the fact/reality observed in one case is also a fact/reality in others.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1: "consistent with fact or reality; not false".

    *   Sense 4 (truthful) refers to statements or people. While "what was true" could be a statement, the core meaning here is about the factual nature of the biological process.
    *   Sense 5 (definitive criteria) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 8 (rightly so called) doesn't fit.

    *   The usage "true of [something]" means "applicable to" or "factually correct regarding". This is a standard application of Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all <t>cancers</t>. "It was an audacious claim.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific passage about gene probes, eye tumors, chromosome 13, and Dr. Knudson's research on retinoblastoma.
    *   Target word: "cancers" (plural of "cancer").
    *   Sentence: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all <t>cancers</t>."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division. (Medical/Biological)
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer. (Astrological)
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation. (Astronomical)
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac. (Astrological)
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs. (Biological/Taxonomic)

    *   The context mentions "gene probes," "cells extracted from eye tumors," "chromosome 13," "medicine," and "retinoblastoma" (a type of eye cancer).
    *   The word "cancers" refers to these types of malignant growths.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical context perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "audacious" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an <t>audacious</t> claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers.

Senses:
1. definition=invulnerable to fear or intimidation | synonyms=brave, dauntless, fearless, hardy, intrepid, unfearing | examples=audacious explorers; fearless reporters and photographers
2. definition=unrestrained by convention or propriety; ; ; - Los Angeles Times; ; ; - Bertrand Russell | synonyms=barefaced, bodacious, bald-faced, brassy, brazen, brazen-faced | examples=an audacious trick to pull; a barefaced hypocrite
3. definition=disposed to venture or take risks | synonyms=daring, venturesome, venturous | examples=audacious visions of the total conquest of space; an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific discovery about cancer (retinoblastoma). Dr. Knudson claimed that what was true for retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. The text describes this as an "audacious claim."
    *   Target word: "audacious"

    *   Sense 1: Invulnerable to fear or intimidation (brave, fearless). Usually refers to people (explorers, reporters).
    *   Sense 2: Unrestrained by convention or propriety (barefaced, brazen). Usually refers to behavior or people acting shamelessly.
    *   Sense 3: Disposed to venture or take risks (daring, venturesome). Often refers to ideas, visions, interpretations, or plans that are bold and risky.

    *   The word "audacious" modifies "claim."
    *   A "claim" that what is true for one specific cancer is true for *all* cancers is a bold, daring, and risky scientific hypothesis.
    *   It's not about being "fearless" in the face of danger (Sense 1).
    *   It's not about being "shameless" or "improper" (Sense 2).
    *   It is about a daring, risk-taking intellectual venture (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 3 matches "audacious visions" or "audacious interpretation," which aligns perfectly with an "audacious claim" in a scientific context.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "claim" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious <t>claim</t>. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers.

Senses:
1. definition=an assertion of a right (as to money or property) | examples=his claim asked for damages
2. definition=an assertion that something is true or factual | examples=his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims
3. definition=demand for something as rightful or due | examples=they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day
4. definition=an informal right to something | synonyms=title | examples=his claim on her attentions; his title to fame
5. definition=an established or recognized right | synonyms=title | examples=a strong legal claim to the property; he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate
6. definition=a demand especially in the phrase | synonyms=call | examples=the call of duty

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. 'It was an audacious <t>claim</t>.'"
    *   Target word: "claim"
    *   Meaning in context: Dr. Knudson asserted that a specific biological mechanism (loss of both copies of a gene) observed in one type of cancer (retinoblastoma) would be true for *all* cancers. This is an assertion of a fact or a scientific hypothesis.

    *   Sense 1: Assertion of a right (money/property). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Assertion that something is true or factual. (Matches: Dr. Knudson's assertion about cancer)
    *   Sense 3: Demand for something as rightful or due. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Informal right to something. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 5: Established or recognized right. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 6: A demand (call of duty). (Incorrect)

    *   The context describes a scientific hypothesis/assertion.
    *   Sense 2 specifically defines "claim" as "an assertion that something is true or factual."


[User]
Which numbered sense of "young" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a <t>young</t> molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Senses:
1. definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein, a <t>young</t> molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School..."
    *   Target word: "young"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  (living things/persons) early period of life/development/growth (immature).
        2.  (crops) harvested early.
        3.  Suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh.
        4.  Being in its early stage (e.g., industry).
        5.  Not tried or tested by experience (unseasoned).

    *   The word "young" describes Dr. Vogelstein, a molecular biologist.
    *   In this context, it refers to his age or stage of life/career (he was likely early in his professional life or simply young in years).

    *   Sense 1: "used of living things especially persons in an early period of life or development or growth". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "of crops". Not applicable.
    *   Sense 3: "suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh". This is more about appearance or spirit than chronological age/stage of life.
    *   Sense 4: "being in its early stage" (industry/day). Not applicable to a person in this way.
    *   Sense 5: "not tried or tested by experience". While a young biologist might be inexperienced, "young" here primarily denotes his age/stage of life.

    *   The most direct and common meaning when describing a person's age is Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "believe" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, <t>believed</t> Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Senses:
1. definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, <t>believed</t> Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment..."
    *   Target word: "believed"
    *   Meaning in context: Dr. Vogelstein accepted the idea/claim that Dr. Knudson was right. He took the claim to be true.

    *   Sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true" (Example: I believed his report).
    *   Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" (Example: I believe her to be very smart).
    *   Sense 3: "be confident about something" (Example: I believe that he will come back from the war).
    *   Sense 4: "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer" (Example: When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too).
    *   Sense 5: "credit with veracity" (Example: You cannot believe this man).

    *   The context says Dr. Vogelstein "believed Dr. Knudson was right".
    *   This means he accepted the proposition "Dr. Knudson was right" as true.
    *   Sense 1 ("accept as true; take to be true") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 ("judge or regard") is close, but usually refers to an opinion about a person's quality (e.g., "I believe her to be smart").
    *   Sense 3 ("be confident") is about trust/expectation.
    *   Sense 4 ("follow a credo") is about religious or ideological faith.
    *   Sense 5 ("credit with veracity") is about whether a person is telling the truth in general.

    *   "believed Dr. Knudson was right" $\approx$ "accepted as true that Dr. Knudson was right".
    *   This aligns best with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "right" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was <t>right</t>, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Senses:
1. definition=being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the east when facing north | examples=my right hand; right center field
2. definition=free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth | synonyms=correct | examples=the correct answer; the correct version
3. definition=socially right or correct | synonyms=correct | examples=it isn't right to leave the party without saying goodbye; correct behavior
4. definition=in conformance with justice or law or morality | examples=do the right thing and confess
5. definition=correct in opinion or judgment | synonyms=correct | examples=time proved him right
6. definition=appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person's character, needs | synonyms=proper | examples=everything in its proper place; the right man for the job
7. definition=of or belonging to the political or intellectual right
8. definition=in or into a satisfactory condition | examples=things are right again now; put things right
9. definition=intended for the right hand | synonyms=right-hand | examples=a right-hand glove
10. definition=in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure | synonyms=correct | examples=what's the right word for this?; the right way to open oysters
11. definition=having the axis perpendicular to the base | examples=a right angle
12. definition=(of the side of cloth or clothing) facing or intended to face outward | examples=the right side of the cloth showed the pattern; be sure your shirt is right side out
13. definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
14. definition=precisely accurate | synonyms=veracious | examples=a veracious account

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was <t>right</t>, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment..."
    *   Meaning: Dr. Vogelstein believed Dr. Knudson's claim/theory/opinion was correct.

    *   1: Direction (east when facing north) - No.
    *   2: Free from error; conforming to fact or truth (e.g., correct answer) - Possible, but usually refers to a specific fact or answer.
    *   3: Socially right/correct - No.
    *   4: Justice/law/morality - No.
    *   5: Correct in opinion or judgment (e.g., time proved him right) - This fits perfectly. Dr. Knudson had a claim/theory, and Dr. Vogelstein believed that opinion/judgment was correct.
    *   6: Appropriate for a condition/purpose - No.
    *   7: Political/intellectual right - No.
    *   8: Satisfactory condition - No.
    *   9: Intended for the right hand - No.
    *   10: Accepted standards of usage/procedure - No.
    *   11: Perpendicular (right angle) - No.
    *   12: Side of cloth - No.
    *   13: Most suitable/ripe - No.
    *   14: Precisely accurate (veracious account) - No.

    *   Sense 2: "free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth"
    *   Sense 5: "correct in opinion or judgment"
    *   The context says "Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was right". This refers to Dr. Knudson's *claim* ("It was an audacious claim"). Believing someone is "right" about a claim or theory is a judgment of their opinion/conclusion. Sense 5 specifically mentions "correct in opinion or judgment" and gives the example "time proved him right", which mirrors the structure "believed Dr. Knudson was right".

Sense 5 is the most precise fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "set_out" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and <t>set out</t> to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Senses:
1. definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, start, set about | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. definition=lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line | synonyms=range, array, lay out | examples=lay out the clothes; lay out the arguments
3. definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set off | examples=The family took off for Florida

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was right, and <t>set out</t> to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."
    *   Target phrase: "set out"

    *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" (synonyms: begin, start, set about).
    *   Sense 2: "lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line" (synonyms: range, array, lay out).
    *   Sense 3: "leave" (synonyms: depart, part, start out, set forth, set off).

    *   The sentence says Dr. Vogelstein believed Dr. Knudson and "set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment".
    *   This means he *began* the process of repeating the experiment. He started working toward a goal.
    *   This matches Sense 1 ("take the first step or steps in carrying out an action").
    *   It does not match Sense 2 (he didn't arrange the experiment in a line).
    *   It does not match Sense 3 (he didn't physically leave a location in the sense of departing for a trip, although research often involves moving, the primary meaning here is starting the task).

Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "repeat" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to <t>repeat</t> the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Senses:
1. definition=to say, state, or perform again | synonyms=reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell | examples=She kept reiterating her request
2. definition=make or do or perform again | synonyms=duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate | examples=He could never replicate his brilliant performance of the magic trick
3. definition=happen or occur again | synonyms=recur | examples=This is a recurring story
4. definition=to say again or imitate | synonyms=echo | examples=followers echoing the cries of their leaders
5. definition=do over | synonyms=take over | examples=They would like to take it over again
6. definition=repeat an earlier theme of a composition | synonyms=reprise, reprize, recapitulate

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to <t>repeat</t> the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."
    *   Target word: "repeat"
    *   Meaning in context: To perform the same experiment again to see if the results are consistent or applicable to other cases.

    *   Sense 1: "to say, state, or perform again" (synonyms: reiterate, restate). Focuses more on communication or simple repetition.
    *   Sense 2: "make or do or perform again" (synonyms: duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate). Specifically mentions "replicate" and "duplicate," which are standard terms for scientific experiments.
    *   Sense 3: "happen or occur again" (synonyms: recur). (e.g., a recurring dream). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 4: "to say again or imitate" (synonyms: echo). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 5: "do over" (synonyms: take over). Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 6: "repeat an earlier theme of a composition" (synonyms: reprise). Not applicable here.

    *   The context is about a scientific experiment ("the Cavenee experiment").
    *   "Repeat" in science means to replicate the procedure to verify results.
    *   Sense 2 explicitly lists "replicate" and "duplicate" as synonyms and defines it as "make or do or perform again."

    *   Sense 1 is close ("perform again"), but Sense 2 is more precise for scientific replication ("duplicate", "replicate").
    *   Looking at the examples: Sense 1 example is "reiterating her request" (saying). Sense 2 example is "replicate his brilliant performance" (doing/performing).
    *   Repeating an experiment is performing it again to see if the result is the same. This fits Sense 2 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "experiment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee <t>experiment</t> in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee <t>experiment</t> in cells from other cancers."
    *   Key phrase: "repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."
    *   Contextual clues: "medicine", "gene", "cancer", "molecular biologist", "research teams", "report dual chromosome losses".

    *   Sense 1: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" (synonym: experimentation). This fits scientific research, laboratories, and repeating a specific procedure to verify results.
    *   Sense 2: "the testing of an idea" (synonym: experimentation). This is broader and often more conceptual (e.g., "an experiment in living").
    *   Sense 3: "a venture at something new or different" (e.g., "grow a beard"). This is a casual trial.

    *   The text describes a scientific process involving genes, cancer cells, and research teams.
    *   "Repeat the Cavenee experiment" refers to a specific scientific investigation/test conducted by Cavenee.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1 (controlled test or investigation).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in <t>cells</t> from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in <t>cells</t> from other cancers."
    *   Key terms: "medicine", "gene", "cancer", "molecular biologist", "experiment", "chromosome losses", "tumor".
    *   The word "cells" refers to the biological units from which cancers originate or are studied.

    *   Sense 1: small compartment (honeycomb) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: (biology) basic structural and functional unit of all organisms - Correct.
    *   Sense 3: electric current device - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: political movement unit - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: mobile phone - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: monk/nun room - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 7: prisoner room - Incorrect.

    *   The context is clearly biological/medical. Sense 2 is the biological definition.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "other" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from <t>other</t> cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Senses:
1. definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from <t>other</t> cancers."
    *   Target word: "other"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied (e.g., "other public works").
        2.  recently past (e.g., "the other evening").
        3.  belonging to the distant past (e.g., "former generations").
        4.  very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected (e.g., "other dimension").

    *   The text mentions "retinoblastoma" (a specific cancer).
    *   Dr. Vogelstein wanted to see if the findings for retinoblastoma applied to "other cancers."
    *   In this context, "other cancers" means cancers that are *not* retinoblastoma (the one already mentioned).

    *   Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied". This fits perfectly. Retinoblastoma was mentioned; "other cancers" refers to cancers different from retinoblastoma.
    *   Sense 2: "recently past". Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past". Does not fit.
    *   Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality". Does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other <t>cancers</t>. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about medical research involving genes, tumors (retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor), and cancer research centers.
    *   Target word: "cancers" (plural of cancer).
    *   Specific sentence: "...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other <t>cancers</t>."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division. (Medical)
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer. (Astrology)
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation. (Astronomy)
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac. (Astrology)
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs. (Biology/Taxonomy)

    *   The context mentions "medicine", "gene", "eruption of a cancer", "Cancer Research Center", "retinoblastoma", "molecular biologist", "chromosome losses", and "childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor".
    *   All these terms point directly to the medical condition of malignant growth.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical context perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "team" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research <t>teams</t> in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "His was one of two research <t>teams</t> in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses..."
    *   Target word: "teams"
    *   Senses:
        1.  a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
        2.  two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

    *   The context describes "research teams" working on cancer research (Dr. Vogelstein, Dr. Knudson, etc.).
    *   These are groups of people working together toward a common scientific goal.

    *   Sense 1: "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)". While "especially in sports" is mentioned, a research team is definitely a cooperative unit.
    *   Sense 2: "two or more draft animals". Research teams are not animals.

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "report" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to <t>report</t> dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to <t>report</t> dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   Target word: "report"

    *   Sense 1: Give an account or representation in words (describe).
    *   Sense 2: Announce as the result of an investigation, experience, or finding.
    *   Sense 3: Announce one's presence (e.g., report to work).
    *   Sense 4: Make known to authorities (e.g., report to the principal).
    *   Sense 5: Journalism (cover a story).
    *   Sense 6: Complain about/make a charge against.

    *   The context describes research teams in 1984 announcing the results of their scientific study (dual chromosome losses in Wilm's tumor).
    *   This fits perfectly with "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding."

    *   Sense 1 is more about description.
    *   Sense 2 specifically mentions "result of an investigation" and "research," which matches the context of "research teams" and "chromosome losses."
    *   Senses 3, 4, 5, and 6 are clearly incorrect.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "dual" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report <t>dual</t> chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs | synonyms=double, duple | examples=an egg with a double yolk; a double (binary) star
2. definition=having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities; ; - R.W.Emerson; -Frederick Harrison | synonyms=double, twofold, treble, threefold | examples=a double (or dual) role for an actor; the office of a clergyman is twofold; public preaching and private influence
3. definition=a grammatical number category referring to two items or units as opposed to one item (singular) or more than two items (plural) | examples=ancient Greek had the dual form but it has merged with the plural form in modern Greek

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...report <t>dual</t> chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer..."
    *   Meaning: Two chromosome losses occurred.
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs (e.g., double yolk, binary star).
        2.  Having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities (e.g., dual role for an actor).
        3.  A grammatical number category (e.g., ancient Greek dual form).

    *   Sense 1: "consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs". In the context of "dual chromosome losses", it means two chromosomes were lost. This fits the "consisting of or involving two" part.
    *   Sense 2: "having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities". This refers to duality of nature or role. Not applicable here.
    *   Sense 3: "a grammatical number category". Not applicable here.

    *   The context refers to the loss of *two* copies of a gene/chromosome. This is a quantitative "two", fitting Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "loss" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   Target word: "losses" (plural of "loss").
    *   Meaning in context: The disappearance or absence of chromosomes (specifically, the loss of both copies of a gene/chromosome).

    *   Sense 1: something that is lost (e.g., total loss of a car, loss of livestock).
    *   Sense 2: gradual decline in amount or activity (e.g., weight loss, loss of business).
    *   Sense 3: the act of losing someone or something (e.g., losing a game/competition).
    *   Sense 4: the disadvantage that results from losing something (e.g., loss of credibility).
    *   Sense 5: the experience of losing a loved one (e.g., loss of a grandfather).
    *   Sense 6: financial loss (cost exceeds revenue).
    *   Sense 7: military personnel lost (casualties).
    *   Sense 8: euphemism for death.

    *   The context refers to "dual chromosome losses." This means the chromosomes were gone/missing.
    *   Sense 1 ("something that is lost") fits best. In biological terms, the "loss" of a chromosome refers to the fact that the chromosome is missing (it is the thing that was lost).
    *   Let's double-check Sense 2 ("gradual decline"). Chromosome loss in cancer is usually a discrete event (deletion), not necessarily a "gradual decline in amount" in the way weight loss is.
    *   Sense 3 ("the act of losing") is possible, but "chromosome losses" usually refers to the state of the chromosomes being gone or the specific instances of missing chromosomes.
    *   Sense 1 examples: "the car was a total loss" (the car is gone/destroyed), "loss of livestock" (the animals are gone). "Chromosome losses" refers to the chromosomes that are gone.

    *   "the loss of both copies of the same gene" (earlier in the text)
    *   "dual chromosome losses"
    *   This describes the absence/disappearance of genetic material.
    *   Sense 1: "something that is lost". The chromosomes are the things that were lost.

    *   Sense 1: something that is lost. (Fits: the chromosomes are the things lost).
    *   Sense 2: gradual decline. (Doesn't fit well).
    *   Sense 3: the act of losing. (Possible, but Sense 1 is more direct for the result/entity).
    *   Sense 4: disadvantage. (No).
    *   Sense 5: loved one. (No).
    *   Sense 6: financial. (No).
    *   Sense 7: military. (No).
    *   Sense 8: death. (No).

    Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 3.
    Sense 1: "something that is lost" (the car was a total loss).
    Sense 3: "the act of losing someone or something" (his loss was a shock).

    In "dual chromosome losses", is it the *act* of losing them or the *things* that were lost?
    Usually, in genetics, "loss of heterozygosity" or "chromosome loss" refers to the event or the resulting state.
    If I say "the loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt", the "loss" is the livestock that were lost.
    If I say "dual chromosome losses", it refers to the instances where chromosomes were lost.

    Let's look at Sense 1 again: "something that is lost".
    Example: "loss of livestock".
    Context: "chromosome losses".
    This matches perfectly.

    Sense 2: "gradual decline". Weight loss is a gradual decrease. Chromosome loss is usually a deletion of a specific piece or whole chromosome.

    Sense 3: "the act of losing". "His loss was a shock" (referring to losing a game).

    Sense 1 is the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "childhood" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare <t>childhood</t> cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=the time of person's life when they are a child
2. definition=the state of a child between infancy and adolescence | synonyms=puerility

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...report dual chromosome losses for a rare <t>childhood</t> cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."
    *   Target word: "childhood"
    *   Senses:
        1.  the time of person's life when they are a child.
        2.  the state of a child between infancy and adolescence | synonyms=puerility.

    *   The phrase is "childhood cancer".
    *   In this context, "childhood" describes the type of cancer, specifically one that occurs during the period of a person's life when they are a child.
    *   Sense 1 refers to the time period (the stage of life).
    *   Sense 2 refers to the "state" or "puerility" (often implying childishness or the quality of being a child).

    *   "Childhood cancer" means cancer that occurs during the *time* of a person's life when they are a child.
    *   It does not mean cancer characterized by "puerility" (childishness).

    *   Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood <t>cancer</t> of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing gene loss, retinoblastoma, Dr. Knudson, Dr. Vogelstein, Wilm's tumor (a childhood cancer of the kidney), and colon cancer.
    *   Target word: `<t>cancer</t>` (specifically in the phrase "rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        2.  Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
        3.  Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
        4.  Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
        5.  Genus of crabs (biology).

    *   The context mentions "loss of both copies of the same gene," "retinoblastoma," "Cancer Research Center," "molecular biologist," "cells from other cancers," "childhood cancer of the kidney," and "colon cancer."
    *   All these terms are medical/biological and refer to malignant tumors.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." - This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Astronomy (constellation) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Astrology (sign) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Biology (genus of crabs) - Incorrect.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "call" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor."
    *   Target word: "called"
    *   Usage: "a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."

    *   Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to (synonym: name). Example: "They named their son David."
    *   Sense 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality. Example: "He called me a bastard."
    *   Sense 3: communication by telephone.
    *   Sense 4: utter a sudden loud cry.
    *   Sense 5: order, request, or command to come.
    *   Sense 6: pay a brief visit.
    *   Sense 7: call a meeting.
    *   Sense 8: read aloud to check for omissions.
    *   Sense 9: send a message by radio/phone.
    *   Sense 10: utter a characteristic note or cry.
    *   Sense 11: stop or postpone (e.g., football game).
    *   Sense 12: greet with a prescribed form/title.
    *   Sense 13: make a stop in a harbor.
    *   Sense 14: demand payment of a loan.
    *   Sense 15: make a demand (card/suit).
    *   Sense 16: give calls for a square dance.
    *   Sense 17: indicate a decision (balls and strikes).
    *   Sense 18: make a prediction.
    *   Sense 19: require presentation of a bond.
    *   Sense 20: challenge somebody to make good on a statement.
    *   Sense 21: declare in the capacity of an umpire.
    *   Sense 22: lure by imitating animal call.
    *   Sense 23: order or request (e.g., general strike).
    *   Sense 24: order/summon for duty.
    *   Sense 25: utter in a loud voice or announce.
    *   Sense 26: challenge sincerity/truthfulness.
    *   Sense 27: consider or regard as being.
    *   Sense 28: rouse from sleep.

    *   The phrase "a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor" means that the cancer is *named* Wilm's tumor.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name".

    *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" -> "cancer... called Wilm's tumor" (Wilm's tumor is the proper name).
    *   Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" -> Not a quality, but a specific name.
    *   Sense 27: "consider or regard as being" -> Not regarding it as something, but naming it.

Sense 1 is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "turn_to" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next <t>turned</t> his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Senses:
1. definition=speak to | synonyms=address | examples=He addressed the crowd outside the window
2. definition=direct one's interest or attention towards; go into | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Vogelstein next <t>turned</t> his attention colon cancer..." (Note: There's a missing "to" in the provided text "turned his attention colon cancer", but the meaning is clear: "turned his attention to colon cancer").
    *   Target word: "turned" (from "turn_to").
    *   Senses:
        1.  speak to / address (e.g., addressing a crowd).
        2.  direct one's interest or attention towards / go into (e.g., turning to boys for satisfaction, turning to mysticism).

    *   The sentence says Dr. Vogelstein "turned his attention [to] colon cancer".
    *   This means he shifted his focus or research interest from one topic (Wilm's tumor) to another (colon cancer).

    *   Sense 1 is about speaking/addressing. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2 is about directing interest or attention towards. (Correct)

    *   The correct sense is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "second" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the <t>second</t> biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Senses:
1. definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the <t>second</t> biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   Target word: "second"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude.
        2.  A part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first.

    *   The phrase is "the second biggest cancer killer".
    *   This refers to a ranking of cancer killers by magnitude (number of deaths).
    *   Lung cancer is first, colon cancer is second.

    *   Sense 1: "coming next after the first in... degree or magnitude". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first" (musical context). This does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "big" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second <t>biggest</t> cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Senses:
1. definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=large | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. definition=significant | examples=graduation was a big day in his life
3. definition=very intense | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
4. definition=loud and firm | examples=a big voice; big bold piano sounds
5. definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=large, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. definition=prodigious | synonyms=heavy | examples=big spender; big eater
7. definition=exhibiting self-importance | synonyms=boastful, braggart, bragging, braggy, cock-a-hoop, crowing | examples=big talk
8. definition=feeling self-importance | synonyms=swelled, vainglorious | examples=too big for his britches; had a swelled head
9. definition=(of animals) fully developed | synonyms=adult, full-grown, fully grown, grown, grownup | examples=an adult animal; a grown woman
10. definition=marked by intense physical force | examples=a big wind
11. definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=large, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
12. definition=given or giving freely | synonyms=bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, handsome, giving | examples=was a big tipper; the bounteous goodness of God
13. definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, large, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second <t>biggest</t> cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   Target word: "biggest" (superlative of "big").
    *   Meaning in context: "the second biggest cancer killer" refers to the number of deaths caused by colon cancer compared to other cancers. It's talking about the magnitude or quantity of deaths.

    *   Sense 1: "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent" (Synonym: large). Example: "a large city".
    *   Sense 2: "significant". Example: "graduation was a big day".
    *   Sense 3: "very intense". Example: "a big rage".
    *   Sense 4: "loud and firm". Example: "a big voice".
    *   Sense 5: "conspicuous in position or importance". Example: "a big figure in the movement".
    *   Sense 6: "prodigious". Example: "big spender".
    *   Sense 7: "exhibiting self-importance". Example: "big talk".
    *   Sense 8: "feeling self-importance". Example: "too big for his britches".
    *   Sense 9: "(of animals) fully developed". Example: "a grown woman".
    *   Sense 10: "marked by intense physical force". Example: "a big wind".
    *   Sense 11: "generous and understanding and tolerant". Example: "a heart big enough".
    *   Sense 12: "given or giving freely". Example: "a big tipper".
    *   Sense 13: "in an advanced stage of pregnancy". Example: "big with child".

    *   The phrase "second biggest cancer killer" refers to the number of deaths.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "number or quantity or magnitude or extent".
    *   Sense 2 (significant) is close, but "biggest killer" usually refers to the statistical number of deaths (magnitude/quantity).
    *   Sense 5 (importance) doesn't fit as well as Sense 1.

    *   "Biggest cancer killer" = the cancer that kills the most people (highest number/quantity of deaths).
    *   Sense 1: "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent". This fits perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing Dr. Knudson, Dr. Vogelstein, retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, and lung cancer. The specific word is "cancer" in the phrase "the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   Senses:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        2.  Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
        3.  Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
        4.  Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
        5.  Genus of crabs (biology).

    *   The context mentions "Fox Chase Cancer Research Center," "retinoblastoma," "Wilm's tumor," "colon cancer," and "lung cancer."
    *   These are all medical terms related to malignant tumors.
    *   The phrase "cancer killer" refers to a disease that causes death.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." - This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Astronomy (constellation) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Astrology (sign) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Biology (genus of crabs) - Incorrect.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "killer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Senses:
1. definition=someone who causes the death of a person or animal | synonyms=slayer
2. definition=the causal agent resulting in death | synonyms=cause of death | examples=heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States
3. definition=a difficulty that is hard to deal with | examples=that exam was a real killer
4. definition=predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas | synonyms=killer whale, orca, grampus, sea wolf, Orcinus orca

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer."
    *   Target word: "killer"

    *   Sense 1: someone who causes the death of a person or animal (slayer).
    *   Sense 2: the causal agent resulting in death (cause of death). Example: "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States".
    *   Sense 3: a difficulty that is hard to deal with.
    *   Sense 4: predatory black-and-white toothed whale (orca).

    *   The context refers to "colon cancer" as a "killer".
    *   Colon cancer is a disease, not a person (Sense 1), a difficulty (Sense 3), or a whale (Sense 4).
    *   It is the *causal agent* resulting in death.
    *   The phrasing "second biggest cancer killer in the U.S." mirrors the example provided in Sense 2 ("heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "u.s." (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Senses:
1. definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer."
    *   Target word: "U.S."
    *   Senses:
        1.  The federal government of the United States.
        2.  The North American republic (the country/geographic entity).

    *   The sentence discusses cancer statistics ("second biggest cancer killer in the U.S.").
    *   Cancer rates are measured across a population/geographic area, not within a government body.
    *   Therefore, "U.S." refers to the country (the United States of America), not the federal government.

    *   Sense 1: Government.
    *   Sense 2: Country.
    *   The context matches Sense 2.