[User]
Which numbered sense of "say" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers <t>say</t> the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Target word: "say"

    *   1: express in words (state, tell) - General communication.
    *   2: report or maintain (allege, aver) - Reporting a claim or finding.
    *   3: express a supposition (suppose) - Hypothetical.
    *   4: have or contain a certain wording (read) - Written text.
    *   5: give instructions (order, tell) - Command.
    *   6: speak/pronounce in a certain way (articulate) - Phonetics.
    *   7: communicate nonverbally - Visuals/feelings.
    *   8: utter aloud - Speaking a specific word.
    *   9: state as one's opinion or judgement (declare) - Strong opinion/proposal.
    *   10: recite a fixed text - Prayer/poem.
    *   11: indicate - Clock/gauge.

    *   The sentence is: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial..."
    *   The researchers are reporting their findings or maintaining a scientific position based on evidence.
    *   This fits the pattern of reporting a claim or a scientific conclusion.

    *   Sense 1 (express in words) is very general.
    *   Sense 2 (report or maintain) is more specific to reporting findings or making a claim (allege, aver).
    *   In scientific writing, "researchers say" usually means they are reporting their findings or maintaining a hypothesis.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war."
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you."
    *   The context "Researchers say [scientific claim]" is a report of a finding or a maintained position.

    *   Sense 1 is the most basic form of "say".
    *   Sense 2 is specifically about reporting or maintaining a claim.
    *   In the context of "Researchers say...", they are reporting a conclusion derived from their work. This aligns well with "report or maintain".

    *   Wait, let me re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: "express in words" (state, tell).
    *   Sense 2: "report or maintain" (allege, aver).
    *   "Researchers say [that]..." is a standard way to report scientific findings.
    *   Looking at the provided senses again, Sense 2 ("report or maintain") seems more precise for reporting a scientific conclusion than the general "express in words".

    *   Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" (Simple statement of fact/desire).
    *   Sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (Maintaining a position/reporting a situation).
    *   "Researchers say the inactivation... appears crucial" is maintaining a scientific position based on evidence.

    *   Is it just "stating" (1) or "reporting/maintaining" (2)?
    *   In many dictionaries, "say" in the context of reporting information is categorized under "report" or "state".
    *   Comparing "state" (Sense 1) and "report or maintain" (Sense 2).
    *   "Researchers say" is almost always reporting a finding.

    *   Sense 1: state, tell.
    *   Sense 2: allege, aver.
    *   "Aver" means to state or assert to be the case. "Allege" means to claim without proof.
    *   Researchers are asserting/averring that the inactivation is crucial.

    *   Sense 1: "He said that he wanted to marry her" (Direct communication of a thought).
    *   Sense 2: "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" (Reporting a conclusion/judgment about a situation).
    *   The researchers' statement is a conclusion about a biological process. This fits Sense 2 better.

    *   Sense 1: express in words.
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain.
    *   The researchers are reporting their findings.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again. "state, tell".
    *   If I say "The researchers state that...", it's very similar to "The researchers say that...".
    *   If I say "The researchers report that...", it's also very similar.
    *   Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war." These are claims or assertions.
    *   The researchers are asserting a scientific conclusion.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 examples: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you." These are more about personal communication.
    *   Sense 2 examples: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war." These are more about claims/reports.

    *   Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "alone" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, only | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
2. definition=without anybody else or anything else | synonyms=solo, unaccompanied | examples=the child stayed home alone; the pillar stood alone, supporting nothing

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, <t>alone</t> or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Target word: "alone"
    *   Senses:
        1.  without any others being included or involved (entirely, exclusively, solely, only).
        2.  without anybody else or anything else (solo, unaccompanied).

    *   The phrase is "the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination".
    *   This means the inactivation of these genes *by itself* (solely) or *together with other factors* (in combination).
    *   It's describing whether the inactivation is the *exclusive* cause or one of several causes.

    *   Sense 1: "without any others being included or involved" (solely, only). This fits perfectly. "The inactivation... solely or in combination..."
    *   Sense 2: "without anybody else or anything else" (solo, unaccompanied). This usually refers to physical isolation or being the only one present. While "alone" can mean "by itself," in this scientific context of causality/factors, "solely" (Sense 1) is the precise meaning.

    *   Does "solely" fit? Yes.
    *   Does "unaccompanied" fit? Not really in the sense of a biological mechanism.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "combination" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities
2. definition=a coordinated sequence of chess moves
3. definition=a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock | examples=he forgot the combination to the safe
4. definition=a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose | examples=they were a winning combination
5. definition=an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose (formerly to achieve some antisocial end but now for general political or economic purposes)
6. definition=the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order
7. definition=the act of combining things to form a new whole | synonyms=combining, compounding

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in <t>combination</t>, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Target word: "combination"
    *   Meaning in context: The inactivation of genes happening together (more than one gene being inactivated).

    *   Sense 1: "a collection of things that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities" (Fits: a set of inactivated genes).
    *   Sense 2: "a coordinated sequence of chess moves" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: "a sequence of numbers or letters that opens a combination lock" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: "a group of people (often temporary) having a common purpose" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: "an alliance of people or corporations or countries for a special purpose" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: "the act of arranging elements into specified groups without regard to order" (Incorrect - this is the mathematical definition).
    *   Sense 7: "the act of combining things to form a new whole" (Incorrect - this refers to the *process* of combining, whereas the context refers to the *state* or *result* of genes being inactivated together).

    *   The phrase "alone or in combination" means either one gene is inactivated or a group/collection of genes are inactivated.
    *   Sense 1 describes a "collection of things that have been combined" or an "assemblage of separate parts". This fits the idea of multiple genes acting together.

    *   Sense 1: a collection of things that have been combined.
    *   Context: "...inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination..."
    *   This means the inactivation of one gene or the inactivation of a collection/group of genes.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "appear" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, <t>appears</t> crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   Target word: "appears"

    *   Sense 1: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (look, seem). Example: "This appears to be a very difficult problem."
    *   Sense 2: come into sight or view. Example: "He suddenly appeared at the wedding."
    *   Sense 3: be issued or published. Example: "Did your latest book appear yet?"
    *   Sense 4: seem to be true, probable, or apparent. Example: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad."
    *   Sense 5: come into being or existence. Example: "Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago."
    *   Sense 6: appear as a character on stage. Example: "Gielgud appears briefly in this movie."
    *   Sense 7: present oneself formally (court). Example: "He had to appear in court."

    *   The sentence is: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer..."
    *   In this context, "appears" means that based on the evidence, it *seems* to be true or probable that the inactivation is crucial.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 4:
        *   Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" (often visual or a general impression of a state). Example: "This appears to be a very difficult problem."
        *   Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent." Example: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad."
    *   Wait, let's look closer at the difference between 1 and 4.
        *   Sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping" (outward appearance). "This appears to be a very difficult problem" (impression).
        *   Sense 4: "It seems that he is very gifted" (conclusion based on evidence). "It appears that the weather... is very bad" (conclusion based on evidence).
    *   In the context "the inactivation... appears crucial", the researchers are making a conclusion based on scientific evidence. It's not about the "outward aspect" of the inactivation, but rather that it *seems to be true* that it is crucial.
    *   Actually, looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "This appears to be a very difficult problem." (This is very similar to "the inactivation appears crucial").
        *   Sense 4: "It appears that the weather... is very bad." (This uses the "It appears that..." construction).
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 4.
        *   Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
        *   Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"
    *   "The inactivation... appears crucial" means it seems to be true/probable that it is crucial.
    *   Is "appears crucial" more like "appears to be a difficult problem" (Sense 1) or "it appears that the weather is bad" (Sense 4)?
    *   Actually, Sense 1 and Sense 4 are very close. Let's look at the synonyms.
        *   Sense 1: look, seem.
        *   Sense 4: seem.
    *   Let's look at the structure.
        *   Sense 1: [Subject] appears [adjective/to be...].
        *   Sense 4: It appears that [clause].
    *   In the context: "the inactivation... appears crucial". This matches the structure of Sense 1 ("This appears to be a very difficult problem").
    *   However, the *meaning* is that it seems to be true/probable (Sense 4).
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect". Does "inactivation" have an "outward aspect"? No.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent". This fits the scientific context perfectly.
    *   Wait, let me check the examples for Sense 1 again: "This appears to be a very difficult problem." This isn't necessarily about "outward aspect" in a visual sense, but an impression.
    *   Let's look at the distinction again.
        *   Sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping" (Visual/Impression).
        *   Sense 4: "It seems that he is very gifted" (Conclusion/Probability).
    *   "The inactivation... appears crucial" is a conclusion based on evidence.
    *   Let's check if "appears" in "the inactivation appears crucial" is used as a linking verb. Yes.
    *   If I replace "appears" with "seems": "the inactivation seems crucial".
    *   If I replace it with "it appears that": "it appears that the inactivation is crucial".
    *   Both Sense 1 and Sense 4 use "seem".
    *   Let's look at the definitions again.
        *   1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
        *   4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"
    *   The scientific claim that something is "crucial" is a claim about truth/probability, not an "outward aspect".
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the most accurate meaning, even if the grammatical structure is slightly different from the example "It appears that...". (Though "X appears Y" is a common variation of "It appears that X is Y").

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 1's example: "This appears to be a very difficult problem." This is almost identical in structure to "the inactivation appears crucial."
    *   Is "a very difficult problem" an "outward aspect" or "true/probable"? It's an impression/conclusion.
    *   This is tricky. Let's look at the definitions one more time.
    *   Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
    *   Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"
    *   In "the inactivation... appears crucial", the researchers are saying it *seems to be true* that it is crucial.
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 4 again: "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad."
    *   These are "It appears that..." constructions.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem."
    *   "This appears to be a very difficult problem" is very close to "The inactivation appears crucial."
    *   Is "being a difficult problem" an "outward aspect"? Not really. It's an impression.
    *   Let's search for the difference between these two senses in a dictionary (like Oxford or Longman).
    *   Often, "appear" as "seem" is split into "seem to be" (impression) and "it appears that" (probability).
    *   In the sentence "the inactivation... appears crucial", it's a scientific conclusion. This leans towards "probable/apparent" (Sense 4).
    *   However, the grammatical structure "X appears [adj]" is more common for Sense 1.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    *   If the researchers say it "appears crucial", they are saying it "seems to be true" that it is crucial.
    *   Let's compare:
        1. "The inactivation appears crucial."
        4. "It appears that the inactivation is crucial."
    *   These are essentially the same meaning.
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    *   Does the inactivation "give an impression"? No.
    *   Does it "have an outward aspect"? No.
    *   Does it "seem to be true" that it is crucial? Yes.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the better fit for the *meaning*, even if the example provided for Sense 4 uses the "It appears that..." construction.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1's example again: "This appears to be a very difficult problem."
    *   Is "a very difficult problem" an "outward aspect"? No. It's an impression.
    *   If "This appears to be a very difficult problem" is Sense 1, then "The inactivation appears crucial" is likely Sense 1.
    *   Let's re-examine the definitions.
        *   Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
        *   Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"
    *   This is a very subtle difference. Let's think about "outward aspect" vs "true/probable".
    *   "She seems to be sleeping" -> Outward aspect (eyes closed, breathing slowly).
    *   "This appears to be a very difficult problem" -> Impression based on a quick look.
    *   "The inactivation... appears crucial" -> Conclusion based on research evidence.
    *   "It appears that the weather in California is very bad" -> Conclusion based on evidence (e.g., a news report).
    *   The scientific context ("researchers reported", "uncovered evidence", "evidence that") strongly suggests that "appears" here means "based on the evidence, it seems to be true/probable". This matches Sense 4.

    *   Let's double-check the structure again.
        *   Sense 1: Subject + appear + (to be) + adjective/noun.
        *   Sense 4: It + appear + that + clause.
    *   The sentence is "the inactivation... appears crucial". This is Subject + appear + adjective.
    *   If the sense is strictly tied to the structure, it's Sense 1. If it's tied to the meaning, it's Sense 4.
    *   Let's look at the examples again.
        *   Sense 1: "This appears to be a very difficult problem."
        *   Sense 4: "It appears that the weather in California is very bad."
    *   "This appears to be a very difficult problem" is almost the same structure as "The inactivation appears crucial."
    *   If "This appears to be a very difficult problem" is Sense 1, then "The inactivation appears crucial" must be Sense 1.
    *   Wait, why would "This appears to be a very difficult problem" be "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"? Because the *problem* (the text of the problem, the complexity of the equations) gives the impression of being difficult.
    *   Similarly, the *evidence* gives the impression that the inactivation is crucial.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    *   "It appears that the weather in California is very bad." (It seems to be true that the weather is bad).
    *   "The inactivation appears crucial." (It seems to be true that the inactivation is crucial).
    *   This is very tough. Let's look at the synonyms.
        *   Sense 1: look, seem.
        *   Sense 4: seem.
    *   Both use "seem".
    *   Let's try to find this specific sense distinction in a dictionary.
    *   In some dictionaries, "appear" (seem) is one sense. Here it's split into two.
    *   Sense 1: "give a certain impression" (often based on appearance).
    *   Sense 4: "seem to be true" (often based on evidence).
    *   The context is scientific evidence. "Researchers say... evidence that...". This points to Sense 4.
    *   But the structure "X appears Y" is used in Sense 1's example.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1's example: "This appears to be a very difficult problem."
    *   Is that based on "outward aspect" or "evidence"? It's based on the "outward aspect" of the problem (how it looks on the page).
    *   Is the "inactivation of genes" something that has an "outward aspect"? No. It's a biological process. The "appearance" of it being crucial is based on scientific evidence.
    *   Therefore, Sense 4 ("seem to be true, probable, or apparent") is a much better fit for the *meaning* in a scientific context.

    *   Wait, let me search for this specific set of senses. They look like they might come from a specific dictionary (like WordNet).
    *   In WordNet:
        *   appear.n.01: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (e.g., "she seems to be sleeping")
        *   appear.n.02: seem to be true, probable, or apparent (e.g., "it appears that he is very gifted")
    *   Looking at WordNet's examples:
        *   "appear" (seem): "she appears to be sleeping" (Sense 1)
        *   "appear" (seem): "it appears that he is very gifted" (Sense 4)
    *   The key difference is often that Sense 1 is about *how something looks* (impression), while Sense 4 is about *whether something is true* (probability).
    *   "The inactivation... appears crucial" is about whether it is *true* that it is crucial.
    *   Let's re-examine "This appears to be a very difficult problem." If this is Sense 1, it means the problem *looks* difficult.
    *   If "The inactivation appears crucial" is Sense 1, it would mean it *looks* crucial.
    *   If it's Sense 4, it means it *seems to be true* that it is crucial.
    *   In a scientific paper, "appears" is almost always used to mean "the evidence suggests it is probable" (Sense 4).

    *   Let's double-check the structure again.
        *   Sense 1: "This appears to be a very difficult problem." (Subject + appear + to be + adj)
        *   Sense 4: "It appears that the weather... is very bad." (It + appear + that + clause)
    *   The sentence "the inactivation... appears crucial" is (Subject + appear + adj).
    *   This structure is identical to Sense 1's example.
    *   Could "the inactivation... appears crucial" be Sense 1?
    *   "The inactivation... gives the impression of being crucial."
    *   "The inactivation... seems to be true that it is crucial."
    *   Actually, "X appears Y" and "It appears that X is Y" are often interchangeable.
    *   If the distinction is purely based on the "outward aspect" (Sense 1) vs "true/probable" (Sense 4), then Sense 4 is the winner.
    *   Let's think about the "outward aspect" of "inactivation of genes". It doesn't have one. You can't *see* inactivation. You can only *infer* it from evidence.
    *   Therefore, it *must* be Sense 4.

    *   Wait, let me search for "appears crucial" in a corpus.
    *   "The role of p53 appears crucial..."
    *   This is a very common way to say "the evidence suggests that the role of p53 is crucial."
    *   This is a statement of probability/truth based on evidence.
    *   Sense 4: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent".
    *   This matches perfectly.

    *   Let me just double-check Sense 1 one more time. "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect".
    *   If I say "He appears tired," that's Sense 1 (he looks tired).
    *   If I say "The inactivation appears crucial," I'm not saying it *looks* crucial in the same way. I'm saying it *seems to be true* that it is crucial.

    *   Final check:
        *   Context: Scientific evidence -> conclusion.
        *   Sense 1: Impression/Outward aspect.
        *   Sense 4: True/Probable/Apparent.
        *   Conclusion: Sense 4.

    *   Wait, let me re-read the examples for Sense 1 again. "This appears to be a very difficult problem."
    *   If I see a math problem with 20 variables and 10 integrals, I might say "This appears to be a very difficult problem" before I even try to solve it. I'm basing this on the *outward aspect* of the problem.
    *   In the context of the gene p53, the researchers have "uncovered evidence". They aren't just looking at the gene and saying "that looks crucial." They are analyzing data and concluding that it *seems to be true* that it is crucial.
    *   This confirms Sense 4.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "crucial" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=important | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
2. definition=having crucial relevance | examples=crucial to the case; relevant testimony
3. definition=of the greatest importance | synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence | examples=the all-important subject of disarmament; crucial information

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears <t>crucial</t> to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Target word: "crucial"
    *   Meaning in context: The inactivation of these genes is essential or necessary for the development of cancer. It's a key factor/requirement.

    *   Sense 1: "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis" (e.g., a crucial moment, a crucial election). Focuses on a turning point or a critical juncture.
    *   Sense 2: "having crucial relevance" (e.g., crucial to the case). Focuses on being pertinent or relevant to a legal or logical argument.
    *   Sense 3: "of the greatest importance" (synonyms: all-important, essential, of the essence). Focuses on being a necessary or fundamental component.

    *   The sentence says the inactivation of genes is "crucial to the development" of cancer.
    *   Does it mean it's a "turning point in a crisis" (Sense 1)? Not exactly, though cancer is a crisis, the *process* of development requires this step.
    *   Does it mean it's "relevant to a case" (Sense 2)? No, this isn't a legal or evidentiary context.
    *   Does it mean it's "essential" or "of the greatest importance" for the process to happen (Sense 3)? Yes. If the inactivation is "crucial to the development," it means it's a necessary/essential step for the cancer to develop.

    *   Sense 1 is often about timing or a specific decision (moment, election).
    *   Sense 3 is about being essential or fundamental to a result or process.
    *   In biological terms, if a gene inactivation is "crucial" for a disease to develop, it means it's an essential requirement. This aligns best with "essential" or "of the greatest importance" (Sense 3).

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1: "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis".
    *   Let me re-read Sense 3: "of the greatest importance; synonyms=all-important, essential, of the essence".
    *   In the context "crucial to the development of...", it means the development cannot happen without it (essential).

    *   Sense 1: "vital to the resolution of a crisis" (Doesn't fit "development of cancer").
    *   Sense 2: "crucial relevance" (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 3: "of the greatest importance... essential" (Fits perfectly).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "development" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the <t>development</t> of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Target word: "development"
    *   Meaning in context: The process by which cancer forms or progresses in the body.

    *   Sense 1: Improving by expanding/refining (e.g., R&D, plan development). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 2: A process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (evolution). -> This fits the general idea of a disease progressing or forming.
    *   Sense 3: (Biology) Individual organism growing organically (growth, maturation). -> This usually refers to the growth of the whole organism (e.g., child development), not the onset of a disease.
    *   Sense 4: A recent event (e.g., news developments). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 5: Making land/water profitable (exploitation). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 6: A developed district (real estate). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 7: A state of improving or chess development. -> Not this.
    *   Sense 8: Processing photos. -> Not this.
    *   Sense 9: Music composition section. -> Not this.

    *   Sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)".
    *   In the context of cancer, "development" refers to the process of healthy cells becoming cancerous and the disease progressing. This is a process of passing by degrees to a different (albeit pathological) stage.

    *   Sense 3 is specifically about the *organism* growing organically (maturation). Cancer is a disease process, not the normal organic growth/maturation of the organism.
    *   Sense 2 is broader and covers the evolution or progression of a condition or idea.

    *   The "development of cancer" is the process by which the disease arises and evolves. This aligns best with Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "scourge" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=a whip used to inflict punishment (often used for pedantic humor) | synonyms=flagellum
2. definition=something causing misery or death | synonyms=bane, curse, nemesis | examples=the bane of my life
3. definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, threat | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes... appears crucial to the development of such <t>scourges</t> as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Target word: "scourges"
    *   Contextual meaning: The word refers to various types of cancer (brain, skin, kidney, etc.). Cancer is a disease that causes widespread misery and death.

    *   Sense 1: "a whip used to inflict punishment" (Literal object).
    *   Sense 2: "something causing misery or death" (Metaphorical/Abstract, like a plague or disease).
    *   Sense 3: "a person who inspires fear or dread" (A person).

    *   Cancer is not a whip (Sense 1).
    *   Cancer is not a person (Sense 3).
    *   Cancer is definitely "something causing misery or death" (Sense 2).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as <t>cancer</t> of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing genes (p53), tumor-suppressing genes, colon cells becoming cancerous, and various types of cancer (lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, cervix).
    *   Target word: `<t>cancer</t>` in the phrase "such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division (medical disease).
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation.
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac.
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (Cancridae).

    *   The context mentions "healthy colon cells cancerous," "lung and breast cancers," "lethal forms of the disease," "tumor-suppressing genes," and "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   This clearly refers to the medical disease involving malignant growths.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical definition.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "brain" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...cancer of the <t>brain</t>, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Target word: "brain"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Physical organ (central nervous system, enclosed in skull).
        2.  Mental ability (intelligence).
        3.  Seat of thoughts/feelings (mind).
        4.  A person with exceptional ability (genius).
        5.  Animal brain used as meat.

    *   The sentence lists organs/body parts affected by cancer: "brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   In this context, "brain" refers to the physical organ in the head.

    *   Sense 1: "that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull..." (Matches perfectly).
    *   Sense 2: "mental ability" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: "responsible for one's thoughts and feelings" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: "someone who has exceptional intellectual ability" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: "brain of certain animals used as meat" (Incorrect).

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "skin" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch | synonyms=tegument, cutis | examples=your skin is the largest organ of your body
2. definition=an outer surface (usually thin) | examples=the skin of an airplane
3. definition=body covering of a living animal | synonyms=hide, pelt
4. definition=a person's skin regarded as their life | examples=he tried to save his skin
5. definition=the rind of a fruit or vegetable | synonyms=peel
6. definition=a bag serving as a container for liquids; it is made from the hide of an animal

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...cancer of the brain, the <t>skin</t>, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   Target word: "skin"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch (human/mammal).
        2.  Outer surface (thin), e.g., airplane skin.
        3.  Body covering of a living animal (hide/pelt).
        4.  A person's life (idiomatic).
        5.  Rind of a fruit or vegetable (peel).
        6.  A bag made from animal hide.

    *   The word "skin" is listed alongside "brain", "kidney", "prostate", and "cervix".
    *   These are all human organs or body parts.
    *   The context is about cancer affecting these parts of the human body.

    *   Sense 1: "a natural protective body covering and site of the sense of touch" (Fits perfectly).
    *   Sense 2: "an outer surface (usually thin)" (Incorrect - not an airplane).
    *   Sense 3: "body covering of a living animal" (While humans are animals, Sense 1 is more specific to human anatomy in a medical context).
    *   Sense 4: "a person's skin regarded as their life" (Incorrect - not idiomatic).
    *   Sense 5: "the rind of a fruit or vegetable" (Incorrect - not a fruit).
    *   Sense 6: "a bag serving as a container for liquids" (Incorrect - not a bag).

    *   The context refers to skin cancer in humans. Sense 1 is the correct definition.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cervix" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and <t>cervix</t>. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families.

Senses:
1. definition=the part of an organism (human or animal) that connects the head to the rest of the body | synonyms=neck | examples=he admired her long graceful neck; the horse won by a neck
2. definition=necklike opening to the uterus | synonyms=uterine cervix, cervix uteri

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing cancer research, specifically tumor-suppressor genes (p53) and various types of cancer (colon, lung, breast, brain, skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix).
    *   Target word: "cervix" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Neck (connects head to body).
        2.  Necklike opening to the uterus (uterine cervix).

    *   The word "cervix" appears in a list of organs/body parts affected by cancer: "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix."
    *   "Prostate" is a male reproductive organ.
    *   "Cervix" in the context of cancer refers to cervical cancer, which affects the neck of the uterus.

    *   Sense 1: General neck (head to body).
    *   Sense 2: Uterine cervix.
    *   The context clearly refers to the medical condition "cervical cancer," which corresponds to Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "evidence" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "There is <t>evidence</t> that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Senses:
        1.  Basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief (grounds). Example: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling".
        2.  An indication that makes something evident. Example: "his trembling was evidence of his fear".
        3.  (Law) Means by which a matter of fact is established/disproved at trial.

    *   The sentence says "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   This refers to scientific data, research findings, or knowledge that supports the belief/theory that inherited defective genes increase cancer risk.
    *   It is not a legal context (Sense 3).
    *   It is not a physical sign or symptom indicating a current state (like trembling indicating fear) (Sense 2).
    *   It is the basis for a scientific belief/conclusion (Sense 1).

    *   Sense 1: "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief". This fits perfectly with scientific evidence supporting a hypothesis.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "people" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "There is evidence that if <t>people</t> inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Target word: "people"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Plural of person; any group of human beings collectively.
        2.  Citizens of a state or country.
        3.  Members of a family line.
        4.  The common people generally (masses).

    *   The sentence discusses genetic inheritance and susceptibility to cancer.
    *   "if people inherit defective versions of these genes..."
    *   In this context, "people" refers to human beings in general who might possess these genes. It's not referring to a specific nationality (Sense 2), a specific family lineage (Sense 3 - although the next clause mentions families, the word "people" here is used generally for any human who inherits the gene), or the "masses" as a social class (Sense 4).

    *   Sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively". This fits perfectly. It refers to human beings as a species or individuals within that species.

    *   Sense 2 (Citizens): No.
    *   Sense 3 (Family line): While the sentence mentions "certain families" later, the word "people" refers to the individuals who inherit the genes, not the family line as a collective entity in the way "my people" would.
    *   Sense 4 (Common people): No.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "inherit" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people <t>inherit</t> defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "There is evidence that if people <t>inherit</t> defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Target word: "inherit"
    *   Key phrases around the word: "defective versions of these genes", "prone to cancer", "haunt certain families".

    *   Sense 1: obtain from someone after their death (e.g., castle).
    *   Sense 2: receive from a predecessor (e.g., problems from a previous chair).
    *   Sense 3: receive by genetic transmission (e.g., eyesight from mother).

    *   The context discusses "defective versions of these genes" and how they are passed down within "certain families".
    *   This clearly refers to biological/genetic transmission.
    *   Sense 3 matches this definition perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "version" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective <t>versions</t> of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective <t>versions</t> of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   Target word: "versions" (plural of version).
    *   Contextual meaning: The text is discussing genes (specifically tumor-suppressor genes). It mentions "defective versions of these genes," meaning variations or variants of the gene sequence that are mutated or non-functional.

    *   Sense 1: "an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint" (e.g., "his version of the fight"). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 2: "something a little different from others of the same type" (synonyms: variant, variation, edition). -> Fits well. A defective gene is a variant/variation of the normal gene.
    *   Sense 3: "a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form" (synonym: adaptation). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4: "a written communication in a second language..." (synonym: translation). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5: "a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something" (synonym: interpretation). -> Doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 6: "manual turning of a fetus in the uterus". -> Doesn't fit.

    *   The word "versions" in "defective versions of these genes" refers to variants or variations of the gene. This aligns perfectly with Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "especially" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer..."
    *   Target word: "especially"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  To a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common (synonyms: particularly, peculiarly, specially).
        2.  In a special manner (synonyms: specially).

    *   The sentence says: "...if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."
    *   This means they are *more* prone to cancer than people who do not inherit those defective genes.
    *   It describes the *degree* of proneness (greater extent/degree).

    *   Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" -> Fits perfectly. (They are *more* prone than common/average).
    *   Sense 2: "in a special manner" -> Does not fit. (They aren't prone to cancer in a "special way" or "special manner" like a specially arranged dinner).

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text discussing p53 genes, lung and breast cancers, tumor-suppressing genes, and genetic defects leading to cancer.
    *   Target word: `<t>cancer</t>` in the sentence "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        2.  Astrology (person born in Cancer).
        3.  Constellation.
        4.  Zodiac sign.
        5.  Genus of crabs.

    *   The context mentions "damaged p53 gene", "lung and breast cancers", "lethal forms of the disease", "tumor-suppressing genes", "malignant growth", "tumor-suppressor genes", "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix".
    *   The target word `<t>cancer</t>` refers to the disease caused by abnormal cell growth.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." - This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Constellation - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Zodiac sign - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs - Incorrect.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "explain" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps <t>explaining</t>, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps <t>explaining</t>, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
    *   Target word: "explaining"

    *   Sense 1: make plain and comprehensible (explicate). Example: explaining laws of physics.
    *   Sense 2: define. Example: explaining a plan for fund-raising.
    *   Sense 3: serve as a reason or cause or justification of (excuse). Example: divorce explaining reluctance to date.

    *   The sentence says: "if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining... why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
    *   In this context, the inheritance of defective genes *is the reason or cause* for why some cancers haunt certain families.
    *   It's not about a person making a concept comprehensible (Sense 1) or defining a plan (Sense 2). It's about a causal relationship.

    *   Sense 3: "serve as a reason or cause or justification of".
    *   This fits perfectly. The genetic inheritance serves as the reason/cause for the familial pattern of cancer.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "finally" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually
2. definition=as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over
3. definition=the item at the end | synonyms=last, lastly, in conclusion | examples=last, I'll discuss family values

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
    *   Target word: "finally"

    *   Sense 1: after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay (eventually).
    *   Sense 2: as the end result of a succession or process (ultimately, in the end, at last).
    *   Sense 3: the item at the end (last, lastly, in conclusion).

    *   The sentence discusses how inheriting defective genes makes people prone to cancer.
    *   It says this "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
    *   In this context, "finally" suggests that after a series of discoveries or a long period of not knowing, we are now reaching an explanation. It's not listing items (Sense 3). It's not necessarily about a sequence of events leading to a result (Sense 2), but rather that after a long time of mystery, an answer is being found.
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    *   Sense 1: "after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay" (eventually).
    *   Sense 2: "as the end result of a succession or process" (ultimately).
    *   Looking at the sentence: "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."
    *   This means "at last" or "eventually" we have an explanation for a long-standing mystery.
    *   Comparing "eventually" (1) and "ultimately/at last" (2).
    *   Often, "finally" in the sense of "at last" (after a long wait) is Sense 1 or 2 depending on the dictionary.
    *   Let's look at the provided definitions again.
    *   Sense 1: "after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay" (eventually).
    *   Sense 2: "as the end result of a succession or process" (ultimately, in the end, at last).
    *   The "haunting of certain families" has been a known phenomenon for a long time. The discovery of tumor-suppressor genes provides the explanation *after a long delay* of not knowing.
    *   Does it fit "end result of a succession or process"? The process of scientific discovery? Yes.
    *   Does it fit "after an especially long delay"? Yes.
    *   Usually, "finally" used as a parenthetical like this ("explaining, finally, why...") often means "at last" or "ultimately".
    *   Let's check the synonyms. Sense 1: eventually. Sense 2: ultimately, in the end, at last.
    *   "perhaps explaining, at last, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families." (Fits well).
    *   "perhaps explaining, eventually, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families." (Fits less well, as "eventually" usually refers to the future or a progression).
    *   "perhaps explaining, ultimately, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families." (Fits well).

    *   Sense 1 is more about the passage of time leading to an event.
    *   Sense 2 is more about the conclusion of a process or a sequence of events.
    *   The scientific discovery process is a succession of findings. The discovery of these genes is the "end result" (or a key step toward the end result) of that process.
    *   However, "at last" is explicitly listed under Sense 2. "At last" is the most natural synonym here.

    *   "perhaps explaining, finally, why..."
    *   This is used to indicate that a long-standing question is being answered.
    *   Sense 2: "as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last".
    *   Sense 1: "after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually".
    *   In many dictionaries, "at last" and "eventually" are very close. But "at last" often carries a sense of relief or the resolution of a long-standing problem, which fits here.

    *   Sense 3 is definitely wrong (not a list).
    *   Sense 1 vs 2.
    *   If I say "I finally finished my homework," is that Sense 1 or 2? (Usually 1 or 2).
    *   If I say "The search for the cure finally ended," is that Sense 1 or 2?
    *   Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over".
    *   The phrase "at long last" is very similar to the usage in the text.

    *   The text describes a series of discoveries (p53 gene, other research teams, other suspected genes). This is a "succession or process" of scientific discovery. The explanation for family patterns is the "end result" of this process.

    *   Sense 1: eventually.
    *   Sense 2: ultimately, in the end, at last.
    *   "perhaps explaining, at last, why..." -> Sense 2.
    *   "perhaps explaining, eventually, why..." -> Sense 1.
    *   "At last" feels more appropriate for a discovery that solves a mystery.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some <t>cancers</t> seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing p53 genes, lung and breast cancers, tumor-suppressing genes, and genetic defects leading to cancer.
    *   Target word: "cancers" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some <t>cancers</t> seem to haunt certain families."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division (medical/disease).
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (biology/taxonomy).

    *   The context mentions "p53 gene", "tissue from lung and breast cancers", "lethal forms of the disease", "tumor-suppressing genes", "cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix".
    *   The target word "cancers" refers to these malignant growths/diseases.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical context perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "seem" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers <t>seem</t> to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers <t>seem</t> to haunt certain families."
    *   Target word: "seem"

    *   Sense 1: give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect (look, appear). Example: "She seems to be sleeping."
    *   Sense 2: seem to be true, probable, or apparent. Example: "It seems that he is very gifted."
    *   Sense 3: appear to exist. Example: "There seems no reason to go ahead..."
    *   Sense 4: appear to one's own mind or opinion. Example: "I seem to be misunderstood..."

    *   The sentence is: "...why some cancers <t>seem</t> to haunt certain families."
    *   Meaning: It *appears* that some cancers haunt certain families (based on evidence/observation).
    *   Is it "outward aspect" (Sense 1)? Not really. Cancers don't "look" like they haunt families in a visual sense.
    *   Is it "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" (Sense 2)? Yes. The evidence suggests it is true or probable that some cancers haunt certain families.
    *   Is it "appear to exist" (Sense 3)? No, the "haunting" is the action/state, not the existence of the cancer itself.
    *   Is it "appear to one's own mind or opinion" (Sense 4)? No, this is a general observation/scientific hypothesis, not a personal feeling of the speaker.

    *   Sense 1 is often used for visual impressions or general appearances ("He seems tired").
    *   Sense 2 is used for conclusions drawn from evidence or general impressions of a situation ("It seems that...").
    *   In "some cancers seem to haunt certain families," the author is saying that based on the evidence (inherited defective genes), it *appears to be true* that these cancers haunt certain families.

    *   Sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping" (outward appearance).
    *   Sense 2: "It seems that he is very gifted" (conclusion based on evidence/impression of truth).
    *   The context "cancers seem to haunt certain families" fits Sense 2 better because it's about a perceived pattern or truth rather than a visual appearance.

    *Wait*, let me re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
    Sense 1: "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect"
    Sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent"

    "Cancers seem to haunt certain families."
    Does it mean "Cancers give the impression of haunting certain families" or "It appears to be true that cancers haunt certain families"?
    Usually, "seem to [verb]" where the verb describes a state or a pattern (like "haunt") aligns with Sense 2 (appearing to be true/probable).

    Let's check the examples again.
    Sense 1: "She seems to be sleeping" (She looks like she is sleeping).
    Sense 2: "It seems that he is very gifted" (It appears to be true that he is gifted).

    "Cancers seem to haunt certain families" $\approx$ "It seems that some cancers haunt certain families." This is a statement about probability/truth based on evidence.

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the most accurate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "certain" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt <t>certain</t> families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt <t>certain</t> families."
    *   Target word: "certain"

    *   Sense 1: definite but not specified or identified (e.g., "a certain sum", "to a certain degree").
    *   Sense 2: having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident (e.g., "felt certain of success").
    *   Sense 3: established beyond doubt or question; definitely known (e.g., "what is certain is...").
    *   Sense 4: certain to occur; destined or inevitable (e.g., "certain to fail").
    *   Sense 5: established irrevocably (e.g., "fate is sealed").
    *   Sense 6: reliable in operation or effect (e.g., "a quick and certain remedy").
    *   Sense 7: exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance (e.g., "be certain to disconnect").

    *   The phrase is "certain families".
    *   Does it mean "confident families"? No (Sense 2).
    *   Does it mean "inevitable families"? No (Sense 4).
    *   Does it mean "reliable families"? No (Sense 6).
    *   Does it mean "definite but not specified or identified families"? Yes. It refers to specific families (those with genetic predispositions) without naming them individually.

    *   Sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified". This fits perfectly. "Certain families" means some specific families, though they aren't listed by name in the text.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "family" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain <t>families</t>. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Senses:
1. definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...why some cancers seem to haunt certain <t>families</t>."
    *   Surrounding text discusses genetic defects, inheriting defective versions of genes, and the development of cancer.
    *   The word "families" refers to groups of people who share genetic traits (inherited defective genes).

    *   Sense 1: Social unit living together (household). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Primary social group (parents and children). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Collection of things sharing a common attribute (class/category). (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: People descended from a common ancestor (family line, kinfolk). (Correct - this relates to genetics and inheritance).
    *   Sense 5: A person having kinship. (Incorrect - "families" is plural here).
    *   Sense 6: (Biology) Taxonomic group. (Incorrect - refers to species/genera, not human families in a genetic sense).
    *   Sense 7: Organized crime. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 8: Association of people sharing beliefs/activities. (Incorrect)

    *   The context mentions "inherit defective versions of these genes," which directly points to biological descent and kinship. Sense 4 ("people descended from a common ancestor") fits perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "story" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The <t>story</t> of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Senses:
1. definition=a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program | synonyms=narrative, narration, tale | examples=his narrative was interesting; Disney's stories entertain adults as well as children
2. definition=a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events | examples=he writes stories for the magazines
3. definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, level, storey | examples=what level is the office on?
4. definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=history, account, chronicle | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president
5. definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=report, news report, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
6. definition=a trivial lie | synonyms=fib, tale, tarradiddle, taradiddle | examples=he told a fib about eating his spinach; how can I stop my child from telling stories?

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The <t>story</t> of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."
    *   Target word: "story"

    *   Sense 1: A message telling particulars of an act/occurrence (narrative, tale). Often associated with entertainment or specific events.
    *   Sense 2: A piece of fiction (short story).
    *   Sense 3: A floor of a building (storey).
    *   Sense 4: A record or narrative description of past events (history, account, chronicle).
    *   Sense 5: A short account of the news (news report).
    *   Sense 6: A trivial lie (fib).

    *   The sentence says "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s..."
    *   It is describing the historical development, the discovery process, and the timeline of scientific understanding.
    *   This fits the definition of a "record or narrative description of past events" or a "history/account."

    *   Sense 1 (narrative/tale) is close, but Sense 4 (history/account/chronicle) is more precise for a scientific progression over time ("goes back to the 1970s").
    *   Sense 2 (fiction) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 3 (floor) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 5 (news report) is incorrect.
    *   Sense 6 (lie) is incorrect.

    *   Sense 4: "a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=history, account, chronicle | examples=a history of France".
    *   "The history of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s" makes perfect sense.