[User]
Which numbered sense of "show" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

finish_reason: length

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon."
    *   Target word: "showing" (from "show").
    *   Meaning in context: The research will start to produce or demonstrate tangible results/outcomes.

    *   Sense 1: Give an exhibition (demo, exhibit). (Not fitting)
    *   Sense 2: Establish validity (prove, demonstrate). (Possible, but usually refers to a specific proof/experiment).
    *   Sense 3: Provide evidence for (testify, bear witness). (Possible, but usually refers to a test result).
    *   Sense 4: Make visible or noticeable. (Possible, but "showing results" is a common idiom).
    *   Sense 5: Show in a picture (depict). (Not fitting)
    *   Sense 6: Give expression to (express). (Not fitting)
    *   Sense 7: Indicate a place/direction. (Not fitting)
    *   Sense 8: Be or become visible or noticeable. (Possible: "The results will show").
    *   Sense 9: Indicate a reading (gauge). (Not fitting)
    *   Sense 10: Give evidence of (records). (Not fitting)
    *   Sense 11: Usher to seats. (Not fitting)
    *   Sense 12: Horse racing. (Not fitting)

    *   "Showing results" in the context of research usually means that the research is starting to produce outcomes that are visible or evident.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    *   Let's look at Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    *   Let's look at Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
    *   Let's look at Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable".

    Wait, let's re-read the sentence: "...this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
    In this phrase, "showing results" means the research is *producing* results that can be seen.

    Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
    Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father."

    Actually, "showing results" is very similar to "producing results" or "demonstrating results".
    If we look at Sense 2: "establish the validity of something... as by an experiment".
    If we look at Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".

    Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    If research "shows results", it is demonstrating that it works or is producing evidence.

    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "provide evidence for".
    "The blood test showed that he was the father." (The test provided evidence).
    "The research will begin showing results." (The research will provide evidence/outcomes).

    Let's look at Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
    "She showed her talent for cooking."

    Let's look at Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable".
    "His good upbringing really shows."

    Wait, "showing results" is a very common collocation. Does it mean "producing results that are visible"?
    If I say "The diet is showing results," it means the results are becoming visible (Sense 8).
    If I say "The research is showing results," it means it's producing evidence/outcomes.

    Let's check the senses again.
    Sense 2: establish the validity of something...
    Sense 3: provide evidence for...

    In the context "this basic research will begin showing results there soon", the research is the agent. The results are the object.
    Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated [showed] the instability..." (Experiment = agent, instability = object).
    Sense 3: "The blood test showed [provided evidence for] that he was the father." (Test = agent, that he was the father = object).

    Is "results" more like "the instability of the compound" (Sense 2) or "that he was the father" (Sense 3)?
    "Results" are the evidence themselves.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something".
    If research shows results, it's establishing that the research is valid/working.

    Let's look at Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
    If research shows results, it makes the results visible.

    Let's consider the phrase "show results".
    If a treatment "shows results", it means it is effective.
    If research "shows results", it means it is producing outcomes.

    Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3 again.
    Sense 2: establish validity (prove).
    Sense 3: provide evidence for (testify).

    Actually, looking at the examples:
    Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father."

    In the context "research will begin showing results", the "results" are the evidence.
    Wait, if the research *shows* results, it is *producing* them.

    Let's look at Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
    Example: "She showed her talent for cooking."
    If research shows results, it makes those results visible.

    Let's look at Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable".
    Example: "His good upbringing really shows." (Intransitive)
    In the context, "showing" is transitive ("showing results"). So Sense 8 is out.

    Let's re-examine Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    If the research shows results, it is establishing the validity of the research/hypothesis.

    Let's re-examine Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    If the research shows results, it is providing evidence for the hypothesis.

    Wait, "show results" is often used to mean "produce results".
    If we look at the provided senses, which one fits "produce results" best?
    Sense 2: establish validity.
    Sense 3: provide evidence for.
    Sense 4: make visible or noticeable.

    Let's try to substitute:
    - "...this basic research will begin *establishing the validity of* results there soon." (Doesn't quite fit)
    - "...this basic research will begin *providing evidence for* results there soon." (Doesn't quite fit)
    - "...this basic research will begin *making results visible* there soon." (Fits better)

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again. "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    If we replace "the instability of the compound" with "results": "The experiment demonstrated results."
    That's very close to "The research showed results."

    Let's look at Sense 3 again. "The blood test showed that he was the father."
    If we replace "that he was the father" with "results": "The blood test showed results."
    This also fits.

    Let's think about the difference between Sense 2 and Sense 3.
    Sense 2 is about *validity* (proving something is true).
    Sense 3 is about *evidence* (providing a sign or proof).

    "Showing results" in research usually means the research is starting to yield evidence that it's working or that a hypothesis is correct.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father."

    In Sense 2, the "instability" is the *result* of the experiment.
    In Sense 3, the "that he was the father" is the *conclusion* drawn from the evidence.

    In "showing results", the "results" are the outcomes/evidence.
    So, "The research showed results" is like "The experiment demonstrated the instability".

    Let's double-check Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
    "She showed her talent for cooking."
    "The research showed results." (The research made the results visible).

    This is tricky. Let's search for "show results" in a dictionary.
    Often, "show results" means "to produce a particular result".
    If I "show results" in my training, I am producing visible improvement.

    Looking at the senses again:
    Sense 2: establish the validity of something...
    Sense 3: provide evidence for...
    Sense 4: make visible or noticeable...

    If the research "shows results", it is making the results visible/noticeable.
    Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again. "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    If the research shows results, it is establishing the validity of the research.

    Let's try Sense 3 again. "provide evidence for".
    If the research shows results, it is providing evidence for the theory.

    Let's look at the context again: "...this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
    "There" refers to "advances in treatment".
    So, "this basic research will begin showing results [in advances in treatment] soon."
    This means the research will start to *produce* results that lead to advances in treatment.

    If it's *producing* results, is that "making them visible" (Sense 4) or "providing evidence" (Sense 3) or "establishing validity" (Sense 2)?

    Let's look at Sense 4 again: "make visible or noticeable".
    Example: "She showed her talent for cooking."
    If you show your talent, you make it visible.
    If research shows results, it makes the results visible.

    Let's look at Sense 2 again: "establish the validity of something".
    If research shows results, it establishes that the research is valid.

    Let's look at Sense 3 again: "provide evidence for".
    If research shows results, it provides evidence for the research's goals.

    Let's compare "The blood test showed that he was the father" (Sense 3) and "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound" (Sense 2).
    "The research showed results" is more like "The experiment demonstrated the instability". The "instability" is the result.

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    If the "something" is the "results", then it's "establish the validity of the results". That's not what it means.
    It means the *experiment* (the research) *establishes the validity of* the hypothesis *by* showing results.

    Let's re-read Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    "The blood test [research] showed [provided evidence for] that he was the father [the results]."
    This also doesn't quite fit.

    Let's re-read Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
    "The research [agent] showed [made visible] results [object]."
    This fits the structure perfectly.

    Let's check Sense 8 again: "be or become visible or noticeable".
    "The results showed." (Intransitive). But the sentence is "showing results" (Transitive).

    Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again. "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    Here, "the instability of the compound" is the *thing being established*.
    In "showing results", the "results" are the *thing being shown*.

    If "results" = "the instability of the compound", then Sense 2 is "The research established the validity of the results." (No).
    If "results" = "that he was the father", then Sense 3 is "The research provided evidence for the results." (No).

    Wait, if "results" are the *evidence itself*, then "showing results" means "making the evidence visible".
    That would be Sense 4.

    Let's think about "show results" in other contexts.
    "The new medicine is showing results."
    This means the medicine is producing visible effects.
    "The student is showing results in her studies."
    This means the student's improvement is becoming visible.

    This points strongly to Sense 4 ("make visible or noticeable") or Sense 8 ("be or become visible or noticeable").
    Since "showing" has an object ("results"), it must be transitive.
    Sense 4 is transitive. Sense 8 is intransitive.

    Let's double-check Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
    Example: "She showed her talent for cooking."
    "The research showed results."
    (The research made the results visible/noticeable).

    Let's double-check Sense 2 again just in case.
    "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"
    If the "something" is the *hypothesis*, then the *experiment* shows (establishes the validity of) the hypothesis.
    But here, the object is "results".
    "The research showed results."
    It doesn't mean "The research established the validity of the results."

    Therefore, Sense 4 seems the most plausible.

    Wait, let me look at Sense 3 again. "provide evidence for".
    "The blood test showed that he was the father."
    If we replace "that he was the father" with "results":
    "The blood test showed results."
    In this case, "results" is the evidence.
    But Sense 3 says "provide evidence for [something]".
    "The blood test provided evidence for [the fact that he was the father]."
    So, "The research provided evidence for [the results]."
    That doesn't make sense. The results *are* the evidence.

    So, "show results" means "make the results visible".
    Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".

    Let's re-verify Sense 4's example: "She showed her talent for cooking."
    Her talent was made visible through her cooking.
    The results were made visible through the research.

    Wait, let me think about Sense 2 one more time.
    "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    Is "the instability of the compound" a "result"? Yes.
    So "The experiment showed [the result]."
    In this case, "showed" means "demonstrated" or "established the validity of [the instability]".
    If "the instability" is the result, then "The research showed results" means "The research established the validity of the results."
    Still doesn't feel right.

    Let's try Sense 4 again.
    "The research made the results visible."
    This feels more natural for "showing results".

    Let's consider if there's any other sense.
    Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records".
    "The diary shows his distress."
    "The research shows results."
    (The research gives evidence of results).
    This is similar to Sense 4, but Sense 10 is specifically for records.

    Let's compare Sense 4 and Sense 2 again.
    Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"
    Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable"

    If I say "The study showed a 20% increase in productivity," am I establishing the validity of the increase (Sense 2) or making the increase visible (Sense 4)?
    Actually, in that case, it's more like Sense 3 (providing evidence for the increase).

    But the phrase is "showing results".
    "The research will begin showing results."
    This is a very common way to say "The research will begin to produce visible outcomes."

    Let's look at Sense 4 again. "make visible or noticeable".
    If you "show results", you are making the results visible.

    Let's check Sense 2 again. "establish the validity of something".
    If you "show results", you are establishing the validity of your research.

    Wait, let's look at the examples for Sense 2:
    "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound."
    "The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture."
    In both cases, the thing being "shown" is a *fact* or a *property* (instability, validity).
    "Results" can be seen as a set of facts.

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 4:
    "She showed her talent for cooking."
    "Show me your etchings, please."
    In these cases, the thing being "shown" is a *quality* or a *physical object*.
    "Results" can be seen as a quality of the research's progress.

    Let's think about "show results" in a medical context.
    "The treatment is showing results."
    This means the treatment is working, and the evidence of its success is becoming visible.
    This sounds like Sense 4 or Sense 8.
    Since it's "showing results" (transitive), Sense 4 is the best fit.

    Let's double-check Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    "The blood test showed that he was the father."
    If we say "The blood test showed results," it usually means the test was successful in producing a result, not that the result provided evidence for something else.

    Wait, let me re-read the context one more time.
    "...I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
    "There" = "advances in treatment".
    So, "this basic research will begin showing results [in the form of] advances in treatment soon."
    This means the research will produce results that are visible as advances in treatment


status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "show" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 12. Return only the integer.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon."
    *   Target word: "showing" (from "show").
    *   Meaning in context: The research will start to produce or demonstrate tangible results/outcomes.

    *   Sense 1: Give an exhibition (demo, exhibit). (Not this)
    *   Sense 2: Establish validity (prove, demonstrate). (Possible, but usually refers to a specific proof/experiment)
    *   Sense 3: Provide evidence for (testify, bear witness). (Possible, but usually refers to a test result)
    *   Sense 4: Make visible or noticeable. (Possible: "showing results" = making results visible/noticeable)
    *   Sense 5: Show in a picture (depict). (Not this)
    *   Sense 6: Give expression to (express). (Not this)
    *   Sense 7: Indicate a place/direction. (Not this)
    *   Sense 8: Be or become visible or noticeable. (Possible: "results will show")
    *   Sense 9: Indicate a reading (gauge). (Not this)
    *   Sense 10: Give evidence of (records). (Not this)
    *   Sense 11: Usher to seats. (Not this)
    *   Sense 12: Horse racing. (Not this)

    *   "showing results"
    *   Does it mean "proving the validity" (Sense 2)? Not exactly.
    *   Does it mean "providing evidence for" (Sense 3)? Maybe, but "showing results" is more about the results becoming apparent.
    *   Does it mean "making visible or noticeable" (Sense 4)? Yes, "showing results" often means the results are becoming apparent or visible.
    *   Does it mean "becoming visible or noticeable" (Sense 8)? Sense 8 is intransitive ("His good upbringing really shows"). In the context "showing results", "showing" is transitive (it has an object: "results").

    *   Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"
    *   Sense 3: "provide evidence for"
    *   Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable"

    Let's look at the examples for Sense 4: "She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please".
    Let's look at the examples for Sense 2: "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound".
    Let's look at the examples for Sense 3: "The blood test showed that he was the father".

    In "this basic research will begin showing results", the research is the agent, and the results are the object. The research is *producing* results that are now *visible* or *noticeable*.

    Wait, let's re-evaluate Sense 2 and 3.
    Sense 2: "establish the validity of something"
    Sense 3: "provide evidence for"

    Actually, "showing results" is a very common idiom. Does it fit "make visible or noticeable"?
    If I say "The diet is showing results," it means the results are becoming visible.
    If I say "The research is showing results," it means the research is producing outcomes that are now apparent.

    Let's compare Sense 2, 3, and 4 again.
    Sense 2: "establish the validity of something" (The experiment showed that X is true).
    Sense 3: "provide evidence for" (The test showed that X).
    Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable" (Show me the money; she showed her talent).

    "Showing results" is most similar to "making results visible/noticeable".

    Let's check if there's a better fit.
    Sense 8 is "be or become visible or noticeable" (intransitive). "Results are showing" would be Sense 8. "Research is showing results" is transitive.

    Is it Sense 2? "establish the validity of something". Not quite.
    Is it Sense 3? "provide evidence for". Not quite.

    Let's look at Sense 4 again: "make visible or noticeable".
    Example: "She showed her talent for cooking". (Her talent became visible through her cooking).
    Example: "The research is showing results". (The results are becoming visible through the research).

    This seems the most plausible.

    Wait, let me double-check Sense 2 again. "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment".
    If the research "shows results", is it establishing the validity of the research? Not necessarily. It's just producing outcomes.

    Let's look at Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    If the research "shows results", is it providing evidence for something? Yes, usually.

    However, "showing results" as a phrase usually means the results are becoming apparent.

    Let's search for "show results" in a dictionary.
    Merriam-Webster: "to make known; to exhibit"
    Oxford: "to make something visible"

    Looking at the provided senses:
    Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable"

    Let's re-read the context: "...I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."
    This means the research will start to produce results that can be seen/noticed in the field of treatment.

    Sense 4 fits best.

    Wait, let me think about Sense 2 one more time. "establish the validity of something".
    "The experiment showed that the compound was unstable." (Sense 2)
    "The research showed results." (This is slightly different).

    Let's check Sense 3: "provide evidence for".
    "The blood test showed that he was the father." (Sense 3)
    "The research showed results." (Still slightly different).

    Sense 4: "make visible or noticeable".
    "She showed her talent." (Her talent became visible).
    "The research showed results." (The results became visible).

    This seems the most consistent.

    Let's double-check Sense 8: "be or become visible or noticeable".
    "His good upbringing really shows." (Intransitive)
    "The research is showing results." (Transitive - "results" is the object).
    So it can't be Sense 8.

    Final check:
    Sense 1: Exhibition (No)
    Sense 2: Establish validity (No)
    Sense 3: Provide evidence (No)
    Sense 4: Make visible or noticeable (Yes)
    Sense 5: Picture (No)
    Sense 6: Expression (No)
    Sense 7: Indicate place (No)
    Sense 8: Become visible (Intransitive) (No)
    Sense 9: Gauge reading (No)
    Sense 10: Evidence of records (No)
    Sense 11: Usher (No)
    Sense 12: Horse race (No)

    Wait, let me re-read Sense 2 and 3 again.
    Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment"
    Sense 3: "provide evidence for"

    If "showing results" means "proving that the research works", it could be Sense 2.
    If "showing results" means "providing evidence that the research is working", it could be Sense 3.

    But "showing results" is more often used to mean "producing visible effects".
    Example: "The new policy is finally showing results." (The effects are becoming visible).

    This aligns best with Sense 4.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


attempt_kind: initial

[User]
Which numbered sense of "result" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon."
    *   Target word: "results"
    *   Surrounding context: Basic research into cancer-suppressor genes will lead to advances in treatment.

    *   Sense 1: A phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon (consequence, effect, outcome).
    *   Sense 2: A statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem (solution, answer).
    *   Sense 3: Something that results (resultant, final result, outcome). Often used in the plural for test results or outcomes of a process.
    *   Sense 4: A linguistic/semantic role (technical term).

    *   The speaker (Samuel Broder) is talking about basic research leading to "results" in the area of treatment.
    *   In this context, "results" means the outcomes, effects, or tangible benefits/findings that come from the research.
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 3:
        *   Sense 1 focuses on the *causal link* (consequence/effect).
        *   Sense 3 focuses on the *outcome* or *product* of a process (like a test or research).
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "his decision had depressing consequences for business"
        *   Sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio" (referring to election results or test results).
    *   In scientific research, "showing results" typically refers to the outcomes or findings (Sense 3). However, "results" can also be seen as the "consequences" or "effects" of the research (Sense 1).
    *   Let's re-evaluate. "Showing results" in a medical/scientific context usually means producing observable outcomes or effects.
    *   Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon".
    *   Sense 3: "something that results".
    *   Often, "results" in the plural (especially in research) refers to the findings or the outcomes.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome.
    *   Wait, "outcome" is in both.
    *   Let's look at the examples again. Sense 3's example "listened for the results on the radio" is very specific to a final tally or a specific finding.
    *   Sense 1's example "his decision had depressing consequences" is about a causal chain.
    *   "Basic research will begin showing results there soon" means the research will start producing effects/outcomes in treatment.
    *   In many dictionaries (like WordNet, which these senses seem to be from), Sense 1 is the general "consequence" and Sense 3 is the "outcome" of a specific process (like an experiment or a test).
    *   Research is a process. The "results" of research are the outcomes of that process.

    *   Sense 1: consequence, effect.
    *   Sense 3: outcome, final result.
    *   "Showing results" usually means producing a positive effect or a tangible outcome.
    *   If I say "The diet is showing results," I mean it's having an effect (Sense 1).
    *   If I say "The lab results are in," I mean the outcome of the test (Sense 3).
    *   In the context "this basic research will begin showing results there [in treatment] soon," it means the research will start to have a positive effect on treatment. This leans slightly towards Sense 1 (effect/consequence).
    *   However, in scientific parlance, "results" are the findings.
    *   Let's look at the phrasing "showing results". "The treatment is showing results" = the treatment is working (producing an effect).
    *   "The research is showing results" = the research is producing findings/outcomes.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "something that results".
    *   Actually, looking at WordNet (which this looks like), Sense 1 is often the general "consequence" and Sense 3 is the "outcome" of a process.
    *   "Showing results" in the sense of "making progress" or "producing effects" is very common.
    *   Let's check Sense 1 again: "consequence, effect, outcome".
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again: "resultant, final result, outcome".
    *   If the research "shows results" in treatment, it means the research *causes* an improvement in treatment. That is an effect.

    *   Sense 1: "the magnetic effect was greater..." / "his decision had depressing consequences..."
    *   Sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio"
    *   The context "showing results there [in treatment]" is closer to "having an effect" than "listening for a score/tally".

    *   Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome.
    *   Sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome.
    *   In the phrase "showing results," it almost always means "producing a visible or measurable effect."
    *   Example: "The new policy is starting to show results." (It's having an effect).
    *   This matches Sense 1 better than Sense 3 (which is more like the result of a specific test or a final score).

    *   Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon. (Research -> Results in treatment).
    *   Sense 3: something that results. (The specific outcome of a process).
    *   Actually, "showing results" is a very common idiom meaning "producing a desired effect."
    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 synonyms: "effect".
    *   "The research will begin showing effects there soon." (Makes sense).
    *   "The research will begin showing outcomes there soon." (Makes sense).
    *   Sense 3 is often used for the *data* produced (e.g., "the results of the study"). But "showing results" in the context of "showing results in treatment" means the research is *working* to improve treatment.

    *   Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome.
    *   Sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome.
    *   Wait, if I say "the results of the experiment," that's Sense 3.
    *   If I say "the research is showing results," it means it's producing effects.
    *   Let's look at the context again: "...this basic research will begin showing results there [in advances in treatment] soon."
    *   This means the research will lead to advances. The advances are the results.
    *   An advance is a consequence/effect of the research.

    *   Sense 1: a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon.
    *   Sense 3: something that results.
    *   This is a very subtle distinction. Let's look at the examples again.
    *   Sense 1: "his decision had depressing consequences for business"
    *   Sense 3: "he listened for the results on the radio"
    *   "Showing results" (meaning producing a positive effect) is much closer to "having consequences" (Sense 1) than "listening for a score" (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 1: consequence, effect, outcome.
    *   Sense 3: resultant, final result, outcome.
    *   In many NLP datasets (like SemCor), "results" in the sense of "outcomes of a study" is often mapped to Sense 3, but "results" in the sense of "effects" is Sense 1.
    *   "Showing results" = producing effects.
    *   Let's try to see if "results" here means "findings" (Sense 3) or "effects" (Sense 1).
    *   "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there [in treatment] soon."
    *   If it meant "findings," it would be "showing results *about* treatment."
    *   "Showing results *in* treatment" means the research is actually *improving* treatment.
    *   Therefore, it means "effects."

    *   Sense 1: effect/consequence.
    *   Sense 3: outcome/resultant.
    *   "Showing results" = producing an effect.
    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "there" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Senses:
1. definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon."
    *   Sentence analysis: Samuel Broder is talking about basic research into cancer-suppressor genes. He mentions that the public is concerned about advances in treatment, but he believes basic research will show results "there" soon.
    *   What does "there" refer to? It refers to the area of "advances in treatment" or the general field of cancer research/treatment mentioned in the previous clause.

    *   Sense 1: "in or at that place" (physical location).
    *   Sense 2: "in that matter" (in that respect, on that point).
    *   Sense 3: "to or toward that place" (direction).

    *   Is it a physical place? No.
    *   Is it a direction? No.
    *   Is it "in that matter" or "in that respect"? Yes. He means that basic research will show results *in the area of treatment* or *in that regard*.

    *   The word "there" is used figuratively to refer to a point of discussion or a specific area of concern (treatment/results). This matches Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "make" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Senses:
1. definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    *   Target word: "made"
    *   Meaning in context: Dr. Dryja *achieved* or *carried out* the discovery.

    *   1: engage in (do) - "make love", "make an effort" (Not quite)
    *   2: give certain properties to something - "make someone mad" (No)
    *   3: make or cause to be or to become (create) - "make a mess" (No)
    *   4: cause to do - "induce" (No)
    *   5: give rise to; cause to happen - "make a stir" (No)
    *   6: create or manufacture a man-made product - "making toys" (No)
    *   7: make, formulate, or derive in the mind - "draw a conclusion" (Possible, but "discovery" is more of an achievement/action)
    *   8: compel - "made to integrate" (No)
    *   9: create by artistic means - "create a poem" (No)
    *   10: earn money - "make a month" (No)
    *   11: create or design - "do my room in blue" (No)
    *   12: compose or represent - "branches made a roof" (No)
    *   13: reach a goal - "make the first team" (No)
    *   14: be capable of being changed into - "make a great host" (No)
    *   15: make by shaping - "make a cake" (No)
    *   16: perform or carry out - "make a decision", "make a move" (Strong candidate: "make a discovery" is a common collocation meaning to perform the act of discovering)
    *   17: make by combining materials - "made his house out of straw" (No)
    *   18: change from one form to another - "make water into wine" (No)
    *   19: act in a certain way to acquire - "make friends" (No)
    *   20: charge with a function - "made president" (No)
    *   21: achieve a point or goal - "got 4 goals" (No)
    *   22: reach a destination - "hit Detroit" (No)
    *   23: institute, enact - "make laws" (No)
    *   24: carry out or commit - "make a mistake" (Strong candidate: "make a discovery" is similar to "make a mistake" in terms of performing an action/event)
    *   25: form by assembling - "make a quorum" (No)
    *   26: organize - "make a party" (No)
    *   27: put in order - "make the bed" (No)
    *   28: head into a direction - "made for the mountains" (No)
    *   29: bowel movement (No)
    *   30: undergo fabrication (No)
    *   31: be suitable for (No)
    *   32: add up to (No)
    *   33: amount to (No)
    *   34: constitute the essence of (No)
    *   35: appear to begin an activity (No)
    *   36: proceed along a path (No)
    *   37: reach in time (No)
    *   38: gather and light materials (No)
    *   39: prepare for eating (No)
    *   40: induce to have sex (No)
    *   41: assure success (No)
    *   42: represent fictitiously (No)
    *   43: consider as being (No)
    *   44: calculate as being (No)
    *   45: cause to be enjoyable (No)
    *   46: favor development (No)
    *   47: develop into (No)
    *   48: behave in a certain way (No)
    *   49: eliminate urine (No)

    *   Sense 16: "perform or carry out" (examples: make a decision, make a move).
    *   Sense 24: "carry out or commit" (examples: make a mistake, commit a faux-pas).

    "Make a discovery" is a standard collocation. Does it fit "perform or carry out" (16) or "carry out or commit" (24)?
    "Commit" usually implies something negative (mistake, crime, faux-pas). "Discovery" is positive.
    "Perform or carry out" (16) is more neutral and fits "make a discovery" better.

    Wait, let me re-examine Sense 16 and Sense 24.
    Sense 16: perform or carry out (make a decision, make a move).
    Sense 24: carry out or commit (make a mistake, commit a faux-pas).

    Actually, "make a discovery" is often categorized as "performing an action" or "carrying out" a process that leads to a result.

    Let's look at other options again.
    Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" (draw a conclusion). A discovery is often derived in the mind. But "made his discovery" usually refers to the whole act of finding it.

    Let's compare "make a decision" (16) and "make a mistake" (24).
    "Make a discovery" is more like "make a decision" (an action taken) than "make a mistake" (an error committed).

    Wait, let me check if there's a better sense.
    Sense 1: engage in (do) - "make an effort".
    Sense 16: perform or carry out - "make a decision".

    In many dictionaries, "make a discovery" is listed under the sense of "performing an action" or "carrying out".

    Let's re-read Sense 16: "perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move".
    Let's re-read Sense 24: "carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas".

    "Make a discovery" is definitely not "committing" something. It is "performing" the act of discovering.

    Is there any other?
    Sense 3: "make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess". (No)
    Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" (No)

    Let's double-check Sense 16 again. "Perform or carry out". This seems the most plausible.

    Wait, let me look at the context again: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    This is a very common phrase. "Make a discovery" = to discover.

    If I have to choose between 16 and 24, 16 is much more likely because 24 is associated with "commit" and negative actions.

    Let's check if any other sense fits.
    Sense 7: "make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion".
    A discovery is a result of research, not just a mental formulation.

    Let's re-verify Sense 16: "perform or carry out".
    "Make a decision" (16)
    "Make a discovery" (16)
    This fits.

    Let's quickly scan the others one more time.
    1: engage in (do)
    3: create
    5: cause to happen
    6: manufacture
    7: derive in the mind
    16: perform or carry out
    24: carry out or commit

    Comparing 16 and 24 again:
    16: perform or carry out (decision, move)
    24: carry out or commit (mistake, faux-pas)

    "Make a discovery" is a positive achievement. "Perform or carry out" is a better fit than "commit".

    Wait, let me think about "make a discovery" again. Is it "performing" a discovery? Or "carrying out" a discovery?
    Actually, "make a discovery" is often just a light verb + noun construction where "make" doesn't have a strong independent meaning, but "perform" or "carry out" are the closest approximations.

    Let's check if "make a discovery" could be Sense 1 (engage in/do). "Make an effort" is Sense 1. "Make a discovery" is similar to "make an effort" in that it's a general action. But "perform or carry out" (16) feels slightly more precise for a discovery.

    Let's re-examine Sense 16: "perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move".
    Let's re-examine Sense 1: "engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort".

    Actually, "make a discovery" is very similar to "make a decision". Both are actions that result in a specific outcome.

    Let's double-check if there are any other possibilities.
    Sense 13: reach a goal (make the first team). (No)
    Sense 21: achieve a point or goal (get 4 goals). (No)

    Looking at the options, 16 seems the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "discovery" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. definition=something that is discovered
3. definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986."
    *   Target word: "discovery"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  The act of discovering something (find, uncovering).
        2.  Something that is discovered.
        3.  A productive insight (breakthrough, find).
        4.  (Law) Compulsory pretrial disclosure.

    *   The sentence says "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    *   Earlier in the text: "...the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja..."
    *   The "discovery" refers to the gene (the thing discovered) or the act of finding it.
    *   Let's look at the nuances:
        *   Sense 1: The *act* of discovering. ("He made a discovery" can mean he performed the act).
        *   Sense 2: The *thing* discovered. ("The discovery was a gene").
        *   Sense 3: A *productive insight* or *breakthrough*. ("This discovery changed the field").

    *   "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    *   In this specific phrasing ("made his [adjective] discovery"), it often refers to the *thing* he found (the gene) or the *event/achievement* of finding it.
    *   Comparing Sense 1, 2, and 3:
        *   Sense 1 (act): "The discovery of the gene took years."
        *   Sense 2 (thing): "The discovery was a gene."
        *   Sense 3 (breakthrough): "The discovery opened a field of cancer study."
    *   In the sentence "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986," "discovery" refers to the specific finding (the gene) or the breakthrough achievement.
    *   Looking at the previous sentence: "...the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field of cancer study..." -> This points towards a breakthrough (Sense 3).
    *   However, "made his discovery" is a very common idiom for the act of finding something (Sense 1) or the thing found (Sense 2).
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs Sense 3.
        *   Sense 2: "something that is discovered" (the gene).
        *   Sense 3: "a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find".
    *   The text says the discovery "opened a field of cancer study," which strongly aligns with "breakthrough" (Sense 3).
    *   But the specific phrase "made his retinoblastoma discovery" refers to the specific thing he found (the gene).
    *   Wait, let's look at the senses again.
        1. act of discovering
        2. something that is discovered
        3. productive insight / breakthrough
    *   In "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery", "discovery" is the object of "made". You "make a discovery".
    *   If I say "Columbus made his discovery in 1492", am I referring to the act, the land, or the breakthrough? Usually, it's the act or the thing.
    *   However, in scientific contexts, "a discovery" often means the breakthrough itself.
    *   Let's check the synonyms for Sense 3: "breakthrough, find".
    *   "Find" as a noun often means "something that is discovered" (Sense 2).
    *   Let's look at the context again. "the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field...". This is a breakthrough.
    *   "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    *   Is it the *act* (1), the *gene* (2), or the *breakthrough* (3)?
    *   Usually, "made a discovery" refers to the act of finding something. But "his retinoblastoma discovery" treats it as a specific entity/achievement.
    *   If we look at the options:
        1. act of discovering
        2. something that is discovered
        3. productive insight / breakthrough
    *   The gene is the "something that is discovered". The fact that it opened a field makes it a "breakthrough".
    *   In the sentence "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986", it's most naturally read as the thing he discovered (the gene) or the act of discovering it.
    *   Let's compare "made his discovery" with "the discovery was a gene".
    *   Actually, "made a discovery" is the standard phrase for the act.
    *   But "his retinoblastoma discovery" functions as a noun phrase referring to the specific finding.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
    *   Let's look at Sense 3: "a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find".
    *   The text emphasizes the impact: "opened a field of cancer study", "fundamental insights". This points to Sense 3.
    *   However, "made his discovery" is a very common way to refer to the event/act.
    *   Let's re-read: "the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field... Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    *   The second mention refers back to the first. The first mention ("discovery of the gene") is the act or the thing. The result ("opened a field") makes it a breakthrough.
    *   If I have to choose between 1, 2, and 3:
        *   1: act
        *   2: thing
        *   3: breakthrough
    *   "Made his discovery" -> He performed the act of discovering.
    *   But "his retinoblastoma discovery" sounds like the specific *find*.
    *   Let's check common usage in these types of NLP tasks (like WordNet-based sense disambiguation).
    *   "Discovery" as "something discovered" (Sense 2) vs "the act of discovering" (Sense 1).
    *   "He made a discovery" -> usually Sense 1 (the act).
    *   "The discovery was amazing" -> usually Sense 2 (the thing).
    *   "This discovery changed the world" -> usually Sense 3 (the breakthrough).
    *   In "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986", it's the act of finding the gene.
    *   Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "find". A "find" can be the thing discovered.
    *   Let's look at the context again. The whole paragraph is about the *significance* of the discovery.
    *   "the initial discovery... has opened a field... fundamental insights... basic research... Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    *   The focus is on the scientific breakthrough.
    *   Let's try to see if "discovery" here means the gene itself. "Dr. Dryja made his [gene] in 1986"? No. "Dr. Dryja made his [act of discovering the gene] in 1986"? Yes. "Dr. Dryja made his [breakthrough] in 1986"? Yes.
    *   Between 1 and 3: "made his discovery" is a very common collocation for the act. But the context is heavily weighted toward the "breakthrough" aspect.
    *   Let's re-examine Sense 2: "something that is discovered". "Dr. Dryja made his [something that is discovered] in 1986." This doesn't fit as well as "made the discovery" (the act).
    *   Wait, "made a discovery" = "discovered something".
    *   If "made a discovery" = "discovered something", then "discovery" is the object of "made", but the whole phrase means the act.
    *   Let's look at the senses again.
        1. the act of discovering something
        2. something that is discovered
        3. a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
    *   In "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986", "discovery" refers to the specific finding/breakthrough.
    *   If I say "He made a discovery", I'm talking about the act.
    *   If I say "His discovery was the gene", I'm talking about the thing.
    *   If I say "His discovery changed medicine", I'm talking about the breakthrough.
    *   "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." This is similar to "He made his discovery in 1986." This usually refers to the act/event.
    *   However, the adjective "retinoblastoma" modifies "discovery". This makes "discovery" feel more like a noun referring to the specific *find* or *breakthrough*.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3 again: "breakthrough, find".
    *   A "find" is often used for a discovery that is valuable.
    *   The context emphasizes the value ("opened a field", "fundamental insights").
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 (breakthrough) is a very strong candidate.
    *   Let's double-check Sense 2 (something discovered). The gene is the thing discovered. "He made his [gene] in 1986" doesn't work. "He made his [discovery of the gene] in 1986" works.
    *   Is "discovery of the gene" the act (1) or the thing (2)? It's the act.
    *   Is "retinoblastoma discovery" the act (1) or the breakthrough (3)?
    *   Given the context of scientific progress, "breakthrough" (3) is more precise than just "the act of finding" (1).

    *   Sense 1: act of discovering.
    *   Sense 2: something discovered.
    *   Sense 3: productive insight/breakthrough.
    *   "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    *   If we replace "discovery" with the synonyms:
        *   1: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma *uncovering* in 1986." (Awkward)
        *   2: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma *something that is discovered* in 1986." (Doesn't work)
        *   3: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma *breakthrough* in 1986." (Works well)
        *   3: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma *find* in 1986." (Works well)

    *   The context is about a scientific advancement that "opened a field" and provided "fundamental insights". This strongly points to Sense 3.

    *   Wait, let me think about "made a discovery" again.
    *   "He made a discovery" = He discovered something.
    *   In this case, "discovery" is the noun form of the action.
    *   But "his retinoblastoma discovery" is a specific named achievement.
    *   Let's compare:
        *   "The discovery of the gene" (Sense 1 or 2)
        *   "The discovery opened a field" (Sense 3)
        *   "He made his discovery in 1986" (Sense 1 or 3)
    *   Given the options, Sense 3 captures the "productive insight/breakthrough" nature of the scientific discovery described in the text.

    *   Sense 1: the act of discovering something.
    *   Sense 2: something that is discovered.
    *   Sense 3: a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find.
    *   In the sentence "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986", the word "discovery" refers to the specific scientific breakthrough he achieved.
    *   If it were just "the act of discovering", it would be a more generic description of the event. But "his retinoblastoma discovery" treats it as a specific, significant achievement.
    *   Let's check if "find" (synonym for 3) fits: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma find in 1986." (Yes, though "find" is more common for objects, it's used for scientific discoveries too).
    *   Let's check if "breakthrough" (synonym for 3) fits: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma breakthrough in 1986." (Yes, fits perfectly).

    *   Sense 1: act of discovering.
    *   Sense 2: something discovered.
    *   Sense 3: breakthrough.
    *   The text says the discovery "opened a field of cancer study" and provided "fundamental insights". This is the definition of a breakthrough.
    *   The phrase "made his retinoblastoma discovery" refers to this breakthrough.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
    *   Could "discovery" just be the gene? "Dr. Dryja made his [gene] in 1986." No, that doesn't make sense. You don't "make" a gene. You "make a discovery".
    *   So it must be the act (1) or the breakthrough (3).
    *   Between the act and the breakthrough, the context of "opening a field" and "fundamental insights" strongly favors "breakthrough".

    *   "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."
    *   This is a very common way to say "He discovered the retinoblastoma gene in 1986."
    *   The "discovery" here is the event/achievement.
    *   Is the event/achievement the "act" (1) or the "breakthrough" (3)?
    *   In a scientific context, these are often the same, but "breakthrough" implies the significance, which is heavily emphasized in the text.

    *   Sense 1: act of discovering something.
    *   Sense 2: something that is discovered.
    *   Sense 3: a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find.
    *   If the question is from a dataset like WordNet, "discovery" as a breakthrough is a distinct sense from "discovery" as the act of discovering.
    *   The context "opened a field of cancer study" and "fundamental insights" is the key. This is not just any act of discovering; it's a *productive* one.

    *   "the initial discovery of the gene... has opened a field" -> This is definitely Sense 3.
    *   "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." -> This refers back to the same discovery.
    *   Therefore, it should be the same sense.

    *   Sense 1: act of discovering.
    *   Sense 2: something discovered.
    *   Sense 3: breakthrough.
    *   The most fitting sense given the context of scientific impact is Sense 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "then" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Senses:
1. definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
    *   Target word: "Then"
    *   Senses:
        1.  Subsequently or soon afterward (sentence connector).
        2.  In that case or as a consequence.
        3.  At that time.

    *   Sentence 1: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986." (Event A)
    *   Sentence 2: "<t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..." (Event B)
    *   The word "Then" connects the discovery in 1986 to the discovery "last spring". It indicates a sequence of events in time.

    *   Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)". This fits perfectly. Event A happened, and *subsequently* (later), Event B happened.
    *   Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence". This doesn't fit. The discovery of p53 wasn't a logical consequence of the 1986 discovery in a conditional sense (if A, then B).
    *   Sense 3: "at that time". This usually refers back to a specific time already mentioned (e.g., "In 1986, he was a doctor. He lived in Boston then."). Here, "Then" is used to transition to a *new* time ("last spring"), not to refer back to 1986.

    *   The word "Then" is used as a sentence connector to indicate that the second event happened after the first. This matches Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "last" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Senses:
1. definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
    *   Target word: "last"
    *   Usage: "last spring"

    *   Sense 1: immediately past (e.g., last Thursday, the last chapter we read).
    *   Sense 2: coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining (e.g., the last time I saw Paris, the last day of the month).
    *   Sense 3: occurring at or forming an end or termination (e.g., concluding words, final chapter).
    *   Sense 4: most unlikely or unsuitable (e.g., the last person we would have suspected).
    *   Sense 5: occurring at the time of death (e.g., his last words).
    *   Sense 6: conclusive in a process or progression (e.g., the final answer).
    *   Sense 7: highest in extent or degree (e.g., to the last measure).
    *   Sense 8: not to be altered or undone (e.g., the judge's decision is final).
    *   Sense 9: lowest in rank or importance (e.g., last prize).

    *   "last spring" refers to the spring immediately preceding the time of the writing/speaking.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "immediately past".

    *   Sense 1: "immediately past" -> "last Thursday" (similar to "last spring").
    *   Sense 2: "coming after all others" -> "the last day of the month" (not the case here).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "spring" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Senses:
1. definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year
2. definition=a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed | examples=the spring was broken
3. definition=a natural flow of ground water | synonyms=fountain, outflow, outpouring, natural spring
4. definition=a point at which water issues forth
5. definition=the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length | synonyms=give, springiness
6. definition=a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards | synonyms=leap, leaping, saltation, bound, bounce

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."
    *   Target word: "spring"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  The season of growth (springtime).
        2.  A metal elastic device.
        3.  A natural flow of ground water.
        4.  A point at which water issues forth.
        5.  Elasticity.
        6.  A light, self-propelled movement (leap).

    *   The sentence says "Then last spring, researchers reported...".
    *   "Last spring" refers to a time period, specifically the season that occurs before summer.

    *   Sense 1: "the season of growth | synonyms=springtime" - This matches perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "report" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Senses:
1. definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."
    *   Target word: "reported"

    *   Sense 1: Give an account or representation in words (describe).
    *   Sense 2: Announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding.
    *   Sense 3: Announce one's presence (e.g., report to work).
    *   Sense 4: Make known to the authorities (e.g., report to the principal).
    *   Sense 5: Be responsible for reporting details (journalism/cover).
    *   Sense 6: Complain about/make a charge against.

    *   The context describes researchers announcing the discovery of a gene (p53) after their research/investigation.
    *   This matches Sense 2: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding". Example: "The team reported significant advances in their research."

    *   Sense 1 is more about describing something.
    *   Sense 2 is specifically about announcing findings from research/investigation.
    *   Senses 3, 4, 5, and 6 are clearly incorrect based on the context.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "find" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported <t>finding</t> a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Senses:
1. definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...researchers reported <t>finding</t> a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."
    *   Target word: "finding" (from "find").
    *   Meaning in context: Researchers discovered a specific gene (p53) through scientific research.

    *   Sense 1: Come upon by accident (e.g., "find this idea in Plato"). (Not quite right, this was a scientific report).
    *   Sense 2: Discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (e.g., "detected high levels of lead"). (Possible).
    *   Sense 3: Come upon after searching for something lost (e.g., "find your glasses"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Establish after calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study (e.g., "find the product of two numbers", "physicist who found the elusive particle"). (Very strong candidate).
    *   Sense 5: Believe based on emotion/intuition (e.g., "find him to be obnoxious"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: Perceive or be contemporaneous with (e.g., "found Republicans winning"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: Get something for a specific purpose (e.g., "found this gadget"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 8: Make a discovery, make a new finding (e.g., "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "found a new elementary particle"). (Very strong candidate).
    *   Sense 9: Make a discovery (e.g., "found that he had lied"). (More about uncovering a fact/secret).
    *   Sense 10: Obtain through effort (e.g., "found the time"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 11: Decide/declare (e.g., "find someone guilty"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 12: Receive treatment (e.g., "find expression"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 13: Perceive oneself in a condition (e.g., "found myself in a difficult situation"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 14: Recover (e.g., "found her voice"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 15: Reach/arrive at (e.g., "arrow found its mark"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 16: Find oneself (personality/abilities). (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice).
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (determine, find out, ascertain).
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover).

    *   Context: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53".
    *   This is a scientific discovery of a biological entity (a gene).
    *   Sense 8 specifically mentions "make a discovery, make a new finding" and gives the example "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This is almost identical in nature to finding a gene.
    *   Sense 4 is about establishing a result or value ("find the product of two numbers").
    *   Sense 2 is about detecting the presence of something ("detected high levels of lead").

    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
    *   The context "researchers reported finding a gene called p53" fits perfectly with "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle".

    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe, discover, notice).
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover).
    *   While similar, Sense 8 is more specifically about scientific breakthroughs/discoveries of new things (X-rays, elementary particles), whereas Sense 2 is more about detecting something that is there (lead in water). Finding a gene (p53) is a scientific discovery of a new entity/function.

    *   Sense 8 is the best fit for a scientific discovery of a gene.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "call" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene <t>called</t> p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Senses:
1. definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...researchers reported finding a gene <t>called</t> p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."
    *   Target word: "called"
    *   Usage: "a gene called p53"

    *   Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to (synonym: name). Example: "They named their son David."
    *   Sense 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality. Example: "He called me a bastard."
    *   Sense 3: communication by telephone.
    *   Sense 4: utter a sudden loud cry.
    *   Sense 5: order/request to come.
    *   Sense 6: pay a brief visit.
    *   Sense 7: call a meeting.
    *   Sense 8: read aloud (roll call).
    *   Sense 9: send a message by radio/phone.
    *   Sense 10: utter a characteristic note (animal).
    *   Sense 11: stop/postpone (game).
    *   Sense 12: greet with a title/name.
    *   Sense 13: stop in a harbor.
    *   Sense 14: demand payment of a loan.
    *   Sense 15: make a demand (card game).
    *   Sense 16: square dance calls.
    *   Sense 17: indicate a decision (sports).
    *   Sense 18: make a prediction.
    *   Sense 19: redemption of a bond.
    *   Sense 20: challenge someone to make good on a statement.
    *   Sense 21: declare as an umpire.
    *   Sense 22: lure animals.
    *   Sense 23: order/request (strike).
    *   Sense 24: summon for duty.
    *   Sense 25: utter in a loud voice/announce.
    *   Sense 26: challenge sincerity/truthfulness.
    *   Sense 27: consider or regard as being.
    *   Sense 28: rouse from sleep.

    *   The phrase "a gene called p53" means the gene was given the name "p53".
    *   This matches Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to".

    *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" -> "a gene called p53" (p53 is the name assigned to the gene).
    *   Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to" -> Not a quality, but a name.
    *   Sense 27: "consider or regard as being" -> Not regarding it as something, but naming it.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "impair" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if <t>impaired</t>, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Senses:
1. definition=make worse or less effective | examples=His vision was impaired
2. definition=make imperfect | synonyms=mar, spoil, deflower, vitiate | examples=nothing marred her beauty

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if <t>impaired</t>, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."
    *   Target word: "impaired"
    *   Senses:
        1.  make worse or less effective (e.g., vision was impaired)
        2.  make imperfect (e.g., mar, spoil, deflower, vitiate)

    *   The sentence discusses a gene (p53) that acts as a cancer-suppressor.
    *   If the gene is "impaired," it no longer functions correctly to prevent cancer, leading to healthy cells becoming cancerous.
    *   In biological/medical contexts, "impaired" usually means the function is diminished, damaged, or made less effective.

    *   Sense 1: "make worse or less effective". This fits perfectly. If the p53 gene's function is made less effective, it can't suppress tumors.
    *   Sense 2: "make imperfect" (mar, spoil). This is more about aesthetic or structural perfection (like beauty) rather than functional effectiveness.

    *   Sense 1 is the standard usage for biological functions or abilities (vision, hearing, gene function).