[User]
Which numbered sense of "future" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for <t>future</t> cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Senses:
1. definition=yet to be or coming | examples=some future historian will evaluate him
2. definition=effective in or looking toward the future | examples=he was preparing for future employment opportunities
3. definition=(of elected officers) elected but not yet serving | synonyms=next, succeeding | examples=our next president
4. definition=a verb tense or other formation referring to events or states that have not yet happened | examples=future auxiliary

[User] Your previous answer was invalid. Choose one candidate index between 1 and 4. Return only the integer.

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for <t>future</t> cancer treatment and prevention."
    *   Target word: "future"
    *   Senses:
        1.  yet to be or coming (e.g., "some future historian")
        2.  effective in or looking toward the future (e.g., "future employment opportunities")
        3.  elected but not yet serving (e.g., "our next president")
        4.  a verb tense (e.g., "future auxiliary")

    *   The phrase is "future cancer treatment and prevention".
    *   Does it mean "yet to be or coming" (Sense 1)? Yes, treatments that will exist in the time to come.
    *   Does it mean "effective in or looking toward the future" (Sense 2)? This sense often refers to planning or preparation for things that will happen later (like "future employment opportunities").
    *   Does it mean "elected but not yet serving" (Sense 3)? No.
    *   Does it mean "a verb tense" (Sense 4)? No.

    *   Sense 1: "yet to be or coming" -> "future cancer treatment" (treatments that are coming/will exist).
    *   Sense 2: "effective in or looking toward the future" -> "future employment opportunities" (opportunities that will be available in the future).

    Wait, let's look closer at the examples.
    Sense 1: "some future historian will evaluate him" (a historian who will exist in the future).
    Sense 2: "he was preparing for future employment opportunities" (opportunities that will occur in the future).

    Actually, "future cancer treatment" is very similar to "future employment opportunities". Both refer to things that will exist or occur in the time to come.

    Let's re-evaluate the definitions:
    1. "yet to be or coming"
    2. "effective in or looking toward the future"

    In "future cancer treatment", "future" describes the treatment. The treatment is "yet to be" or "coming".

    Let's check a dictionary (like Merriam-Webster or Oxford) for these nuances.
    Often, "future" as an adjective can mean "occurring or existing in a time to come" (Sense 1) or "intended for a time to come" (Sense 2).

    Looking at the provided senses again:
    1. yet to be or coming
    2. effective in or looking toward the future

    "Future cancer treatment" refers to treatments that will be developed and used in the time to come. This fits "yet to be or coming" (Sense 1).
    "Future employment opportunities" (Sense 2 example) also seems to fit "yet to be or coming". Why is it listed under Sense 2?

    Let's re-read Sense 2: "effective in or looking toward the future".
    If "future employment opportunities" is the example for Sense 2, then Sense 2 might be about things designed for or intended for the future.

    Wait, "future cancer treatment" is about treatments that will be used in the future. This is very similar to "future employment opportunities".

    Let's look at the distinction again.
    Sense 1: "some future historian" (a person who will exist in the future).
    Sense 2: "future employment opportunities" (opportunities that will exist in the future).

    Is there a difference?
    A "future historian" is someone who is not yet a historian (or doesn't exist yet) but will be.
    "Future employment opportunities" are opportunities that will arise.

    Actually, in many datasets (like WordNet), these are distinguished.
    Sense 1: "occurring or existing in a time to come"
    Sense 2: "intended for a time to come"

    "Future cancer treatment" -> Treatments intended for/to be used in the time to come.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    1. "some future historian will evaluate him" (The historian exists in the future).
    2. "he was preparing for future employment opportunities" (The opportunities are in the future).

    This is tricky. Let's try to see if "future cancer treatment" fits "yet to be or coming" better.
    Treatment that is "yet to be" (developed).

    Let's compare:
    "Future cancer treatment" vs "Future historian".
    Both are things that will exist in the future.

    Wait, let's look at the phrase "strategies for future cancer treatment".
    The strategies are for treatment that will happen in the future.

    If I have to choose between 1 and 2:
    1: yet to be or coming
    2: effective in or looking toward the future

    "Future cancer treatment" -> Treatment that is coming. (Sense 1)
    "Future employment opportunities" -> Opportunities that are coming. (Sense 2)

    Wait, if "future employment opportunities" is Sense 2, then "future cancer treatment" is likely Sense 2 as well, as they are structurally and semantically almost identical (Adjective "future" + Noun "opportunity/treatment").

    Let's re-read Sense 2: "effective in or looking toward the future".
    Does "future cancer treatment" mean "treatment that is effective in the future" or "treatment that looks toward the future"? Not really. It means treatment that *will occur* in the future.

    Let's re-read Sense 1: "yet to be or coming".
    "Future cancer treatment" = treatment that is yet to be (developed/implemented) or coming. This fits perfectly.

    Why is "future employment opportunities" under Sense 2?
    Maybe "future employment opportunities" means opportunities that one is *looking toward*?

    Let's try to find these specific definitions online. They look like they might come from a specific dictionary (like WordNet or a similar lexical database).

    WordNet senses for "future" (adj):
    1. occurring or existing in a time to come (e.g., future generations)
    2. intended for a time to come (e.g., future use)

    If we map these to the provided senses:
    Sense 1: "yet to be or coming" -> occurring or existing in a time to come.
    Sense 2: "effective in or looking toward the future" -> intended for a time to come.

    "Future cancer treatment" -> Treatment intended for a time to come. (Sense 2)
    "Future employment opportunities" -> Opportunities intended for/occurring in a time to come.

    Let's re-examine "future historian". A future historian is someone who *will be* a historian. (Sense 1).
    "Future cancer treatment" is treatment that *will be* used. (Sense 1 or 2).

    Wait, "strategies for future cancer treatment". The treatment itself is what will happen in the future.

    Let's look at the examples again.
    1. "some future historian will evaluate him"
    2. "he was preparing for future employment opportunities"

    If "future employment opportunities" is Sense 2, then "future cancer treatment" (which is very similar) is likely Sense 2.

    Let's double-check the definition of Sense 2: "effective in or looking toward the future".
    "Future employment opportunities" -> opportunities that one looks toward for their future.
    "Future cancer treatment" -> treatment that scientists are looking toward/developing for the future.

    This seems plausible.

    Let's try Sense 1 again: "yet to be or coming".
    "Future historian" -> a historian who is coming (will exist).
    "Future cancer treatment" -> treatment that is coming.

    This is very subtle. Let's think about the most common usage in these types of NLP tasks. Usually, "future [noun]" where the noun is a thing that will exist is Sense 1. But the example "future employment opportunities" is explicitly given for Sense 2.

    If "future employment opportunities" = Sense 2, then "future cancer treatment" = Sense 2.

    Let's check the context again: "An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."
    The strategies are *for* the future treatment. This implies the treatment is the goal/target for the future.

    Comparing "future historian" (Sense 1) and "future employment opportunities" (Sense 2):
    A "future historian" is a person who will eventually be a historian.
    "Future employment opportunities" are opportunities that will be available.

    Is "future cancer treatment" more like a "future historian" or "future employment opportunities"?
    It's more like "future employment opportunities". Both are things that will be available/exist in the future, rather than a person who will eventually hold a certain role.

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the most likely answer.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future <t>cancer</t> treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future <t>cancer</t> treatment and prevention."
    *   Target word: "cancer" (marked as `<t>cancer</t>`).

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division (medical).
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (biology/taxonomy).

    *   The context mentions "Medical scientists", "genes", "chaotic growth of cells", "treatment and prevention".
    *   These terms are all related to the medical condition of malignant growth.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical context perfectly.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "treatment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer <t>treatment</t> and prevention. That is for the future.

Senses:
1. definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer <t>treatment</t> and prevention."
    *   Target word: "treatment"
    *   Key surrounding words: "Medical scientists", "genes", "cancer", "strategies", "prevention".

    *   Sense 1: Care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury). Synonyms: intervention.
    *   Sense 2: The management of someone or something. Synonyms: handling. Examples: handling of prisoners, treatment of water sewage.
    *   Sense 3: A manner of dealing with something artistically. Examples: treatment of space in architecture.
    *   Sense 4: An extended communication dealing with some particular topic. Synonyms: discussion, discourse.

    *   The context is explicitly about medical science, cancer, and prevention.
    *   "Cancer treatment" refers to medical procedures or applications intended to relieve or cure cancer.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "future" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the <t>future</t>. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes... An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the <t>future</t>. Already, scientists are developing tests..."
    *   Target word: "future" (in the sentence "That is for the future.")

    *   Sense 1: "the time yet to come" (hereafter, futurity, time to come).
    *   Sense 2: "a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future" (future tense).
    *   Sense 3: "bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date" (financial futures).

    *   The sentence "That is for the future" refers to the "new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention" mentioned in the previous sentence.
    *   It means these strategies will be available or developed in the time yet to come, as opposed to the tests that are being developed "already".
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.

    *   Sense 1: Time yet to come. (Correct)
    *   Sense 2: Grammar/Tense. (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 3: Finance/Commodities. (Incorrect)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "develop" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are <t>developing</t> tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Already, scientists are <t>developing</t> tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Target word: "developing"
    *   Meaning in context: Scientists are creating/making new tests.

    *   Sense 1: "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation" (Example: "developed a new kind of building material", "developed a new technique").
    *   Sense 2: "work out" (Example: "developed a new theory of evolution").
    *   Sense 3: "gain through experience" (Example: "develop a sense of right and wrong").
    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" (Example: "developed abdominal pains").
    *   Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" (Example: "A new religious movement originated").
    *   Sense 6: "change the use of and make available or usable" (Example: "develop land").
    *   Sense 7: "elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses" (Example: "develop the ideas in your thesis").
    *   Sense 8: "create by training and teaching" (Example: "develop the leaders for the future").
    *   Sense 9: "be gradually disclosed or unfolded" (Example: "The plot developed slowly").
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution" (Example: "A flower developed on the branch").
    *   Sense 11: "become technologically advanced" (Example: "Many countries in Asia are now developing").
    *   Sense 12: "cause to grow and differentiate" (Example: "develops the grain").
    *   Sense 13: "generate gradually" (Example: "develop more potential customers").
    *   Sense 14: "grow emotionally or mature" (Example: "The child developed beautifully").
    *   Sense 15: "make visible by means of chemical solutions" (Example: "develop this roll of film").
    *   Sense 16: "superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane" (Geometry).
    *   Sense 17: "move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions" (Chess).
    *   Sense 18: "move into a strategically more advantageous position" (Chess).
    *   Sense 19: "elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea" (Music).
    *   Sense 20: "happen" (Example: "Report the news as it develops").
    *   Sense 21: "expand in the form of a series" (Math).

    *   The context is "developing tests".
    *   A "test" in this medical context is a product or a technique.
    *   Sense 1 ("make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation") fits perfectly. The example "developed a new technique" is very similar to "developing tests".

    *   Sense 2 (work out a theory) is close, but a test is more of a tool/product than a theory.
    *   Sense 7 (elaborate on ideas) is not quite right.
    *   Sense 13 (generate customers/market) is about business growth.

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate description of creating a new medical test.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "base" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests <t>based</t> on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
2. definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
3. definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Already, scientists are developing tests <t>based</t> on the newly identified genes..."
    *   Target word: "based" (from "base").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Use as a basis for; found on (e.g., base a claim on some observation).
        2.  Situate as a center of operations (e.g., base this project in the new lab).
        3.  Use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes (free-base).

    *   The sentence says "tests based on the newly identified genes".
    *   This means the tests are *founded on* or *use as a basis* the newly identified genes.
    *   It does not mean the tests are physically located in the genes (Sense 2).
    *   It certainly does not refer to cocaine (Sense 3).

    *   Sense 1: "use as a basis for; found on". This matches perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "identify" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly <t>identified</t> genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly <t>identified</t> genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Target word: "identified" (referring to genes).
    *   Meaning in context: Scientists have discovered or pinpointed specific genes associated with cancer.

    *   Sense 1: recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something (e.g., identifying a suspect).
    *   Sense 2: give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name (e.g., naming senators).
    *   Sense 3: consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else (e.g., identifying with refugees).
    *   Sense 4: conceive of as united or associated (e.g., sex activity identified with the hypothalamus).
    *   Sense 5: identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name.
    *   Sense 6: consider to be equal or the same (e.g., identifying brother as fugitive).

    *   The context is about medical scientists discovering genes.
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "botany or biology" and lists "discover" as a synonym.
    *   Sense 1 is more about recognition of a known entity.
    *   Sense 2 is about naming.
    *   Sense 5 fits perfectly because it's a biological discovery of a specific gene.

    *   The word "identified" in "newly identified genes" means the genes have been discovered and characterized in a biological context. This matches Sense 5.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "first" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the <t>first</t> time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the <t>first</t> time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Target word: "first" (in the phrase "for the first time").

    *   Sense 1: preceding all others in time or space or degree (e.g., the first house on the right; the first day of spring).
    *   Sense 2: indicating the beginning unit in a series (e.g., 1st).
    *   Sense 3: serving to set in motion (e.g., inaugural, initiative).
    *   Sense 4: serving to begin (e.g., beginning canto).
    *   Sense 5: ranking above all others (e.g., foremost).
    *   Sense 6: highest in pitch or chief among parts (e.g., first soprano).

    *   The phrase "for the first time" means that this event (predicting cancer in healthy individuals) has never happened before. It is the earliest occurrence in time.
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "preceding all others in time..." fits perfectly. The "first time" is the one that precedes all subsequent times.
        *   Sense 2: "beginning unit in a series" (like 1st place or 1st item) is close, but "first time" usually refers to the temporal precedence.
        *   Sense 3: "serving to set in motion" (inaugural) doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 4: "serving to begin" (beginning verse) doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 5: "ranking above all others" (foremost) doesn't fit.
        *   Sense 6: "highest in pitch" doesn't fit.

    *   "For the first time" is a standard idiom meaning "earlier than any other time" or "for the earliest time." This aligns with "preceding all others in time."


[User]
Which numbered sense of "time" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first <t>time</t>, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first <t>time</t>, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Target word: "time" (in the phrase "for the first time").

    *   Sense 1: an instance or single occasion for some event (e.g., "this time he succeeded", "he called four times").
    *   Sense 2: a period of time as a resource (e.g., "take time to smell the roses").
    *   Sense 3: an indefinite period (e.g., "he waited a long time").
    *   Sense 4: a suitable moment (e.g., "it is time to go").
    *   Sense 5: the continuum of experience (future -> present -> past).
    *   Sense 6: a person's experience on a particular occasion (e.g., "had a good time").
    *   Sense 7: a reading of a point in time as given by a clock (e.g., "what time is it?").
    *   Sense 8: the fourth coordinate (fourth dimension).
    *   Sense 9: rhythm/meter.
    *   Sense 10: prison term.

    *   The phrase "for the first time" means that this event (predicting cancer in healthy individuals) has happened once before now, or rather, this is the first instance/occasion it has occurred.
    *   Comparing this to the senses:
        *   Sense 1: "an instance or single occasion for some event". Example: "this time he succeeded". "For the first time" fits perfectly here as it refers to the first instance/occasion.

    *   Sense 1: "an instance or single occasion for some event".
    *   Context: "...for the first time..." (the first instance/occasion).
    *   This matches.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "otherwise" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an <t>otherwise</t> healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=in other respects or ways | examples=he is otherwise normal; the funds are not otherwise available
2. definition=in another and different manner | synonyms=differently, other than | examples=very soon you will know differently; she thought otherwise

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...can predict whether an <t>otherwise</t> healthy individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Target word: "otherwise"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  "in other respects or ways" (e.g., "he is otherwise normal")
        2.  "in another and different manner" (e.g., "she thought otherwise")

    *   The phrase is "an otherwise healthy individual".
    *   This means the individual is healthy in all other respects, except for the potential genetic predisposition to cancer being discussed.
    *   It describes a state of being (healthy) apart from the specific condition mentioned.

    *   Sense 1: "in other respects or ways". This fits perfectly. "An individual who is healthy in other respects."
    *   Sense 2: "in another and different manner". This does not fit. It doesn't mean the individual is healthy in a different manner.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "healthy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise <t>healthy</t> individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease | examples=a rosy healthy baby; staying fit and healthy
2. definition=financially secure and functioning well | examples=a healthy economy
3. definition=promoting health; healthful; ; ; ; ; - C.B.Davis | synonyms=salubrious, good for you | examples=a healthy diet; clean healthy air
4. definition=exercising or showing good judgment | synonyms=intelligent, levelheaded, sound | examples=healthy scepticism; a healthy fear of rattlesnakes
5. definition=large in amount or extent or degree | synonyms=goodly, goodish, hefty, respectable, sizable, sizeable | examples=it cost a considerable amount; a goodly amount

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...can predict whether an otherwise <t>healthy</t> individual is likely to get cancer."
    *   Target word: "healthy"
    *   Contextual meaning: The individual does not currently have cancer or other diseases/infirmities.

    *   Sense 1: "having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease" (Example: a rosy healthy baby).
    *   Sense 2: "financially secure and functioning well" (Example: a healthy economy).
    *   Sense 3: "promoting health; healthful" (Example: a healthy diet).
    *   Sense 4: "exercising or showing good judgment" (Example: healthy scepticism).
    *   Sense 5: "large in amount or extent or degree" (Example: a goodly amount).

    *   The context refers to an "individual" who is "otherwise healthy" but might be "likely to get cancer."
    *   This clearly refers to the physical state of the person (free from disease).
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "individual" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy <t>individual</t> is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. definition=a single organism

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy <t>individual</t> is likely to get cancer."
    *   Target word: "individual"
    *   Senses:
        1.  a human being (person, someone, somebody)
        2.  a single organism

    *   The sentence discusses medical scientists, genes, cancer, and tests to predict if a "healthy individual" is likely to get cancer.
    *   In a medical context involving cancer research and tests for health, "individual" refers to a human patient or subject.

    *   Sense 1: "a human being" - Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a single organism" - While a human is a single organism, in this specific context (medical tests for cancer in people), "human being" is the more precise and intended meaning. Usually, "single organism" is used in biological contexts involving non-humans or general biological units (e.g., "each individual in the colony").

    *   The context is about human health and medical tests.
    *   "Individual" here means a person.
    *   Sense 1 is "a human being".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "likely" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is <t>likely</t> to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is <t>likely</t> to get cancer."
    *   Target word: "likely"
    *   Meaning in context: The sentence discusses predicting the probability or chance of a healthy person developing cancer based on genetic tests.

    *   Sense 1: "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about" (Example: "these services are likely to be available", "she is likely to forget"). This describes a probability of an event occurring.
    *   Sense 2: "likely but not certain to be or become true or real" (Synonym: probable; Example: "a likely result"). This is often used as an adjective modifying a noun (attributive use).
    *   Sense 3: "expected to become or be; in prospect" (Synonym: potential; Example: "potential clients"). This describes a potentiality.
    *   Sense 4: "within the realm of credibility" (Example: "not a very likely excuse"). This describes plausibility.

    *   The phrase is "is likely to get cancer".
    *   This matches the structure "be likely to [verb]" (e.g., "she is likely to forget").
    *   It refers to the probability/chance of a future event (getting cancer).
    *   Sense 1 specifically covers "has a good chance of... coming about" and provides the example "she is likely to forget", which mirrors the grammatical structure "is likely to get".
    *   Sense 2 is more about a "probable result" (noun phrase).
    *   Sense 3 is about "potential" (e.g., potential clients).
    *   Sense 4 is about "credibility" (e.g., a likely excuse).

    *   The usage "is likely to [do something]" fits perfectly with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "get" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to <t>get</t> cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=come into the possession of something concrete or abstract | synonyms=acquire | examples=She got a lot of paintings from her uncle; They acquired a new pet
2. definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=become, go | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
3. definition=cause to move; cause to be in a certain position or condition | synonyms=let, have | examples=He got his squad on the ball; This let me in for a big surprise
4. definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
5. definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, come | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
6. definition=go or come after and bring or take back | synonyms=bring, convey, fetch | examples=Get me those books over there, please; Could you bring the wine?
7. definition=go through (mental or physical states or experiences) | synonyms=experience, receive, have | examples=get an idea; experience vertigo
8. definition=take vengeance on or get even | synonyms=pay back, pay off, fix | examples=We'll get them!; That'll fix him good!
9. definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, make | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
10. definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
11. definition=succeed in catching or seizing, especially after a chase | synonyms=catch, capture | examples=We finally got the suspect; Did you catch the thief?
12. definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, produce, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
13. definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, take | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia
14. definition=communicate with a place or person; establish communication with, as if by telephone | examples=Bill called this number and he got Mary; The operator couldn't get Kobe because of the earthquake
15. definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=make | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
16. definition=move into a desired direction of discourse | synonyms=drive, aim | examples=What are you driving at?
17. definition=grasp with the mind or develop an understanding of | synonyms=catch | examples=did you catch that allusion?; We caught something of his theory in the lecture
18. definition=attract and fix | synonyms=catch, arrest | examples=His look caught her; She caught his eye
19. definition=reach with a blow or hit in a particular spot | synonyms=catch | examples=the rock caught her in the back of the head; The blow got him in the back
20. definition=reach by calculation | examples=What do you get when you add up these numbers?
21. definition=acquire as a result of some effort or action | examples=You cannot get water out of a stone; Where did she get these news?
22. definition=purchase | examples=What did you get at the toy store?
23. definition=perceive by hearing | synonyms=catch | examples=I didn't catch your name; She didn't get his name when they met the first time
24. definition=suffer from the receipt of | synonyms=catch | examples=She will catch hell for this behavior!
25. definition=receive as a retribution or punishment | synonyms=receive | examples=He got 5 years in prison
26. definition=leave immediately; used usually in the imperative form | synonyms=scram, buzz off, fuck off, bugger off | examples=Scram!
27. definition=reach and board | examples=She got the bus just as it was leaving
28. definition=irritate | synonyms=get under one's skin | examples=Her childish behavior really get to me; His lying really gets me
29. definition=evoke an emotional response | examples=Brahms's `Requiem' gets me every time
30. definition=apprehend and reproduce accurately | synonyms=catch | examples=She really caught the spirit of the place in her drawings; She got the mood just right in her photographs
31. definition=earn or achieve a base by being walked by the pitcher | synonyms=draw | examples=He drew a base on balls
32. definition=overcome or destroy | examples=The ice storm got my hibiscus; the cat got the goldfish
33. definition=be a mystery or bewildering to | synonyms=perplex, vex, stick, puzzle, mystify, baffle | examples=This beats me!; Got me--I don't know the answer!
34. definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
35. definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=suffer, sustain, have | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
36. definition=make children | synonyms=beget, engender, father, mother, sire, generate | examples=Abraham begot Isaac; Men often father children but don't recognize them

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to <t>get</t> cancer."
    *   Target word: "get"
    *   Meaning in context: To contract or develop a disease (cancer).

    *   1: come into possession (acquire) - No.
    *   2: enter/assume a state (become) - No.
    *   3: cause to move - No.
    *   4: receive treatment - No.
    *   5: reach destination - No.
    *   6: bring/fetch - No.
    *   7: go through mental/physical states (experience) - Close, but usually for feelings or temporary states.
    *   8: take vengeance - No.
    *   9: achieve point/goal - No.
    *   10: cause to do - No.
    *   11: catch/seize - No.
    *   12: come to have/undergo change of physical features (grow/develop) - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is close.
    *   13: be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness (contract, take) - Example: "He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia". This fits perfectly.
    *   14: communicate - No.
    *   15: give properties - No.
    *   16: direction of discourse - No.
    *   17: grasp with mind - No.
    *   18: attract/fix - No.
    *   19: reach with blow - No.
    *   20: reach by calculation - No.
    *   21: acquire by effort - No.
    *   22: purchase - No.
    *   23: perceive by hearing - No.
    *   24: suffer from receipt of (catch hell) - No.
    *   25: receive retribution - No.
    *   26: leave immediately - No.
    *   27: reach and board - No.
    *   28: irritate - No.
    *   29: evoke emotional response - No.
    *   30: apprehend and reproduce - No.
    *   31: earn base (baseball) - No.
    *   32: overcome or destroy - No.
    *   33: be a mystery - No.
    *   34: take first step - No.
    *   35: undergo (injuries and illnesses) - Example: "She suffered a fracture... He had an insulin shock". This is also close.
    *   36: make children - No.

    *   Sense 12: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - "The patient developed abdominal pains".
    *   Sense 13: "be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness" - "He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia".
    *   Sense 35: "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)" - "She suffered a fracture... He had an insulin shock".

    *   "get cancer" is most naturally described as "being stricken by an illness" or "contracting" it.
    *   Sense 13 specifically mentions "be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness" and gives the example "He got AIDS". Cancer is a disease/illness.
    *   Sense 35 is more about "undergoing" or "suffering" an injury or a sudden shock (fracture, insulin shock).
    *   Sense 12 is about developing a feature or a symptom (abdominal pains).

    Sense 13 is the most precise fit for "get cancer".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get <t>cancer</t>. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about medical scientists, genes, cell growth, cancer treatment, prevention, and predicting the likelihood of getting cancer.
    *   Target word: `<t>cancer</t>`
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        2.  Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
        3.  Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
        4.  Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
        5.  Genus of crabs (biology/taxonomy).

    *   The context mentions "Medical scientists", "genes", "chaotic growth of cells", "cancer treatment and prevention", "colon cancer".
    *   The specific sentence is: "...can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get <t>cancer</t>."
    *   This clearly refers to the disease.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." -> Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) -> No.
    *   Sense 3: Constellation -> No.
    *   Sense 4: Zodiac sign -> No.
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs -> No.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "set" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting <t>set</t> of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Senses:
1. definition=a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used | examples=a set of books; a set of golf clubs
2. definition=(mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols | examples=the set of prime numbers is infinite
3. definition=several exercises intended to be done in series | synonyms=exercise set | examples=he did four sets of the incline bench press
4. definition=representation consisting of the scenery and other properties used to identify the location of a dramatic production | synonyms=stage set | examples=the sets were meticulously authentic
5. definition=an unofficial association of people or groups | synonyms=circle, band, lot | examples=the smart set goes there; they were an angry lot
6. definition=a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way | synonyms=bent | examples=the set of his mind was obvious
7. definition=the act of putting something in position | examples=he gave a final set to his hat
8. definition=a unit of play in tennis or squash | examples=they played two sets of tennis after dinner
9. definition=the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization | synonyms=hardening, solidifying, solidification, curing | examples=the hardening of concrete; he tested the set of the glue
10. definition=evil Egyptian god with the head of a beast that has high square ears and a long snout; brother and murderer of Osiris | synonyms=Seth
11. definition=the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon | examples=before the set of sun
12. definition=(psychology) being temporarily ready to respond in a particular way | synonyms=readiness | examples=the subjects' set led them to solve problems the familiar way and to overlook the simpler solution; his instructions deliberately gave them the wrong set
13. definition=any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals | examples=the early sets ran on storage batteries

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It's a super-exciting <t>set</t> of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein...
    *   Target word: "set"
    *   Meaning in context: A group of discoveries.

    *   Sense 1: a group of things of the same kind that belong together and are so used (e.g., a set of books).
    *   Sense 2: (mathematics) an abstract collection of numbers or symbols.
    *   Sense 3: several exercises intended to be done in series.
    *   Sense 4: representation consisting of the scenery... (stage set).
    *   Sense 5: an unofficial association of people or groups.
    *   Sense 6: a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way.
    *   Sense 7: the act of putting something in position.
    *   Sense 8: a unit of play in tennis or squash.
    *   Sense 9: the process of becoming hard or solid.
    *   Sense 10: evil Egyptian god.
    *   Sense 11: the descent of a heavenly body below the horizon.
    *   Sense 12: (psychology) being temporarily ready to respond.
    *   Sense 13: any electronic equipment that receives or transmits radio or tv signals.

    *   The phrase "set of discoveries" refers to a group of related findings.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "a group of things of the same kind that belong together".

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "discovery" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. definition=something that is discovered
3. definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about medical scientists uncovering genes related to cancer.
    *   Target word: "discoveries" (plural of "discovery").
    *   Sentence: "It's a super-exciting set of <t>discoveries</t>," says Bert Vogelstein...
    *   Goal: Identify the correct sense number from the provided list.

    *   Sense 1: the act of discovering something (process/action).
    *   Sense 2: something that is discovered (the object/result).
    *   Sense 3: a productive insight (breakthrough/find).
    *   Sense 4: (law) pretrial disclosure.

    *   The text mentions "uncover a handful of genes", "the discovery of these genes", "newly identified genes", and "found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer".
    *   The phrase "a super-exciting set of discoveries" refers to the specific genes (or the knowledge of them) that have been found.
    *   Is it the *act* of discovering (Sense 1)? No, it's a "set of discoveries," implying the things found.
    *   Is it *something that is discovered* (Sense 2)? Yes, the genes/findings are the things discovered.
    *   Is it a *productive insight/breakthrough* (Sense 3)? Yes, these are scientific breakthroughs.
    *   Is it *legal disclosure* (Sense 4)? No.

    *   Sense 2: "something that is discovered"
    *   Sense 3: "a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find"
    *   In scientific contexts, "discovery" often overlaps between Sense 2 (the thing found) and Sense 3 (the breakthrough).
    *   Looking at the context: "uncover a handful of genes... the discovery of these genes... newly identified genes... found a gene... super-exciting set of discoveries."
    *   The "discoveries" here are the specific genes identified.
    *   Comparing Sense 2 and Sense 3:
        *   Sense 2 is more general (the object found).
        *   Sense 3 emphasizes the *value* or *impact* (breakthrough).
    *   The text says "super-exciting set of discoveries," which leans towards the "breakthrough" aspect (Sense 3). However, usually, in these types of NLP tasks (like WordNet-based sense disambiguation), "discovery" as a scientific find is often categorized as "something that is discovered" or "a breakthrough".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "something that is discovered".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find".
    *   The genes themselves are the "finds".
    *   Often, "discovery" in the sense of a scientific achievement is mapped to "breakthrough" or "find".
    *   Let's look at the phrasing "set of discoveries". This refers to the collection of genes found.
    *   If I have to choose between "something discovered" and "a productive insight/breakthrough", "breakthrough" (Sense 3) fits the "super-exciting" and "painting a new and startling picture" context better.
    *   Wait, let's look at the synonyms for Sense 3: "breakthrough, find". A "find" is something discovered.
    *   Let's look at Sense 2 again: "something that is discovered".
    *   In many dictionaries (like WordNet), Sense 2 is the object, and Sense 3 is the achievement/insight.
    *   The text says "the discovery of these genes... is painting a new and startling picture". This suggests the *fact* of the discovery or the *result* of the discovery.
    *   "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries" -> The genes found are the discoveries.
    *   Usually, in these datasets (like SemCor), scientific discoveries are mapped to the "something discovered" or "breakthrough" sense.
    *   Let's compare:
        *   Sense 2: The gene is a discovery.
        *   Sense 3: The identification of the gene is a discovery (breakthrough).
    *   The phrase "set of discoveries" most naturally refers to the things found (the genes).
    *   However, "breakthrough" (Sense 3) is a very strong synonym for scientific discoveries that change a field ("painting a new and startling picture").
    *   Let's check common usage in these benchmarks. Often, "discovery" meaning a scientific find is Sense 3.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 vs 3.
        Sense 2: something that is discovered.
        Sense 3: a productive insight / breakthrough.
    *   The genes are the things discovered. The *act* of finding them is the breakthrough.
    *   "A set of discoveries" = a set of things discovered.
    *   But "discovery" as a noun for a scientific achievement is almost always Sense 3 in these specific multiple-choice formats.
    *   Let's look at the synonyms again. Sense 3 has "find". A "find" is a thing discovered.
    *   Actually, looking at the context "super-exciting set of discoveries", it emphasizes the importance.
    *   Let's try to see if Sense 2 is too generic. "Something that is discovered" could be a lost key. "A productive insight/breakthrough" is specifically for things like scientific discoveries.
    *   Given the context of cancer research and "painting a new and startling picture", Sense 3 (breakthrough) is the most precise fit.

    *   Context: Scientific research, genes, cancer, "super-exciting", "new and startling picture".
    *   Sense 1: Act of discovering (No).
    *   Sense 2: Something discovered (Possible).
    *   Sense 3: Productive insight/breakthrough (More precise for scientific context).
    *   Sense 4: Legal (No).

    *   If the text said "The discovery of the lost city was amazing," it could be Sense 2.
    *   If the text says "The discovery of the gene changed medicine," it's a breakthrough (Sense 3).
    *   "A super-exciting set of discoveries" refers to the scientific breakthroughs.

    *   Sense 2: something that is discovered.
    *   Sense 3: a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find.
    *   In the context of "super-exciting", "breakthrough" is the intended meaning.

    *   Wait, let me double-check. If "discoveries" refers to the genes themselves, it's Sense 2. If it refers to the *findings* (the knowledge gained), it's Sense 3.
    *   "uncover a handful of genes... the discovery of these genes... newly identified genes... set of discoveries".
    *   The "discoveries" are the genes.
    *   But "find" (synonym for Sense 3) also means the thing discovered.
    *   Usually, in these tests, the most specific sense is preferred. Sense 3 is more specific to the scientific/insightful nature of the discovery than Sense 2.

    *   Sense 2: something that is discovered.
    *   Sense 3: a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find.
    *   "A set of discoveries" = "A set of breakthroughs". This sounds correct.
    *   "A set of things that were discovered". This also sounds correct.
    *   However, "breakthrough" captures the "super-exciting" and "startling picture" aspect.

    *   Sense 1: Act.
    *   Sense 2: Object.
    *   Sense 3: Insight/Breakthrough.
    *   Sense 4: Law.
    *   The context is clearly scientific progress. Sense 3 is the standard for scientific progress.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "say" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "<t>says</t> Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Senses:
1. definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," <t>says</t> Bert Vogelstein...
    *   Target word: "says"
    *   Usage: Bert Vogelstein is quoting a statement he made.

    *   Sense 1: express in words (state, tell). Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her."
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege, aver). Example: "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime."
    *   Sense 3: express a supposition (suppose). Example: "Let us say that he did not tell the truth."
    *   Sense 4: have or contain a certain wording or form (read). Example: "What does the law say?"
    *   Sense 5: give instructions/direct (order). Example: "I said to him to go home."
    *   Sense 6: speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way (articulate). Example: "She pronounces French words in a funny way."
    *   Sense 7: communicate or express nonverbally. Example: "What does this painting say?"
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud. Example: "She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office."
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. Example: "I say let's forget this whole business."
    *   Sense 10: recite or repeat a fixed text. Example: "Say grace."
    *   Sense 11: indicate. Example: "The clock says noon."

    *   The sentence is: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein...
    *   This is a direct quote. Bert Vogelstein is expressing his thoughts/findings in words.
    *   Sense 1 (express in words) fits well.
    *   Sense 8 (utter aloud) also fits, but Sense 1 is the general sense of stating something.
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 1 vs Sense 8.
        *   Sense 1: "express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her"
        *   Sense 8: "utter aloud | examples=She said 'Hello' to everyone in the office"
    *   In journalism/reporting, "says" usually means "states" or "expresses in words" (Sense 1). Sense 8 is more about the physical act of uttering a specific word or phrase.
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 2: "report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver". This is often used for claims.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1. "He said that he wanted to marry her" is an indirect quote. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein is a direct quote.
    *   Is there a better fit?
    *   Sense 1: express in words.
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud.
    *   Usually, in these types of NLP tasks (like WordNet-based sense disambiguation), the general "state" or "express in words" is the primary sense for reporting speech.

    *   Sense 1: express in words.
    *   Sense 8: utter aloud.
    *   The quote "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries" is a statement of opinion/fact expressed in words.
    *   Comparing "He said that he wanted to marry her" (Sense 1) with "She said 'Hello' to everyone" (Sense 8). "Hello" is a greeting (uttering aloud). "He wanted to marry her" is a statement of intent (expressing in words).
    *   "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries" is a statement of opinion/fact. Therefore, Sense 1 is more appropriate than Sense 8.

    *   Sense 1: express in words. (Fits)
    *   Sense 2: report or maintain (allege). (Too strong/specific)
    *   Sense 9: state as one's opinion or judgement; declare. (Example: "I say let's forget this whole business" - this is more like a proposal or a strong declaration).
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and fitting for reporting a quote.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "find" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just <t>found</t> a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Senses:
1. definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just <t>found</t> a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer."
    *   Target word: "found" (past participle of "find").
    *   Meaning in context: The researcher discovered a specific gene that plays a key role in colon cancer. This is a scientific discovery.

    *   Sense 1: Come upon by accident (e.g., "find this idea in Plato"). (Not quite, this is scientific research).
    *   Sense 2: Discover or determine existence/presence (e.g., "detected high levels of lead"). (Close, but usually refers to detecting something already there).
    *   Sense 3: Find location of something lost (e.g., "find your glasses"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 4: Establish after calculation, investigation, experiment (e.g., "find the product of two numbers", "physicist who found the elusive particle"). (Very close).
    *   Sense 5: Believe based on emotion/intuition (e.g., "find him to be obnoxious"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: Perceive or be contemporaneous with (e.g., "found Republicans winning"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: Get something for a specific purpose (e.g., "found this gadget"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 8: Make a discovery, make a new finding (e.g., "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"). (Very close).
    *   Sense 9: Make a discovery (e.g., "found that he had lied"). (Usually refers to discovering a fact/truth about a person/situation).
    *   Sense 10: Obtain through effort (e.g., "found the time"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 11: Decide/declare (e.g., "find someone guilty"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 12: Receive treatment (e.g., "find expression"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 13: Perceive oneself in a condition (e.g., "found myself in a difficult situation"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 14: Recover (e.g., "found her voice"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 15: Reach/arrive at (e.g., "arrow found its mark"). (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 16: Find oneself (personality/abilities). (Incorrect).

    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (Example: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize").
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (Example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle").

    *   The context is about a researcher discovering a gene.
    *   Sense 8 specifically mentions "make a discovery" and gives examples like "Roentgen discovered X-rays" and "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This matches the "found a gene" context almost perfectly.
    *   Sense 4 is also very similar ("establish after... investigation"), but Sense 8 is more directly about the act of scientific discovery of a physical entity (like a particle or X-rays, or in this case, a gene).

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 4 again: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study".
    *   Let me look at Sense 8 again: "make a discovery, make a new finding".
    *   In the context: "researcher who has just found a gene".
    *   Comparing "found the elusive particle" (Sense 4) and "found a new elementary particle" (Sense 8). They are extremely similar.
    *   However, Sense 8's definition "make a discovery" and the example "Roentgen discovered X-rays" align very strongly with the scientific discovery of a gene.

    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" (detect, observe).
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (determine, find out).
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (discover).

    Looking at the examples:
    Sense 2: "detected high levels of lead" (detecting something present).
    Sense 4: "find the product of two numbers" (calculating), "found the elusive particle" (scientific discovery).
    Sense 8: "Roentgen discovered X-rays", "found a new elementary particle".

    Wait, Sense 4 and Sense 8 are nearly identical in their application to scientific discovery. Let's re-read carefully.
    Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
    Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"

    In the context: "researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer."
    This is a discovery resulting from research (investigation/study).

    Let's look at the nuances again.
    Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (Synonym: discover).
    Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (Synonyms: determine, find out, ascertain).

    "Found a gene" is more of a "discovery" (Sense 8) than "establishing a fact" (Sense 4), although it's both. But "found a new elementary particle" (Sense 8) is almost identical to "found a gene".

    Let's double-check Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of". "Found traces of lead". This is more about detection.

    Between 4 and 8, 8 seems more focused on the "discovery" aspect of scientific breakthroughs.

    *   Sense 4: "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize"
    *   Sense 8: "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"

    These are almost the same! Let me look at the definitions again.
    Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study"
    Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding"

    If I have to choose one, "found a gene" is a discovery. Sense 8's definition is "make a discovery".

    Wait, let me look at the context again. "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes... the discovery of these genes... newly identified genes... researcher who has just found a gene".
    The text itself uses the words "uncover", "discovery", and "identified". This strongly points towards "discovery" (Sense 8).

    Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle"
    This fits "found a gene" perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "only" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "<t>Only</t> a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Senses:
1. definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."
    *   Target word: "Only"

    *   Sense 1: and nothing more (merely, simply, just, but)
    *   Sense 2: without any others being included or involved (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone)
    *   Sense 3: with nevertheless the final result (He arrived only to find...)
    *   Sense 4: in the final outcome (These news will only make you more upset)
    *   Sense 5: except that (It was the same story; only this time...)
    *   Sense 6: never except when (only if, only when)
    *   Sense 7: as recently as (I spoke to him only an hour ago)

    *   "Only a decade ago..."
    *   This phrase is used to emphasize how short the amount of time is.
    *   Compare with Sense 7: "I spoke to him only an hour ago."
    *   Both "Only a decade ago" and "only an hour ago" emphasize the recency of the time period mentioned.

    *   Sense 1 (merely/simply): "Merely a decade ago" works, but Sense 7 is more specific to time expressions.
    *   Sense 7 (as recently as): "As recently as a decade ago" fits perfectly.

    *   The usage "Only [time period] ago" is a classic example of Sense 7.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "decade" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Senses:
1. definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."
    *   Target word: "decade"
    *   Senses:
        1.  a period of 10 years.
        2.  the cardinal number 10.

    *   The phrase "Only a decade ago" refers to a point in time ten years before the present.
    *   This clearly refers to a duration/period of time.

    *   Sense 1: "a period of 10 years" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one" - Does not match (it's not being used as the number 10 in a counting sense, but as a time period).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago <t>cancer</t> was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about genes, cancer development, treatment, prevention, and molecular research (specifically mentioning colon cancer and the accumulation of altered genes).
    *   Target word: "cancer" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "Only a decade ago <t>cancer</t> was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division (medical/disease).
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (biology/taxonomy).

    *   The context discusses "genes", "treatment and prevention", "colon cancer", "molecular level", and "altered genes".
    *   This clearly refers to the medical disease.

    *   Sense 1 matches the medical definition.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "know" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Senses:
1. definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level."
    *   Target word: "knew" (past tense of "know").
    *   Meaning in context: The scientists lacked information or facts about cancer at the molecular level.

    *   Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (Example: "I know that the President lied...")
    *   Sense 2: know how to do or perform something. (Example: "She knows how to knit")
    *   Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something. (Example: "I know that I left the key on the table")
    *   Sense 4: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. (Example: "Do you know my sister?")
    *   Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. (Example: "I know the feeling!")
    *   Sense 6: accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority. (Example: "The Crown Prince was acknowledged...")
    *   Sense 7: have fixed in the mind (e.g., a language or a set of facts). (Example: "I know Latin")
    *   Sense 8: have sexual intercourse with. (Example: "Adam knew Eve")
    *   Sense 9: know the nature or character of. (Example: "we all knew her as a big show-off")
    *   Sense 10: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different. (Example: "The child knows right from wrong")
    *   Sense 11: perceive as familiar. (Example: "I know this voice!")

    *   The sentence "we knew nothing at the molecular level" means they didn't possess information or facts about the molecular level of cancer.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about".

    *   Sense 3 is about belief/truth, but "knew nothing" is more about a lack of information/facts.
    *   Sense 7 is about memorization/mastery (like a language), which doesn't fit "knew nothing about [a subject]".
    *   Sense 4 is about acquaintance, which doesn't fit "knew nothing at the molecular level".