[User]
Which numbered sense of "cut" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the <t>cuts</t> could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Senses:
1. definition=a share of the profits | examples=everyone got a cut of the earnings
2. definition=(film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next | examples=the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt
3. definition=a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation | synonyms=gash
4. definition=a step on some scale | examples=he is a cut above the rest
5. definition=a wound made by cutting | synonyms=gash, slash, slice | examples=he put a bandage over the cut
6. definition=a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass | synonyms=cut of meat
7. definition=a remark capable of wounding mentally | synonyms=stinger | examples=the unkindest cut of all
8. definition=a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc | synonyms=track | examples=he played the first cut on the cd; the title track of the album
9. definition=the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage | synonyms=deletion, excision | examples=an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors; both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause
10. definition=the style in which a garment is cut | examples=a dress of traditional cut
11. definition=a canal made by erosion or excavation
12. definition=a refusal to recognize someone you know | synonyms=snub, cold shoulder | examples=the snub was clearly intentional
13. definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, swing | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
14. definition=(sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball | synonyms=undercut | examples=cuts do not bother a good tennis player
15. definition=the division of a deck of cards before dealing | synonyms=cutting | examples=he insisted that we give him the last cut before every deal; the cutting of the cards soon became a ritual
16. definition=the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cut in the lining revealed the hidden jewels
17. definition=the act of cutting something into parts | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cuts were skillful; his cutting of the cake made a terrible mess
18. definition=the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends | synonyms=cutting, cutting off | examples=the barber gave him a good cut
19. definition=the act of reducing the amount or number | examples=the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget
20. definition=an unexcused absence from class | examples=he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050... U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions... Stern... complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the <t>cuts</t> could be verified by outside observers."
    *   Target word: "cuts" (plural of "cut").
    *   Meaning in context: The "cuts" refer to the reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions.

    *   1: share of profits (No)
    *   2: film transition (No)
    *   3: trench/furrow (No)
    *   4: step on a scale (No)
    *   5: wound (No)
    *   6: piece of meat (No)
    *   7: wounding remark (No)
    *   8: music track (No)
    *   9: editorial omission (No)
    *   10: garment style (No)
    *   11: canal (No)
    *   12: snub (No)
    *   13: baseball swing (No)
    *   14: sports stroke (No)
    *   15: card division (No)
    *   16: penetrating with sharp edge (No)
    *   17: cutting into parts (No)
    *   18: shortening by chopping ends (No)
    *   19: the act of reducing the amount or number (Yes - "cuts in the city budget" is similar to "cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions")
    *   20: unexcused absence (No)

    *   The context discusses reducing emissions.
    *   Sense 19 defines "cut" as "the act of reducing the amount or number," with an example "cuts in the city budget."
    *   Reducing emissions is a reduction in the amount of greenhouse gases. This fits perfectly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "observer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside <t>observers</t>. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses | synonyms=perceiver, percipient, beholder
2. definition=an expert who observes and comments on something | synonyms=commentator

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about climate change talks, emissions cuts, and the need for verification of these cuts by "outside observers."
    *   Target word: "observers" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  A person who becomes aware through the senses (perceiver, beholder).
        2.  An expert who observes and comments on something (commentator).

    *   Sentence: "...the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers."
    *   Contextual meaning: In the context of international treaties and emissions cuts, "outside observers" refers to independent experts, monitors, or organizations that track and verify whether countries are actually meeting their targets. They aren't just "perceiving" with their eyes; they are monitoring, analyzing, and reporting (commenting/verifying) on the progress.

    *   Sense 1: General perception (seeing, hearing). Too broad and passive.
    *   Sense 2: An expert who observes and comments (or monitors/reports). This fits the role of a verification body or an international monitor in a diplomatic/scientific context.

    *   While "commentator" is a synonym for Sense 2, the core of the definition is "an expert who observes and comments on something." In the context of verification, these observers are experts who monitor the data and report (comment) on whether the goals are met.

    *   Sense 1 is about the biological/psychological act of perceiving.
    *   Sense 2 is about a role/profession of monitoring and reporting.
    *   "Outside observers" in international diplomacy almost always refers to the latter.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "comment" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his <t>comments</t> an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Senses:
1. definition=a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information | synonyms=remark, input | examples=from time to time she contributed a personal comment on his account
2. definition=a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material | synonyms=commentary | examples=he wrote an extended comment on the proposal
3. definition=a report (often malicious) about the behavior of other people | synonyms=gossip, scuttlebutt | examples=the divorce caused much gossip

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Stern made his <t>comments</t> an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking 'common sense' or being 'extremely irresponsible'..."
    *   The word "comments" refers to the statements made by Todd Stern (U.S. special climate envoy) regarding the climate talks, binding cuts, and verification.

    *   Sense 1: "a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information" (Synonyms: remark, input).
    *   Sense 2: "a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material" (Synonyms: commentary).
    *   Sense 3: "a report (often malicious) about the behavior of other people" (Synonyms: gossip, scuttlebutt).

    *   Stern's "comments" were spoken statements (remarks) about the negotiations and the text of the agreement.
    *   This fits Sense 1 (a statement expressing an opinion or adding information).
    *   It does not fit Sense 2 (it's not a written annotation in a book).
    *   It does not fit Sense 3 (it's not gossip/scuttlebutt, but official diplomatic statements).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "hour" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an <t>hour</t> after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Senses:
1. definition=a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day | synonyms=hr, 60 minutes | examples=the job will take more than an hour
2. definition=clock time | synonyms=time of day | examples=the hour is getting late
3. definition=a special and memorable period | examples=it was their finest hour
4. definition=distance measured by the time taken to cover it | synonyms=minute | examples=we live an hour from the airport; its just 10 minutes away

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Stern made his comments an <t>hour</t> after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said..."
    *   Target word: "hour"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  A period of time equal to 1/24th of a day (60 minutes).
        2.  Clock time (time of day).
        3.  A special and memorable period.
        4.  Distance measured by time.

    *   The sentence says "Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said..."
    *   This refers to a duration of time (60 minutes) passing between He Yafei's statement and Stern's comments.

    *   Sense 1: "a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day" - This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "clock time" - This doesn't fit (it's not "at the hour of 3 PM").
    *   Sense 3: "a special and memorable period" - This doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4: "distance measured by the time taken" - This doesn't fit.

The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "america" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said <t>America</t>'s top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Senses:
1. definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, the States, US, USA
2. definition=North America and South America and Central America

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about climate change talks involving the EU, the US, and China.
    *   Target word: "America" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said <t>America</t>'s top climate negotiator was either lacking 'common sense' or being 'extremely irresponsible'..."
    *   Senses:
        1.  North American republic (USA).
        2.  North America, South America, and Central America (the Americas).

    *   The sentence refers to "America's top climate negotiator".
    *   The previous sentences mention "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern" and "the Obama administration".
    *   The context clearly refers to the United States of America.

    *   Sense 1: United States of America.
    *   Sense 2: The entire landmass of the Americas.
    *   The context matches Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "climate" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top <t>climate</t> negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Senses:
1. definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about international negotiations regarding climate change, greenhouse-gas emissions, and the roles of the EU, US, and China.
    *   Target word: `<t>climate</t>` in the phrase "America's top <t>climate</t> negotiator".
    *   Senses:
        1.  Weather averaged over a long period (meteorological/environmental).
        2.  Prevailing psychological state/mood (metaphorical/social).

    *   The sentence is: "Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top <t>climate</t> negotiator was either lacking 'common sense' or being 'extremely irresponsible'..."
    *   The "climate negotiator" refers to Todd Stern, the "U.S. special climate envoy".
    *   The context discusses "climate change", "greenhouse-gas emissions", "global warming", "flood and drought", and "deforestation".
    *   Therefore, "climate" here refers to the environmental/meteorological sense (specifically in the context of climate change).

    *   Sense 1: Weather/long-term average (fits the context of climate change).
    *   Sense 2: Psychological state/mood (does not fit).

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "week" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the <t>week</t> that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Senses:
1. definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A news report about EU and US climate talks.
    *   Target word: "week" (marked as `<t>week</t>`).
    *   Sentence: "Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking 'common sense' or being 'extremely irresponsible' for saying earlier in the <t>week</t> that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming."

    *   Sense 1: "any period of seven consecutive days" (General duration of 7 days).
    *   Sense 2: "hours or days of work in a calendar week" (Workweek).
    *   Sense 3: "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday" (Calendar week).

    *   The phrase is "earlier in the week".
    *   This refers to a time period within the current seven-day cycle.
    *   It doesn't specifically refer to a "workweek" (Sense 2), although the events are professional.
    *   It doesn't specifically emphasize that the week *must* start on a Sunday (Sense 3), although it's referring to the current calendar week.
    *   In general usage, "earlier in the week" refers to the current period of seven days.

    *   Sense 1 is the most general definition of a week (any 7-day period).
    *   Sense 3 is a specific type of week (starting Sunday).
    *   Usually, in these types of NLP tasks (like WordNet-based disambiguation), "earlier in the week" refers to the general concept of the current week (Sense 1). Let's double-check if Sense 3 is more appropriate.
    *   Does the text imply a strict Sunday-start calendar? No.
    *   Does it refer to a workweek? No, it's referring to the timing of a statement.
    *   Sense 1 is the standard meaning for "the week" in this context.

    *   "earlier in the week" -> referring to the current 7-day period.
    *   Sense 1: any period of seven consecutive days.
    *   Sense 2: workweek.
    *   Sense 3: calendar week (starting Sunday).
    *   Comparing 1 and 3: Sense 1 is the general term. Sense 3 is a specific definition of a calendar week. In most contexts, "the week" refers to the general 7-day period we are currently in.

    *   Sense 1: "it rained for a week" (duration/period).
    *   Sense 2: "40-hour week" (work).
    *   Sense 3: "starting on Sunday" (specific calendar definition).
    *   "Earlier in the week" fits Sense 1 best as it describes a point in time within a 7-day period.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "united_states" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the <t>United States</t> would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Senses:
1. definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about climate change talks involving the EU, the US (represented by Todd Stern), and China.
    *   Target word: "United States" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Specific sentence: "...saying earlier in the week that the <t>United States</t> would not help China financially to cope with global warming."

    *   Sense 1: North American republic containing 50 states (the country/geographic entity).
    *   Sense 2: The executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government (the government/political entity).

    *   The sentence says "the United States would not help China financially".
    *   Who provides financial help to other countries in international climate agreements? The government.
    *   In the context of international diplomacy and treaties, "the United States" often refers to the government acting on behalf of the nation.
    *   Looking at the surrounding text: "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern", "Obama administration", "Bush administration officials". These all point to the government.
    *   When a country "helps" another country "financially" in a diplomatic context, it is the government providing the funds.

    *   Sense 1 is the country as a whole.
    *   Sense 2 is the government.
    *   In many NLP datasets (like WordNet or similar), "United States" used in a political/diplomatic context to mean the government is often mapped to the "government" sense if available.
    *   Let's re-read: "...the United States would not help China financially..."
    *   Is it the *country* (the land and people) or the *government* (the administration/state)? It's the government.

    *   Sense 1: The republic (the state/nation).
    *   Sense 2: The federal government.
    *   In common usage, "The United States" can mean both. However, when it's about financial aid, treaties, and diplomatic negotiations, it specifically refers to the government.

    *   "The United States is not going to do a deal..." (Government)
    *   "...the United States would not help China financially..." (Government)

    *   Sense 1: North American republic... (The nation-state)
    *   Sense 2: the executive and legislative and judicial branches... (The government)

    Usually, in these types of disambiguation tasks, if the action is a government action (like providing financial aid or negotiating a treaty), Sense 2 (government) is the intended meaning.

    Wait, let me double-check. Often, "the United States" is used as a metonym for the government.
    Sense 1: The country.
    Sense 2: The government.

    "the United States would not help China financially" -> The US government would not provide funds.

    Let's compare:
    "I live in the United States" -> Sense 1.
    "The United States signed the treaty" -> Sense 2.
    "The United States would not help China financially" -> Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "china" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help <t>China</t> financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Senses:
1. definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about climate change talks involving the EU, the US, and China. Specifically, it mentions "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern," "Obama administration," "Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei," and the US not helping "China" financially to cope with global warming.
    *   Target word: `<t>China</t>`
    *   Senses:
        1.  Communist nation in eastern Asia (PRC).
        2.  High quality porcelain (material).
        3.  Government on the island of Taiwan (ROC).
        4.  Dishware made of porcelain.

    *   The context discusses international diplomacy, climate change negotiations, greenhouse-gas emissions, and relations between the US and a "major emerging economy."
    *   It mentions "Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei."
    *   The phrase "the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming" clearly refers to the country.

    *   Sense 1: Communist nation in eastern Asia (PRC). This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Porcelain material. Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: Taiwan (ROC). While Taiwan is sometimes called China in specific historical/political contexts, the context of "major emerging economies," "most populous country," and "Chinese vice foreign minister" (referring to the PRC government) points to Sense 1.
    *   Sense 4: Dishware. Does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "world" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the <t>world</t>'s major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action.

Senses:
1. definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "With the future economic trajectory of the <t>world</t>'s major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies."
    *   Target word: "world" (in "the world's major powers").

    *   Sense 1: Everything that exists (universe/cosmos).
    *   Sense 2: People in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest (e.g., the Western world).
    *   Sense 3: Personal experiences/reality.
    *   Sense 4: The planet Earth.
    *   Sense 5: People in general as a whole (populace/public).
    *   Sense 6: A part of the earth that can be considered separately (e.g., the outdoor world).
    *   Sense 7: Earthly concerns vs. afterlife.
    *   Sense 8: All living human inhabitants (humanity/mankind).

    *   The phrase is "the world's major powers".
    *   "Major powers" refers to influential nations (like the US, China, etc.).
    *   "The world's major powers" means the major powers of the Earth/the global community.
    *   Looking at the surrounding text: "developing world", "industrial world". These phrases clearly refer to groups of countries/people sharing a common characteristic (economic status).
    *   Sense 2 defines "world" as "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" and gives the example "the Western world".
    *   "The world's major powers" refers to the global community of nations.
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate. Is it Sense 4 (the planet) or Sense 2 (a group of people/nations)?
    *   "The world's major powers" -> The major powers of the Earth.
    *   "Developing world" -> A group of countries.
    *   "Industrial world" -> A group of countries.
    *   Sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest". This fits "developing world" and "industrial world" perfectly.
    *   Does it fit "the world's major powers"? Yes, it refers to the global community of nations.

    *   Sense 4 (the planet) is more about the physical globe.
    *   Sense 8 (humanity) is about the species.
    *   Sense 2 (distinctive group/domain) fits the geopolitical usage ("Western world", "developing world", "industrial world").

    *   "the world's major powers"
    *   "the developing world"
    *   "the industrial world"
    *   All these refer to geopolitical groupings or the global political landscape. Sense 2 specifically mentions "a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" and gives "the Western world" as an example. This is the closest match for geopolitical divisions.

    *   Sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world"
    *   This matches the usage of "developing world" and "industrial world" and "the world's major powers" (referring to the global community of nations).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "battle" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current <t>battle</t> is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Senses:
1. definition=a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war | synonyms=conflict, fight, engagement | examples=Grant won a decisive victory in the battle of Chickamauga; he lost his romantic ideas about war when he got into a real engagement
2. definition=an energetic attempt to achieve something | synonyms=struggle | examples=getting through the crowd was a real struggle; he fought a battle for recognition
3. definition=an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); --Thomas Paine | synonyms=conflict, struggle | examples=the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph; police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A diplomatic dispute between the US and China (and other nations) regarding climate change agreements, greenhouse-gas emissions, and financial obligations.
    *   Target word: "battle" in the sentence "The current <t>battle</t> is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet..."
    *   Key phrases in context: "rejected language," "harder line," "not going to do a deal," "feuding over their respective obligations," "fighting over who should bear the costs."

    *   Sense 1: Hostile meeting of opposing military forces in a war (e.g., Battle of Chickamauga).
    *   Sense 2: An energetic attempt to achieve something (e.g., battle for recognition).
    *   Sense 3: An open clash between two opposing groups or individuals (e.g., clash between pro- and anti-abortion mobs).

    *   Is it Sense 1? No. There are no military forces or actual war involved.
    *   Is it Sense 2? It's an attempt to achieve something (a climate deal), but the context emphasizes the *conflict* and *clash* between opposing sides (US vs. China, developed vs. developing).
    *   Is it Sense 3? Yes. It describes an open clash/conflict between opposing groups (industrialized countries vs. emerging economies) over a specific issue.

    *   Sense 2 is often more about a personal struggle or a general effort (e.g., "battle against cancer," "battle for equality").
    *   Sense 3 is more about a specific conflict or clash between opposing parties.
    *   The text uses words like "feuding," "fighting over," and "fault lines have erupted," which strongly align with "open clash between two opposing groups."

    *   The context describes a diplomatic and political conflict between nations. This fits Sense 3 (open clash between opposing groups) better than Sense 1 (military) or Sense 2 (general energetic attempt).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "economy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual <t>economies</t> as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Senses:
1. definition=the system of production and distribution and consumption | synonyms=economic system
2. definition=the efficient use of resources | examples=economy of effort
3. definition=frugality in the expenditure of money or resources | synonyms=thriftiness | examples=the Scots are famous for their economy
4. definition=an act of economizing; reduction in cost | synonyms=saving | examples=it was a small economy to walk to work every day; there was a saving of 50 cents

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about climate change negotiations between the US, China, and other nations.
    *   Target word: "economies" (plural of "economy").
    *   Sentence: "The current battle is as much about saving individual <t>economies</t> as saving the planet..."

    *   Sense 1: "the system of production and distribution and consumption" (economic system).
    *   Sense 2: "the efficient use of resources" (economy of effort).
    *   Sense 3: "frugality in the expenditure of money or resources" (thriftiness).
    *   Sense 4: "an act of economizing; reduction in cost" (saving).

    *   The sentence says "saving individual economies".
    *   In the context of "industrialized countries", "major emerging economies", and "major developing countries", "economies" refers to the national economic systems of these countries.
    *   The text discusses the "future economic trajectory of the world's major powers".
    *   Therefore, "saving individual economies" means protecting the economic systems/stability of the individual nations involved.

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "the system of production and distribution and consumption" (referring to the national economies of countries).
    *   Sense 2 (efficiency) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3 (thriftiness) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 (cost reduction) doesn't fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "china" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with <t>China</t> and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Senses:
1. definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about climate change negotiations involving the U.S. and China. It mentions "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern," "Obama administration," "Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei," and "the world's major powers."
    *   Target word: `<t>China</t>` in the sentence "The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with <t>China</t> and United States feuding over their respective obligations..."

    *   Sense 1: A communist nation in eastern Asia (People's Republic of China).
    *   Sense 2: High quality porcelain.
    *   Sense 3: Government on the island of Taiwan (Republic of China).
    *   Sense 4: Dishware made of porcelain.

    *   The context discusses international diplomacy, greenhouse-gas emissions, the Obama administration, and "major emerging economies."
    *   It specifically mentions "Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei."
    *   The "China" in question is feuding with the United States over obligations regarding global warming.
    *   This clearly refers to the nation/country, specifically the People's Republic of China (the major power in eastern Asia).

    *   Sense 1 matches the context perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "united_states" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and <t>United States</t> feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Senses:
1. definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about climate change negotiations involving the U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern, the Obama administration, China, and other nations.
    *   Target phrase: `<t>United States</t>` in the sentence: "The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and <t>United States</t> feuding over their respective obligations..."
    *   Senses:
        1.  The North American republic (the country/nation).
        2.  The federal government of the United States.

    *   "The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and <t>United States</t> feuding over their respective obligations..."
    *   The sentence compares "China" and the "United States".
    *   China is a country.
    *   The "feud" is over "respective obligations" regarding "saving individual economies" and "saving the planet".
    *   While governments negotiate, in this context, "China" and "United States" are used as metonyms for the nations/states as geopolitical entities.

    *   Sense 1: The country/republic.
    *   Sense 2: The federal government.

    *   In the phrase "China and United States feuding", "China" refers to the country (or its government).
    *   Usually, when paired with another country name (like China), "United States" refers to the nation/state.
    *   Looking at the broader context: "U.S. special climate envoy", "Obama administration", "America's top climate negotiator". These refer to the government.
    *   However, "China and United States feuding over their respective obligations" often refers to the nations as a whole in a geopolitical sense.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2: "the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government".
    *   Is the "feud" between the *governments* or the *countries*? In international relations, these are often interchangeable, but "China" (the country) is paired with "United States".
    *   If "China" is the country, "United States" is likely the country.
    *   Let's check if "United States" here specifically means the *government* (the branches). The text mentions the "Obama administration" and "U.S. special climate envoy", which are government entities.
    *   However, the sentence "China and United States feuding" is a classic way of referring to the two nations.

    *   Sense 1: North American republic...
    *   Sense 2: the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government...

    In the sentence "China and United States feuding over their respective obligations", the "obligations" are international obligations of the states. While the government negotiates them, the obligations belong to the state.

    Comparing "China" (the country) and "United States" (the country).

    Wait, let's look at the phrasing again: "with China and United States feuding". (Note: The grammar "and United States" without "the" is slightly odd, but that's how it's written in the provided text).

    Usually, in these NLP tasks (like WordNet-based disambiguation), when a country is mentioned in a geopolitical conflict or agreement, it refers to the country (Sense 1) unless it specifically refers to the administrative body (Sense 2).

    Let's double-check:
    "The United States is not going to do a deal..." (Earlier in the text).
    "America's top climate negotiator..."
    "China and United States feuding..."

    If I have to choose between the *country* and the *government*, "China and United States" strongly suggests the countries.

    Sense 1: The republic/country.
    Sense 2: The federal government.

    In "China and United States feuding", they are acting as sovereign states.

    Let's consider if Sense 2 is more appropriate. Does "feuding over their respective obligations" refer specifically to the government branches? No, it refers to the nations' roles in the climate agreement.

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the most fitting.

    *Self-Correction/Refinement:*
    Wait, often in these datasets, "the United States" referring to the government is distinguished from the land/people.
    Sense 1: The republic (the entity).
    Sense 2: The government (the administration).

    In "China and United States feuding", it's the nations.

    Let's look at the context again.
    "The United States is not going to do a deal..." -> Government.
    "China and United States feuding..." -> Nations/Governments.

    Actually, in many contexts, "The United States" is used to mean the government. But "China" is almost always the country (or its government). When paired, they are the countries.

    Let's re-read Sense 2: "the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government". This is a very specific definition of "the government".

    The feud is between the two global powers (the countries).

    Final check:
    Sense 1: North American republic...
    Sense 2: the executive and legislative and judicial branches...

    The most natural fit for "China and United States" is Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "obligation" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective <t>obligations</t> while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Senses:
1. definition=the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr | synonyms=duty, responsibility | examples=we must instill a sense of duty in our children; every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty
2. definition=the state of being obligated to do or pay something | examples=he is under an obligation to finish the job
3. definition=a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor | synonyms=indebtedness
4. definition=a written promise to repay a debt | synonyms=debt instrument, certificate of indebtedness
5. definition=a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A text about climate change negotiations between the US, China, and other nations.
    *   Target word: "obligations" (plural).
    *   Sentence: "...with China and United States feuding over their respective <t>obligations</t> while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."

    *   Sense 1: Social force, duty, responsibility (e.g., "instill a sense of duty").
    *   Sense 2: State of being obligated to do or pay something (e.g., "under an obligation to finish the job").
    *   Sense 3: Personal relation of indebtedness for a favor.
    *   Sense 4: Written promise to repay a debt (financial instrument).
    *   Sense 5: Legal agreement specifying payment/action and penalty.

    *   The text discusses "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions," "voluntary ones," "taking action," "bearing the costs," and "holding big emitters accountable."
    *   The "obligations" refer to the duties or responsibilities of the US and China regarding climate change mitigation (reducing emissions).
    *   It's not a written debt instrument (Sense 4) or a specific legal contract with penalties (Sense 5).
    *   It's not a personal favor (Sense 3).
    *   It's between Sense 1 (duty/responsibility) and Sense 2 (the state of being obligated).

    *   Sense 1 focuses on the *social force* or the *concept* of duty/responsibility.
    *   Sense 2 focuses on the *state* of being obligated to perform a specific action or payment.
    *   In the context of international diplomacy and climate treaties, "obligations" usually refers to the specific duties or responsibilities each country is expected to fulfill (their "fair share" or "duty").
    *   Looking at the examples:
        *   Sense 1: "every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation" (General moral/social duty).
        *   Sense 2: "he is under an obligation to finish the job" (Specific requirement).
    *   The phrase "feuding over their respective obligations" suggests they are arguing about what they are responsible for doing (their duties/responsibilities). This aligns closely with Sense 1 (duty, responsibility).

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 2: "the state of being obligated to do or pay something".
    *   And Sense 1: "the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force... synonyms=duty, responsibility".
    *   In international relations, "obligations" often refers to the duties agreed upon or expected.
    *   Let's look at the context again: "binding cuts... voluntary ones... bearing the costs". These are duties/responsibilities.
    *   Sense 1 is often used for the *feeling* of obligation or the *concept* of duty.
    *   Sense 2 is the *condition* of being bound.
    *   However, in many dictionaries, "obligation" as "duty" is the primary meaning for this kind of context.
    *   Let's check the synonyms for Sense 1: "duty, responsibility".
    *   The US and China are feuding over their respective *duties* or *responsibilities* regarding emissions.

    *   Sense 1: Duty/Responsibility.
    *   Sense 2: The state of being obligated.
    *   Sense 3: Indebtedness (personal).
    *   Sense 4: Debt instrument.
    *   Sense 5: Legal agreement.
    *   The context is about who is responsible for what in the climate fight. This is a matter of duty/responsibility.

    *   "feuding over their respective obligations" -> "feuding over their respective duties/responsibilities".
    *   This fits Sense 1 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "nation" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer <t>nations</t> insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=land, country | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
3. definition=United States prohibitionist who raided saloons and destroyed bottles of liquor with a hatchet (1846-1911) | synonyms=Carry Nation, Carry Amelia Moore Nation
4. definition=a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes) | examples=the Shawnee nation

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer <t>nations</t> insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."
    *   Target word: "nations" (plural of "nation").
    *   Contextual clues: "poorer nations", "world's two dozen most influential countries", "vulnerable countries".

    *   Sense 1: A politically organized body of people under a single government (state, country). Example: "African nations".
    *   Sense 2: The people who live in a nation or country. Example: "the nation's mood".
    *   Sense 3: A specific person (Carry Nation).
    *   Sense 4: A federation of tribes (Native American).

    *   The text refers to "poorer nations" in contrast to "influential countries" and "major powers".
    *   This refers to sovereign states or countries.
    *   Sense 1 matches "state, country, land" and the example "African nations".
    *   Sense 2 refers to the *people* of a nation, which doesn't fit the context of "poorer nations" insisting on action (though people do insist, the term "nations" here is used interchangeably with "countries").
    *   Sense 3 is a proper noun (person).
    *   Sense 4 is specific to tribal federations.

    *   The word "nations" in "poorer nations" clearly refers to sovereign states/countries.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "world" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the <t>world</t>'s two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Senses:
1. definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...poorer nations insist that the <t>world</t>'s two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."
    *   Target word: "world" (marked as `<t>world</t>`).
    *   Surrounding phrase: "the world's two dozen most influential countries".

    *   Sense 1: everything that exists anywhere (universe, cosmos).
    *   Sense 2: people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest (domain, e.g., "the Western world").
    *   Sense 3: all of your experiences (reality).
    *   Sense 4: the 3rd planet from the sun (Earth, globe).
    *   Sense 5: people in general considered as a whole (populace, public).
    *   Sense 6: a part of the earth that can be considered separately (e.g., "the outdoor world").
    *   Sense 7: concerns of this life vs. afterlife.
    *   Sense 8: all of the living human inhabitants of the earth (human race, humanity).

    *   The phrase "the world's two dozen most influential countries" refers to the countries on Earth.
    *   Is it the universe (1)? No.
    *   Is it a distinctive group of people with shared interest (2)? No, it's referring to the global scale.
    *   Is it personal experience (3)? No.
    *   Is it the planet Earth (4)? Yes, "the world's... countries" usually means the countries on the planet Earth.
    *   Is it people in general (5)? No.
    *   Is it a specific part of the earth (6)? No.
    *   Is it earthly concerns vs. heaven (7)? No.
    *   Is it the human race (8)? While it involves humans, it specifically refers to the geopolitical entity of the planet Earth.

    *   Sense 4: "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world".
    *   "The world's two dozen most influential countries" $\approx$ "The Earth's two dozen most influential countries" or "The globe's two dozen most influential countries".

    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 8: "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind".
    *   "The world's two dozen most influential countries" doesn't mean "the human race's two dozen most influential countries" as much as it means the countries *of the world* (the planet).
    *   Let's look at Sense 2: "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest". No.
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again. "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on". This fits best when referring to global geography or politics.

    *   "the world's two dozen most influential countries"
    *   This is a possessive form. The countries belong to the world.
    *   In this context, "world" refers to the entire planet Earth.

    *   Sense 4: the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on.
    *   Sense 8: all of the living human inhabitants of the earth.
    *   If I say "the world's population", is that Sense 4 or Sense 8? Usually, "the world" in "the world's population" refers to the planet (4) or the people (8).
    *   However, "the world's... countries" strongly points to the planet (4).

    *   Sense 4: Earth/Globe.
    *   Sense 8: Humanity.
    *   "The world's countries" = The countries of the Earth. (Sense 4).

    *   Sense 4 is the most accurate fit for "the world's [countries]".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential <t>countries</t> are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential <t>countries</t> are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."
    *   Target word: "countries"

    *   Sense 1: A politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation).
    *   Sense 2: The territory occupied by a nation (land).
    *   Sense 3: The people who live in a nation or country (nation, land).
    *   Sense 4: An area outside of cities and towns (rural area).
    *   Sense 5: A particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (area).

    *   The sentence refers to "the world's two dozen most influential countries."
    *   It's talking about political entities (like the US, China, etc.) that have obligations and the power to take action on a global scale (climate change).
    *   This refers to the political organization/state rather than the physical land (Sense 2), the population (Sense 3), the rural area (Sense 4), or a vague geographical region (Sense 5).

    *   Sense 1 fits best: "a politically organized body of people under a single government." The "most influential countries" are the most influential states/nations.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "imperative" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific <t>imperative</t> to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Senses:
1. definition=a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior | synonyms=imperative mood, jussive mood, imperative form
2. definition=some duty that is essential and urgent

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific <t>imperative</t> to take bolder action."
    *   Target word: "imperative"

    *   Sense 1: "a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior" (Grammatical term: imperative mood).
    *   Sense 2: "some duty that is essential and urgent" (An urgent necessity or requirement).

    *   The phrase is "the scientific imperative to take bolder action."
    *   Does it refer to a grammatical mood? No.
    *   Does it refer to an essential and urgent duty/necessity based on science? Yes.

    *   Sense 2 matches the context.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cost" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the <t>costs</t> for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Senses:
1. definition=the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
2. definition=the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold) | synonyms=monetary value, price | examples=the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver; he puts a high price on his services
3. definition=value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something | synonyms=price, toll | examples=the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the major powers are fighting over who should bear the <t>costs</t> for curbing greenhouse gases..."
    *   Target word: "costs"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Total spent for goods/services (money, time, labor).
        2.  Material worth/monetary value (price if sold).
        3.  Value measured by what must be given/done/undergone to obtain something (price, toll).

    *   The sentence discusses who should "bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases."
    *   "Curbing greenhouse gases" involves implementing policies, changing industrial practices, investing in new technology, and potentially losing some economic growth or spending significant resources.
    *   "Bearing the cost" in this geopolitical/environmental context usually refers to the burden, the sacrifice, or the resources (money, effort, economic impact) required to achieve a goal.

    *   Sense 1: "total spent for goods or services". This is more about a specific transaction or a project budget (e.g., "the cost of the new bridge"). While curbing gases involves spending, "bearing the costs" in a global policy sense is broader than just a bill for services.
    *   Sense 2: "material worth" or "monetary value". This is about the value *of* an object (e.g., "the cost of the diamond"). This doesn't fit here.
    *   Sense 3: "value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something". This fits well. Curbing greenhouse gases is the goal; the "costs" are what must be given up or undergone (economic shifts, financial burdens, policy changes) to obtain that goal. The synonym "toll" or "price" (as in "the price of progress") aligns with "bearing the costs" of a global effort.

    *   Is it Sense 1 (spending money) or Sense 3 (the burden/sacrifice)?
    *   In the phrase "bear the costs," it often refers to the burden.
    *   Example for Sense 3: "the cost in human life was enormous."
    *   Example for Sense 1: "the total spent for goods or services."
    *   In the context of international climate negotiations, "bearing the costs" refers to the economic burden and the sacrifices required to reduce emissions. This aligns more closely with the "what must be given or done or undergone" aspect of Sense 3.

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1: "the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor".
    *   Let me re-read Sense 3: "value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something".
    *   "Curbing greenhouse gases" isn't a "good or service" being purchased. It's a goal/outcome. Therefore, the "costs" are what is sacrificed or spent to achieve that outcome. This is the definition of Sense 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "country" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable <t>countries</t> have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Senses:
1. definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...even as vulnerable <t>countries</t> have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions."
    *   Surrounding text discusses international relations, climate change negotiations, the Obama administration, China, the United States, major developing countries, and Costa Rican delegates.
    *   The word "countries" refers to political entities (nations/states) that are vulnerable to climate change and are seeking accountability from big emitters.

    *   Sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation).
    *   Sense 2: the territory occupied by a nation (land).
    *   Sense 3: the people who live in a nation or country (nation, land).
    *   Sense 4: an area outside of cities and towns (rural area).
    *   Sense 5: a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (area).

    *   The context refers to "vulnerable countries" acting as political entities in international negotiations (seeking accountability).
    *   This fits Sense 1 (politically organized body of people under a single government/state/nation).
    *   It's not referring to the physical land (Sense 2), the people as a collective population (Sense 3), the rural countryside (Sense 4), or a vague geographical region (Sense 5).

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate.