[User]
Which numbered sense of "use" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Senses:
1. definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Target word: "using" (present participle of "use").
    *   Meaning in context: The descending scale is created by employing or utilizing as many as 12 bells.

    *   Sense 1: put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose (utilize, apply, employ).
    *   Sense 2: take or consume (regularly or habitually) (drugs, etc.).
    *   Sense 3: use up, consume fully (expend).
    *   Sense 4: seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage (manipulate).
    *   Sense 5: avail oneself to (practice a religion, apply a principle).
    *   Sense 6: habitually do something (past tense "used to").

    *   The sentence says the scale is made by "using" bells.
    *   This means the bells are being employed or utilized to create the scale.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose".

    *   Sense 2 (drugs/consumption) - No.
    *   Sense 3 (expend/use up) - No.
    *   Sense 4 (manipulate for advantage) - No.
    *   Sense 5 (practice/apply principle) - No.
    *   Sense 6 (past habit) - No.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "church" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Senses:
1. definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells."
    *   Target word: "churches"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Group of Christians (denomination/institution).
        2.  Place for public worship (building).
        3.  Service conducted in a house of worship (event).
        4.  Body of people attending a local church (congregation).

    *   The sentence discusses "church bells" and "playing tunes on bells."
    *   It mentions "larger churches" as the place where "as many as 12 bells" are used.
    *   Bells are physically located in a building (specifically, a bell tower or steeple).
    *   Therefore, "churches" refers to the physical buildings.

    *   Sense 1: Denomination (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Building (Correct)
    *   Sense 3: Service (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 4: Congregation (Incorrect)

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "bell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Senses:
1. definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>."
    *   The word in question is "bells".
    *   The context describes church bells, their weight (more than a ton), their pitch (highest-pitched to lowest), and the act of ringing them (change-ringing).

    *   Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" (Fits the description of church bells).
    *   Sense 2: "a push button at an outer door..." (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: "the sound of a bell being struck" (Incorrect; the text refers to the objects themselves, not the sound).
    *   Sense 4: "each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time..." (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: "the shape of a bell" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: "a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: "English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 8: "United States inventor... of the telephone" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 9: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells... used as an orchestral instrument" (While church bells are tuned, they are generally considered the devices themselves (Sense 1) rather than a specific orchestral instrument like a glockenspiel or tubular bells, although the distinction is subtle. However, Sense 1 is the most fundamental definition of a bell).
    *   Sense 10: "the flared opening of a tubular device" (Incorrect).

    *   The text mentions "England's church bells", "playing tunes on bells", "some bells weigh more than a ton", and "12 bells".
    *   These are physical, hollow metal devices.
    *   Sense 1 is the general definition of the object.
    *   Sense 9 refers to a specific orchestral instrument. Church bells are not typically referred to as "a percussion instrument... used as an orchestral instrument" in this context; they are church bells.

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "then" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A description of English change-ringing.
    *   Sentence: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest... <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order..."
    *   Target word: "Then"

    *   Sense 1: subsequently or soon afterward (sequence of events).
    *   Sense 2: in that case or as a consequence (conditional/logical result).
    *   Sense 3: at that time (specific point in the past or future).

    *   The text describes a process:
        1.  Bells are started off in "rounds" (highest to lowest).
        2.  *Then* (after the rounds), at a signal, the ringers vary the order.
    *   This indicates a sequence of events in a process.

    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "subsequently or soon afterward".
    *   Sense 2 does not fit: It's not a conditional "if... then" or a consequence.
    *   Sense 3 does not fit: It's not referring to a specific time period (like "back then").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "signal" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
2. definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
3. definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest... Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound..."
    *   Target word: "signal"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Nonverbal action/gesture encoding a message (e.g., signals from a boat).
        2.  Incitement to action (e.g., signal to start).
        3.  Electric quantity (voltage/current) representing coded information.

    *   The text describes a process of bell ringing.
    *   The ringers start with "rounds."
    *   Then, "at a signal," they change the order.
    *   In this context, the "signal" is the cue or trigger that tells the ringers to transition from the rounds to the variations.

    *   Sense 1: Nonverbal action/gesture. While a signal *could* be a gesture, the core meaning here is the *trigger* for the action to begin.
    *   Sense 2: Incitement to action. "He awaited the signal to start." This matches perfectly. The ringers are waiting for the cue to start varying the order.
    *   Sense 3: Electric quantity. Definitely not.

    *   The "signal" in the text is the cue that tells the ringers to start the next phase of the ringing process. This is an incitement to action.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "ringer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about English church bells, specifically "change-ringing." It mentions bells being rung on Sundays, the complexity of the art, the physical and mental requirements, and the process of "rounds."
    *   Target word: "ringers" (plural of "ringer").
    *   Sentence: "Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

    *   Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" | synonyms: toller, bell ringer.
    *   Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another" | synonyms: dead ringer, clone.
    *   Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses."
    *   Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg."

    *   The context is explicitly about church bells and the people who ring them.
    *   The sentence says "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound."
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "begin" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Target word: "begin"
    *   Action: The ringers start the process of varying the order of the bells.

    *   Sense 1: take the first step or steps in carrying out an action (e.g., "We began working at dawn").
    *   Sense 2: have a beginning (temporal, spatial, evaluative) (e.g., "The DMZ begins right over the hill").
    *   Sense 3: set in motion, cause to start (e.g., "The U.S. started a war").
    *   Sense 4: begin to speak or say.
    *   Sense 5: be the first item or point (e.g., "The number 'one' begins the sequence").
    *   Sense 6: have a beginning, of a temporal event (e.g., "WW II began in 1939").
    *   Sense 7: have a beginning characterized in some specified way (e.g., "The novel begins with a murder").
    *   Sense 8: begin an event implied by the nature of the direct object (e.g., "begin a cigar").
    *   Sense 9: achieve or accomplish in the least degree (usually negative) (e.g., "doesn't even begin to deal with").
    *   Sense 10: begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language.

    *   The sentence is: "the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order..."
    *   "Varying the order" is the action they are starting.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action".

    *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" -> "the ringers begin varying the order" (Matches perfectly).
    *   Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start" (Usually implies starting something else, like a war or a process, but Sense 1 is more about the subject starting the action themselves).
    *   Sense 6: "have a beginning, of a temporal event" (The ringers are not a temporal event).
    *   Sense 8: "begin an event that is implied... by the direct object" (Varying the order is not an inherent function of a direct object like a cigar or soup).

    *   The ringers (subject) begin (verb) varying the order (action).
    *   This is the classic use of "begin" meaning to start doing something.
    *   Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "vary" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
2. definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart
3. definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather
4. definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Target word: "varying" (from "vary").
    *   Meaning in context: The ringers are changing the order of the bells to create different sequences (changes).

    *   Sense 1: "become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence" (Intransitive/Linking usually, e.g., "mood changes").
    *   Sense 2: "be at variance with; be out of line with" (e.g., "vary from the norm").
    *   Sense 3: "be subject to change in accordance with a variable" (e.g., "Prices vary").
    *   Sense 4: "make something more diverse and varied" (Transitive, e.g., "Vary the menu").

    *   In the sentence "the ringers begin varying the order", "varying" is used transitively. The object is "the order in which the bells sound".
    *   The ringers are actively changing the order to make it different/diverse.
    *   Sense 1 is more about a state of change or becoming different.
    *   Sense 2 is about disagreement or deviation.
    *   Sense 3 is about fluctuation based on a variable.
    *   Sense 4 is about actively making something diverse or changing it to avoid monotony (like varying a menu or, in this case, varying the sequence of bells).

    *   "Vary the order" $\approx$ "Change the order to create variety".
    *   Sense 4: "make something more diverse and varied". This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: "her mood changes" (Intransitive).
    *   Sense 2: "deviate" (Intransitive/Prepositional).
    *   Sense 3: "Prices vary" (Intransitive).
    *   Sense 4: "Vary the menu" (Transitive).
    *   Context: "varying the order" (Transitive).

    Sense 4 is the only transitive sense provided that fits the action of changing a sequence to create variety.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "order" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed | examples=the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London
2. definition=a degree in a continuum of size or quantity | synonyms=order of magnitude | examples=it was on the order of a mile; an explosion of a low order of magnitude
3. definition=established customary state (especially of society) | examples=order ruled in the streets; law and order
4. definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
5. definition=a condition of regular or proper arrangement | synonyms=orderliness | examples=he put his desk in order; the machine is now in working order
6. definition=a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge) | synonyms=decree, edict, fiat, rescript | examples=a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there
7. definition=a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities | synonyms=purchase order | examples=IBM received an order for a hundred computers
8. definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, society, guild, gild, lodge | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
9. definition=a body of rules followed by an assembly | synonyms=rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
10. definition=(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy | synonyms=Holy Order | examples=theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order
11. definition=a group of person living under a religious rule | synonyms=monastic order | examples=the order of Saint Benedict
12. definition=(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
13. definition=a request for something to be made, supplied, or served | examples=I gave the waiter my order; the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle
14. definition=(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
15. definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Target word: "order"
    *   Meaning in context: The sequence or arrangement in which the bells are rung.

    *   1: Command from superior (No)
    *   2: Degree in a continuum (No)
    *   3: Established customary state (No)
    *   4: Logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements (Yes - "arrangement of separate elements" fits the sequence of bells).
    *   5: Condition of regular or proper arrangement (No - this is more about tidiness or functionality).
    *   6: Legally binding command (No)
    *   7: Commercial document (No)
    *   8: Formal association (No)
    *   9: Body of rules (No)
    *   10: Rank of clergyman (No)
    *   11: Religious group (No)
    *   12: Taxonomic group (No)
    *   13: Request for something (No)
    *   14: Architectural style (No)
    *   15: The act of putting things in a sequential arrangement (No - "the order" in the text refers to the arrangement itself, not the *act* of arranging).

    *   Sense 4: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements"
    *   Sense 15: "the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement"
    *   In the sentence "varying the order in which the bells sound", "order" refers to the sequence/arrangement itself, not the process of arranging them. Therefore, Sense 4 is the best fit.

    *   Sense 4: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements"
    *   Example: "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation"
    *   Context: "varying the order in which the bells sound"
    *   Matches perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "bell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   The context discusses church bells, change-ringing, physical dexterity, and the sound they make when struck.
    *   The specific word is "bells" (plural).

    *   Sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" (Fits the description of church bells).
    *   Sense 2: "a push button at an outer door..." (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 3: "the sound of a bell being struck" (The context says "the order in which the bells sound", referring to the objects themselves making the sound, not the sound itself).
    *   Sense 4: "each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time..." (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 5: "the shape of a bell" (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 6: "a phonetician..." (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 7: "English painter..." (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 8: "United States inventor..." (Incorrect).
    *   Sense 9: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells... used as an orchestral instrument" (While church bells are tuned, they are generally considered the devices themselves (Sense 1) rather than the specific orchestral instrument "chimes" or "gongs" described here).
    *   Sense 10: "the flared opening of a tubular device" (Incorrect).

    *   The text mentions "England's church bells", "playing tunes on bells", "some bells weigh more than a ton", and "the order in which the bells sound".
    *   These all refer to the physical objects (hollow metal devices).
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of a church bell.

    *   Sense 1: a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck.
    *   This perfectly matches the context of church bells.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "sound" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Target word: "sound"

    *   Sense 1: appear in a certain way (e.g., "This sounds interesting") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 2: make a certain noise or sound (e.g., "The gun went 'bang'") - *Possible, but usually refers to the specific noise made.*
    *   Sense 3: give off a certain sound or sounds (e.g., "This record sounds scratchy") - *Similar to Sense 1/2, but describes the quality of the sound.*
    *   Sense 4: announce by means of a sound (e.g., "sound the alarm") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 5: utter with vibrating vocal chords (e.g., "voice") - *Incorrect.*
    *   Sense 6: cause to sound (e.g., "sound the bell; sound a certain note") - *Wait, let's look at the context again.*
    *   Sense 7: measure the depth of water - *Incorrect.*

    *   "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t>..."
    *   In this sentence, "sound" is an intransitive verb describing the action of the bells making noise.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 2 and Sense 3.
    *   Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" (Example: "The gun went 'bang'").
    *   Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" (Example: "This record sounds scratchy").
    *   Wait, let's look at Sense 2 again. "The gun went 'bang'". "Go" is a synonym.
    *   Let's look at the context again: "varying the order in which the bells sound". This means the order in which they make their noise.
    *   Is it Sense 2 (make a noise) or Sense 6 (cause to sound)?
    *   "the order in which the bells sound" -> The bells are the subject of "sound". They are making the noise.
    *   If it were Sense 6, it would be "the ringers sound the bells". But here, the bells are the ones sounding.
    *   Let's compare Sense 2 and Sense 3.
    *   Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" (The gun went 'bang').
    *   Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" (This record sounds scratchy).
    *   Actually, looking at the provided senses, Sense 2 is often used for the act of making a sound.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds".
    *   Wait, "This record sounds scratchy" (Sense 3) is more about the *quality* of the sound (like Sense 1).
    *   "The gun went 'bang'" (Sense 2) is about the *occurrence* of the sound.
    *   In "the order in which the bells sound", it refers to the occurrence/act of making the sound.

    *   Sense 1: "This sounds interesting" (Linking verb - perception).
    *   Sense 2: "The gun went 'bang'" (Action of making a noise).
    *   Sense 3: "This record sounds scratchy" (Linking verb - quality of sound).
    *   Sense 4: "sound the alarm" (Transitive - to signal).
    *   Sense 5: "utter" (Vocal).
    *   Sense 6: "sound the bell" (Transitive - to cause to make a sound).
    *   Sense 7: "measure depth".

    In the phrase "the order in which the bells sound", the bells are the subject. They are making a noise. This fits Sense 2 best.

    *Self-Correction:* Let me double-check Sense 2 vs Sense 3 again.
    Sense 3: "give off a certain sound or sounds" - Example: "This record sounds scratchy". This is a copular/linking verb usage (The record is scratchy).
    Sense 2: "make a certain noise or sound" - Example: "The gun went 'bang'". This is an active verb usage.
    "the order in which the bells sound" -> The bells make a noise. This is an active usage.

    Therefore, Sense 2 is the most appropriate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "alter" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking."
    *   Target word: "altering" (from "alter").
    *   Meaning in context: The ringers change the order of the bells, but they do *not* change/modify the steady rhythm.

    *   Sense 1: "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation" (synonyms: change, modify).
    *   Sense 2: "become different in some particular way..." (intransitive use, e.g., "mood changes").
    *   Sense 3: "make an alteration to" (often used for clothing/tailoring).
    *   Sense 4: "insert words into texts..." (interpolate/falsify).
    *   Sense 5: "remove the ovaries of" (spay).

    *   The context says "without altering the steady rhythm".
    *   This means "without changing" or "without modifying" the rhythm.
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "cause to change; make different".
    *   Sense 2 is intransitive (the subject *becomes* different), but here "altering" has an object ("the steady rhythm").
    *   Sense 3 is usually specific to tailoring or minor adjustments to a physical object (like a dress).
    *   Sense 4 and 5 are completely irrelevant.

    *   Sense 1: "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation" -> "without changing the steady rhythm". This is the correct fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "steady" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking."
    *   Target word: "steady"
    *   Contextual meaning: The rhythm of the bells remains constant, unchanging, and regular, even though the order of the bells changes.

    *   Sense 1: "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job"
    *   Sense 2: "not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm"
    *   Sense 3: "securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady"
    *   Sense 4: "marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth"
    *   Sense 5: "relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker"
    *   Sense 6: "not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves"

    *   The context refers to a "steady rhythm".
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "a steady beat" as an example.
    *   "Not subject to change or variation" fits perfectly with the idea of a rhythm that doesn't change while the order of the bells does.

    *   Sense 2 is more about financial or numerical fluctuations.
    *   Sense 3 is about physical stability.
    *   Sense 4 is about determination.
    *   Sense 5 is about regularity of habit.
    *   Sense 6 is about emotional stability.

Sense 1 is the correct match.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "rhythm" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking."
    *   Key phrase: "steady rhythm of the striking" (referring to church bells).

    *   Sense 1: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat"
    *   Sense 2: "recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence"
    *   Sense 3: "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons"
    *   Sense 4: "the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry"
    *   Sense 5: "natural family planning..."

    *   The context describes church bells being rung.
    *   The "steady rhythm of the striking" refers to the timing/beat of the bells hitting.
    *   Sense 1 specifically mentions "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" and "beat".
    *   Sense 2 is "recurring at regular intervals".
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2: Sense 1 is more specific to music/sound (striking bells), while Sense 2 is more general. However, "steady rhythm" in the context of music/sound usually refers to the beat.
    *   Let's re-read: "varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." This means the *timing* (the beat) stays the same, but the *sequence* of bells changes. This fits Sense 1 (beat/musical rhythm) perfectly.

    *   Sense 1: Musical beat. (Fits)
    *   Sense 2: Regular recurrence. (Fits generally, but Sense 1 is more precise for music/sound).
    *   Sense 3: Cycle. (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 4: Speech rhythm. (Doesn't fit).
    *   Sense 5: Birth control. (Doesn't fit).

    *   Is "striking" of bells considered "music"? Yes, in this context, they are "playing tunes on bells".
    *   "Steady rhythm" = "steady beat".

    *   Sense 1: "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm"
    *   Sense 2: "recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence"
    *   In the context of "the steady rhythm of the striking", it refers to the consistent beat maintained by the ringers. This is a musical application.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 2 again. "recurring at regular intervals".
    *   If the bells strike at regular intervals, that is a rhythm.
    *   However, Sense 1 specifically mentions "beat" and "musical rhythm".
    *   The text mentions "playing tunes on bells" and "descending scale". This strongly points toward a musical context.

    *   Sense 1 is the most accurate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "striking" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Senses:
1. definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about English church bells and "change-ringing."
    *   Target word: "striking" (marked as `<t>striking</t>`).
    *   Sentence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>."
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Physical coming together of two or more things (contact, impinging).
        2.  The act of contacting one thing with another (hit, hitting).

    *   The text describes the process of ringing church bells.
    *   "Striking" here refers to the action of the clapper hitting the bell to produce a sound.
    *   The "rhythm of the striking" refers to the timing of these hits.

    *   Sense 1: "the physical coming together of two or more things" (focuses on the *event* or *state* of contact).
    *   Sense 2: "the act of contacting one thing with another" (focuses on the *action* of hitting).

    *   In the context of bells, "striking" is the act of hitting the bell.
    *   "The rhythm of the striking" refers to the rhythm of the *hits* (the act of hitting).
    *   Sense 2 ("the act of contacting one thing with another") fits better as it describes the repetitive action of hitting the bell to create a sound.

    *   Sense 1 is more about the *result* or the *fact* of contact (e.g., "contact with the pier").
    *   Sense 2 is more about the *action* (e.g., "repeated hitting").
    *   Ringing a bell involves the repeated action of hitting.

    *   The word "striking" in "rhythm of the striking" refers to the act of hitting the bell.
    *   This aligns with Sense 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "variation" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Senses:
1. definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
    *   Key phrase: "varying the order in which the bells sound... Each variation, or change..."
    *   The context describes "change-ringing," where the sequence of bells is altered. A "variation" here refers to a specific instance of a changed order.

    *   Sense 1: an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change (fluctuation). (Doesn't quite fit; it's not a fluctuation in rate).
    *   Sense 2: an activity that varies from a norm or standard. (Not an activity, but a specific sequence).
    *   Sense 3: a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished. (This is about musical themes/melodies, whereas change-ringing is about the *order* of bells, though it is musical in a broad sense. However, "variation" in music usually refers to a theme and variations).
    *   Sense 4: something a little different from others of the same type (version, variant, edition). (A specific sequence of bells is a version/variant of the overall pattern).
    *   Sense 5: an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard. (Not an artifact).
    *   Sense 6: magnetic north vs true north. (Irrelevant).
    *   Sense 7: the process of varying or being varied. (The text says "Each variation," implying a countable instance, not the process itself).
    *   Sense 8: astronomy perturbation. (Irrelevant).
    *   Sense 9: biology mutant. (Irrelevant).
    *   Sense 10: ballet solo. (Irrelevant).
    *   Sense 11: the act of changing or altering something slightly. (Again, "Each variation" suggests the result/instance, not the act).

    *   The text says: "varying the order... Each variation, or change..."
    *   In change-ringing, a "change" is a specific permutation of the bells.
    *   Is it Sense 3 (musical theme)? Change-ringing isn't really about a "theme" being modified; it's about permutations of a sequence.
    *   Is it Sense 4 (something a little different from others of the same type)? A specific permutation is a variant of the possible orders.
    *   Is it Sense 1 (an instance of change)? "Each variation, or change..." The text explicitly equates "variation" with "change." Sense 1 defines it as "an instance of change."

    *   Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change"
    *   Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition"
    *   Looking at the context: "varying the order... Each variation, or change..."
    *   In the context of change-ringing, a "change" is a specific sequence.
    *   If we look at Sense 1, "an instance of change" fits the phrasing "Each variation, or change."
    *   If we look at Sense 4, "something a little different from others of the same type" (a variant sequence) also fits.

    *   Wait, let's re-read Sense 3: "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished." Change-ringing is musical, but it's not a "theme and variations" in the classical sense.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation." "Fluctuation" doesn't fit well.
    *   Let's re-read Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition." A specific sequence of bells is a variant of the possible sequences.

    *   "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound... Each variation, or change, can occur only once..."
    *   Here, "variation" is used as a synonym for "change" (the specific permutation).
    *   Looking at the provided senses again.
    *   Sense 1: "an instance of change".
    *   Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type".

    *   In change-ringing, a "change" is a specific permutation.
    *   Is a permutation an "instance of change" (Sense 1) or a "variant/version" (Sense 4)?
    *   Actually, looking at the phrasing "Each variation, or change," it seems to be using "variation" to mean a specific version of the sequence.

    *   Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation"
    *   Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition"
    *   If the text says "Each variation, or change," and a "change" in bell ringing is a specific sequence, then "variation" refers to that specific sequence. A specific sequence is a "version" or "variant" of the order.

    *   Wait, let me check if there's a better fit.
    *   Sense 7: "the process of varying or being varied". (No, "Each variation" is singular/countable).
    *   Sense 11: "the act of changing or altering something". (No).

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 4. "something a little different from others of the same type". A specific permutation of bells is indeed something different from other permutations of the same bells.

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 1. "an instance of change". If "change" is the technical term for the permutation, then "an instance of change" might be a literal interpretation, but "fluctuation" as a synonym suggests a different meaning (like temperature variation).

    *   Let's reconsider Sense 3. "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished". While change-ringing is musical, it's not a "theme" being modified.

    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 4 again.
    *   Sense 1: "an instance of change"
    *   Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type"
    *   In the context "Each variation, or change, can occur only once," the word "change" is a technical term in campanology. A "change" is a specific permutation. Therefore, a "variation" is a specific permutation. A specific permutation is a "variant" or "version" of the sequence.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 4 examples: "an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word". This fits the idea of a specific version of a sequence.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again. "an instance of change". If the text says "Each variation, or change", it's almost a tautology if Sense 1 is used. But "change" in bell ringing is a noun meaning "a permutation".

    *   Let's search for "variation" in the context of bell ringing. In change ringing, a "change" is the specific order of bells. A "variation" would be one of these changes.

    *   Is it Sense 4? "something a little different from others of the same type". Yes, each permutation is a different version of the order.

    *   Let's check Sense 1 again. "an instance of change". This is very broad.

    *   Let's check Sense 3 again. "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished". In music, a "variation" is a specific thing. Is a "change" in bell ringing a "musical variation"? Not in the formal music theory sense (theme and variations).

    *   Let's look at the options again.
    *   1. instance of change / fluctuation
    *   2. activity that varies from norm
    *   3. musical theme modification
    *   4. something a little different / version / variant
    *   7. process of varying

    *   The most fitting sense for a specific permutation (a "change") is Sense 4 (a variant/version of the order).

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 1: "an instance of change". If the text says "Each variation, or change", it's using "variation" as a synonym for "change". If "change" is the noun for the permutation, then "variation" is also the noun for the permutation.

    *   Let's think about "variation" as "a version of something".
    *   "The ringers begin varying the order... Each variation [each version of the order]... can occur only once."
    *   This matches Sense 4 perfectly.

    *   Let's double-check Sense 1 again. "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation". This usually refers to things like "variation in temperature" or "variation in pressure". That doesn't fit here.

    *   Therefore, Sense 4 is the most likely.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 3 one more time. "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished". Change ringing is a form of music. Is the "rounds" (the simple descending scale) the "theme" and each "change" a "variation" of that theme?
    *   "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds'... Then... the ringers begin varying the order... Each variation, or change, can occur only once."
    *   This actually fits the structure of a theme (rounds) and variations (the changes).

    *   Let's compare Sense 3 and Sense 4.
    *   Sense 3: Musical theme modification.
    *   Sense 4: A version/variant of something.

    *   In change ringing, the "rounds" is the basic sequence. Every "change" is a permutation of that sequence. This is very similar to a musical variation. However, the technical term "change" is so central here.

    *   Let's look at the phrase "Each variation, or change". This suggests "variation" is being used as a more common word for the technical term "change".

    *   If I search for "variation" in a dictionary, Sense 4 ("a different version of something") is very general and fits almost any instance where something is a variant. Sense 3 is specific to music.

    *   Is change-ringing "music" in the sense of "musical themes"? It's more like mathematical permutations.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition".
    *   Each "change" (permutation) is a different version of the order of the bells.

    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished".
    *   A "change" in bell ringing isn't really a "repetition" of the rounds; it's a *reordering* of the bells.

    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again. "an instance of change". If "change" is the noun, "an instance of change" is a bit redundant.

    *   Let's consider Sense 4 again. "a variant of the same word" (example). A "change" is a variant of the sequence. This seems the most plausible.

    *   Wait, let me search for the definition of "variation" in a dictionary like Oxford or Merriam-Webster.
    *   Merriam-Webster:
        1.  the act of varying
        2.  the state of being varied
        3.  a change in form, position, condition, etc.
        4.  a different version of something
        5.  (music) a modified repetition of a theme

    *   In the context "Each variation, or change, can occur only once," it means "Each different version of the order." This matches Sense 4.

    *   Let's double-check the provided senses one more time.
    *   Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition"
    *   Sense 1: "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation"

    *   If the text says "Each variation, or change," it's using "variation" to mean "a specific version of the order."

    *   Let's think about Sense 1 again. "an instance of change". If "change" is the technical term for the permutation, then "an instance of change" would be "one permutation". But the synonym "fluctuation" really points away from this.

    *   Let's think about Sense 3 again. "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished". While it's bells, change-ringing is more about the *order* than a *theme*.

    *   Final check:
        Context: "varying the order... Each variation, or change, can occur only once"
        Sense 4: "something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition"
        This fits best. Each permutation is a different version of the order.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "occur" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Senses:
1. definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state."
    *   Sentence meaning: In the context of change-ringing, each specific sequence/variation of bells sounding can happen only one time.

    *   Sense 1: "come to pass" (happen, go on). Example: "What is happening?"
    *   Sense 2: "come to one's mind; suggest itself". Example: "It occurred to me..."
    *   Sense 3: "to be found to exist". Example: "sexism occurs in many workplaces".

    *   Does "occur" mean "come to one's mind" (Sense 2)? No.
    *   Does "occur" mean "to be found to exist" (Sense 3)? While a variation "exists" in a pattern, the context is about the *event* of the variation happening during the ringing process.
    *   Does "occur" mean "come to pass" or "happen" (Sense 1)? Yes. "Each variation... can happen only once."

    *   Sense 1 fits best.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "only" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Senses:
1. definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state."
    *   Target word: "only"

    *   Sense 1: and nothing more (merely, simply, just, but). Example: "I was merely asking."
    *   Sense 2: without any others being included or involved (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone). Example: "was entirely to blame."
    *   Sense 3: with nevertheless the final result. Example: "He arrived only to find his wife dead."
    *   Sense 4: in the final outcome. Example: "These news will only make you more upset."
    *   Sense 5: except that. Example: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better."
    *   Sense 6: never except when (only if, only when). Example: "call me only if your cold gets worse."
    *   Sense 7: as recently as. Example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago."

    *   "Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state."
    *   Meaning: The variation can occur one time and no more. It is limited to a single occurrence.
    *   Testing Sense 1 (merely, simply, just): "Each variation can occur just once." (Fits well).
    *   Testing Sense 2 (exclusively, solely): "Each variation can occur exclusively once." (A bit awkward, but implies no other number of times).
    *   Testing Sense 3 (nevertheless): Doesn't fit.
    *   Testing Sense 4 (final outcome): Doesn't fit.
    *   Testing Sense 5 (except that): Doesn't fit.
    *   Testing Sense 6 (never except when): Doesn't fit.
    *   Testing Sense 7 (as recently as): Doesn't fit.

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" / "merely, simply, just".
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" / "entirely, exclusively, solely".
    *   In the phrase "only once", "only" modifies the number "once". It means "no more than once".
    *   Comparing "just once" (Sense 1) vs "solely once" (Sense 2).
    *   Sense 1 is often used for limiting quantity or degree ("only one", "only a few", "only once").
    *   Sense 2 is often used for limiting the group or the entity involved ("only I knew", "only for foreigners" - wait, look at the text earlier: "fit only for foreigners").
    *   In "fit only for foreigners", "only" means exclusively (Sense 2).
    *   In "occur only once", "only" means no more than once (Sense 1).

    *   "Each variation... can occur only once."
    *   Can I replace it with "merely once" or "just once"? Yes.
    *   Can I replace it with "exclusively once"? Not really.
    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more". "Once and nothing more." This fits the limitation of quantity.

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just).
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely).
    *   "Only once" is a classic example of Sense 1 (limiting the number).

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 2 again. "without any others being included or involved". If the number is "once", are there "others" (like twice, thrice)?
    *   Usually, "only" + [number/amount] = Sense 1.
    *   "Only" + [person/group/thing] = Sense 2.
    *   Example: "Only he knew" (Sense 2). "He had only one" (Sense 1).
    *   "Occur only once" -> "Occur just once" -> Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "once" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Senses:
1. definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state."
    *   Target word: "once"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  on one occasion (one time, in one case)
        2.  as soon as
        3.  at a previous time (formerly)

    *   The sentence says: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
    *   This means that in the sequence of bell ringing, a specific pattern (variation) cannot be repeated; it can happen only *one time*.

    *   Sense 1: "on one occasion" / "one time". This fits perfectly. (Each variation can occur only one time).
    *   Sense 2: "as soon as". This does not fit. ("Each variation can occur only as soon as...")
    *   Sense 3: "at a previous time" / "formerly". This does not fit. ("Each variation can occur only formerly...")

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "rule" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Senses:
1. definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state."
    *   Topic: Change-ringing (a specific way of ringing church bells).
    *   Specific usage: The "rules" dictate how the variations (changes) in the order of bells sounding are handled (specifically, that each variation can occur only once).

    *   1: Principle/condition governing behavior (e.g., personal habit or regulation).
    *   2: Normative example/convention (e.g., "the rule not the exception").
    *   3: Prescribed guide for conduct or action.
    *   4: Linguistic practice.
    *   5: Basic generalization/principle for reasoning.
    *   6: Duration of a monarch's power.
    *   7: Dominance/legal authority.
    *   8: Directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted.
    *   9: Regulations for a religious order.
    *   10: Law concerning a natural phenomenon.
    *   11: Mathematical standard procedure.
    *   12: Measuring stick.

    *   Change-ringing is described as an "art" and a "mind-boggling exercise" with "methods" and "patterns."
    *   The "rules" here define how the activity is performed (each variation occurs only once).
    *   This is very similar to the rules of a game or a structured activity.
    *   Sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted." While change-ringing is an art/exercise, it functions like a game or a highly structured activity with specific constraints.
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action." This is more general.
    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior." This is also general.

    *   Is change-ringing a "game or sport"? It's a structured activity with specific constraints (like a puzzle or a game).
    *   Let's look at Sense 8 again: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted."
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "prescribed guide for conduct or action."
    *   Let's look at Sense 1 again: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior."

    *   In the context of "Each variation... can occur only once, the rules state," these are the constraints of the activity.
    *   Comparing Sense 8 (game/sport) and Sense 3 (prescribed guide for conduct/action).
    *   Change-ringing is often treated like a mathematical or game-like puzzle. The "rules" are the constraints of the "game" of change-ringing.
    *   However, is it strictly a "game or sport"? It's an art/exercise.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 8. Many dictionaries group "rules of a game" and "rules of a competition/structured activity" together.
    *   Let's check Sense 1 again. "Regulation."
    *   Let's check Sense 3 again. "Prescript."

    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" (e.g., "it was his rule to take a walk"). This feels too personal or general.
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action." This is very broad.
    *   Sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted."

    *   Change-ringing is a highly structured activity with specific constraints. The "rules" are the constraints that define the activity. This fits the *nature* of Sense 8 best, even if it's not a "sport" in the athletic sense.

    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 8 again. "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted."
    *   Is there a better fit?
    *   Sense 1: "regulation"
    *   Sense 3: "prescript"
    *   Sense 5: "principle"

    *   Let's think about "the rules of the game." Change-ringing is often described as a "game" of permutations.
    *   If I have to choose between 1, 3, and 8...
    *   Sense 8 is the most specific to a structured activity with constraints.
    *   Sense 3 is very general.
    *   Sense 1 is often about habits or general regulations.

    *   Let's re-read the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state." This is a specific constraint of the activity. This is exactly how rules of a game work.

    *   Sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess"
    *   Change-ringing is very similar to chess in that it's a system of permutations with strict rules.

    *   Sense 1: "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" (e.g., "it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast"). This is more about habit.
    *   Sense 3: "prescribed guide for conduct or action." This is very vague.
    *   Sense 8: "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted."

    *   Change-ringing is a structured activity. The "rules" are the constraints. Sense 8 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "state" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Senses:
1. definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3. definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>."
    *   Target word: "state"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  express in words (say, tell)
        2.  put before (submit, put forward, posit)
        3.  indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. (express)

    *   The sentence is: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."
    *   Here, "the rules state" means the rules *say* or *express in words* that each variation can occur only once.

    *   Sense 1: "express in words" (synonyms: say, tell). This fits perfectly. Rules "say" or "state" things.
    *   Sense 2: "put before" (synonyms: submit, put forward). This is more about making an argument or a formal proposal. Not the case here.
    *   Sense 3: "indicate through a symbol, formula, etc." (synonyms: express). This is about mathematical or symbolic representation. Not the case here.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "ringer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. <t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Senses:
1. definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about "Change-ringing" in English churches. It describes the process of ringing bells in varying orders, the physical and mental effort involved, and the patterns ("methods") that "ringers" memorize.
    *   Target word: "Ringers" (plural of "ringer").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  A person who rings church bells.
        2.  A person almost identical to another.
        3.  A contestant entered under false pretenses.
        4.  A successful horseshoe throw.

    *   The text mentions "playing tunes on bells," "carillons," "Change-ringing," "English bells," and "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound."
    *   The sentence containing the target word is: "<t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes..."
    *   In this context, "ringers" clearly refers to the people who are performing the act of ringing the church bells.

    *   Sense 1: "a person who rings church bells" - Matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "a person who is almost identical to another" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 3: "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - Does not match.
    *   Sense 4: "(horseshoes) the successful throw..." - Does not match.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "method" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "<t>methods</t>, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Senses:
1. definition=a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
2. definition=an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about change-ringing (English bell ringing).
    *   Target word: "methods" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as '<t>methods</t>', which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  A way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps).
        2.  An acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky (method acting).

    *   The text describes "methods" as "patterns of changes" in the context of bell ringing.
    *   These patterns are memorized and have specific names.
    *   This refers to a systematic way of arranging the sequence of bell strikes.

    *   Sense 1: "a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)". This fits perfectly. A "method" in change-ringing is a systematic pattern/algorithm for ringing the bells.
    *   Sense 2: "an acting technique... method acting". This is completely unrelated to bell ringing.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "name" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding <t>names</t> like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Senses:
1. definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing
2. definition=a person's reputation | examples=he wanted to protect his good name
3. definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens | examples=he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name
4. definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure, public figure | examples=they studied all the great names in the history of France; she is an important figure in modern music
5. definition=by the sanction or authority of | examples=halt in the name of the law
6. definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as 'methods,' which have odd-sounding <t>names</t> like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."
    *   Target word: "names"

    *   Sense 1: a language unit by which a person or thing is known (e.g., "his name really is George Washington").
    *   Sense 2: a person's reputation (e.g., "protect his good name").
    *   Sense 3: family based on male descent (e.g., "carry on his name").
    *   Sense 4: a well-known or notable person (e.g., "great names in the history of France").
    *   Sense 5: by the sanction or authority of (e.g., "in the name of the law").
    *   Sense 6: a defamatory or abusive word or phrase (e.g., "calling names").

    *   The context refers to "methods" (patterns of changes in bell ringing).
    *   These methods have "odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."
    *   In this case, "Kent Treble Bob Major" and "Grandsire Caters" are the language units (labels/titles) used to identify these specific patterns.
    *   This matches Sense 1: "a language unit by which a person or thing is known."

    *   Sense 1: Fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Not about reputation.
    *   Sense 3: Not about family descent.
    *   Sense 4: Not about notable people.
    *   Sense 5: Not about authority.
    *   Sense 6: Not about abusive words.