[User]
Which numbered sense of "radiation" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Senses:
1. definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
    *   Target word: "radiation"
    *   Contextual clues: "genes are damaged", "perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division". This suggests a cause of genetic mutation/damage.

    *   Sense 1: energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles. (General physical phenomenon, often causes mutations).
    *   Sense 2: the act of spreading outward from a central source. (Geometric/physical movement).
    *   Sense 3: syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (radiation sickness). (The *result* of exposure, not the *cause* of gene damage).
    *   Sense 4: the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay (radioactivity). (The *process* of emitting, though related).
    *   Sense 5: the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats. (Biological distribution).
    *   Sense 6: a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain. (Anatomical).
    *   Sense 7: (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance (radiotherapy). (A specific medical application).

    *   The text says genes are damaged "by radiation".
    *   Sense 1 (energy in rays/waves/particles) fits perfectly as the agent causing the damage (e.g., UV radiation, X-rays).
    *   Sense 7 (radiotherapy) is a treatment *for* cancer, but the context here is talking about what *causes* the genes to be damaged and *initiate* cancer (the "triggering of colon cancer"). While radiotherapy can cause secondary cancers, the general context of "damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident" refers to the mutagenic agents.
    *   Sense 4 (radioactivity) is the property of the material, whereas "radiation" in the context of causing damage usually refers to the energy emitted (Sense 1).

    *   "damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident"
    *   Radiation (energy) $\rightarrow$ damage.
    *   Chemical $\rightarrow$ damage.
    *   Accident in cell division $\rightarrow$ damage.
    *   Sense 1 is the most general and accurate description of the agent causing the damage.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "work" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Senses:
1. definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant."
    *   Target word: "work"
    *   Meaning in context: The proteins are no longer functioning or operating as they should to suppress growth.

    *   1: Exert oneself (mental/physical effort) - No.
    *   2: Be employed - No.
    *   3: Have an effect or outcome (desired/expected) - Possible, but usually refers to a plan, idea, or process.
    *   4: Perform as expected when applied (function, operate, go, run) - Very likely. Proteins "functioning" or "operating" fits here.
    *   5: Shape/form material - No.
    *   6: Give a workout to - No.
    *   7: Proceed along a path - No.
    *   8: Operate in a certain place - No.
    *   9: Proceed towards a goal - No.
    *   10: Move in an agitated manner - No.
    *   11: Cause to happen - No.
    *   12: Cause to work - No.
    *   13: Prepare for crops - No.
    *   14: Behave in a certain way when handled - No.
    *   15: Have and exert influence - No.
    *   16: Operate in or through - No.
    *   17: Cause to operate or function - No.
    *   18: Provoke or excite - No.
    *   19: Gratify and charm - No.
    *   20: Make something - No.
    *   21: Move into or onto - No.
    *   22: Make uniform - No.
    *   23: Use or manipulate to advantage - No.
    *   24: Find the solution - No.
    *   25: Cause to undergo fermentation - No.
    *   26: Go sour or spoil - No.
    *   27: Arrive at a condition through repeated motion - No.

    *   Sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" (Example: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought").
    *   Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run" (Example: "The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in").

    In the context "their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work", the proteins are biological machines/components. When they "work", they "function" or "operate". This aligns perfectly with Sense 4. Sense 3 is more about the effectiveness of a method or a plan.

    *   Context: "...their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work..."
    *   Sense 4: "perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run"
    *   Fit: High. Proteins function/operate.

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer research, genes, tumor-suppressors, cell division, and cells turning malignant.
    *   Target word: `<t>cells</t>`
    *   Sentence: "...their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant."

    *   Sense 1: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
    *   Sense 2: (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
    *   Sense 3: Electric current device (battery).
    *   Sense 4: Small unit of a political movement (cadre).
    *   Sense 5: Mobile phone.
    *   Sense 6: Monk/nun's room.
    *   Sense 7: Prisoner's room.

    *   The context mentions "colon cancer", "molecular level", "genes", "proteins", "cell division", and "malignant".
    *   These are all biological terms.
    *   The word "cells" refers to the biological units of the body that can become cancerous.

    *   Sense 2 matches perfectly: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "turn" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Senses:
1. definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant."
    *   Meaning: Cells that were once under control become malignant (cancerous).
    *   Key action: A change in state or condition (from normal/controlled to malignant).

    *   1: Change orientation/direction (No)
    *   2: Undergo transformation/change of position or action (e.g., Socialism to Capitalism) (Close, but usually implies a shift in allegiance or a broad change in state)
    *   3: Undergo a change or development; become (e.g., water into ice) (Very close)
    *   4: Rotate (No)
    *   5: Change to the contrary/reverse (No)
    *   6: Pass to the other side (No)
    *   7: Pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become (e.g., weather turned nasty, grew angry) (Very close)
    *   8: Spill (No)
    *   9: Move around axis (No)
    *   10: Turn over (No)
    *   11: Send/let go (No)
    *   12: Plow (No)
    *   13: Lathe/wheel (No)
    *   14: Change color (No)
    *   15: Twist/sprain (No)
    *   16: Cause to change (transitive) (No, the cells are the subject doing the turning)
    *   17: Rotating accomplishment (No)
    *   18: Profit (No)
    *   19: Move along axis (No)
    *   20: Channel attention (No)
    *   21: Bend/deform (No)
    *   22: Alter setting (No)
    *   23: Direct at someone (No)
    *   24: Recourse/appeal (No)
    *   25: Sour/spoil (No)
    *   26: Age (No)

    *   Sense 3: "undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice"
    *   Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry"

    *   "Cells... turn malignant."
    *   "Malignant" is an adjective describing a state or property.
    *   Sense 3 examples: "water turned into ice" (noun to noun transformation).
    *   Sense 7 examples: "weather turned nasty" (adjective), "she grew angry" (adjective).
    *   "Turn malignant" fits the pattern of "turn nasty" or "turn angry" (becoming a certain way/acquiring a property).

    *   Sense 3 is often used for a more complete transformation (A becomes B).
    *   Sense 7 is specifically for passing into a condition or taking on a property (A becomes [adjective]).
    *   "Malignant" is an adjective.

    *   Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become"
    *   Context: "cells... turn malignant" (take on the property of being malignant).

    *   Sense 2: "undergo a transformation or a change of position or action" (usually more about a shift in stance or a major change in state, like political shifts).
    *   Sense 3: "undergo a change or development" (often used for physical state changes like water to ice).
    *   Sense 7: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute" (fits "turn malignant" perfectly).


[User]
Which numbered sense of "identify" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Target word: "identified"
    *   Meaning in context: The genes have been discovered, characterized, or named by scientists.

    *   Sense 1: recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something (e.g., identifying a suspect).
    *   Sense 2: give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name (e.g., naming senators).
    *   Sense 3: consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else (e.g., identifying with refugees).
    *   Sense 4: conceive of as united or associated (e.g., activity identified with the hypothalamus).
    *   Sense 5: identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name.
    *   Sense 6: consider to be equal or the same (e.g., identifying brother as fugitive).

    *   The context is about genes (biology).
    *   The sentence says "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered...".
    *   This implies the genes were discovered and characterized.
    *   Sense 5 specifically mentions "identify as in botany or biology" and lists "discover" as a synonym.

    *   Sense 1 is more about recognition of a known entity.
    *   Sense 2 is about naming.
    *   Sense 5 is specifically tailored to the scientific/biological context of discovery and characterization.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "differ" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Target word: "differ"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  be different (e.g., "These two tests differ in only one respect")
        2.  be of different opinions (e.g., "I beg to differ!")

    *   The sentence compares "newly identified genes" (tumor-suppressors) with "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Genes are biological entities; they cannot have opinions or disagree.
    *   Therefore, "differ" here means that the two types of genes are not the same; they have different characteristics or functions.

    *   Sense 1: "be different" -> Matches the context.
    *   Sense 2: "be of different opinions" -> Does not match.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "family" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Target word: "family"
    *   Contextual meaning: A group of genes (oncogenes) that share common characteristics or functions.

    *   Sense 1: Social unit living together (household). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 2: Primary social group (parents/children). -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: A collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category). -> Possible.
    *   Sense 4: People descended from a common ancestor. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: A person having kinship. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 6: (Biology) A taxonomic group containing one or more genera. -> This is biological, but "family" in taxonomy refers to a specific rank (Family, Genus, Species). Genes are not taxonomic groups.
    *   Sense 7: Gangsters/crime syndicate. -> Incorrect.
    *   Sense 8: Association of people sharing beliefs/activities. -> Incorrect.

    *   The context refers to a "family of genes." In genetics, a gene family is a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally having a similar biochemical function.
    *   This fits the definition of "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" (Sense 3).
    *   While Sense 6 is biological, it's specifically about *taxonomic* groups (like Felidae for cats), not groups of genes.

    *   Sense 3: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category".
    *   "a family of genes" = "a class/category of genes".

    *   The correct sense is 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "discover" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
5. definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
6. definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
7. definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
8. definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Target word: "discovered"
    *   Meaning in context: Scientists found/identified a new class of genes (oncogenes) for the first time in the early 1980s.

    *   Sense 1: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, observe, find, notice). Example: "detected high levels of lead". (More about detection/observation of something already there).
    *   Sense 2: get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally (learn, hear). Example: "learned that she has two grown-up children". (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 3: make a discovery, make a new finding (find). Example: "Roentgen discovered X-rays". (This fits scientific discovery of a phenomenon or entity).
    *   Sense 4: make a discovery (find). Example: "found that he had lied to her". (More about uncovering a fact/truth).
    *   Sense 5: find unexpectedly (chance upon). Example: "chanced upon an old tomb". (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 6: make known to the public (disclose, reveal). Example: "disclose the price". (Not applicable).
    *   Sense 7: see for the first time; make a discovery. Example: "Who discovered the North Pole?". (Geographical discovery).
    *   Sense 8: identify as in botany or biology (identify, key, describe, name). Example: "identify". (This is close, but "discovered" in the context of a new class of genes usually refers to the initial scientific finding/discovery).

    *   The context is about scientific research into genes (oncogenes).
    *   "discovered in the early 1980s" refers to the scientific breakthrough of finding these genes.
    *   Sense 3 ("make a discovery, make a new finding") specifically mentions "Roentgen discovered X-rays" and "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle," which are very similar to discovering a class of genes.
    *   Sense 8 ("identify as in botany or biology") is about identifying a specific specimen or naming it, whereas "discovered" here refers to the initial finding of the class of genes.

    *   Sense 3 is the best fit for a scientific discovery of a new entity (like X-rays or a particle).

    *   Sense 1: Detect/Observe (e.g., lead in water).
    *   Sense 3: Scientific discovery (e.g., X-rays).
    *   Sense 8: Biological identification (e.g., identifying a species).
    *   The phrase "discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes" strongly aligns with Sense 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "early" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Target word: "early"
    *   Usage: "early 1980s"

    *   Sense 1: "at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time" (Example: early morning).
    *   Sense 2: "being or occurring at an early stage of development" (Example: in an early stage).
    *   Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past" (Example: the early inhabitants of Europe).
    *   Sense 4: "very young" (Example: at an early age).
    *   Sense 5: "of an early stage in the development of a language or literature" (Example: Early Modern English).
    *   Sense 6: "expected in the near future" (Example: look for an early end).

    *   "Early 1980s" refers to the beginning of the decade (e.g., 1980, 1981, 1982).
    *   This fits perfectly with Sense 1: "at or near the beginning of a period of time".

    *   Sense 2 is about development/evolution.
    *   Sense 3 is about the *distant* past (the 1980s are not usually considered the "distant past" in the way "early inhabitants of Europe" are).
    *   Sense 4 is about age.
    *   Sense 5 is about language/literature.
    *   Sense 6 is about the future.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "call" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Senses:
1. definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes."
    *   Target word: "called" (past participle of "call").
    *   Usage: "...genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Meaning: The genes are named "oncogenes".

    *   Sense 1: assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader.
    *   Sense 2: ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful.
    *   Sense 3: communication by telephone.
    *   Sense 4: utter a sudden loud cry.
    *   Sense 5: order, request, or command to come.
    *   Sense 6: pay a brief visit.
    *   Sense 7: call a meeting.
    *   Sense 8: read aloud to check for omissions.
    *   Sense 9: send a message by radio/phone.
    *   Sense 10: utter a characteristic note or cry.
    *   Sense 11: stop or postpone.
    *   Sense 12: greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name.
    *   Sense 13: make a stop in a harbour.
    *   Sense 14: demand payment of a loan.
    *   Sense 15: make a demand (card/suit).
    *   Sense 16: give calls for a square dance.
    *   Sense 17: indicate a decision.
    *   Sense 18: make a prediction.
    *   Sense 19: require presentation for redemption.
    *   Sense 20: challenge somebody to make good on a statement.
    *   Sense 21: declare in the capacity of an umpire.
    *   Sense 22: lure by imitating animal call.
    *   Sense 23: order or request or give a command for.
    *   Sense 24: order, summon, or request for a specific duty.
    *   Sense 25: utter in a loud voice or announce.
    *   Sense 26: challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of.
    *   Sense 27: consider or regard as being.
    *   Sense 28: rouse somebody from sleep.

    *   The context "genes... called oncogenes" means the genes are *named* oncogenes.
    *   Sense 1 is "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name".
    *   Sense 2 is "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality". "Oncogenes" is a specific scientific name/term, not just a quality (like "lazy").
    *   Sense 27 is "consider or regard as being". This is more about opinion (e.g., "I would not call her beautiful").

    *   "Oncogenes" is the name given to this family of genes.
    *   Sense 1 fits best: "assign a specified... name to".

    *   Context: "...genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."
    *   Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name".
    *   This matches perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "present" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant..."
    *   Target word: "present"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Temporal sense (now existing/happening).
        2.  Being or existing in a specified place.

    *   The sentence says "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant".
    *   This means the oncogenes must *exist* or *be there* (within the cell) for the process to happen.
    *   It's not referring to the current time (now vs. then), but rather to the presence/existence of the genes in a specific location (the cell).

    *   Sense 1: Temporal (now). Example: "the present leader". (Incorrect)
    *   Sense 2: Being or existing in a specified place. Example: "the murderer is present in this room". (Correct - the oncogenes are "present" in the cell).

    *   The correct sense is 2.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer, genes (tumor-suppressors, oncogenes), cell division, and malignant cells.
    *   Target word: "cell" (specifically in the phrase "for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant").
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
        2.  (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
        3.  Electric current device (battery).
        4.  Political movement unit (cadre).
        5.  Mobile phone.
        6.  Monk/nun's room.
        7.  Prisoner's room.

    *   The context discusses "genes," "cancer," "proteins," "cell division," and "malignant."
    *   These are all biological terms.
    *   The phrase "for a cell to become malignant" refers to the biological unit of life becoming cancerous.

    *   Sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms..." matches perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "become" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant..."
    *   Target word: "become"
    *   Meaning in context: A cell changes its state from normal to malignant (cancerous).

    *   Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" (e.g., "became annoyed", "getting more serious").
    *   Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" (e.g., "turned into ice", "became her worst enemy").
    *   Sense 3: "come into existence" (e.g., "What becomes has duration").
    *   Sense 4: "enhance the appearance of" (e.g., "Mourning becomes Electra").

    *   "Become malignant" means the cell enters the state of being malignant.
    *   Sense 1 describes entering or assuming a state or condition.
    *   Sense 2 describes a change or development (often a transformation into something else).
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1: "He became annoyed" (state of annoyance).
        *   Sense 2: "Water turned into ice" (physical transformation).
        *   "Malignant" is a state/condition of a cell.
        *   Looking at the synonyms: Sense 1 (go, get), Sense 2 (turn).
        *   In the text, it says "cells normally under control turn malignant" earlier. This suggests a change of state.
        *   However, "become malignant" is a classic example of assuming a state/condition.
        *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1 vs Sense 2.
        *   Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition".
        *   Sense 2: "undergo a change or development".
        *   Usually, "become [adjective]" (become malignant, become angry, become tired) fits Sense 1.
        *   "Become [noun]" (become a doctor, become an enemy) often fits Sense 2.
        *   "Malignant" is an adjective.

    *   Sense 1: "He became annoyed" (annoyed = adjective).
    *   Sense 2: "The water turned into ice" (ice = noun), "became her worst enemy" (enemy = noun).
    *   "Malignant" is an adjective. Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "find" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Target word: "found" (past participle of "find").
    *   Meaning in context: Researchers detected or observed the presence of oncogenes in both normal and cancerous cells.

    *   Sense 1: come upon by accident (e.g., "find this idea in Plato").
    *   Sense 2: discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (e.g., "detected high levels of lead", "found traces of lead").
    *   Sense 3: come upon after searching for something lost (e.g., "find your glasses").
    *   Sense 4: establish after calculation/investigation (e.g., "find the product", "found the elusive particle").
    *   Sense 5: come to believe based on emotion/intuition (e.g., "find him to be obnoxious").
    *   Sense 6: perceive or be contemporaneous with (e.g., "found Republicans winning").
    *   Sense 7: get something for a specific purpose (e.g., "found this gadget").
    *   Sense 8: make a discovery/new finding (e.g., "discovered X-rays").
    *   Sense 9: make a discovery (e.g., "found that he had lied").
    *   Sense 10: obtain through effort (e.g., "found the time").
    *   Sense 11: decide/declare (e.g., "find someone guilty").
    *   Sense 12: receive treatment (e.g., "find expression").
    *   Sense 13: perceive oneself in a condition (e.g., "found myself in a difficult situation").
    *   Sense 14: recover (e.g., "found her voice").
    *   Sense 15: succeed in reaching (e.g., "found its mark").
    *   Sense 16: find oneself (personality/abilities).

    *   The context is about researchers observing the presence of oncogenes in cells.
    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" with synonyms "detect, observe, discover, notice" and examples like "found traces of lead in the paint".
    *   Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with synonyms "determine, find out, ascertain".
    *   Sense 8: "make a discovery, make a new finding" (e.g., "found a new elementary particle").

    *   Sense 2 focuses on detecting the *presence* of something (like lead in paint or oncogenes in cells).
    *   Sense 4 focuses on the *result* of a study or calculation (e.g., "found the product of two numbers").
    *   Sense 8 focuses on the *act* of making a new scientific discovery (e.g., "found a new elementary particle").

    In the sentence "researchers have found them [oncogenes] in normal as well as in cancerous cells", the focus is on the *presence* of the genes in those specific locations. This aligns most closely with Sense 2 ("discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of").

    *   Sense 2: "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" -> "found [oncogenes] in normal as well as in cancerous cells". This fits perfectly.

    *   Sense 4 is more about the conclusion of a study (e.g., "found that X causes Y").
    *   Sense 8 is about discovering something entirely new (e.g., "found a new particle"). Here, they are finding the *location/presence* of known oncogenes.

    Sense 2 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "normal" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. definition=forming a right angle

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells..."
    *   Target word: "normal"
    *   Surrounding words: "normal as well as in cancerous cells"

    *   Sense 1: conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal.
    *   Sense 2: in accordance with scientific laws.
    *   Sense 3: being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development.
    *   Sense 4: forming a right angle.

    *   The text compares "normal cells" with "cancerous cells".
    *   In a biological/medical context, "normal cells" are those that are not diseased, mutated, or abnormal (i.e., not cancerous).
    *   Sense 1 ("not abnormal") fits perfectly here.
    *   Sense 2 ("scientific laws") doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 3 ("average intelligence/development") doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 ("right angle") doesn't fit.

    *   The word "normal" is used as an adjective describing "cells".
    *   "Normal cells" vs "cancerous cells".
    *   This is a contrast between the standard/healthy state and the abnormal/diseased state.
    *   Sense 1: "not abnormal". This is the correct match.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancerous" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific passage about genes (tumor-suppressors, oncogenes) and their role in cancer.
    *   Target word: "cancerous" in the phrase "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells..."
    *   Senses:
        1.  Relating to or affected with cancer (medical/biological).
        2.  Like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads (metaphorical).

    *   The text discusses "altered genes," "tumor-suppressors," "anti-cancer genes," "cell division," "malignant," and "oncogenes."
    *   The phrase "cancerous cells" refers to biological cells that have become cancerous.

    *   Sense 1: "relating to or affected with cancer" fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads" is metaphorical and does not fit the biological context.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cell" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about cancer, genes (tumor-suppressors, oncogenes), cell division, and malignant cells.
    *   Target word: "cells" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Sentence: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>..."

    *   Sense 1: Small compartment (e.g., honeycomb).
    *   Sense 2: (Biology) Basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
    *   Sense 3: Electric current device (battery).
    *   Sense 4: Political movement nucleus (cadre).
    *   Sense 5: Mobile phone.
    *   Sense 6: Monk/nun's room.
    *   Sense 7: Prisoner's room.

    *   The context discusses "genes," "cancer," "proteins," "cell division," and "malignant."
    *   These are all biological terms.
    *   "Cancerous cells" refers to the biological units of the body that have become malignant.
    *   This matches Sense 2 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "suggest" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Target word: "suggesting"
    *   Meaning in context: The fact that oncogenes are found in both normal and cancerous cells *implies* or *indicates* as a possibility that they aren't the sole cause of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: make a proposal, declare a plan (e.g., "I suggest we go to dinner"). -> Not this.
    *   Sense 2: drop a hint; intimate by a hint (e.g., "She suggested that he might be lying"). -> This is more about interpersonal communication/hints.
    *   Sense 3: imply as a possibility (e.g., "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification"). -> This fits perfectly. The evidence (finding oncogenes in normal cells) implies the possibility that they don't cause cancer alone.
    *   Sense 4: suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine (e.g., "The symptoms suggest the need for surgery"). -> This is a specific medical usage ("indicated"). While the context is medical/biological, the word "suggesting" here isn't recommending a treatment, but rather drawing a scientific conclusion from data.
    *   Sense 5: call to mind (e.g., "The smell suggests home"). -> Not this.

    *   The context is about scientific evidence leading to a hypothesis or conclusion.
    *   "The evidence suggests..." is a classic usage of Sense 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cause" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves."
    *   Target word: "cause"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Give rise to; cause to happen or occur (e.g., cause a commotion).
        2.  Cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner (e.g., induce someone to buy something).

    *   The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."
    *   Here, "cause cancer" means that oncogenes are not the sole factor that *gives rise to* or *makes happen* the occurrence of cancer.

    *   Sense 1: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" -> Fits perfectly. Cancer is the result/occurrence.
    *   Sense 2: "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner" -> This usually involves an agent causing another entity to perform an action (e.g., "cause him to leave"). Cancer is a disease/state, not an action performed by a person or entity in the way described in Sense 2.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing genes (tumor-suppressors, oncogenes), cell growth, malignancy, and the biological process of how cancer develops.
    *   Target word: "cancer" (marked as `<t>cancer</t>`).
    *   Sentence: "...suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division (medical/biological).
    *   Sense 2: Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
    *   Sense 3: Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
    *   Sense 4: Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (biology/taxonomy).

    *   The context mentions "altered genes," "tumor-suppressors," "anti-cancer genes," "cell's growth," "malignant," and "oncogenes."
    *   This is clearly discussing the medical disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth.
    *   This matches Sense 1 perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "recent" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
    *   Target word: "recent"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  `definition=new` | `examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house`
        2.  `definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time` | `synonyms=late` | `examples=a late development; their late quarrel`

    *   "In recent months" refers to the period of time immediately preceding the present.
    *   It describes *when* the researchers came to believe something.

    *   Sense 1 ("new") usually describes an object, person, or event that has just been created or added (e.g., a new graduate, a new addition).
    *   Sense 2 ("of the immediate past or just previous to the present time") describes a time period or an event that happened shortly before now.

    *   "Recent months" fits perfectly with Sense 2 (the immediate past). It doesn't mean "new months" in the sense of newly created months, but rather months that have just passed.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "month" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
    *   Target word: "months"
    *   Senses:
        1.  One of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month).
        2.  A time unit of approximately 30 days.

    *   The phrase "In recent months" refers to a period of time leading up to the present.
    *   Does it refer to specific calendar months (January, February, etc.) or just a general duration of time consisting of several 30-day-ish units?
    *   Usually, "in recent months" is used to describe a general period of time (duration), not specific divisions of the calendar year.

    *   Sense 1: "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" (e.g., "last month" - referring to the specific previous calendar month).
    *   Sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days" (e.g., "given a month to pay" - referring to a duration).

    *   "In recent months" means "during the last few months." This is a measure of duration/time elapsed, not a reference to specific calendar divisions.
    *   Comparing "last month" (Sense 1) vs "a month" (Sense 2).
    *   "Recent months" functions more like "a few months" (duration) than "the month of October" (calendar division).

    *   Sense 1 is about the *name* or *position* in the calendar (January, February, etc.).
    *   Sense 2 is about the *length* of time.
    *   "In recent months" refers to the length of time that has passed recently.

    *   Wait, let me re-evaluate. "Last month" (Sense 1) is often used to mean the previous calendar month. "In recent months" is plural.
    *   If I say "I've been tired for three months," that's Sense 2.
    *   If I say "I'm going in May," that's Sense 1.
    *   "In recent months" is similar to "for the past few months." This is a duration.

    *   Sense 1: Calendar division.
    *   Sense 2: Time unit (~30 days).
    *   "Recent months" = a period of time consisting of several units of ~30 days.

    *   Sense 2 fits best.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "come" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."
    *   Target word: "come"
    *   Phrase: "come to believe"

    *   1: move toward/approach (physical movement) - No.
    *   2: reach a destination/arrive (physical movement) - No.
    *   3: come to pass/arrive in due course (events) - No.
    *   4: reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position (e.g., "came to a boil", "came to understand") - Yes, "come to believe" fits this pattern (entering a state of belief).
    *   5: be the product or result - No.
    *   6: be found or available - No.
    *   7: come forth/issue forth - No.
    *   8: be a native of - No.
    *   9: extend or reach - No.
    *   10: exist or occur in a series - No.
    *   11: cover a distance - No.
    *   12: be classified or included - No.
    *   13: happen as a result - No.
    *   14: add up in number - No.
    *   15: develop into - No.
    *   16: be received - No.
    *   17: come to mind/suggest itself - No (this is about an idea occurring, not a gradual change in belief).
    *   18: be connected by blood - No.
    *   19: proceed or get along - No.
    *   20: experience orgasm - No.
    *   21: have a certain priority - No.

    *   "come to believe" means the researchers have reached a state of believing something.
    *   Sense 4: "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position". Example: "We came to understand the true meaning of life".
    *   "Come to believe" is very similar to "come to understand".

Sense 4 is the correct match.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific passage discussing tumor-suppressor genes, oncogenes, cell growth, malignancy, and "cancer genes."
    *   Target word: "cancer" in the phrase "the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes".
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        2.  Astrological person born under Cancer.
        3.  Zodiacal constellation.
        4.  Fourth sign of the zodiac.
        5.  Genus of crabs (Cancridae).

    *   The text mentions "tumor-suppressors," "anti-cancer genes," "cell's growth," "malignant," "oncogenes," and "proliferating cells."
    *   The word "cancer" in "cancer genes" refers to the disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." - This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Constellation - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Zodiac sign - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs - Incorrect.

    *   The correct sense is 1.