[User]
Which numbered sense of "only" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Target word: "only"

    *   The sentence says: "...he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   This means: "he simply needs to lose the other copy," or "all he needs to do is lose the other copy."
    *   It implies that losing the other copy is the *single* remaining requirement for cancer to develop.

    *   Sense 1: "and nothing more" | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time.
    *   Sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame.
    *   Sense 3: "with nevertheless the final result" | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead.
    *   Sense 4: "in the final outcome" | examples=These news will only make you more upset.
    *   Sense 5: "except that" | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better.
    *   Sense 6: "never except when" | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse.
    *   Sense 7: "as recently as" | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago.

    *   "he need only lose the other copy" $\approx$ "he simply needs to lose the other copy" or "he merely needs to lose the other copy."
    *   This matches Sense 1 ("and nothing more", "merely", "simply", "just").

    *   Sense 2 (exclusively) doesn't fit the grammatical structure "need only [verb]".
    *   Sense 3 (nevertheless) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 4 (final outcome) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 5 (except that) doesn't fit.
    *   Sense 6 (only if) is close in meaning (he will get cancer *only if* he loses the other copy), but the grammatical structure "need only [verb]" is a standard idiom for "simply need to".
    *   Sense 7 (recently) doesn't fit.

    *   "He need only lose the other copy" = "He simply needs to lose the other copy."
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[User]
Which numbered sense of "lose" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Target word: "lose"
    *   Meaning in context: The person has one working copy of a gene. If they "lose" the other working copy (through mutation, deletion, etc.), they no longer have a functional suppressor gene.

    *   Sense 1: fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense. (Example: lost purse)
    *   Sense 2: fail to win. (Example: lost the battle)
    *   Sense 3: suffer the loss of a person through death or removal. (Example: lost her husband)
    *   Sense 4: place (something) where one cannot find it again. (Example: misplaced eyeglasses)
    *   Sense 5: miss from one's possessions; lose sight of. (Example: lost my glasses)
    *   Sense 6: allow to go out of sight. (Example: lost the man he was shadowing)
    *   Sense 7: fail to make money. (Example: lost thousands of dollars)
    *   Sense 8: fail to get or obtain. (Example: lost the opportunity)
    *   Sense 9: retreat. (Example: fall back)
    *   Sense 10: fail to perceive or to catch. (Example: missed that remark)
    *   Sense 11: be set at a disadvantage. (Example: suffers in translation)

    *   The context describes a biological process where a gene copy is no longer functional or present.
    *   This fits "cease to have" or "fail to keep/maintain" (Sense 1).
    *   It's not about winning/losing (Sense 2), death of a person (Sense 3), misplacing an object (Sense 4/5), losing sight of someone (Sense 6), money (Sense 7), missing an opportunity (Sense 8), retreating (Sense 9), failing to perceive (Sense 10), or being disadvantaged in translation (Sense 11).

    *   Sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense".
    *   In the context of genetics, "losing a copy" of a gene means the cell/person no longer has a functional copy. This is a case of "ceasing to have".

currency: USD

source: unavailable


[User]
Which numbered sense of "other" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop."
    *   Target word: "other"
    *   Contextual meaning: The person has two copies of the gene. One is defective/damaged. The "other" copy refers to the remaining one of the two.

    *   Sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" (e.g., "today isn't any other day"). This fits the context of having two copies, one mentioned, and referring to the remaining one.
    *   Sense 2: "recently past" (e.g., "the other evening"). Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "belonging to the distant past" (e.g., "the early inhabitants of Europe"). Does not fit.
    *   Sense 4: "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" (e.g., "a strange, other dimension"). Does not fit.

    *   The context describes a pair of gene copies. One is defective. The "other" refers to the second of the two. This aligns perfectly with Sense 1 ("not the same one... already mentioned").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "copy" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage about oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes.
    *   Target word: "copy" (specifically the last occurrence: "...he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop").
    *   Contextual usage: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins... both copies must be impaired... one defective copy... one copy is damaged... lose the other copy..."

    *   Sense 1: A reproduction of a written record (transcript). (Incorrect: Not talking about documents).
    *   Sense 2: A thing made to be similar or identical to another thing (e.g., a clone, a duplicate). (Correct: In genetics, alleles/copies of a gene are identical or similar versions of the same genetic sequence).
    *   Sense 3: Matter to be printed (written matter). (Incorrect: Not talking about printing).
    *   Sense 4: Material suitable for a journalistic account. (Incorrect: Not talking about journalism).

    *   The text refers to genes inherited from parents. Humans have two copies of most genes (one from each parent). These are identical or nearly identical versions of the same gene. This fits Sense 2 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing").


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A scientific passage about genes (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes), cell growth, malignancy, and the development of cancer.
    *   Target word: `<t>cancer</t>` in the phrase "...he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop."

    *   Sense 1: Malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal cell division.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person born under Cancer).
    *   Sense 3: Constellation.
    *   Sense 4: Zodiac sign.
    *   Sense 5: Genus of crabs (Cancridae).

    *   The context discusses "malignant" cells, "tumor-suppressor genes," "cell growth," and "predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   The specific sentence "he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop" refers to the development of a malignant tumor.
    *   This aligns perfectly with Sense 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "develop" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Senses:
1. definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...a person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene... is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>."
    *   Target word: "develop"
    *   Meaning in context: In this sentence, "develop" refers to the process of cancer starting to grow or appearing in the body.

    *   1: make something new (product/creation) - No.
    *   2: work out (theory) - No.
    *   3: gain through experience (skill/trait) - No.
    *   4: come to have or undergo a change of (physical features/attributes) - Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains." (This is close, as cancer is a physical condition/disease).
    *   5: come into existence; take on form or shape - Example: "A new religious movement originated..." (More about abstract things or general existence).
    *   6: change the use of (land/resources) - No.
    *   7: elaborate (theories) - No.
    *   8: create by training (educate) - No.
    *   9: be gradually disclosed (plot) - No.
    *   10: grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment - Example: "A flower developed on the branch." (This describes biological growth/differentiation).
    *   11: become technologically advanced - No.
    *   12: cause to grow (make grow) - No.
    *   13: generate gradually (customers/market) - No.
    *   14: grow emotionally or mature - No.
    *   15: make visible (film) - No.
    *   16: geometry - No.
    *   17: chess - No.
    *   18: chess - No.
    *   19: music - No.
    *   20: happen (news/political movements) - No.
    *   21: math (series) - No.

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains"
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower"

    *   In the context "for a cancer to develop", it means the disease starts to form and grow in the body.
    *   Sense 4 specifically mentions "The patient developed abdominal pains," which is very similar to developing a disease or symptom.
    *   Sense 10 is more about natural growth (like a flower) or evolution (like a superpower). While cancer involves biological growth, "develop a disease" is a classic usage of Sense 4 (acquiring a condition).

    *   Wait, let me re-read Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)".
    *   Let me re-read Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment".
    *   Actually, "develop cancer" is often categorized as "acquiring" a condition.
    *   Let's look at Sense 4 again: "The patient developed abdominal pains". This is almost identical to "the patient developed cancer".

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)"
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
    *   Cancer is a biological process of growth and differentiation (often abnormal). However, in common parlance, "developing a disease" fits the "come to have" part of Sense 4.

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" -> "The patient developed abdominal pains."
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" -> "A flower developed on the branch."
    *   Cancer is a disease. Developing a disease is usually mapped to the sense of "acquiring" or "starting to have" a condition. Sense 4's example "developed abdominal pains" is a symptom/condition.

    *   Is it Sense 4 or Sense 10?
    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)"
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
    *   If the focus is on the *process* of the cancer growing and evolving, it's 10. If the focus is on the *occurrence* of the disease in the person, it's 4.
    *   Context: "...he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop." This means the cancer *starts* or *appears*.
    *   Comparing "developed abdominal pains" (Sense 4) with "a flower developed on the branch" (Sense 10). "Developed abdominal pains" is much closer to "developed cancer".

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)"
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
    *   Actually, looking at Sense 4 again, "come to have" is the key. "Develop cancer" = "come to have cancer".

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)"
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
    *   Wait, let me check if there's any other sense. Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape".
    *   "for a cancer to develop" could mean "for a cancer to come into existence".
    *   But Sense 4's example "The patient developed abdominal pains" is a very strong parallel to "developed cancer".

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)"
    *   Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"
    *   In medical contexts, "develop [disease]" is almost always the sense of "begin to have".

    *   Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)"
    *   Example: "The patient developed abdominal pains."
    *   This fits "a cancer to develop" perfectly.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "emerging" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Senses:
1. definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   Target word: "Emerging"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  coming to maturity (e.g., the rising generation)
        2.  coming into existence (e.g., an emergent republic)

    *   "Emerging genetic tests" refers to tests that are currently being developed, are new, or are starting to become available.
    *   It doesn't mean the tests are "coming to maturity" in the sense of a person growing up (Sense 1).
    *   It means the tests are "coming into existence" or appearing/becoming known/becoming available (Sense 2).

    *   Sense 1: Maturity/Rising generation (Human/Biological growth).
    *   Sense 2: Coming into existence/Emergent (New things appearing).

    *   Genetic tests are not "maturing" like a generation; they are new technologies coming into existence/use.

    *   Sense 2 fits best.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "genetic" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Senses:
1. definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   The context discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, inheritance of defective copies, and the ability to identify people prone to cancer based on these genes.
    *   The phrase "genetic tests" refers to tests that analyze a person's genes/DNA to find mutations or markers.

    *   Sense 1: occurring among members of a family usually by heredity (familial, hereditary).
    *   Sense 2: of or relating to or produced by or being a gene (genic).
    *   Sense 3: pertaining to or referring to origin (e.g., origin of a literary work).
    *   Sense 4: of or relating to the science of genetics (genetical).

    *   "Genetic tests" are tests based on the science of genetics (Sense 4) or tests that look at genes (Sense 2).
    *   Let's look closer at the distinction between Sense 2 and Sense 4.
    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" (e.g., genetic code).
    *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics" (e.g., genetic research).
    *   A "genetic test" is a test performed using the methods and knowledge of the science of genetics. It's a tool of genetic research/medicine.
    *   However, often "genetic" in "genetic test" refers to the fact that the test is analyzing the genes themselves.
    *   Let's compare "genetic research" (Sense 4) and "genetic code" (Sense 2).
    *   "Genetic tests" are more like "genetic research" (the application of the science) than "genetic code" (the actual sequence).
    *   Wait, let's re-evaluate.
    *   Sense 1: Hereditary. (The tests identify hereditary susceptibility, but the tests themselves aren't "hereditary").
    *   Sense 2: Relating to a gene. (The tests relate to genes).
    *   Sense 4: Relating to the science of genetics. (The tests are a product of the science).

    *   In many dictionaries (like Merriam-Webster, which these senses seem to mirror), "genetic" as in "genetic engineering" or "genetic testing" often falls under the "science of genetics" (Sense 4).
    *   Let's check the examples:
        *   Sense 2: "genetic code" (the actual biological structure).
        *   Sense 4: "genetic research" (the study/application).
    *   "Genetic tests" are a tool of the science/study of genetics.

    *   Sense 1: Hereditary. (No)
    *   Sense 2: Relating to a gene. (Possible)
    *   Sense 3: Origin. (No)
    *   Sense 4: Relating to the science of genetics. (Most likely)

    *   If I say "genetic mutation," is that Sense 2 or 4? Probably Sense 2.
    *   If I say "genetic counseling" or "genetic testing," is that Sense 2 or 4? Probably Sense 4.
    *   "Genetic tests" are a medical application of the science of genetics.

    *   Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"
    *   Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics"
    *   A test is not "produced by a gene," nor is it "a gene." It is "relating to" genes (Sense 2) or "relating to the science of genetics" (Sense 4).
    *   Usually, "genetic tests" are categorized under the science/study of genetics.

    *   Sense 1: familial/hereditary.
    *   Sense 2: genic (relating to the gene itself).
    *   Sense 3: origin.
    *   Sense 4: genetical (relating to the science).
    *   "Genetic tests" are tests *of* genetics.

    *   Let's look at the context again: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   This refers to the application of genetic science to medicine.

    *   Sense 4 is the most fitting for "genetic tests," "genetic engineering," "genetic counseling," etc.

    *   Wait, let me double-check Sense 2 again. "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene". A test *relates* to a gene.
    *   But "genetic research" (Sense 4) is a very close parallel to "genetic tests".

    *   Let's search for "genetic test" in a dictionary.
    *   Oxford: "relating to genes or heredity."
    *   Merriam-Webster:
        1. of, relating to, or produced by genes.
        2. of or relating to genetics.
    *   The provided senses are:
        1. Hereditary.
        2. Relating to a gene.
        3. Origin.
        4. Relating to the science of genetics.

    *   If the test is analyzing the gene, it's relating to the gene (Sense 2). If the test is a product of the science, it's Sense 4.
    *   Usually, "genetic research" and "genetic tests" are grouped together as the application of the science.

    *   Let's try to see if Sense 4 is the standard answer for "genetic tests" in these types of NLP datasets (like WordNet-based ones).
    *   In WordNet:
        - genetic (adj):
            1. of or relating to genes.
            2. of or relating to genetics.
    *   Sense 2 in the prompt is "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene".
    *   Sense 4 in the prompt is "of or relating to the science of genetics".

    *   "Genetic tests" are tests that look at genes. They are a tool of genetics.
    *   Comparing "genetic code" (Sense 2) and "genetic research" (Sense 4).
    *   "Genetic tests" are much closer to "genetic research" than to "genetic code".

    *   Sense 4.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "able" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Senses:
1. definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals..."
    *   Target word: "able"
    *   Usage: "will be able to spot"

    *   Sense 1: (usually followed by `to`) having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something. Examples: "able to swim", "she was able to program her computer".
    *   Sense 2: have the skills and qualifications to do things well (capable). Examples: "able teachers", "a capable administrator".
    *   Sense 3: having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity. Examples: "able to learn", "human beings are able to walk on two feet".
    *   Sense 4: having a strong healthy body (able-bodied). Examples: "an able seaman", "every able-bodied young man".

    *   The phrase is "will be able to spot".
    *   The subject is "Emerging genetic tests".
    *   The meaning is that the tests will have the *capability* or *means* (technological/scientific) to identify specific individuals.
    *   It is followed by "to spot" (matching the "usually followed by `to`" note in Sense 1).
    *   Sense 2 is about professional skill/qualification (not applicable to tests).
    *   Sense 3 is about inherent biological/mental capacity (usually applied to living beings).
    *   Sense 4 is about physical health/strength (not applicable to tests).

    *   Sense 1 fits best: "having the necessary means... to do something". The genetic tests will have the means (the scientific capability) to spot the individuals.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "individual" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Senses:
1. definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. definition=a single organism

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Target word: "individuals"
    *   Senses:
        1.  a human being (synonyms: person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul)
        2.  a single organism

    *   The text discusses oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, cancer, and genetic tests.
    *   It mentions "A person who is born with one defective copy..."
    *   It mentions "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries..."
    *   The "cancer-susceptible individuals" refers to people who have a genetic predisposition to cancer.

    *   Sense 1: a human being.
    *   Sense 2: a single organism.
    *   While humans are organisms, the context specifically refers to people (patients, humans) undergoing genetic tests for cancer diagnosis. The preceding sentence uses "A person".

    *   Sense 1 is the most specific and accurate fit for "individuals" in the context of medical diagnosis for humans.

    *   Return only the number.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "believe" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Senses:
1. definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Target word: "believe"

    *   Sense 1: accept as true; take to be true (e.g., "I believed his report").
    *   Sense 2: judge or regard; look upon; judge (synonyms: think, consider, conceive) (e.g., "I believe her to be very smart").
    *   Sense 3: be confident about something (synonyms: trust) (e.g., "I believe that he will come back").
    *   Sense 4: follow a credo; have a faith (e.g., "believe in God").
    *   Sense 5: credit with veracity (e.g., "You cannot believe this man").

    *   The phrase is "what some scientists believe is a new age..."
    *   This means "what some scientists *think* is a new age" or "what some scientists *consider* to be a new age."
    *   It's an expression of opinion or judgment about the nature of the current situation.

    *   Sense 1 (accept as true) is close, but usually refers to believing a statement or a report.
    *   Sense 2 (judge or regard; think, consider) fits perfectly. "Scientists believe [it] is a new age" $\approx$ "Scientists think [it] is a new age" or "Scientists consider [it] to be a new age."
    *   Sense 3 (be confident/trust) doesn't fit the context of identifying a "new age."
    *   Sense 4 (faith/credo) is definitely wrong.
    *   Sense 5 (credit with veracity) is about whether a person is lying or telling the truth.

    *   "what some scientists believe is a new age"
    *   Substitute Sense 2: "what some scientists *think/consider* is a new age." (Correct)
    *   Substitute Sense 1: "what some scientists *accept as true* is a new age." (Possible, but Sense 2 is more precise for opinions/judgments).

    *   Sense 1: "I believed his report" (Believing a specific claim).
    *   Sense 2: "I believe her to be very smart" (Holding an opinion/judgment about someone/something).
    *   The context "believe is a new age" is an opinion/judgment about the state of the field, mirroring "believe her to be very smart."


[User]
Which numbered sense of "new" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Senses:
1. definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Target word: "new"
    *   Contextual meaning: A "new age" refers to a period of time that has just begun or is starting to emerge, characterized by recent discoveries (predictive cancer diagnosis).

    *   Sense 1: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. (Example: a new law; new cars)
    *   Sense 2: original and of a kind not seen before (novel). (Example: novel proof)
    *   Sense 3: lacking training or experience (raw). (Example: raw recruits)
    *   Sense 4: having no previous example or precedent or parallel (unexampled). (Example: unexampled prosperity)
    *   Sense 5: other than the former one(s); different. (Example: new leaders)
    *   Sense 6: unaffected by use or exposure. (Example: looks like new)
    *   Sense 7: gratuitously new (newfangled). (Example: newfangled ideas)
    *   Sense 8: in use after medieval times. (Example: New Egyptian)
    *   Sense 9: current stage in development (Modern). (Example: Modern English)
    *   Sense 10: harvested at an early stage (young). (Example: new potatoes)
    *   Sense 11: unfamiliar. (Example: new experiences)

    *   The "new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" is a period that is just coming into being because of recent genetic tests.
    *   Sense 1 ("having just (or relatively recently) come into being") fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2 ("original and of a kind not seen before") is close, but "new age" usually implies the start of a new era/period, which aligns better with Sense 1.
    *   Sense 4 ("no previous example") is too strong.
    *   Sense 5 ("different from the former") could work, but Sense 1 is more precise for the start of an era.

    *   "New age" in this context means a period that has recently begun.
    *   Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being". This matches.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "age" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Senses:
1. definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Target word: "age"

    *   Sense 1: how long something has existed (e.g., "replaced because of its age").
    *   Sense 2: an era of history having some distinctive feature (e.g., "litigious age").
    *   Sense 3: a time of life (e.g., "school age").
    *   Sense 4: a prolonged period of time (e.g., "for ages").
    *   Sense 5: a late time of life (e.g., "old age").

    *   The phrase is "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   This refers to a new era or period in medical history characterized by the ability to predict cancer.
    *   This matches Sense 2: "an era of history having some distinctive feature."

    *   Sense 1 (duration) - No.
    *   Sense 2 (era) - Yes.
    *   Sense 3 (life stage) - No.
    *   Sense 4 (long time) - No.
    *   Sense 5 (old age) - No.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "cancer" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Senses:
1. definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

reasoning_content:
*   Context: A passage discussing oncogenes, malignant cells, tumor-suppressor genes, genetic tests, and "predictive cancer diagnosis."
    *   Target word: "cancer" (marked with `<t></t>`).
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Malignant growth/tumor (medical).
        2.  Person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology).
        3.  Zodiacal constellation (astronomy).
        4.  Fourth sign of the zodiac (astrology).
        5.  Genus of crabs (biology).

    *   The text mentions "oncogenes," "malignant," "tumor-suppressor gene," "cell growth," and "genetic tests."
    *   The phrase "predictive cancer diagnosis" clearly refers to the medical condition of malignant growth.

    *   Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division..." - This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: Astrology (person) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 3: Astronomy (constellation) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 4: Astrology (sign) - Incorrect.
    *   Sense 5: Biology (genus of crabs) - Incorrect.

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "first" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Senses:
1. definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings."
    *   Meaning: Bill and Bonnie Quinlan were among the earliest people to benefit from the new findings.

    *   Sense 1: preceding all others in time or space or degree (e.g., the first house on the right; the first day of spring).
    *   Sense 2: indicating the beginning unit in a series (e.g., 1st).
    *   Sense 3: serving to set in motion (e.g., inaugural, initiative).
    *   Sense 4: serving to begin (e.g., beginning canto).
    *   Sense 5: ranking above all others (e.g., foremost, world-class).
    *   Sense 6: highest in pitch or chief among parts (e.g., first soprano).

    *   The phrase "among the first beneficiaries" means they were among the earliest people to receive the benefit.
    *   This aligns with "preceding all others in time" (Sense 1).
    *   It's not a series (Sense 2), not setting something in motion (Sense 3), not the beginning of a poem/song (Sense 4), not ranking as the best (Sense 5), and not a musical pitch (Sense 6).

    *   Sense 1 fits best: "preceding all others in time".


[User]
Which numbered sense of "beneficiary" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Senses:
1. definition=the recipient of funds or other benefits | synonyms=donee
2. definition=the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=benefactive role

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings."
    *   Meaning: Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are people who benefit from the new scientific findings (predictive cancer diagnosis).
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  "the recipient of funds or other benefits" (donee).
        2.  "the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause" (benefactive role).

    *   Sense 1 refers to a person who receives a benefit (money, advantage, etc.). In this context, the "benefit" is the knowledge/application of the new findings.
    *   Sense 2 is a linguistic/grammatical term ("semantic role") used in linguistics to describe a specific role in a sentence (the benefactive).

    *   The sentence "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings" is using the word in a general sense to describe people who gain an advantage from something.
    *   It is not discussing the linguistic "semantic role" of a word in a clause.
    *   Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct fit.

    *   Sense 1: Recipient of benefits. (Fits)
    *   Sense 2: Linguistic semantic role. (Does not fit)


[User]
Which numbered sense of "new" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Senses:
1. definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings."
    *   Target word: "new"
    *   Surrounding context: The text discusses emerging genetic tests and a "new age of predictive cancer diagnosis." The "findings" refer to the research mentioned earlier (oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and the ability to spot cancer-susceptible individuals).

    *   Sense 1: not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered. (Example: a new law; new cars)
    *   Sense 2: original and of a kind not seen before (novel). (Example: a completely novel proof)
    *   Sense 3: lacking training or experience (raw). (Example: raw recruits)
    *   Sense 4: having no previous example or precedent or parallel (unexampled). (Example: unexampled prosperity)
    *   Sense 5: other than the former one(s); different. (Example: new leaders)
    *   Sense 6: unaffected by use or exposure. (Example: looks like new)
    *   Sense 7: (of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new (newfangled). (Example: newfangled ideas)
    *   Sense 8: in use after medieval times. (Example: New Egyptian)
    *   Sense 9: used of a living language; being the current stage in its development (Modern). (Example: Modern English)
    *   Sense 10: (of crops) harvested at an early stage of development. (Example: new potatoes)
    *   Sense 11: unfamiliar. (Example: new experiences)

    *   The "findings" are scientific discoveries that have recently come to light ("researchers have come to believe", "Emerging genetic tests").
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered."
    *   Sense 2 (novel/original) is close, but "new findings" usually refers to the recency of the discovery rather than its absolute novelty in a theoretical sense (though they are often both). However, Sense 1 specifically mentions "discovered."
    *   Sense 4 (unexampled) is too strong.
    *   Sense 5 (different from previous) doesn't fit as well as Sense 1.

    *   "new findings" = findings that have been recently discovered.
    *   Sense 1: "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered".

    *   The correct sense is 1.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "finding" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Senses:
1. definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures
2. definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
3. definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>."
    *   Surrounding text: Discusses genetic research on cancer genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes), the ability of new genetic tests to spot cancer-susceptible individuals, and predictive cancer diagnosis.
    *   Target word: "findings"

    *   Sense 1: "the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation" (determination).
    *   Sense 2: "the decision of a court on issues of fact or law" (legal verdict).
    *   Sense 3: "something that is found" (e.g., physical objects found in a tract or archaeological site).

    *   The "findings" refer to the scientific discoveries/results regarding cancer genes and the resulting genetic tests.
    *   Is it a court decision? No (Sense 2 is out).
    *   Is it a physical object found (like a bone or a tumor)? No, it refers to the *results* of the research/discovery process.
    *   Is it the act of determining properties by research? Yes. In scientific contexts, "findings" often refers to the results or conclusions reached through research.

    *   Wait, let me re-examine Sense 1 and Sense 3.
    *   Sense 1: "the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation"
    *   Sense 3: "something that is found"
    *   In the sentence "beneficiaries of the new findings", "findings" refers to the *results* of the research.
    *   Looking at Sense 1 again: "the act of determining...". This sounds like the *process*.
    *   Looking at Sense 3 again: "something that is found". Examples: "findings in the gastrointestinal tract", "archaeological findings". These are physical things.
    *   However, in common usage, "scientific findings" are the results/conclusions.
    *   Let's look at the provided senses again.
    *   Sense 1: "the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation".
    *   Sense 3: "something that is found".
    *   Actually, "findings" in a scientific context (the results of a study) is often categorized as "something that is found" (the discovery itself) or the "result of an investigation".
    *   Let's re-read Sense 1: "the act of determining...". This is a gerund-like definition (the act of...).
    *   Let's re-read Sense 3: "something that is found".
    *   In "beneficiaries of the new findings", the "findings" are the discoveries/results.
    *   Is a scientific result "something that is found"? Yes.
    *   Is it "the act of determining"? No, the beneficiaries aren't benefiting from the *act* of determining, but from the *results* (the things found).

    *   Wait, let me double-check the dictionary definitions for "finding".
    *   Oxford:
        1. a conclusion reached as a result of an inquiry, investigation, or trial.
        2. (plural) a piece of evidence found during a search.
    *   Looking at the provided senses:
        1. the act of determining... (Process)
        2. decision of a court... (Legal)
        3. something that is found... (Object/Result)

    *   If Sense 1 is the *act* (process), and Sense 3 is the *thing* (result), then "the new findings" (the results of the research) fits Sense 3 better than Sense 1.
    *   Wait, let me look at Sense 1 again: "the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation". This is very close to "determination".
    *   Let's look at Sense 3 again: "something that is found". Examples: "findings in the gastrointestinal tract", "archaeological findings". These are physical.
    *   Is a scientific discovery a "finding" in the sense of "something that is found"? Yes.
    *   Let's re-evaluate Sense 1. "The determination of molecular structures". This is the *result* of the act.
    *   Actually, in many dictionaries, "finding" (the result of research) is listed as "a conclusion reached as a result of an inquiry".
    *   Between "the act of determining" and "something that is found", "something that is found" (Sense 3) is a broader category that includes discoveries/results, whereas Sense 1 is specifically the *act* (the process).
    *   However, "the determination of molecular structures" (Sense 1 example) is often used to refer to the *result* (the structure itself).
    *   Let's look at the context again: "beneficiaries of the new findings". They are benefiting from the *knowledge* gained.
    *   If I have to choose between 1 and 3:
        1: Act of determining (Process/Result of calculation)
        3: Something that is found (Physical object/Discovery)
    *   Scientific findings are "things found" during research.
    *   Let's check if "findings" as in "research results" is typically Sense 1 or Sense 3 in this specific dataset's schema (which looks like WordNet or a similar lexical database).
    *   In WordNet:
        - finding (n): a conclusion reached as a result of an inquiry, investigation, or trial.
        - finding (n): something that is found.
    *   The provided Sense 1 is "the act of determining...". This is more like "determination".
    *   The provided Sense 3 is "something that is found".
    *   In the context of "new findings" (scientific results), it's the *thing* that was discovered.

    *   Sense 1: "the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation"
    *   Sense 3: "something that is found"
    *   Example for 1: "the determination of molecular structures"
    *   Example for 3: "the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner"
    *   In the example for 3, "findings in the gastrointestinal tract" refers to the results of a medical examination (what was found). This is very similar to "scientific findings" or "genetic findings".
    *   Therefore, Sense 3 is the most appropriate.

    *   Context: "beneficiaries of the new findings"
    *   Sense 3: "something that is found"
    *   Does "new findings" mean "new things that were found (discovered)"? Yes.
    *   Does "new findings" mean "the act of determining the properties of something"? No.

    *   Sense 1: Act of determining (Process)
    *   Sense 2: Court decision (Legal)
    *   Sense 3: Something found (Result/Object)
    *   The "findings" in the text are the results of the research into cancer genes. This fits Sense 3.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "couple" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Senses:
1. definition=a pair who associate with one another | synonyms=twosome, duo, duet | examples=the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome
2. definition=a pair of people who live together | synonyms=mates, match | examples=a married couple from Chicago
3. definition=a small indefinite number | examples=he's coming for a couple of days
4. definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
5. definition=(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant..."
    *   Target word: "couple"
    *   Referent: Bill and Bonnie Quinlan.

    *   Sense 1: a pair who associate with one another (twosome, duo, duet).
    *   Sense 2: a pair of people who live together (mates, match; e.g., a married couple).
    *   Sense 3: a small indefinite number (e.g., a couple of days).
    *   Sense 4: two items of the same kind (pair, twosome, etc.).
    *   Sense 5: (physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces.

    *   Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are mentioned.
    *   They are described as a "couple" from Dedham, Mass.
    *   They are parents (or about to be parents) and are referred to as a unit.
    *   This fits the description of a pair of people who are in a relationship/live together (Sense 2) or simply associate with one another (Sense 1).
    *   Comparing Sense 1 and Sense 2:
        *   Sense 1 is more general ("associate with one another").
        *   Sense 2 is more specific to romantic/domestic partners ("live together", "married couple").
    *   In the context of "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan" and "Bonnie became pregnant", they are clearly a romantic/married couple.

    *   Sense 1: "the engaged couple"
    *   Sense 2: "a married couple from Chicago"
    *   The context "The Dedham, Mass., couple" mirrors the example "a married couple from Chicago" almost perfectly.

    *   Sense 2 is the most precise fit for a romantic/married pair.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "know" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Senses:
1. definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Target word: "knew" (past tense of "know").
    *   Meaning in context: The couple was aware of the fact that their children had a 50% chance of being at risk.

    *   Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. (Example: "I know that the President lied...")
    *   Sense 2: know how to do or perform something. (Example: "She knows how to knit")
    *   Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. (Example: "I know that I left the key on the table")
    *   Sense 4: be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. (Example: "Do you know my sister?")
    *   Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. (Example: "I know the feeling!")
    *   Sense 6: accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority. (Example: "The Crown Prince was acknowledged...")
    *   Sense 7: have fixed in the mind. (Example: "I know Latin")
    *   Sense 8: have sexual intercourse with. (Example: "Adam knew Eve")
    *   Sense 9: know the nature or character of. (Example: "we all knew her as a big show-off")
    *   Sense 10: be able to distinguish, recognize as being different. (Example: "The child knows right from wrong")
    *   Sense 11: perceive as familiar. (Example: "I know this voice!")

    *   The couple "knew... that any child of theirs had a 50% chance..."
    *   This is awareness of a specific piece of information/fact (the genetic risk).
    *   Sense 1 fits perfectly: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information".
    *   Sense 3 is similar ("be aware of the truth of something"), but Sense 1 is more about possessing information/facts, whereas Sense 3 often implies a deeper conviction or certainty about a truth. In this context, it's a medical fact they were informed of or aware of.

    *   Sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information" -> "knew... that any child of theirs had a 50% chance..." (Matches)
    *   Sense 3: "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something" -> This is more about conviction.

    The context describes the couple possessing specific medical information. Sense 1 is the most accurate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "even" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Senses:
1. definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Target word: "even"

    *   Sense 1: Intensive, indicating something unexpected (e.g., "even an idiot knows").
    *   Sense 2: In spite of; notwithstanding (e.g., "even when he is sick").
    *   Sense 3: To a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons (e.g., "even worse").
    *   Sense 4: To the full extent (e.g., "even unto death").

    *   "The couple knew *even* before Bonnie became pregnant..."
    *   Here, "even" is used to emphasize that the knowledge existed *at a time earlier than one might expect* or to emphasize the earliness of the knowledge.
    *   Let's re-evaluate the senses.
    *   Sense 1: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected". Does "even before" fit this? Yes, it emphasizes that the knowledge existed *already* at that early stage.
    *   Sense 2: "in spite of; notwithstanding". Does "even before" mean "in spite of before"? No.
    *   Sense 3: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons". Is "before" a comparison of degree? No.
    *   Sense 4: "to the full extent". No.

    *   "Even before" is a common construction.
    *   Example: "Even before the movie started, people were talking."
    *   This usage of "even" is an intensive used to emphasize the timing (earlier than expected or surprising).
    *   Comparing with Sense 1: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected".
    *   Comparing with Sense 2: "in spite of; notwithstanding". (Wait, "even when" is listed here. "Even before" is structurally similar to "even when").
    *   Let's look closer at Sense 2: "even when he is sick, he works". This means "despite being sick".
    *   Does "even before Bonnie became pregnant" mean "despite before Bonnie became pregnant"? No.
    *   Does it mean "surprisingly, already before Bonnie became pregnant"? Yes.

    *   Sense 1: "even an idiot knows that" (intensive/unexpected).
    *   Sense 2: "even when he is sick" (concessive/notwithstanding).
    *   In "even before", "even" is emphasizing the earliness. It's an intensive.

    *   "Even before" is often categorized as an intensive.
    *   If I say "I knew it even before you told me," I am emphasizing that the knowledge preceded the telling, which might be surprising.

    *   Sense 1: Intensive/Unexpected.
    *   Sense 2: In spite of/Notwithstanding.
    *   Sense 3: Greater degree (comparative).
    *   Sense 4: Full extent.

    "Even before" fits Sense 1 best because it's intensifying the temporal adverbial "before Bonnie became pregnant" to highlight the surprising earliness of the knowledge.

    *Self-Correction/Double Check:*
    Is "even before" a concessive (Sense 2)?
    "Even though" is concessive. "Even when" can be concessive.
    "Even before" usually means "already before" or "surprisingly before".
    Example: "Even before the bell rang, the students were ready." (Intensive).
    Example: "Even if it rains, I'll go." (Concessive).
    Example: "Even when it rains, he goes." (Concessive).
    "Even before" doesn't mean "despite before". It means "already before".

    Therefore, Sense 1 is the most accurate.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "before" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even <t>before</t> Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Senses:
1. definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=earlier | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. definition=at or in the front | synonyms=ahead, in front | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even <t>before</t> Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Target word: "before"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  earlier in time; previously (synonym: earlier)
        2.  at or in the front (synonym: ahead, in front)

    *   The sentence describes a point in time (Bonnie becoming pregnant in 1987) and states that the couple knew something *prior* to that event.
    *   This refers to temporal order (time), not physical position (front).

    *   Sense 1: "earlier in time; previously" matches the context perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "at or in the front" does not match.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "become" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie <t>became</t> pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Senses:
1. definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "...Bonnie <t>became</t> pregnant in 1987..."
    *   Target word: "became"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  Enter or assume a certain state or condition (e.g., became annoyed).
        2.  Undergo a change or development (e.g., water turned into ice).
        3.  Come into existence.
        4.  Enhance the appearance of (e.g., suit).

    *   "Bonnie became pregnant" means Bonnie entered the state of being pregnant.
    *   Pregnancy is a state or condition.

    *   Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition". This fits perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "undergo a change or development". While pregnancy is a change, "become pregnant" is typically viewed as entering a state. Sense 2 examples ("water turned into ice", "friend became enemy") imply a transformation of identity or physical state into something else entirely.
    *   Sense 3: "come into existence". Bonnie didn't come into existence; she entered a state.
    *   Sense 4: "enhance the appearance of". Not applicable.

    *   "Become pregnant" is a classic example of entering a state or condition.
    *   Compare: "He became tired" (Sense 1), "She became a doctor" (Sense 1/2 depending on dictionary, but usually Sense 1 for state/role).
    *   Looking at the provided examples for Sense 1: "He became annoyed" (state of annoyance). "Bonnie became pregnant" (state of pregnancy).

    *   Sense 1 is the best fit.


[User]
Which numbered sense of "pregnant" (marked with <t></t>) is used in the context below? Return only the number of the correct sense.

Context: Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became <t>pregnant</t> in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Senses:
1. definition=carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life
2. definition=rich in significance or implication | synonyms=meaning, significant | examples=a meaning look
3. definition=filled with or attended with | synonyms=fraught | examples=words fraught with meaning; an incident fraught with danger

reasoning_content:
*   Context: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became <t>pregnant</t> in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."
    *   Target word: "pregnant"
    *   Senses provided:
        1.  carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life.
        2.  rich in significance or implication.
        3.  filled with or attended with.

    *   The sentence discusses a couple (Bill and Bonnie Quinlan) and the possibility of their child having a genetic risk for cancer.
    *   "Bonnie became pregnant" refers to the biological state of expecting a child.

    *   Sense 1: "carrying developing offspring within the body" - This matches perfectly.
    *   Sense 2: "rich in significance" - Does not fit.
    *   Sense 3: "filled with or attended with" - Does not fit.

    *   The correct sense is 1.